Adeegsiga warbaahinta inta lagu jiro qaan-gaarnimada: talooyinka Bulshada Caruurta Talyaaniga (2019)

Joornaalistaha Cilmiga Caruurta mugga 45, Lambarka Maqaalka: 149 (2019) Qor maqaalkan

aan la taaban karin

Background

Adeegsiga aaladda warbaahinta, sida casriga iyo kiniiniga, ayaa xilligan sii kordheysa, gaar ahaan kuwa ugu yar. Dadka qaangaarka ah waxay waqti badan iyo waqti badan la qaataan taleefannadooda casriga ah iyagoo la tashanaya warbaahinta bulshada, badiyaa Facebook, Instagram iyo Twitter maxaa yeelay. Dhalinta aan qaangaarka ahayn badiyaa waxay dareemayaan daruuriga in loo isticmaalo aaladda warbaahinta si ay u dhisaan aqoonsi bulsho oo ay is muujiyaan. Ilmaha qaarkood, lahaanshaha taleefanka gacanta ee casriga ah waxay bilaabataa xitaa sida ugu dhakhsaha badan illaa da'da 7 sano, sida laga soo xigtay khubarada amniga internetka.

Qalabka iyo hababka

Waxaan falanqeynay caddeynta ku saabsan adeegsiga warbaahinta iyo cawaaqibkeeda qaangaarnimada.

Natiijooyinka

Suugaanta, taleefannada casriga ah iyo kiniiniyada kiniiniga ah waxay si xun u saameyn karaan horumarka nafsaaniga ah ee dhalinyarada, sida barashada, hurdada iyo taaha. Waxaa intaa dheer, buurnaanta, mashquulka, qabatinka, cyberbullism iyo ifafaalaha Hikikomori waxaa lagu sharxay dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah oo aaladaha warbaahinta u adeegsada si aad ah. Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Caruurta ee Talyaanigu waxay bixiyaan talooyin ku saleysan tallaabada qoysaska iyo dhakhaatiirta si looga fogaado natiijooyinka xun.

Gabagabada

Waaliddiinta iyo dhakhaatiirta labaduba waa inay ka warqabaan ifafaale baahsan ee aaladda aaladda loo adeegsado ee dhallinta qaangaarka ah isla markaana ay isku dayaan inay ka fogaadaan cawaaqib xumada maskaxda ku haysa qofka ugu yar.

Background

Isticmaalka aaladda media, gaar ahaan barnaamijyada is-dhexgalka, oo ay ku jiraan shabakadaha bulshada iyo cayaaraha fiidiyowga, ayaa si aad ah u kordhaya xilliga carruurnimada [1].

Marka la tixraaco shabakada bulshada, Facebook waa masraxa ugu badan ee la adeegsado iyadoo leh 2.4 bilyan adeegsadayaal adduunka ah oo ay ku xigto Instagram iyo Twitter [2].

Gaar ahaan, dhallinta qaangaarka ah, da'da adeegsiga bilowga ah ee shabakada bulshada waxay hoos ugu dhacday 12- 13 sano maalmahan sababta oo ah daruuriga ah in loo isticmaalo hab lagu dhiso aqoonsi bulsheed oo ay is muujiyaan [2] [3].

Sida laga soo xigtay ISTAT, 85.8% dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee reer Talyaani ee da'doodu u dhaxayso 11-17 sanadood waxay si joogto ah u helaan taleefannada casriga ah, in kabadan 72% waxay isticmaalaan internetka iyagoo adeegsanaya telefoonada gacanta. Gabdho badan (85.7%) ayaa adeegsada telefoonka casriga marka loo barbar dhigo wiilasha [4]. Waxaa intaa dheer, daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay ayaa sheegay in 76% dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ay isticmaalaan shabakada bulshada, iyadoo 71% kamid ah ay isticmaalaan wax kabadan hal barnaamijyada shabakada bulshada [5]. Ku dhawaad ​​kala badh dhalinyarada waxay si joogto ah khadka toos ugu yihiin [6].

