Xaaladda Isticmaalka Cuntada iyo Isku-xirnaanta Neerarka ee Mawduuca ah ee leh Dabeecad Isku Galmood ah (2016)

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Faallooyin: Daraasaddan, sida kuwa kaleba, ku-meel-gaadhka "Dabeecadaha Isku Galmoodka ee Isku Galmoodka ah" (CSB) waxay u badan tahay in nimanku ay ahaayeen dad balwad leh. Tan waxaan u iri maxaa yeelay maadooyinka CSB celcelis ahaan waa ku dhowaad 20 saacadood oo isticmaalka sigaarka ah asbuucii. Kontarooladu celcelis ahaan waa 29 daqiiqo usbuucii. Arrin xiiso leh, 3 ka mid ah 20-ka maaddo ee loo yaqaan 'CSB maadooyinka' waxaa ku dhacay "cillad koritaanka orgasmic-erection," halka midkoodna uusan maareynin dhibaatooyinka galmada.

Natiijooyinka ugu muhiimsan: Noocyada cilaaqaadka ah ee qaboojinta qabatinka iyo isku xirnaanta neeriga ayaa lagu bedelay kooxda CSB.

Sida laga soo xigtay cilmi-baarayaasha, isbeddelka ugu horreeya - firfircoonida amygdala - ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka tarjumeyso qaboojinta fududeynta ("fiilooyin weyn" oo ah calaamadaha hore ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee saadaalinta sawirrada porno). Isbedelka labaad - hoos udhaca isku xirnaanta udhaxeysa marinka mareenka iyo kiliyaha hore - wuxuu calaamad u noqon karaa awooda daciifnimada ee xakameynta kicinta. Baarayaasha ayaa yiri,[Isbeddelladan] waxay la jaanqaadaan daraasado kale oo baaritaan ku sameeya habdhiska neuraliska ee cudurrada mukhaadaraadka iyo is-beddel la'aanta xakamaynta. ” Natiijooyinka firfircoonida amygdalar ee tilmaamaha (dareenka) iyo yaraanta isku xirnaanta u dhexeeya xarunta abaalmarinta iyo kortex doorbid (hypofrontality) waa laba ka mid ah isbeddellada weyn ee maskaxda ee lagu arko walxaha maandooriyaha.

Tim Klucken, PhDwaraaqaha, Sina Wehrum-Osinsky, Dipl-Psych, J. Schweckendiek, PhD, Onno Kruse, MSc, Rudolf Stark, PhD

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013

aan la taaban karin

Hordhac

Waxaa jira xiiso sii kordheysa oo ku salaysan faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan habdhaqanka galmada ee habdhaqanka galmada (CSB). Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in fududeynta fudaydka leh ee fudaydka laga yaabo inay noqoto mid muhiim u ah horumarinta iyo dayactirka CSB-da, laakiin ma jirto baadhitaan aan ilaa hadda la baadhin hababkaas.

Aim

Si aad u ogaatid kala duwanaanshaha kooxaha hawlaha neeriga ah ee la xidhiidha qaboojinta cuntada iyo isku xirnaanta maadooyinka leh CSB iyo kooxda ilaalinta caafimaadka leh.

Dariiqooyinka

Labo kooxood (maadooyinka 20 oo leh kontaroolada CSB iyo 20) waxay soo gaadheen habka qaboojiyeyaasha xasaasiga ah inta lagu jiro tijaabinta sawir-celinta maan-dooriyaha miyir-qabka (functional magnetic resonance imaging), taas oo ah kicin dhexdhexaad ah (CS +) oo saadaaliyay dareenka muuqaalka jinsiga iyo kicinta labaad (CS-).

Cabbiraadaha Guud ee Ugu Muhiimsan

Jawaab celinta heerkulmarka dhiigga ee dhiigga iyo isdhexgalka nafsaaniga ah.

