Kala duwanaansho ku xirnaanta farsameed ee koontada hore ee santuuqa ah ee sigaarka u dhexeeya sigaar cabbayaasha leh ku tiirsanaanta nicotin iyo shakhsiyaadka leh ciyaaraha ciyaaraha internetka (2017)

. 2017; 18: 54.

Loo soo daabacay internetka 2017 Jul 27. doi:  10.1186 / s12868-017-0375-y

PMCID: PMC5530585

aan la taaban karin

Background

Waxaa la soo sheegay in ciladaha khamaarka internet-ka (IGD) iyo sigaar cabbayaasha ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinka (SND) ay wadaagaan astaamaha kiliinikada, sida mashquulinta badan inkasta oo cawaaqib xumo iyo damacyo xun. Daraasaddan ayaa ah in la baaro isbadallada ku yimid isku xirnaanta gobolka ee ku xirnaanta xiriiriyaha (rsFC) ee kortin prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) oo lagu arkay SND iyo IGD. Daraasaddan, 27 IGD, 29 SND, iyo 33 kontaroolada caafimaadka qaba (HC) ayaa maray sawirka firfircoonaanta firfircoonaanta magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Isku xirnaanta DLPFC waxaa lagu go'aamiyay dhammaan kaqeyb galayaasha iyadoo baaritaan lagu sameynayo isweydaarsiga calaamadaha fMRI hooseeya ee isweydaarsiga iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaab isku xirnaan ku saleysan ku meel gaar ah.

Natiijooyinka

Marka la barbardhigo kooxda HC, kooxaha IGD iyo SND waxay muujiyeen hoos udhaca rsFC oo ay la leeyihiin DLPFC qadka midigta midig iyo garabka bidix ee hoose ee DLPFC. Marka la barbar dhigo kooxda 'SND', maadooyinka 'IGD' waxaa lagu muujiyey kororka rsFC ee dhanka bidix ee hoose ee garabka hoose iyo garabka midig ee hoose ee garabka iyo hoos u dhaca rsFC ee garabka occipital gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, iyo cuneus oo leh DLPFC.

Ugu Dambeyn

Natiijooyinkayaga waxay xaqiijiyeen in SND iyo IGD ay wadaagaan habab dareemayaal la mid ah oo la xiriira damac iyo xakameyn. Farqiga weyn ee ka dhex jira rsFC iyo DLPFC inta u dhaxaysa maaddooyinka IGD iyo SND waxaa loo aanayn karaa aragtida iyo maqalka maqalka ah ee ka dhasha ciyaaraha muddada-dheer ee internetka.

Keywords: Sawirka muuqaalka firfircoonaanta magnetic, jahwareerka cayaaraha internetka, ku tiirsanaanta Nikotine, isku xirnaanta gobolka ee xiritaanka firfircoonaanta, Korso-ka hore ee 'Dorsolateral cortex'

Background

Cilladaha ciyaaraha internetka (IGD), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan dhibaatada isticmaalka internetka, ayaa ah isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah iyo soo noqnoqda ee ciyaaraha internetka []. IGD way ka duwan tahay maandooriyaha iyo balwadda maandooriyaha oo aan walxaha ama qaadashada kiimikada ku lug lahayn; si kastaba ha noqotee, isticmaalka xad dhaafka ah ee internetku waxay u horseedi kartaa ku tiirsanaanta jirka oo la mid ah tan lagu arkay maandooriyaha kale]. Waqtigaan la joogo, IGD waxay noqotay arin culus oo xagga maskaxda ah oo ku baahsan aduunka oo dhan, taas oo u baahan baaritaan dheeri ah, sida lagu muujiyey ka mid noqoshada shuruuda daraasad dheeri ah oo ku jirta Qeybta 3 ee Buug-tilmaameedka iyo Tirakoobka ee Xanuunada Maskaxda (Daabaca 5aad, DSM-5) []. Xeerarka soosocda ee soosaarka ah ee loo yaqaan 'IGD' ayaa la soo jeediyay: qal qal wakhtiga, waqti ka badan wixii markii hore la qorsheeyay iyo waqtiga la qorsheeyay, isticmaalka waxqabadka internetka si aad ula tacaasho ama uga baxsato dhibaatooyinka, dabeecada khasabka ah, khiyaanada ku saabsan baaxadda adeegsiga, ku guuldareysiga joojinta ama xakamaynta isticmaalka, iyo ku mashquulsanaanta isticmaalka internetka marka khadka tooska ah laga galo [-]. Waxaa xusid mudan, inbadan oo ka mid ah astaamahaan dabeecadeed waxay umuuqdaan cilado laxiriira walaxda [-].