Isgaarsiinta khadka tooska ah, waxbarashada iyo madadaalada ayaa si isa soo taraysa uga dhaca internetka. Yurub dhexdeeda, falanqaynta Eurostat waxay muujisay koror ballaaran oo marinka internetka laga helo 55% 2007 ilaa 86% sanadka 2018, iyo marin u helka Internetka iyada oo loo marayo aaladda mobiilka laga soo bilaabo 36% sanadkii 2012 ilaa 59% 2016.7, 8].

Marka la tixraaco xogta adduunka, tirada dadka isticmaala taleefannada casriga ayaa la saadaalinayaa inay gaarayaan 2.87 bilyan oo adeegsada sanadka 2020 [9].

Intaa waxaa dheer, adeegsiga internetka ee dhibaatada leh ayaa runtii loo arkaa inay tahay walaac caafimaad oo muhiim ah oo bulshada ka dhex jira kooxo gaar ah sida dhalinyarada. Tusaale ahaan, daraasadaha Shiinaha iyo Japan waxay sheegeen in 7.9 ilaa 12.2% dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ay dhibatooyin isticmaaleyaasha internetka.10, 11]. Hindiya, baahsanaanta ayaa xitaa ka sarreysa, oo gaartay 21% kooxaha nugul [12].

Talyaaniga gudaheeda xog yar ayaa ka jirta isticmaalka warbaahinta marka loo eego qaangaarnimada.4, 13, 14].

Baadhitaan ayaa tilmaamay in 75% dhalinyarada ah ay adeegsadaan taleefanka casriga casriga inta ay ku jiraan nashaadaadka iskuulka halka 98% ay adeegsadaan bartamihii saqda dhexe. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah dhalinyarada waxay ku seexdaan taleefanka gacmeedkooda barkimo (45%) oo waxay hubiyaan taleefanka casriga inta lagu jiro habeenkii (60%). Intaa waxaa dheer, 57% iyaga ayaa adeegsada taleefanka gacanta casriga ah toban daqiiqo gudahood markii laga soo tooso halka 80% ay seexdaan iyaga oo haysta taleefannadooda casriga ah [14].

Aim

Ujeeddada daraasadda ayaa ah in lagu sharxo caddaynta ku saabsan adeegsiga warbaahinta iyo cawaaqib xumada ka dhex dhasha dhalinyarada.

Qalabka iyo hababka

Ujeedada daraasadda awgeed waxaan baarnay natiijooyinka togan iyo kuwa xunba ee adeegsiga warbaahinta ee dhallinta qaan gaarka ah, annagoo tixgelinayna dhibaatooyinka la xiriira caafimaadka, si aan u bixinno talooyin si kor loogu qaado isticmaalka iyo yareynta cawaaqib xumada. Istaraatiijiyad goobid oo ka kooban dib u eegis nidaamsan oo ku saabsan suugaanta sayniska ee mawduuca ah ee la daabacay Janaayo 2000 ilaa Abriil 2019 iyadoo la adeegsanayo Tilmaamaha Warbixinta Waxyaabaha La doorbidayo ee Nidaamyada Dib-u-eegista Nidaamka iyo Meta-Analyse (PRISMA). Waxaa la sameeyay raadinta suugaanta ee dhammeystiran ee MEDLINE / PubMed, Maktabadda Cochrane, Tilmaanta Isugeynta ee Kalkaalinta Caafimaadka iyo Suugaanta Caafimaadka Allied (CINHAL) ayaa la sameeyay. Algorithm-ka raadinta wuxuu ku saleysan yahay iskudhafyada ereyada soo socda: adeegsiga warbaahinta, shabakadda bulshada, ciyaaraha fiidiyowga, caruurnimada, qaan-gaarka, qoyska, waalidiinta, taleefanka, internetka, barashada, hurdada, aragga, qabatinka, murqaha, jeedinta, hikikomori, ka bixitaanka bulshada. , cyberbullying, dhinacyada wanaagsan, dhinacyada xun. Xayiraad luuqadeed lama adeegsan.