Natiijooyinka

Natiijada ugu weyn, waxaanu helnay firfircoonida amygdala inta lagu guda jiro qaboojinta xasilloonida ee CS + vs CS-yada iyo isku xirnaanta hoos udhexaadinta udub dhexaadinta iyo saldhig hore ee kooxda CSB iyo kooxda kantaroolka.

Ugu Dambeyn

Natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in neeriyada isku xiran yihiin qaboojinta qaboojinta iyo isku xirnaanta neeriga ayaa lagu bedelay bukaanka qaba CSB. Hawlgallada sii kordhaya ee amygdala ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka tarjumaan geeddi-socodka dejinta fudud ee bukaanka qaba CSB. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, xiriirka yar ee la arkay waxaa loo tarjumi karaa calaamad u leh guulaha najaxa ee naafada ee kooxdan.

Ereyada Muhiimka ah: Amygdala, qaboojiyaha, qiiro, Positive, Abaalmarin, Arousal Sexual

Hordhac

Horumarinta adeegga internetka iyo adeegga (tusaale ahaan, telefoonnada casriga ah) waxay bixiyaan siyaabo cusub, dhakhso ah, iyo sir ah si ay u helaan galmo qarsoodi ah (SEM). Ku-soo-gaadhista SEM waxaa weheliya shakhsiyad gaar ah, madaxbannaan, dabeecad, iyo jawaab-celinta neerfaha.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Falanqaynta Ingiriiska ee 2013 waxay muujisay in qiyaasta 10% ee taraafikada Internetka ay ku jiraan goobo qaangaar ah oo ka sii gudbay taraafikada dhammaan shabakadaha bulshada.8 Daraasad su'aalo waydiinta internetka ah oo baaritaan ku samaysay dhiirigelinta filimada internetka ayaa tilmaamey afar arrimood oo xiriirka la leh, maaraynta niyadda, isticmaalka caadiga ah, iyo khiyaali.9 In kasta oo inta badan dadka isticmaala ragga ay wax dhibaato ah ku hayaan isticmaalka SEM, qaar ka mid ah ragga ayaa tilmaamaya dabeecadooda inay noqdaan dabeecad galmo qasab ah (CSB) oo lagu yaqaan isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah, luminta xakamaynta, iyo awood la'aanta in la yareeyo ama la joojiyo dabeecadda dhibaatada leh, dhaqaale ahaan, jir ahaan, ama maskaxda shucuur ahaaneed ee xun ee naftiisa ama dadka kale. Inkasta oo raggaas ay badanaa ku tilmaamaan "jinsi ama jilicsanaan", waxaa jira aragtiyo ku saabsan dabeecadda iyo fahamka CSB. Qaar ka mid ah baarayaashu waxay u fasireen habdhaqankan inuu yahay kantaroolka xakameynta kicinta,10 cilladda nidaamka niyadda, xanuunka qallafsan ee qasabka ah,11 ama ciladda daroogada anshaxa,12 halka qaar kalena ay ka fogaadeen ururada bayoolajiga iyagoo isticmaalaya ereyga cillad aan caadi ahayn oo aan ahayn maskax-xumada.13 Baarayaasha kale waxay ku adkeeyeen baahida loo qabo baaritaanka kala duwan guud ahaan.14, 15 Sidaa daraadeed, tijaabooyinka neurobiinka ee baaraya nudayaasha xidhiidhka ee CSB waxay muhiim u yihiin in ay fahmaan fikradaha hoose.