Waqtiga xaadirka ah pathogenesis saxda ah ee IGD wali ma cadda. Dhowr daraasadood ayaa soo jeediyay in qatarta halista ah ee 'IGD' ay la xidhiidho kororka baahsan ee ku tiirsanaanta walaxda [-]. Daraasado fara badan ayaa lagu ogaaday in IGD iyo ku tiirsanaanta walaxda ay wadaagaan habab dareemeedka la midka ah, sida ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta [, , ]. Iyada oo ku saleysan balwadda akhlaaqda, cilmi baarayaashu waxay isku dayeen inay kuxiriiraan IGD dhibaatooyinka kale ee dabeecadda ah ee u horseedi kara qabatinka, sida isticmaalka daroogada, khamriga, iyo ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinka., ]. Daraasaddeenii hore waxay shaaca ka qaadday in dadka sigaarka cabba ee leh IGD ay muujiyeen hoos udhaca iskuxirka gobolka-iskuxirka firfircoonida shaqada (rsFC) ee garabka toosan iyo kororka rsFC ee qaybta dambe ee garabka bidix oo leh kortex cortex (PCC), marka la barbar dhigo kuwa aan aqoonta lahayn ee leh IGD. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, xiriir xumo ayaa laga helay isku xirnaanta PCC-ga oo leh malawadka toosan ee 'gyus gyrus' oo leh dhibcaha internetka ee 'ChenAS' ee dadka sigaarka cabba ee leh IGD kahor sixitaanka. Natiijooyinka waxay soo jeediyeen in, marka la barbar dhigo kuwa aan cabbin ee lala xiriirinayo IGD, dadka sigaarka cabba ee leh "IGD" inay wax ka beddelaan shaqadooda gobollada maskaxda ee la xiriira dhiirrigelinta iyo fulinta.]. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Vergara et al. [] waxaa laga sifeeyay guud ahaan qaabdhismeedka isku-xidhka 'hypoconnectivity' ee ku jira xaddiga dhiigga ee 'realuneus', 'insula' ',' gyrusral postrusral ', iyo kortex muuqaal ah oo isticmaalayaasha maandooriyaha. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, yareynta isku xirnaanta udhaxeysa xarunta dhexe iyo hal shabakad dowladeed oo daboolayay isku xirnaan sax ah iyo labajibbaar luqadeed ayaa muujiyay xiriirkooda muhiimka ah ee cabitaanka halista ah. Sigaar cabbayaasha, isku-xirnaanta u dhexeeya thalamus iyo putamen ayaa la arkay. Marka la barbardhigo, xiisada cirifka leh ayaa muujisay isku xirnaan sarre oo leh qumanka qanjirka 'sigaarka' oo si weyn ula xiriiray darraanta ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta. Natiijooyinkaani waxay soo jeediyeen in saameynta gaarka ah ee aalkolada iyo nikotiinta la kala saari karo loona aqoonsado. Han et al. [] waxaa laga helay maadooyinka 'IGD' iyo ku tiirsanaanta aalkolada (AD) waxay leeyihiin qiimeyaal qumman oo ay ka mid yihiin isku xirnaanta 'prengual cortex' (DLPFC) iyo isugeynta, cerebellum, iyo sidoo kale qiyamka rsFC ee diidmada ah ee u dhexeeya DLPFC iyo orbitofrontal cortex. Kooxda AD ayaa laga helay inay leeyihiin qiimeyaal qumman oo ka dhexeeya DLPFC, aagagga ciriiriga ah, iyo lobe ku meel gaadh ah, halka kooxda 'IGD' ay muujinayso qiyamka sumcadda saxda ah ee ka dhex jirta goobahan. Waxay ku soo gabagabeeyeen in labada kooxba laga yaabo inay leeyihiin cillad dhinaca fulinta.

Daraasaddan, waxaan isku daynay inaan ogaano farqiga u dhexeeya rsFC ee shakhsiyaadka qaba IGD iyo kuwa sigaarka cabba ee leh ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinka (SND), oo aan sahaminno habka kala duwanaanshaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Han et al. [], damacyada ay sababaan ashyaa'da gaarka ah sida alkolada ayaa xiriir dhaw la leh waxqabadka DLPFC []. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, DLPFC waxaa loo maleynayaa in ay kaalin muhiim ah ka cayaarto dhexdhexaadinta astaamaha caafimaad ee heerka dhimista fulinta, ku tiirsanaanta aalkolada, oo ay kujirto jibbaarada, iyo sii kicinta awooda xumaynta.]. Daraasaddan hadda jirta waxaa looga golleeyahay in lagu qiimeeyo DLPFC-ka-farkeedka NFFC ee IGD iyo SND.

