Isbeddelka miisaanka miisaanka iyo xakamaynta garashada ee dhallinyarada qaangaarka ah ee ciyaaraha internetka (2015)

aan la taaban karin

KEYWOOD:

kiliyaha oogada kore; xakamaynta garashada; midab-erey; arrinta cawlan; Internetka qabatinka balwadda

Qaangaadhku waa xilli horumar gaar ah leh oo isbadal deg deg ah ku sameeya xaga jidhka, maskaxda iyo horumarka bulshada (Casey et al., 2008). Iyada oo caqabad weyn ku ah is-dhex-galka bulshada iyo dareenka nuglaanta la xiriirta waxqabadka xakamaynta garashada ee aan qaan-gaarnimada ahayn, waxay u horseedi kartaa dhacdo sare oo ah xanuunada saameynta leh iyo qabatinka dhalinyarada.Steinberg, 2005). Qabatinka internetka (IA), waa cilad cusub, waxay ahayd arin dadweynaha oo si dhakhso leh u kobcaysa internetka sannadihii ugu dambeeyay. Xogta laga helayo Ururka Internetka ee Dhallinyarda Shiinaha (oo lagu dhawaaqay Febraayo 2, 2010) waxay muujisay in dhacdada IA ​​ee dhalinyarada Shiinaha ee ku nool magaalooyinka Shiinaha ay qiyaastii tahay 14% tirada guud ee 24 milyan (Yuan et al., 2011). IA wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex nooc: Khiyaanada ciyaaraha internetka (IGD), taxadarka galmada, iyo emayl / qoraal fariin ah (Block, 2007). Shiinaha, nooca ugu muhiimsan ee IA waa IGD, iyo lifaaqa of Diagnostic iyo Buugga Tirakoobka ee Xanuunnada Maskaxda (5th Ed., DSM-5) sidoo kale waxaa ku jira IGD, kaas oo carrabka ku adkeeyay in cilmi-baaris dheeri ah loo baahan yahay si loo baadho ku habboonaanta xaruntiisa caafimaad iyo aasaaska hoose. farsamooyinka (Brand et al., 2014). Dhibaatada IA ​​waxay ka soo qaadatay diiradda badan aqoonyahannada waxbarashada, cilmi-nafsi-yaqaannada iyo takhaatiirta cilminafsiyeedka, sidaa daraadeed baaritaanno badan ayaa lagu sameeyay IA si loo baaro farsamadiisa maskaxda iyo faragelinta dabeecadda (Ko et al., 2009, 2013a; Ding et al., 2013). Si kastaba ha noqotee, habka hadda loo isticmaalo IA ma cada mana jiro daweyn loo habeeyey oo loogu talagalay IGD oo la heli karo .Dhaqaalaha leh IGD waxay waqti ku bixiyaan waqti kordhinta howlaha internetka, taasoo horseed ka noqoshada bulshada, is-dayaca, cunno xumida iyo dhibaatooyinka qoyska (Murali iyo George, 2007; Young, 2007; Kim iyo Haridakis, 2009). Waxaa loo tixgeliyey cilad-darro hab-dhaqan sida khamaarka cudur-sidaha (King et al., 2012), nashaad galmo (Holden, 2001), waayo waxay la wadaageen astaamo caafimaad oo la mid ah oo ay ka mid yihiin adeegsiga xad-dhaafka ah, ka-noqoshada, dulqaad, iyo dib-u-falcelin taban (Gadhka iyo Wolf, 2001). Baadhitaan la sameeyay ayaa lagu ogaaday in kontoroolka garashada uu wax ka badelay kaqeybgalayaasha khamaar culus oo qaraabo la ah kontaroolada (Toneatto et al., 1997), oo soo jeedisay in qabatinku uu wax u dhimi karo shaqada xakameynta garashada. Cao et al. soo sheegay xiriir gaar ah oo ka dhexeeya xakameynta garashada iyo IA adoo adeegsanaya su'aalo weydiin, maaddooyinka 'IGD' waxay muujiyeen rabitaan ka badan kooxda xakamaynta (Cao et al., 2007).