Natiijooyinka

Waxbarashada

Shabakadda bulshada iyo taleefanka casriga ah waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriiraan cawaaqibka barashada, sida natiijooyinka akadeemiyadeed ee hooseeya, feejignaanta oo yaraata iyo dib u dhigashada [15,16,17].

Isticmaalka casriga ah ee dhibaatada leh (PSU) waxay la mid tahay wajiga dusha sare ee barashada wax kabadan habka qotada dheer [18]. Dhibaatooyinka xun xun ee ka yimaadda dhinaca dusha sare, kuwa ugu soo noqnoqda ayaa ah: hal abuurka halista ah, xirfadaha ururka, fikirkaaga iyo fahamka macluumaadka [19, 20]. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ardayda leh dusha sare ee wax barashada waxay kaliya higsanayaan inay sameeyaan waxa kaliya ee lagama maarmaanka u ah barashada, gaaraan natiijooyin aan ka qanacsanayn marka loo eego bartayaasha qoto dheer [15, 21,22,23,24].

Hurdo

Marka loo eego dib-u-eegista suugaanta ee dhowaan la sameeyay, adeegsiga aaladaha warbaahinta inta lagu jiro wakhtiga jiifku waa soo noqnoqosho: 72% carruurta iyo 89% dhallinta aan qaan gaarin ayaa ugu yaraan hal qalab warbaahinta ku jira qolka jiifka [25]. Adeegsiga taleefanka casriga hore ee hurdada ayaa la soo sheegay inuu faragelin ku hayo muddada hurdada iyo tayada labadaba.26, 27].

Intaa waxaa dheer, dhibaatooyin badan oo caafimaad ayaa la sharraxay oo la xiriira tayada hurdada oo liidata: jahwareerka isticmaalka qamriga, niyad jabka, indho-indheynta indhaha, daal jidhka ah, khalkhal-galinta walaaca iyo kordhinta u nugulnaanta hargabyada iyo qandhada [28,29,30,31,32,33].

Laabtirka circadian-ka wuxuu saameyn xun ku yeelan karaa isticmaalka taleefanka casriga kahor, kaasoo horseed u ah hurdo aan ku filneyn: hurdo badan oo hurdo badan, hurdo kacsan iyo yareynta hurdada oo ugu yaraan 6.5 saac maalmaha shaqada [34,35,36].

Shucaaca elektaroonigga ah iyo nalalka casriga ah ee iftiinka leh waxay sababi karaan raaxo darro xagga jirka ah sida muruq xanuun ama madax xanuun [37,38,39].

Intaa waxaa sii dheer, daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay waxay soo jeediyeen in midkoodna tayada hurdo la’aanta ama hurdo hurdo la aanta ay la xiriirto xaaladaha dheef-shiid kiimikaadka sida sokorowga iyo cudurrada wadnaha iyo dhibaatooyinka maskaxda sida diiqadda ama si xun u isticmaalka maandooriyaha [40, 41].

Tirada dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee ka seexata waqtiga hurdada oo ka yar tii ay soo jeedisay National Foundation Foundation waqtiga ayaa kordhay, badiyaa gabdhaha (45.5% vs 39.6% wiilasha)42].

Ugu dambeyntiina, 5 saac ama ka badan oo maalin kasta ah oo aaladaha warbaahinta loo adeegsado waxay la xiriirtay halista sare ee dhibaatooyinka hurdo marka la barbar dhigo isticmaalka 1 saac maalin kasta [43].

Sight

Isticmaalka casriga ah ee taleefannada casriga ah waxay sababi kartaa dhibaatooyin xagga jirka ah sida cudurka indhaha oo qallalan (DED), cuncun indhaha iyo daal, dareen gubasho, duriin isku duuban, daciifnimo aragga, cadaadis, daal deg deg ah oo ku soo kordha sumcadda esotropia (AACE) iyo cilad kacsi daran [44, 45].