Dariiqooyinka

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Daraasadda hadda waxaa oggolaaday guddiga anshaxa cilmi-baarista ee Isbitaalka Ren Ji iyo Iskuulka Caafimaadka, Jaamacadda Shanghai Jiao Tong, Shiinaha No. [2016] 079k (2) iyada oo oggolaansho qoraal ah laga helay dhammaan maadooyinka. Dhammaan kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa lagu wargaliyay ujeedooyinka daraasaddeena kahor baaritaanka MRI. Of ka qaybgalayaasha 86 ayaa lagu daray daraasadda waxaana lagu qiimeeyay maskaxda MRI laga bilaabo Jan 2016 illaa Dec 2016, 27 waxay lahayd IGD, 29 SND, iyo 30 kontoroolka caafimaadka (HC). Sida lagu sharaxay daraasaddeena hore [], maaddooyinka IGD ee la kulmay su'aalaha baarista ee balwadda internet-ka (ie, YDQ) tijaabinta oo lagu beddelay Beard iyo Wolf [] waxaa laga qorey bukaan socodka bukaan socodka bukaan socodka ee Xarunta Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Shanghai. Halka, kooxaha SND iyo HC lagu qoro xayeysiis. Kooxda IGD waxay ciyaareen ciyaarta internetka qiyaastii 42-70 saac (micnaheedu waa ± SD: 44.31 ± 10.27) asbuucii. Su'aalaha ku habboon ee ka yimid Wareysiga Caafimaadka ee Dhisan ee loogu talagalay DSM-IV [] waxaa loo adeegsaday in lagu qiimeeyo ku-tiirsanaanta nikotiinka. Kaqeybgalaha ka socda kooxaha IGD iyo HC waligiis sigaar cabbin, kaqeybgalena ma sheegan isticmaalka khamriga maalin kasta ama cillad kale oo isticmaalka maandooriyaha (SUD). Dhammaan maadooyinka SND waxay bilaabeen inay sigaar cabbaan 2-10 sano ka hor bilawga daraasadda hadda. Dhammaantood waa kuwa caba sigaar maalin kasta, waxayna cabaan qiyaastii 10-45 oo sigaar ah (celcelis ± SD: 21 ± 1.76) maalintii. CIAS [], qiyaasta walaaca is-qiimeynta (SAS) [], qiyaasta diiqadda is-qiimeynta (SDS) [], Barratt impulsiveness qiyaasta-11 (BIS-11) [], iyo tijaabada Fagerstrom ee ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta (FTND) [] waxaa loo qabtay si loo qiimeeyo astaamaha caafimaad ee kaqeybgaleyaasha. CIAS waa cabir iskaa ah oo lagu soo warbixiyay oo leh isku xirnaan wanaagsan iyo ansaxnimo waxaana loo isticmaalay in lagu cabbiro darnaanta qabatinka internetka []. FTND waa su'aalo lix-shey is-sheegis ah oo loo adeegsado in lagu qiimeeyo darnaanta ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta []. Dhammaan su'aalaha weydiimaha waxaa markii hore lagu qori jiray Ingiriisiga ka dibna waxaa loo turjumay Shiinaha.

Dhammaan kaqeybgalayaashu waa gacanta midig, oo ka mid ah kaqeybgalayaasha midkoodna ma lahayn (1) isbitaal hore oo loogu talagalay taariikhda dhibaatooyinka waaweyn ee maskaxda ama dhibaatooyinka dhimirka; (2) ciladaha isticmaalka walaxda aan ka aheyn qabatinka nikotiinta; (3) dib-u-dhac maskaxeed; (4) jirro xanuun ama dhaawac; (5) dulqaad la'aanta MRI.

Soo iibsiga MRI

Sawirrada waxaa lagu helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo skaanka 3.0T MRI (GE Signa HDxt 3T, USA) oo leh muraayad madax ah oo heer sare ah. Xakamaynta suufka xumbada ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu yareeyo dhaq-dhaqaaqa madaxa iyo dhegaha dhegaha ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu yareeyo buuqa iskaanka. Kooxda SND waxaa looga baahnaa inay ka fogaadaan cabida 1 saac kahor iskaanka. Xogta MRI ee shaqeyneysa nasashada-gobolka waxaa lagu helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku xigxiga gradient-echo echo-planar sida lagu sharaxay daraasaddeena hore []. Intaa ka dib, 34 xaleef isugeyn ah (waqti ku celcelin ah [TR] = 2000 ms, echo time [TE] = 30 ms; field of view [FOV] = 230 × 230 mm2; 3.6 × 3.6 × 4 mm3 cabbirka voxel) waxaa la helay iyadoo la raacayo safka hore ee guddi-dambeedka. Sawir kasta oo fMRI ah wuxuu socday 440 s. Intii uu socday baaritaanka, ka qeybgalayaasha waxaa la faray inay soo jeedaan iyagoo indhahoodu xiran yihiin oo aysan u maleynin maaddooyin gaar ah. Baadhitaanka ka dib, maadooyinka ayaa la waydiiyay inay xaqiijiyaan inay soo jeedaan inta lagu jiro iskaanka. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, sawirro qaab-dhismeed sare leh oo miisaankeedu yahay T1 oo miisaankeedu sarreeyo (TR = 6.1 ms, TE = 2.8 ms, TI = 450 ms, dhumuc dhumuc = 1 mm, farqin = 0, xagal rog = 15 °, FOV = 256 × 256 mm2, tirada xaleefyada = 166, 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 cabirka codka) adoo adeegsanaya 3D deg deg deg deg ah oo qunyar socod ah oo dib loo soo celiyay sawirada isku xigxiga.

Falanqaynta tirakoobka

Waxaa la isbarbar dhigaa tirakoobka dadka iyo cudurada ee kooxda. Imtixaanno hal-waddo ah ANOVA ayaa lagu fuliyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo Xirmooyinka Tirakoobka ee software-ka Sayniska Bulshada (nooca 18) si loo qiimeeyo farqiga u dhexeeya kooxaha 3. Imtixaannadii ka horreeyay ee loo yaqaan 'Bonferroni post Hoc' ayaa markaa la qabtay si loo qiimeeyo kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya koox kasta. Qiimaha loo yaqaan '2-pires of 0.05' waxaa loo tixgaliyay inay tahay mid tirakoob ahaan muhiim u ah dhammaan falanqaynta.