Xakamaynta garashada waxaa loola jeedaa awooda lagu xakameeyo qofka ficilkiisa, dhaqankiisa, iyo xitaa fikradaha (Cools iyo D'Esposito, 2011), iyo sidoo kale awooda lagu beddeli karo fikradaha iyo habdhaqanka hadafyada hadda la xusho iyo iskudhafka macluumaadka la xiriira deegaanka (Blasi et al., 2006). Daraasadaha ayaa daaha ka qaaday in kororka murgubka ee gudaha (ACC) uu ku lug lahaa qiimeynta qiimeynta sawirada, jawaabaha shucuurta ee ay sababtay damaca, iyo unugyada dambe ee unugyada hore ee prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) ayaa ka qeybqaatay habeynta garashada ee filashada abaalmarinta iyo jawaab ka dib abaalmarinta (Sun et al., 2012; Brand et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2014). Daraasado dhowr ah oo laga helay awoodda xakameynta garashada ee maaddooyinka IGD ayaa la beddelay, waayo waxay muujiyeen khaladaad jawaab celin dheeri ah iyo waqti falcelin dheer (RT) hawsha Stroop iyo howlaha Go-Nogo marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada. Hawsha loo yaqaan 'Stroop task', waqtiga jawaabta, iyo khaladaadka jawaab celinta ama macnahiisu waa heerka khaladaadka inta lagu jiro xaalad aan kala go 'lahayn waxay ahaayeen tilmaamayaal muhiim ah oo lagu qiimeeyo shaqada xakameynta garashada ee daraasadaha IGD (Dong et al., 2013a, 2014; Yuan et al., 2013a). Faahfaahinta, Yuan et al. Waxaa la arkay in labada kooxba ay muujiyeen saameyn wax ku ool ah, halkaas oo RT ka sii dheer intii lagu gudajiray xaaladdii caadiga ahayd. Kooxda "IGD" waxay galeen qaladaad badan oo ka badan kooxda xakamaynta intii lagu jiray xaalad kacsanaan ah (Yuan et al., 2013a,b; Xing et al., 2014). Dong et al. si joogto ah ayaa loo soo sheegay in kooxda 'IGD' ay muujisay hoos u dhac ku yimi habsami u socodka hawlaha xakamaynta xakamaynta marka loo eego kontaroolada caafimaadka leh, waayo waxay muujiyeen isbeddel aan muhiim u ahayn RTs dheeri ahDong et al., 2012, 2013a,b, 2014). Dhanka kale, Go-Nogo iyo / ama howlaha Go-stop waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu barto astaamaha dabeecadeed ee IGD. Hal daraasad ayaa lagu ogaaday in natiijooyinka kaqeybgalayaasha IGD ay si weyn ula xiriireen tirada tijaabooyinka bilaa-guuldarada ah, iyagoo soo jeedinaya in xannibaadda la xiriirta cayaaraha hooseeya ama ay sarre u kacdo kooxda IGD (van Holst et al., 2012). Lix al. soo sheegay in boqolkiiba jawaabcelinta si guul leh la xakameeyay ay aad uga hooseysay kooxda IA ​​marka loo eego kontaroolada hawsha Go-Stop, kaas oo sii taageeray in carqaladeynta jawaab celinta dhalinyarada IA ​​ay liidato.Li et al., 2014).

Intaa waxaa sii dheer, daraasado badan oo leh farsamooyinka neuroimaging iyo electrophysiological ayaa baaray isbedelada maskaxda iyo shaqada xakameynta garashada ee IGD. Dong et al. Waxaay ogaadeen in waxqabadka weyn ee hoolka (iyo waliba kan danbe) xinjirowga cortex ee xaalada faragalinta istiraatiijiyada Stroop ee kaqeybgaleyaasha IGD marka la barbar dhigo maadooyinka kontaroolada (Dong et al., 2012). Hawlaha maskaxda ee la kordhiyay ee kilkilaha hore ee hore ee hoose iyo ACC waxaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeeshaan awoodda kontoroolka garashada (Dong et al., 2013a). Yuan et al. sidoo kale waxay ogaatay in dhumucda cortical iyo amplitude ee isbeddelka isbeddelka hooseeya (ALFF) qiimayaasha 'prefrontal cortex' ay la xiriirto saameynta Stroop, iyadoo la siinayo caddeyn muujineysa maskaxda maskaxda ku haysa waxqabadka xakameynta garashada ee IGD. Daraasad la xiriirta dhacdo (ERP) daraasad ayaa sidoo kale lagu ogaadey in kooxda 'IGD' ay muujisay amplitude hoose ee NoGo-N2, amplitude NoGo-P3 oo dheereysa, iyo dheereynta dheer ee NoGo-P3, taas oo muujineysa inay ku hawlanaayeen dadaal dheeri ah oo garasho, karti yar xagga macluumaadka shaqeynta, iyo koontaroolka hoose ee ka hooseeya kuwa facooda caadiga ah (Dong et al., 2010). Daraasad kale oo lagu sameeyay ERP ayaa lagu sheegay in dadka leh "IGD" ay muujiyeen hoos u dhac xagga dhexdhexaadka ah (MFN) muuqaal ahaan xaaladaha aan caadiga ahayn marka loo eego kontaroolada, taas oo tilmaamaysa xakamaynta garashada maskaxda ee IGD (Dong et al., 2011). Si kastaba ha noqotee, cilmi-baarisyo yar ayaa diiradda saarey xiriirka ka dhexeeya beddelaadda mugga mugga (GMV) iyo awoodda kontoroolka garashada ee IGD.