Inta lagu gudajiro isticmaalka taleefannada casriga ah waxaa jira hoos u dhac xaddiga iftiinka ah oo ah 5-6 / min oo dhiirrigeliya uumiga ilmada iyo hoy, taasoo horseedda DED [46,47,48]. Nasiib wanaagse, joojinta 4 toddobaad ee isticmaalka taleefannada casriga ah waxay u horseedi kartaa horumar caafimaadeed bukaannada DED49].

Marka loo eego AACE, masaafada u dhow wax akhriska waxay kordhin kartaa codka muruqyada futada saqda dhexe, waxay sababi kartaa in wax laga badalo labadaba erayga iyo hoyga. Iyo sidoo kale DED, astaamaha caafimaad waxay hagaajin karaan ka fogaanshaha taleefannada casriga ah [50, 51].

qabatinka

Mid ka mid ah dhinacyada ugu dhibka badan ee taleefanka gacanta iyo isticmaalka Internetka ee dhalinyarada ayaa ah balwadda. Qabatinka waxaa loo gudbiyaa qof ka walaacsan hawlo gaar ah oo carqaladeysa howlaha ubaxyada [52].

Markay tahay qabatinka taleefanka casriga, dadku waxay si joogto ah u hubiyaan e-mayllada iyo barnaamijyada bulshada. Fududaanta helitaanka xirfadaha casriga inta lagu jiro maalinta waxay fududeyneysaa faafinta balwadda noocan ah [53]. Adeegsiga taleefanka casriga ah xitaa inta lagu jiro wada-hadalka fool ka foolka ah waa ifafaale kordhay sidoo kale. Waxaa loo yaqaan "phubbing" [54].

Sida ay soo jeediyeen daraasadihii hore, qabatinka taleefannada casriga ah waxaa loo barbar dhigi karaa qabatinka maandooriyaha [55].

Aasaaska cilad-sheegista ee balwadda taleefannada casriga ah ayaa la soo jeediyey si loo fududeeyo aqoonsi hore loo helo [56].

Sida ku xusan xog-ururinta Su'aalaha Qaranka ee La-qabatinka Telefoonnada ee Teen-ka ee Da'da Casriga ah ee la sameeyay laga soo bilaabo 2016-kii illaa 2018, 60% saaxiibada dhallinta, marka la qiyaaso, waxaa lagu qabtaa taleefannadooda [57]. Xaqiiqdii, dalal aad u yar ayaa u aqoonsada qabatinka inuu yahay cudur. Kani waa sababta aan u yarahay macluumaadka ku saabsan qabatinka aaladda warbaahinta ee qaangaarnimada.

Sahan dhowaan ay sameeyeen Wakaaladda Macluumaadka Qaranka ee Qaranka ee 2012 waxay caddeysay in qabatinka taleefanka casriga ee Chorea uu ahaa 8.4% [58].

Daraasadaha qaarkood waxay adkeeyeen qodobbada halista ah ee la xiriira qabatinka taleefannada gacanta sida shaqsiyada iyo astaamaha dhaqan ahaaneed iyo sidoo kale dhaqanka waalidnimada. Faahfaahinta, welwelka, luminta xakamaynta dulqaadka, ka bixitaanka, degenaansho la'aanta iyo firfircoonaanta, hagaajinta niyadda, beenta, xiisaha danta ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin arrimaha khatarta ah ee balwadda casriga ah [59].

Iyada oo la tixgalinayo arrimaha jinsiga, cilmi baarisyo hore ayaa sharxay in haweenku ay waqti badan ku bixiyaan taleefanka casriga ah isla markaana ay ku dhawaad ​​3 jeer ka khatar badan yihiin balwadda casriga ah marka loo eego ragga.60, 61]. Waxaa sidoo kale la soo sheegay in qabatinka dumarka ay la xiriiri karto rabitaan xoog leh xagga xiriirka bulshada [62].