Ka hortagga MRI ee waxqabadka ayaa la qabtay iyada oo la adeegsanayo sanduuqa aaladda loogu talagalay macluumaadka iyo falanqaynta sawirrada maskaxda (http://rfmri.org/dpabi) []. Ka dib markii la tuuray 10 kii ugu horreeyay ee taxane kasta oo shaqeynaya, inta hartay ee 210 ayaa horay loo sii hagaajiyay. Xilliga goynta goynta, dib u habeynta, iyo isu dheellitirka goobaha, iyo sidoo kale jilicsanaanta (6 mm ballac buuxa oo kala badh ah), ayaa la qabtay. Nuisance covariates, oo ay ku jiraan saadaaliyayaasha taxanaha ah ee loogu talagalay adduunka, dareeraha maskaxda, arrimaha cad iyo lix xuduudaha dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa dib loo soo celiyay si loo hagaajiyo saamiga calaamadaha-dhawaqa iyo in la yareeyo astaamaha dhaqdhaqaaqa. Ma jiro kaqeybgale daraasaddan soo bandhigay dhaqdhaqaaq ka weyn 1.5 mm oo tarjumaadda ugu badan ay ku jirto x, y, ama z, faasas ama wareejin ugu sarreysa ee '1.5 °' ee dhidibada '3'. Intaa waxaa dheer, barakaca qaab caqliyeedka (FD) waxaa lagu xisaabiyey isku celceliska 'FDi' ee maaddo walba waqti kasta]. Wax farqi ah uma dhexeyn qiimaha celceliska FD ee kooxaha (p = 0.71). Kadib, waxaan ku dabaqnay shaandhaynta kumeelgaarka ah (0.01-0.08 Hz) taxanaha taxane ah ee voxel kasta si loo yareeyo saamaynta buuqa-soo-noqnoqda sare iyo socodka-yar ee soo noq-noqodka ah-]. DLPFC waxaa loo isticmaalay sidii gobolka xiisaha (ROI) ee daraasada hada socota, iyo qaabka DLPFC waxaa loo sameeyay sida lagu sharaxay cilmi baaris hore [].

Kadib, heerarka-waqtiga-ku-tiirsanaanta heerka-oxygen-ka-taxanaha ee codkasta oo ku dhex jira gobolka abuurka ayaa la iskucelceliyay si loo soo saaro taxanaha wakhtiga tixraaca. Khariidadda isku xidhka mawduuc kasta waxaa la soo saaray iyadoo la isbarbar dhigayo isku xidhka isku xidhka u dhexeeya taxanaha wakhtiga tixraaca iyo taxanaha waqtiga ee ka soo baxa voxels kale. Qiyamka Z ayaa laga beddelay isku xidhka isku xidhka fisher-ka 'Fisher' si loo hagaajiyo iskaashiga qaybinta []. Kadib, z-scores shaqsiyeedka waxaa la galay SPM8 hal-muunad t Tijaabi qaab xikmad-xikmad leh, kaas oo loo qabtay si loo go'aamiyo gobollada maskaxda ee leh xiriir wanaagsan oo togan ama taban oo la leh DLPFC koox kasta. Dhibcaha shaqsiyeed ayaa loo galay SPM8 si loogu sameeyo falanqaynta saamaynta aan kala sooca lahayn, ka dibna hal dariiqo ANOVA ayaa la qabtay.

Kala duwanaanshaha la xiriira da'da, jinsiga, waxbarashada, dhibcaha SAS, dhibcaha SDS, iyo buundooyinka BIS-11 ayaa loo diiwaangaliyay mid kasta oo ka mid ah maaddooyinka ay ka kooban yihiin maaddooyinka. Isbeddello isbarbar-dhigga badan ayaa la sameeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo barnaamijka 'AlphaSim' oo ah gorfaynta kombuyuutarradeeda ee la adeegsanayo 'NUF', Bethesda, MD USA; http://afni.nimh.nih.gov/afni) [], sida lagu go'aamiyey jilitaanka Monte Carlo. Kala duwanaansho muhiim ah ayaa lagu qeexay kuwa ka badbaaday marinka p <0.05, AlphaSim ayaa saxay (marinka guud ee p <0.001 ee voxel kasta iyo xajmiga kooxeed> 11 voxels, oo keenaya marinka saxda ah ee p <0.05). Falanqaynta isdhexgalka kooxda ayaa markaa lagu qaaday laba tijaabo t-tijaabo ah. Kala duwanaanshaha waxaa lagu helay iyadoo loo eegayo natiijooyinka ANOVA iyadoo la adeegsanayo maaskarada si loo xadido t-yada aagagga maskaxda muhiimka ah. AlphaSim wuxuu saxay marinka p <0.05 (marinka guud ee la isku daray ee p <0.001 iyo cabirka kooxeed> 11 voxels) ayaa loo sameeyay sidii sixitaan badan oo isbarbardhig ah. Gobollada maskaxda ee soo bandhigaya kala duwanaanshaha weyn ayaa markaa lagu daboolay qaababka maskaxda ee MNI.