Ujeeddooyinka ugu waaweyn ee daraasadda hadda jirta waxay ahaayeen: (1) si loo baaro shaqada xakameynta garashada iyada oo la adeegsanayo howl-qabad midab-eray; (2) si loo sahamiyo joojinta is beddelka suugaanta maskaxda ee GMV iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka loo yaqaan 'vexel based based morphometry' (VBM); (3) si loo baaro xiriirka ka dhexeeya cabbirada dareemayaasha iyo qaabeeynta habdhaqanka ee IGD. Iyada oo ku saleysan qoraalka suugaanta ee lagu daabacay IGD, waxaan qiyaasahay in kaqeybgalayaasha IGD ay tusi doonaan waxqabadka u qalma hawsha Stroop isla markaana ay yareyn doonaan GMV ee kilinka hore. Intaa waxaa dheer, cortex-ka hore ee GMV ayaa si xun loola xiriirin doonaa waxqabadka Stroop ee shaqsiyaadka IGD.

Qalabka iyo Dariiqooyinka

Dhamaan hababka cilmi baarista waxaa ansaxiyay cosbitaalka iskuxiran ee cisbitalka kuliyada caafimaadka ee jaamacada Xi'an Jiaotong ee daraasaadka bini aadamka waxaana loosoo qabtay si ku xusan Baaqa Helsinki.

maadooyinka

Sideetan iyo sideed ardayda kuleejka ah ee leh "IGD" ayaa lagu qorey daraasaddeena iyadoo lagu saleynayo aasaaska Su'aalaha loo badalay 'Su'aalaha Diagnostic Su'aalaha ee ku saabsan mukhaadaraadka internetka (YDQ) ee Beard iyo Wolf (Young, 1998; Gadhka iyo Wolf, 2001). Young waxay soo jeediyeen in jawaabayaasha kajawaabay shan ama in kabadan “haa” siddeedda su’aal waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin isticmaale ku tiirsan internet (Young, 1998). Gadhka iyo Wolf waxay wax ka beddeleen shuruudaha YDQ (Gadhka iyo Wolf, 2001), waxay soo jeedisay Jawaab bixiyaasha ka jawaabey “haa” su’aalaha 1 illaa 5 iyo ugu yaraan mid kasta oo ka mid ah sedexda su'aalood ee haray waxaa loo kala soocay silica IA, oo loo adeegsaday baarista maaddooyinka daraasadda hadda jirta. Waxaan weydiinnay maaddooyinka inay dib u soo xusuusiyaan qaab nololeedkoodii markii ugu horreysay ee ay ku sumoobeen internetka, kaasoo ahaa tallaabo dib loogu eegayo qabatinka maandooriyaha ayaa ah geeddi-socod tartiib ah waxaanna qorshaynnay inaan sahaminno isbeddello toos ah oo qaab dhismeedka maskaxda ah. Waxaan dib ugu celinay iyaga shuruudaha YDQ oo ay wax ka beddeleen Beard iyo Wolf (Brand et al., 2014) si loo xaqiijiyo inay uqalmaan ogaanshaha IA. Markii aan khadka telefoonka kula xiriirnay waalidkood waxaan xaqiijinay isku hallaynta warbixinnada is-sheegashada ee maadooyinka 'IGD'. Waxaan sidoo kale ka xaqiijinay macluumaadkan asxaabtooda wada daggan iyo ardayda ay isku fasalka yihiin in haddii ay inta badan ciyaaraan ciyaarta internetka ilaa iyo fiidka ilaa habeenka inay khalkhal gelinayaan nolosha dadka kale. Sideed iyo labaatan iyo jinsi ayaa isu ekaaday (p > 0.05) kontaroolo caafimaad qab oo aan lahayn taariikh shaqsiyadeed ama mid qoys oo ku saabsan cudurada maskaxda ayaa sidoo kale lagu qorey daraasaddeena Si loo hubiyo in kontoroolada caafimaadka qaba aysan ka xanuunsaneyn IGD, waxaa maamulay wax ka beddelka YDQ ee qabatinka internetka ee Beard iyo Wolf. Dhammaan kaqeybgalayaasha la shaqaaleeyay waxay ku hadlayeen afka Shiinaha, midig. Tijaabada kaadida ayaa loo sameeyay maadooyinka oo dhan si looga reebo isticmaalka maandooriyaha ka hor baaritaanka magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Shuruudaha ka-saarista ee labada kooxba waxay ahaayeen (1) xanuunnada neerfaha ama jirro jireed, oo ay ku jiraan burooyinka maskaxda, cagaarshowga, ama suuxdin lagu qiimeeyo qiimeynta caafimaad iyo diiwaanada caafimaad; (2) khamri, nikotiin ama daroogo; iyo (3) uurka ama caadada haweenka; Foomamka oggolaanshaha oo qoran waxaa helay dhammaan bukaannada iyo kontaroolada. Macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan tirada dadka ayaa lagu bixiyay Jaantuska 1.