Waxaa la soo jeediyey in fududeynta fudaydka wax qabadku uu noqon karo farsamo muhiim u ah horumarinta iyo dayactirida macaamiisha iyo cudurrada nafsiga ah ee dheeraadka ah.16, 17 Isticmaalka quwadda qabatinka cuntada, kobcin dhexdhexaad ah (CS +) ayaa lagu duuduubay cunsuriyad (UCS), halka kicinta labaad ee dhexdhexaadka ah (CS-) ay saadaalisay maqnaanshaha UCS. Ka dib dhowr marxaladood, CS + waxay ka soo baxaysaa jawaabaha (CRs) sida kordhinta jawaabaha maqaarka (SCRs), isbedelka qiimeynta xulashada, iyo wax ka bedelay dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda.16, 18, 19 Marka la eego habdhiska neefsiga ee qaboojinta cuntada, shabakad ayaa la ogaadey oo ay ku jirto ventral striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal-kortex (OFC), insula, kortekooska cantexda hoose (ACC), iyo kortekifaf.20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Sidaa daraadeed, qormada Ventral-ka ayaa ku lug leh qaboojinta xasilloonida sababtoo ah kaalintooda dhexe ee ku-meel-gaadhka ah, ka-faa'iideysiga, iyo barashada.25, 26 Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka loo eego qormada Ventral, kaalinta Amygdala ee qaboojinta qaboojinta waa mid aan cadeyn. Inkasta oo xayawaanno badan iyo daraasad bini aadaminimo ay si joogta ah u xaqiijiyeen amygdala oo ah gobalka bartamaha cabsida cabsida,27 ka qayb qaadashada qaboojinta qabatinka ayaa la baaray oo keliya marar dhif ah. Dhawaan, xayawaanka iyo barashada bani-aadamka ayaa muujiyay in amygdala ay ku lug leedahay habka wax-qabadka cuntada, qaboojinta cuntada, iyo ka shaqeynta CSB iyadoo la adeegsanayo dareemayaal iyo naqshado kala duwan.28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Tusaale ahaan, Gottfried et al29 helay firfircoonaanta amygdala ee CS + vs CS- inta lagu gudajiray qaboojinta cuntada aadanaha iyadoo la adeegsanayo ur wanaagsan sida UCS. Waxqabadyada ka socda OFC, insula, ACC, iyo kiliyaha occipital waxaa badanaa loo tarjumaa inay yihiin habdhaqan miyir leh iyo / ama qoto dheer oo qiimeyn ah.16

Ilaa hadda, kaliya laba daraasadood oo sawir-maskaxeed muuqaal ah (fMRI) ayaa baaray isku xirnaanta neerfaha ee CSB waxayna heleen firfircooni koror ah oo ku saabsan amygdala iyo ventral striatum iyo sidoo kale isbeddel ku xirnaanta neerfaha maadooyinka CSB inta lagu gudajiray soo bandhigidda tilmaamaha la xiriira (galmada).35, 36 Qaab-dhismeedyadani waxay la jaanqaadayaan daraasado kale oo baaraya isku xidhka neerfaha ee dhibaatooyinka balwadaha iyo cilladaha xakamaynta kicinta.37, 38 Tusaale ahaan, natiijooyinka falanqaynta maadada waxay muujiyeen isku xirnaan weyn oo udhaxeysa amygdala firfircoonida iyo xoojinta hamiga.37 Daraasad kale oo la adeegsanayo sawir qaadidda tensor-ka ayaa lagu ogaaday in kor u kaca maskax-xakameynta maaddooyinka cad ee horay loo xoojiyay ee maaddooyinka horay loo soo galiyay ee CSB iyo xidhiidh xumo dhex marta CSB iyo isku xirnaanta dhismaha ee lafaha hore.39

Marka lagu daro muhiimada ay leedahay nidaamyada qaboojinta qabatinka, laxaad la'aanta ka-hortagga dabeecadda diidmada ayaa muhiim u ah horumarinta iyo dayactirka cudurada maskaxeed ee badan iyo dabeecadaha aan fiicnayn.40, 41 Dhibaatooyinkaas oo la xakameynayo waxay sharxi karaan luminta maareynta maadooyinka ay la leeyihiin CSB marka ay wajahayaan tilmaamo la xiriira. Marka la eego habdhaqanka habdhaqanka habdhaqanka iyo nidaamkiisa, saldhigga maskaxda iyo saldhigga hore ee ventromedial (vmPFC) waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin antagonisto muhiim ah: Vrijuca-ka waxaa loo maleynayaa inuu yahay mid ku haboon in la bilaabo dhaqanka diidmada ah, halka hoos u dhigistu ay ku saleysantahay vmPFC iyada oo loo marayo isugeyn isku xirnaanta.42 Tusaale ahaan, natiijooyin hore waxay la xiriiraan isku-xirnaansho madax-xannibaad iyo is-qabqabasho horay u-qabsasho ah oo ku yimaada is-xakameyn iyo dabeecad aan fiicnayn.42, 43

Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasaddan ilaa hadda baaritaan kuma samaysay habdhaqanka neeriga ah ee habka wax-qabadka barashada ama lumista maaraynta maaddooyinka ay la jiraan CSB marka la barbar dhigo kantaroolid caafimaad leh. Iyadoo lagu saleynayo suugaanta horay loo soo sheegey, ujeeddada ugu horreysa ee daraasaddan soo socota waxay ahayd in la baaro jawaabaha hemodynamic ee qaboojinta xasaasiga ah ee maadooyinkan marka la barbardhigo koox la xakameeyey. Waxaanu qiimeyneynaa korodhka kicinta ee amygdala iyo ventral striatum ee maadooyinka leh CSB marka la barbardhigo kooxda xakamaynta. Ujeedada labaad waxay ahayd in ay sahamiso kala duwanaanshaha isku xirka labada kooxood. Aqoonsiga substrate-ka beddelidda cuntada iyo isdhexgalka maadooyinkan waxay saameyn ku yeelan karaan oo keliya fahamka horumarinta iyo dayactirka dabeecadda, lakiin sidoo kale xeeladaha daaweynta, kuwaas oo inta badan diirada saaraan isbedelka anshaxa iyada oo loo marayo waaya-aragnimada waxbarashada (tusaale ahaan, habdhaqanka garashada daaweyn).44

Dariiqooyinka

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Labaatan nin oo leh CSB iyo 20 xakameyn isku dhafan ayaa lagu qorey is-gudbin kadib xayeysiin iyo u gudbin isbitaal bukaan socod eegto maxalli ah oo loogu talagalay daaweynta dabeecadda garashada (Shaxda 1). Dhamaan kaqeybgalayaashu waxay lahaayeen aragti caadi ah ama sifiican-sax ah waxayna saxiixeen ogolaansho la wargaliyay. Daraasadda waxaa loo qaaday si waafaqsan bayaanka Helsinki. Dhamaan kaqeybgalayaashu waxay mareen wareysiyo caafimaad oo qaabdhismeed ah si loo ogaado Axis I iyo / ama Axis II. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay uqeexeen inay leeyihiin CSB waa inay buuxiyaan dhamaan shuruudaha ku saabsan sinaan la'aanta loogu talagalay CSB13:

1. Ugu yaraan muddo bilooyin ah 6, fekerada galmada ee soo noqnoqonaya iyo xooggan, ku dhiirri-galin, iyo dhaqanka galmada waa inay la xiriiraan ugu yaraan afar shuruudood oo soo socda:

a. Waqti aad u badan oo ay kufsadeen riwaayado galmo iyo dhiirigelin iyo qorsheyn iyo ka qayb qaadashada dabeecada galmada

b. Si isku xigta uguna jahwareersan fikradaha galmada, dhiirigelinta, iyo dabeecadda ka jawaab celinta xaaladaha dareen-celinta

c. Ku noqoshada ficilada galmada, dhiirigelinta, iyo dabeecadda ka jawaab celinta dhacdooyinka nolosha ee kadeedka

d. Dadaal badan oo aan lagu guulaysan karin si loo xakameeyo ama loo yareeyo riyooyinkan galmada, dhiirigelinta, iyo dhaqanka

e. Ku celcelin ku lug lahaanshaha dabeecadaha galmada iyadoo la tixgelinayo halista jireed ama shucuureed ee nafteeda iyo kuwa kale

2. Dhibaatada shakhsi ahaaneed ee khatar ahaaneed ama laxaad la'aanta dhinaca bulshada, shaqada, ama meelaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee shaqeynaya ee la xidhiidha soo noqnoqoshada iyo xoojinta riyooyinkan jinsiga, dhiirigelinta iyo dabeecadda