Natiijooyinka

Astaamaha dadka iyo astaamaha caafimaad

Shaxda 1 liis garaysay tirada dadka iyo cisbitaalada koox kasta. Ma jirin farqi weyn oo u dhexeeya kooxaha 'IGD' iyo HC marka loo eego da'da iyo sannadaha waxbarashada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, farqi weyn ayaa laga dhex helay kooxaha 'IGD' iyo 'SND' iyo inta u dhaxaysa kooxaha HC iyo SND. Farqi xagga jinsiga ah ayaa la helay maxaa yeelay gabadh sigaar caba kama qeyb gasho daraasada. Maaddooyinka IGD waxay lahaayeen CIAS ka sarreeya, SAS, SDS, iyo BIS-11 marka la barbar dhigo kooxaha kale ee 2.

Shaxda 1 

Astaamaha dadka iyo astaamaha caafimaad ee saddexda koox

Falanqaynta isku xirnaanta DLPFC

Hal-ku-dhigga ANOVA falanqaynta saddex qaybood

Kala duwanaansho aad u weyn ayaa laga dhex arkay 'rsFC' oo ah DLPFC dhinaca bidix ee gyrus kumeelgaar ah, insula, garabka hore ee liita, dhinaca midig ee dhexe, gyus supramarginal, cuneus, gyrus frontal gyrus, insula, liital orbital frontal gyrus, iyo gyrus hore oo sareeya (Jadwalka 2; Sawir. 1).

Shaxda 2 

Farqi weyn ayaa u dhexeeya iskuxirka waxqabadka ee gobollada maskaxda kala duwan oo leh isbeddelada DLPFC ee saddexda koox
Berdihii. 1 

Farqi weyn ayaa u dhexeeya iskuxirka waxqabadka ee gobollada maskaxda kala duwan oo leh isbeddelada DLPFC ee saddexda koox. note: The qaybta bidix ee sawirka matalaa dhinaca midig ee ka-qaybgalaha, iyo xaq u wuxuu matalaa bidixda ka-qaybgalaha ...

Falanqaynta koox-koox ee isku xirnaanta DLPFC: IGD iyo HC

Kooxda 'IGD' waxay soo bandhigtay si aad ah u kordhay rsFC oo ah jilaayada kumeel gaarka ah ee bidix, hoormoonka midig ee sare, iyo gus garabka dhexe ee midig oo ay weheliso DLPFC, marka la barbar dhigo kooxda HC. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, hoos udhaca rsFC waxaa laga helay bidix lugta hore ee hooseysa, dhinaca midig ee dhexe ee garabka hore ee orbital gyrus, insula, gyrusital occipital dhexe, gyrus ku meel gaar ah, iyo cuneus oo leh DLPFC (Shaxda) 3; Sawir. 2).

Shaxda 3 

Soo Koobid ah isku xirnaanta shaqeynaya oo leh isbeddelada DLPFC ee IGD marka la barbar dhigo kooxda HC
Berdihii. 2 

Muhiimado u dhexeeya farqiga u dhexeeya kooxda ee iskuxirka waxqabadka ee gobollada maskaxda kala duwan oo leh DLPFC inta udhaxeysa IDG iyo maadooyinka HC. The t-Qeel baararka waxaa lagu muujiyay dusha Bidix. Red waxay tilmaamaysaa IGD> HC, iyo buluug waxay muujinaysaa IDG <HC. ...

Falanqaynta koox-koox ee isku xirnaanta DLPFC: SND iyo HC

Kooxda SND waxay muujiyeen inay si aad ah hoos ugu dhacday rsFC ee heerka labalaab ah, lugta bidix oo liidata, iyo gus garaaca hore ee garabka midig ee DLPFC (Shaxda) 4; Sawir. 3).

Shaxda 4 

Soo Koobid ah isku xirnaanta shaqeynaya oo leh isbeddelada DLPFC ee kooxda SND marka la barbar dhigo kooxda HC
Berdihii. 3 

Muhiimado u dhexeeya farqiga kooxeed ee iskuxirka shaqo ee qaybaha maskaxda ee kala duwan DLPFC oo udhaxeysa maadooyinka SND iyo HC. Bar-t-score-ka ayaa lagu muujiyay Bidix. Blue waxay tilmaamaysaa kooxda SND <HC. note: The qaybta bidix ee sawirka ...

Falanqaynta koox-koox ee isku xirnaanta DLPFC: IGD iyo SND

Marka la barbardhigo kooxda 'SND', maadooyinka 'IGD' waxay kordhisay rsFC qeybta hoose ee bidix ee kumeelgaarka ah iyo tan hoose ee lugta midig waxaana hoos udhacay rsFC dhinaca midig ee dhexe occipital gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, iyo cuneus oo leh DLPFC (Shaxda) 5; Sawir. 4).

Shaxda 5 

Soo Koobid ah isku xirnaanta firfircoon ee leh isbeddelada DLPFC ee kooxda IGD marka la barbar dhigo kooxda SND
Berdihii. 4 

Muhiimado u dhexeeya farqiga u dhexeeya kooxda ee iskuxirka shaqo ee qaybaha maskaxda ee kala duwan DLPFC ee u dhexeeya kooxaha IGD iyo SND. The t-Qeel baararka waxaa lagu muujiyay dusha Bidix. Red waxay tilmaamaysaa IGD> SND, iyo buluug wuxuu tilmaamayaa IGD <SND. ...