TABLE 1

Shaxda 1. Juquraafiyada cilladaha khamaarka internetka iyo kooxaha kantaroolka.

Helitaanka Xogta MRI

Sawirka maskaxda ee sawirka maskaxda ah waxaa lagu sameeyay sawirka '3T GE scanner' oo ku yaal xarunta sawirka ee jaamacadda Xi'an Jiontong markii ugu horreysay ee ay ku taal cusbitaalka. Qalabka caadiga ah ee madaxa lagu qaado iyo xakamaynta xirmooyinka xumbada ayaa loo adeegsaday yareynta dhaqdhaqaaqa madaxa iyo ilaalinta maqalka. Sawirka-xNUMXD T3-culeyska sawirada culeyska leh waxaa lagu helay isugeyn dib-u-xusuusin ah oo la soo koobay iyo qiyaasaha soo socda: waqtiga celceliska (TR) = 1 ms; waqtiga echo (TE) = 8.5 ms; xagal flip (FA) = 3.4 °; beerta aragtida (FOV) = 12 × 240 mm²; matrix data = 240 × 240; xaleef = 140; Cabbirka codka = 1 × 1 × 1 mm.

Falanqaynta Xogta MRI

Xogta qaab dhismeedka MRI waxaa lagu falanqeeyay FSL-VBM (Douaud et al., 2007),¹ borotokoolka la isku habeeyey ee VBM (Wanaagsan et al., 2001) ee FSL (Smith et al., 2004). Marka hore, sawirrada qaabdhismeedka ayaa maskaxda laga soosaaray isla markaana kala qeybsan tahay arrinta cawlan ayaa loo diiwaangaliyay MNI 152 booska caadiga ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo diiwaangelin aan toos ahayn (Andersson et al., 2007). Sawirradii ka dhashay celcelis ahaan waa la is dulsaaray oo la duubey x-waxis si loo abuuro sumad bidix-midig, shay u gaar ah maadada cawlan. Ta labaad, dhammaan sawirada maqaarka ee dhalaalaya waxaa si aan toos ahayn looga diiwaangaliyay shaxdan gaarka ah ee daraasadda iyo “la habeeyay” si loo saxo fidinta deegaanka (ama foosha) sababtuna waa qaybta aan tooska ahayn ee isbeddelka xawaaraha. Sawirrada mowduuca la isku habeeyey ayaa markaa lagu dhex rogay aaladda 'isotropic Gaussian kernel' oo leh astaan ​​u ah 3 mm. Ugu dambeyntiina, voxel smart GLM waxaa lagu dabaqey iyadoo la saxay isbarbardhigyo fara badan oo ka dhacay goobtii oo dhan. Qaab-dhismeedka gobolka ee arrimaha cirridka ah waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa tijaabinta ku saleysan tijaabinta qaab-dhismeedka aan xuduuda lahayn (5000 times) (Nichols iyo Holmes, 2002).