Marka laga hadlayo fikirka waalidka ee isticmaalka taleefanka casriga ah, waxbarashadda waalidku waxay muhiim u tahay in lagu daweeyo dadka waaweyn ee qabatimay qabatinka [63, 64]. Macnaha guud, waalidiinta waxay ka hortagi karaan qabatinka taleefanka gacanta ee dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah iyagoo bixinaya taageero. Xaqiiqdii, xiriir wanaagsan oo waalidka iyo carruurnimada waxay yareyn karaan welwelka bulshada waxayna kordhin kartaa amniga iyo isku-kalsoonida [65]. Dhanka kale, isku xirnaanta waalidka iyo amni darrida ayaa kordhin kara halista isticmaalka balwadaha casriga ah ee dhalinyarada.66].

Dhibaatooyinka nafsi ahaaneed ee ugu weyn ee la xiriira qabatinka maandooriyaha waa: isku kalsoonaan hoose, walaac, walwal, niyad jab, amni xumo iyo kelinimo [18, 67].

Natiijooyinka iskuulka ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeeshaan sababta oo ah qabatinka taleefannada gacanta ee casriga ah waxay u horseedi kartaa dhallinta qaangaarka ah inay iska indhatiraan mas'uuliyadahooda oo ay waqti ku qaataan si aan habooneyn [68, 69].

Internetka waxaa badanaa loo adeegsadaa si looga baxsado dareenka xun iyo kelinimada, lagana fogaado is-dhexgalka fool ka foolka ah, kordhinta isku kalsoonida, kor u qaadista halista niyad-jabka, walwalka bulshada iyo balwadda [70, 71].

Qabatinka taleefanka casriga ah wuxuu la xiriiraa labo ifafaale: cabsi ka maqnaansho (FOMO) iyo caajis.

FOMO waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa inay tahay cabsi ku saabsan waayo-aragnimada dabacsan iyo waxa ka dhalan kara ee doonaya in si joogto ah bulshada loogu xidho kuwa kale. FOMO waxay soo saartaa lagama maarmaannimada in la baaro si joogto ah barnaamijyada bulsheed si ay ula socdaan dhaqdhaqaaqa saaxiibbada [72].

Boredom waxaa lagu qeexaa inay tahay xaalad shucuureed oo aan fiicneyn, oo la xiriirta la'aanta ku lug lahaanshaha maskaxda iyo xiisaha la xiriira qanacsanaanta. Dadku waxay isku dayi karaan inay la qabsadaan caajisnimada iyagoo raadinaya kicinta dheeriga ah iyo si qasab ah u adeegsashada taleefannada casriga ah [73,74,75].

Dhalinta aan qaangaarka ahayn, ee u nugul, waxay leeyihiin halis sare oo caajis iyo adeegsiga cudurada ku dhaca adeegsiga barnaamijyada xiriirka khadka tooska ah [76]. Taa baddalkeeda, qabatinka taleefannada casriga ah wuxuu si xun u saameyn karaa wejiga fool ka foolka xiriiryada dhalinyarada77].

Murqaha iyo lafaha

Isticmaalka taleefanka casriga ee dhibaatada leh (PSU) wuxuu la xiriiraa dhibaatooyinka lafaha, murqaha xanuunka, qaab nololeedka dabacsan, tamar la’aanta jirka iyo daciifnimada difaaca [78, 79].

Qaar ka mid ah warbixinnada Shiinaha, waxay sharxaan in 70% dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ay la kulmeen xanuun qoorta, 65% garabka garabka, 46% curcurka iyo faraha faraha. Dhibaatooyinka muruqyada ee la xiriira taleefannada casriga waxaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeeshaan arrimo badan, oo ay ku jiraan cabirka muujinta taleefannada gacanta, tirada fariimaha qoraalka ah ee la diro iyo saacado maalinle ah oo lagu isticmaalo taleefannada casriga ah [80, 81].