Xiriirka u dhexeeya isku xirnaanta DLPFC iyo CIAS ee IGD, isku xirnaanta DLPFC, iyo FTND of SND

Marka loo barbardhigo kooxda HC, IGD iyo SND labaduba waxay hoos udhigeen rsFC dhanka bidix ee hoose iyo insula midig oo leh DLPFC. Qiimaha xoogga rsFC (celceliska qiyaasta zFC) ayaa la soosaaray oo celcelis ahaan lagu soo rogay ROI goos goos ah (radius of 10 mm) oo udub dhexaad u ah farqiga udhaxeeya kooxda rsFC (Shaxan) 2, , 3) 3) kooxaha IGD iyo SND. Xiriirinta Pearson waxaa lagu sameeyay inta udhaxeysa qiimeynta rsFC iyada oo la adeegsanayo CIAS ee kooxda IGD iyo dhibcaha FTND ee kooxda SND. Si kastaba ha noqotee, wax xiriir muhiim ah lama helin.

Dood

Daraasaddan, waxaan ku indho indheynay isku xirnaanta maskaxda iyo isku xirnaanta maskaxda ee kooxda IGD ee la xiriirta kooxda 'SND'. Waxaan ogaanay in labada SND iyo IGD ay hoos udhaceen rsFC iyada oo DLPFC ay kujirto midig isla markaana bidix ka liitay. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, maadooyinka IGD waxay soo bandhigeen rsFC kala duwan oo leh DLPFC oo ku taal kilkilaha hore ee xubinta taranka iyo maqaarka, occipital, iyo finetal lobes.

Caddaynta ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in qaar badan oo ka mid ah astaamaha dabeecadda, xitaa farsamooyinka neerfaha ee ka hooseeya IGD, ay u eg yihiin SUD [, ]. SUD waxaa ku jira qaab joogto ah, oo soo noqnoqda ee daroogada, nikotiin, ama aalkolada, iyo ku tiirsanaanta nikotiintu waa mid ka mid ah qaababka ugu caansan. SUD waxay ku dambayn kartaa isbeddelada neerfayaasha, gaar ahaan qaababka wajiga hore ee ku xusan xakameynta dabeecadda. Shabakad iskuxiridda gobollada cortical, oo ay kujirto DLPFC, cortex dusha sare ee maqaarka iyo finetal cortex, waxay laxiriiraan ciladaha ku horjoogsashada dhaqanka. Cilladdan ayaa lala xiriiriyay luminta xakameynta qaadashada maandooriyaha, taas oo tallaabo muhiim u noqon karta horumarka cudurka 'SUD pathology', ]. IGD way ka duwantahay SUD iyadoo aysan jirin wax kiimiko ama walax qaadasho ah; si kastaba ha noqotee, isticmaalka xad dhaafka ah ee internetka ayaa waliba horseedi karta ku tiirsanaanta jirka oo la mid ah tan lagu arkay maandooriyaha kale []. Gaar ahaan, kudhicinta 'hypo-activation' ee xakamaynta xakameyntu waa aalad la wadaago hab-dhiska 'SUD' iyo qabatinka dabeecadda. Shaqada daciifka ah ee kiliyaha hore ee 'prefrontal cortex' ayaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto jahwareer sareeya, taas oo iyana, gacan ka geysan doonta xakamaynta garashada iyo horumarka maskaxda.]. In kasta oo habka saxda ah ee IGD uu ubaahan yahay baaritaan dheeri ah, qaabkiisa fahamka - hab dhaqankiisa ayaa lasoo jeediyay. Moodhku wuxuu diiradda saarayaa saddex qaybood oo ay ku jiraan wadatashiyo dhiirigelin ah oo la xidhiidha abaalmarinta iyo walaaca-dhimista, xakamaynta dabeecadda ee laxiriirta xayiraadda fulinta, iyo go'aan qaadashada oo ku lug leh miisaamidda faa'iidooyinka iyo qummanaanta ku lug lahaanshaha dabeecadaha dhiirigelinta [].

Iyada oo ku saleysan daraasadihii hore, cilladaha shaqeynaya iyo qaab dhismeed ee DLPFC ayaa badanaa lagu arkay IGD [, ]. Hawlaha garashada ee isku xidhan waxay badanaa la xiriiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa DLPFC [] sida hagaajinta dabeecadda-isku dhaca, feejignaanta, xusuusta shaqada, iyo xakamaynta xakamaynta-]. DLPFC waxay kuxirantahay meela kale oo cortic ah waxayna xariirisaa khibradaha dareenka ee hada jira xasuustii waaya aragnimadii hore si loo habeeyo loona soo saaro ficil hadaf oo hagaagsan hagaagsan., ]. Sidaa darteed, DLPFC waxay gacan ka geysan kartaa isuduwidda iyo xafididda wakiillada laga aqbalay gobollada kale ee maskaxda inta lagu gudajiro wax ka qabashada marka tixraacyada maandooriyaha ay jiraan rajo wanaagsan ayaa la soo saaray.].