Ururinta Xogta Dhaqanka

Midabka-ereyga Stroop function waxaa hirgaliyay barnaamijka 'E-prime 2.0'. Hawshan waxaa ka mid ahaa naqshad dabaq ah oo leh saddex xaaladood, yacni, ciriiri, go'doon iyo nasasho. Casaan, Buluug, iyo Cagaaran, sedex eray ayaa lagu soo bandhigay seddex midab (casaan, buluug iyo cagaar) iyadoo ah isu imaatinka iyo isku imaatinka. Inta lagu gudajiray nasashada, maaddooyinka waxay kaliya diirada saareen indhahooda iskutallaabta lagu muujiyay bartamaha shaashadda. Waxaan u qaabaynay laba orod oo leh taxaneyaal kala duwan oo iskumid ah iyo baloogyo laxiriira (Xing et al., 2014). Waxaan tijaabinay kaqeybgalayaasha shaqsi ahaan qol deggan oo kaqeybgalayaashu waxay hayeen xaalad daganaan ah. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waxaa la faray inay ka jawaabaan midabka la soo bandhigay sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtagalka ah adigoo gacanta midig ku riixaya badhanka Serial Response Box TM. Index-ka, dhexda, iyo giraanka gacanta midig ee u dhigma casaanka, buluugga, iyo cagaarka ayaa loo isticmaalay inay riixdo batoonka siday u kala horreeyaan. Xogta akhlaaqda ayaa la soo aruuriyay laba ama seddex maalmood ka hor baaritaanka MRI baaritaanka kadib.

Geedi socodka Falanqaynta Asluubta

Falanqaynta covariance (ANCOVA) waxaa lagu shaqeystey da'da, saameynta lamaanaha iyo wadarta mugga intracranial sida covariates. Waxaan isticmaalnay a hose ah falanqaynta isfahamka si loo baaro xiriirka ka dhexeeya GMV iyo waxqabadka dabeecada ee kooxda 'IGD', iyo qaladaadka jawaab celinta iyo waqtiga jawaabta ee xaalada aan caadiga aheyn ee shaqada ereyga midabka loo yaqaan 'Stroop function' waxaa loo shaqeeyey inay noqdaan qodobada isku xirnaanta siday u kala horreeyaan kooxda IGD.

Natiijooyinka

Natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujiyeen in celcelis ahaan da'da IGD iyo kooxda xakamaynta ay ahaayeen 18.8 ± 1.33 iyo 19.3 ± 2.56 sano jir, mana jiro kala duwanaansho tirakoob ah oo u dhexeysa (p > 0.05). Marka loo eego is-sheegiddooda ku aaddan isticmaalka internetka, waqtiga ay qaataan dhalinyarada qaan-gaarka ah ee IGD maalintii iyo usbuuciiba way ka badnaayeen kooxda xakamaynta (p Shakhsiyaadka 'IGD' waxay waqti dheer ku qaateen ciyaaraha internetka (p <0.005) (Jadwalka 1).

Natiijooyinka Dabeecadda

Saameyn Stroop ah oo muhiim ah ayaa lagu arkay labada kooxba, halkaas oo RT muddo dheer loogu ahaa xaaladda isku-dheellitirka ah ee xaaladda gogol-xaarka (kooxda IGD: 628.24 ± 59.20 vs. 549.38 ± 44.17 iyo kooxda xakamaynta: 707.52 ± 66.43 vs. 581.97 ± 39.35; p <0.005). Kooxda IGD waxay sameeyeen khaladaad ka badan kooxda ay gacanta ku hayaan intii lagu jiray xaalad aan fiicnayn (kooxda IGD: 8.67 ± 5.41 iyo kooxda xakamaynta: 6.64 ± 3.65; p <0.05), iyo dib udhaca jawaab celinta (RD) oo lagu cabiray RT inta lagu gudajiro xaalada isbadal la'aanta xaaladaha isku dhafka ah ayaa si weyn uga duwanaa labada kooxdan (kooxda IGD: 78.87 ± 45.38 iyo kooxda xakamaynta: 125.56 ± 49.20; p <0.05) (Jadwalka 2).

TABLE 2

Shaxda 2. Natiijooyinka anshaxa ee cilad-darrada ciyaaraha internetka iyo kooxaha xakamaynta.