Intaa waxaa dheer, inta lagu gudajiro isticmaalka casriga, qaab dhismeedka jir ahaaneed wuxuu u horseedi karaa dhibaatooyin makaanka. Tusaale ahaan, jajabinta qoorta (33-45 °) waxay sababi kartaa cawaaqib xumo gaar ahaan qeybta qoorta [82, 83].

Gaar ahaan, qoraalku waa mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha ugu badan ee keena walaaca fekerka ku dhaca marinka xubinta taranka dumarka iyo xanuunka qoorta kuwa ku qaatay 5.4 ha maalin taleefannadooda gacanta [82, 84].

Maaweelada

Hawlaha taleefannada casriga ah waxay la xiriiraan mashquul xagga garashada sare ah iyo garashada hoose oo mararka qaarkood qatar gelisa nolosha isticmaaleyaasha [85].

Khatarta ah in wax jeedinta ay aad u sareyso ayaa ah shaashadda telefishanka waaweyn iyo hadii ay jirto ciyaar [86].

Xogta jahwareerka waxay muujisay in shilalka gawaaridu ay yihiin sababaha ugu waaweyn ee dhaawacyada carruurta. Mareykanka waxaa ku soo kordhay 5% dhimashada gawaarida gawaarida dhalinyarada87, 88]. Tan waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto PSU. Xaqiiqdi, lugeeyayaasha isticmaalaya internet-ka iyo taleefannada casriga ah waxay leeyihiin khatar sare oo ay ku galaan shilalka taraafikada maxaa yeelay waxay si aad ah u yar yar u eegaan labadaba waddo yar oo taxaddar yar [89]. Gaar ahaan, dhagaystayaasha muusikada waxay leeyihiin hoos u dhac ku saabsan wacyigelinta xaalad [90].

Macnaha guud, doorka moodaynta waalidnimada ayaa muhiim u ah koritaanka dabeecadaha qaangaarka: dhallinta qaangaarka ah ee waalidiinta leh ee ku mashquulsan wade taleefanka gacmeed ku mashquulsan waxay u badan tahay inay istcimaalaan taleefanka gacanta iyagoo wata gaari. Daraasad lagu sameeyay 760 waalid intii ay caruurta (4-10 sano) ku jireen gaariga ayaa lagu arkay in 47% waalidiinta ay kuwadahadleen taleefanka gacanta, 52.2% waxay kahadleen taleefanka gacanta, 33.7% aqri fariimaha qoraalka, 26.7% diray farriimaha qoraalka ah, iyo 13.7% waxay isticmaaleen shabakad bulsheed inta ay wadista wadaan91]. Tani waxay noqon kartaa khatar aad iyo aad u sii kordheysa oo ifafaale u leh dhalinyarada iyo dadka mustaqbalka.

Cyberbullying

Tirada sii kordheysa ee internetka ayaa la xiriirta helitaanka ballaaran ee taleefannada gacanta, internetka iyo aaladda mobilada. Waxaa lagu qeexi karaa nooc ka mid ah xoogsheegashada uu fuliyo qof ama koox iyada oo loo marayo hannaan elektiroonig ah oo lagu dhammeeyay dhibka khalkhal galinta, hanjabaada, baqdinta ama ku wareejinta dhibanaha [92]. Waxaa jira qaabab kala jaad ah oo loo adeegsado internetka oo lagu sharxay suugaanta: wicitaannada taleefanka, fariimaha qoraalka ah, sawirrada / fiidiyowyada fiidiyowga, emails iyo barnaamijyada farriimaha ayaa ka mid ah kuwa ugu badan ee la isticmaalo [93]. Tani waa welwel weyn oo xagga caafimaadka bulshada ah: Talyaaniga gudaheeda, Xogta ISTAT waxay muujisay in 2015% dadka isticmaala internet-ka ay yihiin 19.8- 11 sano jir, ay soo sheegaan in loo adeegsaday internetka94,95,96].