Waxaan ogaanay in labada SND iyo IGD labadaba ay hoos udhaceen rsFC ee kujirta midig isla markaana ay ugacan yihiin garabka bidix ee hoose ee DLPFC. Cilladaha 'insla' 'waxaa lagu soo rogay damac ka-soojiidasho iyo soo-noqoshada sigaarka sigaarka ku tiirsan ee nikotiinka ku tiirsan.]. Oo kortex orbitofrontal wuxuu ku lug leeyahay qiimeynta abaalmarinta dhiirrigelinta iyo metelaadda cad ee abaalmarinta laga filayo maaddada []. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay la jaanqaadi jireen daraasadihii hore, kuwaas oo adkeeyay gobollada maskaxda, sida kiliyaha 'ventromedial prefrontal cortex', insula, thalamus, iyo cerebellum, oo si weyn loogu xiriirin jiray sigaarka. Daraasadaha MRI ee qaabdhismeedka ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in isku-darka arrimaha arrimaha cawlan ee kilkiga hore, cortex-ka hore ee cingulate, insula, thalamus, iyo cerebellum ay ku yaraadeen dadka sigaarka cabba.-]. Liu et al. [] baaro shaqada maskaxda ee shaqsiyaadka 'IGD' iyagoo adeegsanaya fMRI-state function function. Kooxda "IGD" waxay muujisay firfircooni kordhay dhinaca midig ee sare parietal lobule, insular lobe, pruneus, gyrus luqad, gyrus ku meel gaar ah, iyo dhinaca bidix ee maskaxda. Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga internetka ayaa firfircoonaanta booska, feejignaanta, aragga, iyo xarumaha fulinta ee ku yaal ku meelgaarka ah, finetal, occipital, iyo hooriska hore. Shaqada maskaxda ee aan caadiga ahayn ayaa lagu xusay maadooyinka IGD oo leh hypofunction of kilkilaha hore. Liu et al. Waxay ogaatay maadooyinka 'IGD' oo tusay dhaqdhaqaaqa daahfuran ee hemisphere saxda ah, waxayna ogaadeen in aagaggu badankood ay ku yaalliin hemisfhere saxda ah. Daraasadaha neerfaha ee maadooyinka caafimaadka qaba ayaa sheegay in hemisphere saxda ah, gaar ahaan qeybta saxda ah ee guska hore, in la dhaqaaqo ka dib markii la joojiyay jawaab celin guul leh [, ]. Inta lagu gudajiray xannibaadaha jawaabta ee fashilmay (tusaale ahaan, tijaabooyinka si qalad ah uga soo jawaabaya jawaabaha mootooyinka), qaabdhismeedka khadka dhexe, gaar ahaan kortex prertal prertal cortex (dmPFC) oo ay kujiraan aagagga ka horreeya kaabaya iyo dhabarka kore ee xiro kortex, inta badan way shaqeynayaan []. Sidaas awgeed, garabka midig ee hoose ee garabka ayaa muhiim u ah xakameynta jawaabta, halka dmPFC ay xiriir la leedahay kormeerka jawaabta, gaar ahaan iskahorimaadka iyo qaladka [].

Maaddooyinka IGD waxay soo bandhigeen rsFC kala duwan oo leh DLPFC ee kilkilaha hore ee xubinta taranka iyo maqaarka, occipital, iyo parietal lobes. Natiijadeenu waxay qayb ahaan la mid ahayd natiijadii cilmi baaris hore marka la barbar dhigo rsFC oo lala barbar dhigo DLPFC khamriga ku tiirsanaanta kuwa ku jira IGD []. Waxay soo jeediyeen in isku xirnaanta lagu arkay ku tiirsanaanta aalkolada ay ka duwan tahay tan IGD sababta oo ah cudurada kala duwan ee loo yaqaan 'comorbid', da 'da' hore, iyo muuqaalka iyo maqalkaba ee kuwii hore. U fiirsashada aragtida iyo maqalku waa natiijooyinka wax soosaarka nidaamka dareenka ugu weyn iyadoo laga jawaabayo ciyaarta ciyaarta internetka []. Luminta aragga aragga ama dhibaatooyinka maqalka waxaa sababi kara cayaaraha internetka ee xad-dhaafka ah []. Kordhinta cortical cortical ee gudaha cortex-ka loo yaqaan 'coetex cortex' waxay la xiriirtay ciyaaraha muddada dheer ee ciyaartooyda pro-gamers, sidaa darteedna waxay la xiriiri kartaa kordhinta dareenka muuqaalka [, ].

Caadi ahaan, daraasadani waxay sidoo kale la timid xadidan. Marka hore, naqshadeynta isweydaarsiga qayb ahaan waxay naga horjoogsatay inaan go'aan ka gaarno haddii kala duwanaanshaha kooxda ee rsFC ay yihiin arrimo u nugul nambarka IGD iyo ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta. Midda labaad, cabirrada kooxdu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan isku dheelitirnayn daraasaddeena, iyo cabbirrada sida galmada, da'da, iyo waxbarashadu kuma eka saddexda koox. Qiyaasta kooxda aan dheelitirnayn ayaa saameyn ku yeelan kara natiijooyinka inkasta oo noocyada kala duwan la xakameynayay intii lagu jiray falanqaynta tirakoobka. Saddexaad, celceliska 'FTND' ee kooxda 'SND' wuxuu ahaa 6.5, oo sidaas daraadeed darnaanta ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta ayaan ahayn mid ku filan. Sidaa darteed, kordhinta tirada kaqeybgaleyaasha waa lagama maarmaan.