Natiijooyinka Sawirka Maskaxda

Isbarbar dhigga VBM wuxuu muujiyey hoos u dhac GMV meelo dhowr ah oo maskaxda ah, tusaale ahaan, labada dhinac ee loo yaqaan 'ACC, pruneus', muruq dheeri ah (SMA), kortex ka sarreeya, bidix DLPFC, insula iyo cerebellum laba-geesoodka ah marka loo eego kooxda xakameynta (Jaantus.) 1).

SHIGURE 1

Jaantus 1. (A) Kooxda 'IGD' waxay muujisay hoos udhaca mugga mugga (GMV) ee laba geesoodka ah ee loo yaqaan 'ACC, pruneus', SMA, koretal cortex, cerebellum, bidix DLPFC iyo insula bidix. (B) Xiriirinta udhaxeeya GMV ee ACC iyo qaladaadka jawaabta Stroop inta lagu gudajiro xaalada qalafsan ee kooxda IGD.

Natiijooyinka Falanqaynta Asluubta

Falanqaynta wadajirka ah waxay muujisay in GMV ee ACC ay si xun ula xiriirtay qaladaadka jawaabta hawsha Stroop ee xaalada qalafsan ee kooxda IGD (Jaantus. 1), laakiin ma jirin xiriir xisaabeed oo ka dhexeeya GMV iyo RT oo ku saabsan xaalad aan caadi ahayn oo ka dhex jirtay kooxda IGD.

Dood

Qaangaarka waa xilli isbeddelo muhiim ah ku leh muuqaalka bulshada iyo horumarka maskaxda, oo sidoo kale ah waqti leh xaalad sare oo ah dhibaatooyinka dhibaatooyinka iyo balwadda (Casey et al., 2008). Saynisyahano badan oo ku nool Aasiya ayaa soo sheegay in IGD ay noqotay dhibaato caafimaad oo ku dhacda dhalinyarada iyo dhalinyarada (Ko et al., 2007; Park et al., 2008). Way adag tahay in la helo daweyn ansax ah oo ku saleysan habka aan loo ogeyn ee IA. Qaab-dhismeedka maskaxda ee isbeddelada iyo yaraanta maaraynta garashada ayaa lagu arkay qaangaarnimada IGD. Si kastaba ha noqotee, baaritaanka xiriirka ka dhexeeya qaabdhismeedka maskaxda iyo xakameynta garashada ee IGD waa mid muhiim u ah horumarinta soo-dhexgalka suurtagalka ah ee dhibaatadan. Daraasadda hadda jirta, hoos udhaca awoodda xakamaynta garashada iyo maskaxda aan caadiga ahayn ee GMV ee dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee IGD ayaa la arkay marka la barbar dhigo kooxda xakamaynta, iyo tan ugu muhiimsan, waxaa jiray xiriir xun oo ka dhexeeya GMV ee ACC iyo qaladaadka jawaab celinta ee xaalad aan caadi ahayn ee ereyga-midabka. Howsha adag ee kooxda IGD.

Beddelka Dhaqanka Isbeddellada iyo mugga mugga mugga ee kooxda IGD

Si loo xaqiijiyo awooda xakameynta garashada ee daciifka ah ee dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee leh "IGD", midab erayga 'Stroop function' ayaa loo adeegsaday daraasada hada jirta. Iyadoo la raacayo natiijooyinka hore (Dong et al., 2011, 2013a; Yuan et al., 2013a,b), kooxda 'IGD' waxay gashay khaladaad ka badan kooxda kontaroolada inta lagu gudajiray xaalad kacsanaan ah, taas oo muujisay in dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee leh IGD ay muujiyeen awooda xakamaynta caqliga, sida lagu cabiray tijaabada midabka erayga 'Stroop test'. Natiijooyinka in RT intii lagu jiray xaalad aan kala go 'lahayn iyo RD ee kooxda' IGD 'ay ka gaaban tahay kooxda xakamaynta waxay noqon kartaa tilmaam in maadooyinka IGD ay muujiyeen falcelin ka duwan tan kontaroolada, oo ay si dhakhso leh uga jawaabaan laakiin qaadashada halista samaynta khaladaad dheeri ah, taas oo si cad u ahayd bedelida istiraatiijiyadda jawaabta. Daraasadda ayaa sidoo kale lagu ogaadey in GMV ee ACC, DLPFC, precuneus, SMA, koretal cortex, insula, iyo cerebellum ee kooxda 'IGD' la beddelay, taasoo la jaan qaada daraasadaha IGD ee la daabacay. Zhou iyo Weng et al. la soo sheegay GMV dhimis ama dhaqdhaqaaq aan caadi ahayn meelaha maskaxda ka mid ah maadooyinka IGD (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Sun et al., 2012; Ko et al., 2013b; Weng et al., 2013). In kasta oo aan daraasad laga soo sheegin GMV ee loo yaqaan 'preuneus' ay hoos u dhacday, haddana daraasadda fMRI waxay soo bandhigtay in kontonku uu muujiyey firfircooni aan caadi ahayn inta lagu gudajiray hawlgallada ay curyaamisay mawduuca IGD (Ko et al., 2013a,b). Kortex ka sareeya ayaa la helay inuu xiriir la leeyahay xakameynta garashada (Durston et al., 2002, 2003; Ko et al., 2013a).