Hikikomori

Ifafaale bulsheed ayaa loo yaqaan Shakaiteki hikikomori (ka bixitaanka bulshada) ayaa si isa soo taraysa loogu aqoonsaday Wadamo badan [97]. Ilaa hada, waxaa la qiyaasey in ku dhawaad ​​1-2% dhalinyarada iyo dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ay yihiin hikikomori wadamada Aasiya. Intooda badani waa ragga oo waxay la kulmaan udhalasho bulsho oo u dhexeysa 1 illaa 4 sano [98,99,100,101,102,103,104]. Waxay diidaan inay la xiriiraan xitaa qoyskooda, waxay si isdaba joog ah u isticmaalaan Internetka waxayna kaliya ka shaqeeyaan inay wax ka qabtaan baahiyahooda jir ahaaneed.

Qaar badan oo hikikomori ah ayaa ku bixiya xitaa in ka badan 12 ha maalin muraayad horteeda sidaa darteedna waxay halis ugu jiraan isticmaalka balwada internetka [105,106,107].

Dhinacyo Wanaagsan

Telefoonka casriga ah iyo internetka ayaa waliba laxiriira dhinacyo badan oo wanaagsan oo kusaabsan isdhaxgalka bulshada iyo isgaarsiinta, astaamaha koritaanka iyo maskaxda.

Dhalinta aan qaangaarin ayaa laga yaabaa inay horumariyaan is-xakameynta, ra'yi dhiibashada iyo go'aannada ka tarjumaya108].

Dadka qaangaarka ah ee dareema go'doon iyo niyad jab, waxay dhisi karaan cilaaqaad la'aan iyagoon ka hadlin sida dadka kale u qiimeeyaan muuqaalkooda, u wanaajiyaan niyadda niyad jabsan oo ay u helaan taageero kor loogu qaado kalsoonidooda iyo aqbalaadda asxaabta oo ay u helaan taageero niyadeed [109,110,111,112,113].

Natiijooyinka waxaa lagu soo koobay shaxda 1.

Jadwalka 1 Maqaallada ugu waaweyn ee la eegay iyo astaamaha u gaarka ah
Miisaanka buuxa

Dood

Talooyin

Ku socota waalidiinta

Iyada oo salka ku haysa warbixinnada suugaanta, waalidiinta waa inay ogaadaan saamaynta togan iyo kuwa xun ee telefonka casriga ah iyo aaladda loo adeegsado qalabka warbaahinta ee dhalinyarada. Sidaas darteed, talo soo jeedin ku saleysan qoysaska ayaa waxaa ka mid ah:

  • Hagaajinta isgaarsiinta: u yeer dhallinta qaangaarka ah inay si aad ah ugala hadlaan waqtiga ay ku qaateen aaladda warbaahinta iyo wixii ku saabsan barnaamijka bulshada ee ay adeegsadaan. Ku dhiirrigeli inay wadaagaan dhibaatooyinka ay la kulmi karaan khadka tooska ah iyo khadka tooska ah. Ka ogow waxyaabaha ku jira khadka tooska ah iyo qarsoodiga qadka.
  • Kormeer: ​​xaqiiji waqtiga aad ku qaadatay internetka iyo waxa ku jira; dhiirrigelinta wadahadal firfircoon oo ku saabsan adeegsiga aaladda warbaahinta; soojeedin wada-aragti iyo iskaashi.
  • Qeex siyaasadaha iyo qawaaniinta cad: iska ilaali isticmaalka qalabka warbaahinta inta lagu jiro cuntada, shaqada guriga iyo waqtiga jiifka.
  • Sii tusaale ahaan: yaree waqtiga aad ku isticmaasho taleefannada casriga ah inta lagu jiro kulanka qoyska, markaad goynayso wadada iyo waqtiga cuntada.
  • Wadashaqeynta: samee shabakad lala yeesho dhakhaatiirta carruurta iyo bixiyeyaasha daryeelka caafimaadka si looga warqabo internetka dhalinyarada iyo ciladaha casriga.