Ugu Dambeyn

RsFC waa aalad aad u awood badan oo lagu baadho cudurrada cudurada maskaxda ku dhaca, sida maandooriyaha iyo maandooriyaha maandooriyaha. Natiijooyinkayaga waxay xaqiijiyeen in ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta iyo IGD ay wadaagi karaan habab la mid ah oo la xiriira damaca iyo xakamaynta kicinta. Farqiga la arkay ee udhaxeeya RSS-yada maaddooyinka kala duwan ee loo yaqaan 'IGD' iyo kuwa 'SND' waxaa loo aanayn karaa cillad la'aanta ka dhalisay macluumaadka maqalka maqalka ciyaaraha internetka muddada-dheer.

Qaybaha qorayaasha

 

Fikradda: YZ iyo JX; Falanqaynta rasmiga ah: YS, MC, YW, iyo YZ; Baadhitaan: XG, YS, WD, MC, YD, iyo XH; Habka: YW iyo YZ; Muuqaalka: YS; Qoritaanka - qabyada rasmiga ah: XG, YS, iyo YZ; Qoritaanka — dib u eegista iyo tafatirka: YZ. Dhammaan qoraayaasha ayaa aqriyay oo ansixiyay nooca ugu dambeeya.

Mahadnaq

Ma khuseyso

Doonista tartanka

Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen in cilmi-baarista la sameeyay maqnaanshaha xiriir ganacsi iyo mid dhaqaale oo loo dhisi karo sidii khilaafaadka ka dhalan kara xiisaha.

Helitaanka xogta iyo sheyga

Diiwaannada macluumaadka la isticmaalay ee la falanqeeyay inta lagu gudajiray daraasadda hadda waxaa laga heli karaa qoraaga u dhigma codsi macquul ah.

Ansixinta anshaxa iyo oggolaanshaha kaqeybgalka

Daraasada hadda jirta waxaa oggolaaday guddiga anshaxa cilmi baarista ee Isbitaalka Ren Ji iyo School of Medicine, Jaamacadda Shanghai Jiao Tong, Shiinaha No. [2016] 079k (2). Dhammaan kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa lagu wargaliyay ujeedooyinka daraasaddeena kahor baaritaanka MRI. Kaqeybgale kasta wuxuu soo gudbiyey qoraal ogolaansho ah oo la oggolyahay

Maalgelinta

Daraasaddan waxaa taageeray Ururka Qaranka ee Sayniska Sayniska Dabiiciga ah ee Shiinaha (Maya. 81571650), iyo Mashruuca Tilmaanta Caafimaadka ee Guddiyada Sayniska iyo Teknolojiyada ee loo yaqaan 'Caafimaadka galbeed' (No. 17411964300). Maalgaliyeyaasha wax door ah kama lahan naqshadeynta daraasadda, aruurinta macluumaadka iyo falanqaynta, go'aanka la daabaco, ama diyaarinta qoraalka.

Ogeysiiska Daabacaadda

Dabeylaha dabiiciga ah ayaa ah mid dhexdhexaad ah marka la eego sheegashada sheegashada ee khariidadaha la daabacay iyo ururada hay'adaha.

Soo Gaabiyey

IGDkhamaarka ciyaaraha internetka
SNDsigaar cabayaasha leh ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta
rsFCisku xirnaanta shaqada gobolka-nasashada
DLPFCcortex horay gumeysi hore
HCkontaroolo caafimaad leh
rs-fMRInasashada-gobolka functional magnetic resonance sawirka
PCCku dhaji kiliyaha
CIASDhibcaha internetka ee Chen internet-ka
ADKu tiirsanaanta khamriga
Sudcilladaha la xiriira walaxda
SASqiyaasta walwalka walaaca
keenaqiyaasta isku buuqida diiqadda
BIS-11Qiyaasta dhiirrigelinta Barratt-11
FTNDTijaabada Fagerstrom ee ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta
TRwaqtiga soo celinta
TEwaqtiga echo
FOVbeerta aragtida
FDbarakaca qaababkii foosha xumaa
ROIgobolka ee xiisaha
AFNIFalanqaynta Neuroimages Functional
dmPFCcortex horay dorsomedial
 

Notes

Qoraalada

 

Xin Ge iyo Yawen Sun ayaa si siman ugu qayb qaatay hawshan

 

Macluumaadka Wadaagga

Xin Ge, Email: moc.361@5741renay, Email: moc.621@ijnernixeg.

Yawen Sun, Email: moc.liamtoh@9111sjc.

Xu Han, Email: moc.361@ettirgy_uxnah.

Yao Wang, Email: moc.361@625402258oaygnaw.

Weina Ding, Email: moc.361@7891aniemgnid.

Mengqiu Cao, Email: moc.361@0uiqgnemoac.

Yasong Du, Email: moc.qq@3914943822.

Jianrong Xu, Telefoon: + 86 21 68383545, Email: moc.liamtoh@rnaijux.

Yan Zhou, Telefoon: + 86 21 68383257, Email: moc.anis@5741eralc, Email: moc.liamtoh@5741eralc.

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