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya mugga Grey Matter ee ACC iyo Waxqabadka Hawlaha Cadaadiska Midabka-Midabka

Xiriirka ka dhexeeya GMV ee ACC iyo khaladaadka jawaab celinta ayaa muujisay in wax ka yar GMV ee ACC ee kooxda IGD ay la xiriirto khaladaad jawaab celin dheeri ah inta lagu gudajiro xaalada isku-dhafka ah ee hawsha midabka-Stroop, taas oo rajo wanaagsan u leh daraasadda hadda jirta. Doorka ACC ee xakameynta garashada ayaa si wanaagsan loo dejiyay waxaana lagusoo warbixiyay tiro daraasado fMRI ah oo kusaabsan isdhaafsiga Stroop ee kaqeybgaleyaasha caadiga ah. Botvinick et al. waxay soo sheegtey in ACC ay ku lug leedahay howlo kormeer isku dhacyo ah, waayo ACC wuxuu aad ugu firfircoonaa xaaladaha xaaladaha isku dhaca sare (Botvinick et al., 1999). Daraasad kale oo Angus W. MacDonald III waxay ogaatay in waxqabadka ACC ay tahay mid laga goyn karo kontaroolada-kor-hoos, waxayna ka ciyaartey kaalin joogto ah la socodka kormeerka inta lagu gudajiro waqtiga jawaabta (MacDonald et al., 2000). Daraasadda Kerns ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in dhaqdhaqaaqa la xiriira isku dhaca ee ACC uu saadaaliyay labadaba howsha unugyada hore ee 'prefrontal cortex' iyo hagaajinta dabeecadda, taageerida doorka ACC ee kormeerka isku dhaca iyo xakameynta garaadka (Kerns et al., 2004). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, Matsumoto wuxuu muujiyey in kontoroolka garashada ee ay shaqaaleyso ACC ay noqon karto "mid" muhiim ah "oo ku saleysan khilaafaadka u dhexeeya qorshooyinka la maleegay iyo falalka la taaban karo (Matsumoto iyo Tanaka, 2004). Qayb weyn oo ah cadaymo tijaabo ah oo ku saabsan cuduro badan ayaa urursaday inay taageeraan shaqada muhiimka ah ee ACC ee xakameynta garashada. Akio Soeda et al. daraasad ku sameeyay bukaannada dhaawacyada maskaxda (TBI) oo ogaadey in hoos u dhaca firfircoonida ee ACC laga yaabo inay la xiriirto isbeddelada howlaha maskaxda ku dhaca, taas oo laga yaabo inay ka tarjunto ama joojiso isku-xirnaanta loo aaneynayo kala goynta ama magdhow bixinta hawlgal garashada oo aan shaqeynin (Soeda et al., 2005). Waxqabadka aan caadiga ahayn ee ACC ayaa laga helay dhibaatooyin maskaxeed oo badan, oo ay ku jiraan jahwareerka walaaca (OCD), cilad-dhimis feejignaanta (ADHD), iyo jahwareer weyn (MDD; Ursu ​​et al., 2003; Liotti et al., 2005; Murali iyo George, 2007). Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay ee daraasada dareemayaasha ayaa sidoo kale laga helay wax ka badalida waxqabadka ACC ee shaqsiyaadka ku tiirsan heroin-iyo opioid-yada ee qaab dhismeedka GO / NOGO (Forman et al., 2004), soo jeedinta ACC waa aag fure u ah is xakameynta (Fu et al., 2008). Baadhitaanka lagu sameeyay isticmaaleyaasha cocaine waxay xaqiijiyeen waxqabadka ACC ee xakamaynta xakamaynta (Kaufman et al., 2003; Goldstein et al., 2007, 2009). Daraasad Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) oo ku saabsan ku tiirsanaanta nikotiinta ayaa muujisay in heerarka glutamate + glutamine (Glx) ay hoos u dhacday ACC, taasoo muujineysa in ACC ay ku lug laheyd xakamaynta garashada iyadoo la beddelay dabeecad (Wheelock et al., 2014). Eray ahaan, ACC wuxuu muhiim u yahay awooda kontoroolka garashada. Hab-dhiska qaabdhismeedka ACC iyo cillad la'aanta ku jirta IGD ayaa laga soo sheegey daraasadihii hore. Natiijooyinka VBM ee Zhou et al. wuxuu muujiyey in GMV ee ACC uu hoos u dhacay IGD marka loo eego kontaroolada (Yuan et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011). Baadhitaano badan oo ku saabsan IGD waxay muujiyeen in ACC ka qayb qaadatay xakameynta garashada, sida xakamaynta xakamaynta, la socodka qaladka, iyo go'aan qaadashada (Dong et al., 2012, 2013a,b).