Ku socota dhakhaatiirta

Iyadoo ku saleysan warbixinnada suugaanta, talooyinka dhakhaatiirta iyo bixiyeyaasha daryeelka caafimaadka waxaa ka mid ah:

  • Xiriir lala yeesho dhalinyarada iyo waalidiinta: ku wargalin dhallinta-yar waxtarka iyo saamaynta xun ee isticmaalka aaladda aaladda. Bixi macluumaad ku saabsan: halista balwadda, jeedinta, natiijooyinka akadeemiyadda, cawaaqibka maskaxda ku dhaca, fahamka. Kala hadal dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah barnaamijyadooda casriga ah iyo isticmaalka shebekadaha bulshada, adoo u raacaya qaab feejignaan iyo xog badan. Ka fikir dhalinyarada iyo waalidiinta sida carqaladeynta ku saleysan shaashadda ee ku xiran waxqabadka waxbarasho ee daciifka ah iyo sida waalidku ay ugubadbad ugu yihiin carruurtooda.
  • Shabakadaha bulshada iyo dhinacyada togan: waxay ku dhiirigeliyaan dhalinyarada inay isticmaalaan shabakada bulshada iyo taleefannada casriga keliya si looga fogaado keli ahaanta iyo in la kordhiyo isku-kalsoonaanta; kor u qaadista adeegsiga aaminka ah ee warbaahinta si ay ula xiriiraan asxaabta una wadaagaan waxa ku jira.
  • Hagaajinta xiriirka ardayga iyo ardayga: kor u waji weji weji lala yeesho dhalinyarada iyo qoyska.
  • Aqoonsiga isbeddelada ku dhaca caafimaadka iyo dhaqanka bulshada: si si dhakhso leh loogu koobi karo qabatinka taleefanka casriga ah iyo in la yareeyo waxyeelada xun, dhakhaatiirta caafimaadku waa inay gartaan calaamadaha iyo astaamaha soo jeedinta ee aan ku habboonayn adeegsiga qalabka warbaahinta, sida miisaanka oo kordha / luminta, madax xanuun iyo murqaha, aragtida. / jahwareerka indhaha, iwm.
  • Waxbarid: ku soo bandhig su'aalaha baarista ku saabsan nolosha khadka tooska ah ee ilmaha booqashooyinka carruurta, oo ay ku jiraan su'aalaha ku saabsan isticmaalka fiidiyowga ciyaarta iyo internetka, si loo aqoonsado dhalinyarada ku hawlan dabeecadaha khatarta caafimaad ama dhibaatooyinka balwadda.

    Aaladaha waxaa lagu soo koobay shaxda 2.

Jadwalka 2 Qalabka loogu talagalay waalidiinta iyo dhakhaatiirta caafimaad ee ku saabsan warbaahinta u istcimaalaan xilliga qaangaarka
Miisaanka buuxa

Ugu Dambeyn

Telefoonnada casriga ah iyo shabakadda bulshada ayaa qayb muhiim ka ah nolosha qofka qaan-gaarka ah ee saameeya qofka noloshiisa oo dhan. Labada waalidba iyo dhakhaatiirta / bixiyeyaasha daryeelka caafimaadku waa inay fahmaan faa'iidooyinka iyo halista iman kara labadaba si looga hortago cawaaqib xumo, sida balwadda casriga ah. Labada rugo caafimaad iyo waalidiinta labaduba waa inay ku dadaalaan inay si wanaagsan u fahmaan nashaadaadka internetka ee dhalinyarada, kala hadlaan iyaga isticmaalida taleefanka casriga iyo kahortaga dhacdooyinka xun.

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