Ugu Dambeyn

Daraasaddan hadda socota waxaan ku aragnay GMV-yada hoos u dhaca ACC iyo gobollada kale ee maskaxda, iyo sidoo kale hab-dhaqanka isbeddelaya maaraynta maaraynta, kaas oo la jaan qaada daraasadaha sawirrada maskaxda ee lagu daabacay IGD iyo qabatinka kale, iyagoo soojeedinaya IGD inay ku xad gudubto waxqabadka dabeecadda iyo qaab dhismeedka neerfayaasha. dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee leh IGD. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, waxaan sidoo kale ogaanay in mugga ACC uu si xun ula xiriiray khaladaadka jawaab celinta aan caadiga ahayn ee qaab dhismeedka Stroop, taasoo muujineysa qaabka jawaabcelinta gebi ahaanba ka duwan shaqsiyaadka IGD iyo saameynta xun ee qaab dhismeedka maskaxda ee dhalinyarada.

Iskuduwaha Qodobka Dulsaarka

Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen in cilmi-baaristaan ​​lagu sameeyey maqnaansho xiriir ganacsi ama dhaqaale oo laga yaabo inay noqon karto khilaafka xiisaha leh.

Mahadnaq

ZM iyo KY waxay mas'uul ka ahaayeen fikradda daraasadda iyo qaabeynta. HW, CJ, XN, GL iyo CN waxay gacan ka geysteen helitaanka xogta MRI. HW, CM iyo KY waxay sameeyeen falanqaynta xogta iyo tarjumaadda natiijooyinka. HW iyo KY waxay qoreen qoraal gacmeed. STM wuxuu saxay qaladaadka naxwaha. Dhammaan qoraayaashu waxay si aad ah u eegeen waxyaabaha la soo koobay iyo nooca ugu dambeeya ee la ansixiyay ee daabacaadda. Daraasaddan waxaa taageeray Aasaaska Sayniska Qaranka ee Shiinaha (81371530, 81271546, 81101036).

Qoraalada

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Erayo-fure: jahwareerka internetka ee balwadda, arrinta cawlan, xakamaynta garaadka, kortex dusha sare ee maqaarka, maqaarka ereyga midabka

Tixraac: Wang H, Jin C, Yuan K, Shakir TM, Mao C, Niu X, Niu C, Guo L iyo Zhang M (2015) Wax ka beddelka mugga mawduuca cawlan iyo xakameynta garaadka ee dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee leh ciladda khamaarka internetka. Horta. Behav. Neurosci. 9: 64. doi: 10.3389 / fnbeh.2015.00064

La Helay: 15 Oktoobar 2014; La aqbalay: 24 Febraayo 2015;
Waxaa lagu daabacay khadka tooska ah: 20 Maarso 2015.

Edited by:

Raymond CK Chan, Machadka cilmu-nafsiga, Akaademiga Sayniska Shiinaha, Shiinaha

Dib by:

Xun Liu, Machadka cilmu-nafsiga, Akaademiga Sayniska Shiinaha, Shiinaha
Frauke Nees, Machadka Dhexe ee Caafimaadka Maskaxda, Jarmalka