3. Fikradahaan galmada, dhiirigelinta, iyo dabeecadda maaha mid ku xiran natiijooyinka maskaxda ee maadooyinka jirka ka baxsan, xaaladaha caafimaad, ama dhacdooyinka manic

4. Da'da ugu yar sanadka 18

Jadwalka 1 Qiyaasaha Dhimirka iyo cilmu-nafsiga ee CSB iyo Kooxaha Xakamaynta*

Kooxda CSB

Kooxda xakamaynta

Statistics

Age34.2 (8.6)34.9 (9.7)t = 0.23, P = .825
BDI-II12.3 (9.1)7.8 (9.9)t = 1.52, P = .136
Waqtiga kuxiran waqtiga daawashada SEM, min / wk1,187 (806)29 (26)t = 5.53, P <.001

Axis I khalkhalka

 Dhacdooyinka MD41
 Ciladda MD ee soo noqnoqota4
 Cabsida bulshada1
 Ciladda hagaajinta1
 Cuqdad cabsiyeed gaar ah11
 Xanuunka muruqyada-xumaada3
 Ciladda Somatoform1

Ciladda Eksis II

 Naxdin darrada shaqsiyeed1

Daaweynta maskaxda

 Amitriptyline1

BDI = Beck Depression Inventory II; CSB = dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah; MD = niyad jab weyn; SEM = galmo cad.

*Xogta waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa (SD).

Nidaamka Xaaladda

Nidaamka qaboojinta ayaa la qabtay intii lagu jiray fMRI (fiiri hoosta faahfaahinta). Nidaam habeyn kala duwan oo leh tijaabooyin 42 ayaa la isticmaalay (21 halkii CS). Laba laba jibbaaran oo midab leh (mid buluug ah, mid jaalle ah) ayaa u adeegay CS waxaana loo dheellitirmay sida CS + iyo CS- maadooyinka oo dhan. CS + waxaa ku xigay 1 ee 21 sawirro erotic ah (xoojinta 100%). Dhamaan sawirada waxaa lagu muujiyay lamaane (had iyo jeer hal nin iyo hal naag) oo muujinaya muuqaalo galmo oo cad (tusaale, ku celcelinta galmada siilka meelo kala duwan) waxaana lagu soo bandhigay midab leh 800 × 600 pixel resolution. Dareenka ayaa lagu saadaaliyay shaashad dhamaadka skaanka (muuqaalka muuqaalka = 18 °) iyadoo la adeegsanayo mashruuc LCD ah. Sawirada waxaa laga daawaday muraayad dusha sare ka duuban. Muddada CS waxay ahayd 8 ilbidhiqsi. Sawirada erotic (UCS) waxay isla markiiba soo muuqdeen kadib CS + (100% xoojin) ilbiriqsiyadii 2.5 oo ay ku xigto inta udhaxeysa 12 ilaa 14.5 ilbiriqsi.

Dhammaan tijaabooyinka waxaa lagu soo bandhigay amar aan kala go 'lahayn: Sameemadaas lama soo bandhigin in ka badan laba jeer oo isku xigta. Labadaas CS waxay si caadi ah u soo bandhigeen qaybaha hore iyo kan labaad ee iibsiga. Labadii tijaabo ee hore (hal CS + tijaabo, hal CS-test) ayaa laga reebay falanqaynta sababtoo ah barashada weli ma dhicin, taasoo keentay tijaabooyin 20 ee CS kasta.45

Qiimaynta Mawduuca ah

Kahor tijaabada iyo isla markaaba kadib nidaamka qaboojinta, kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ku qiimeeyeen sharaf, kacsi, iyo kacsi galmo CS +, CS-, iyo UCS oo ah 9-dhibcood Likert iyo rajadooda UCS ee 10-dhibic Likert. Qiimeynta CS, falanqaynta tirakoobka waxaa lagu sameeyay falanqaynta kala duwanaanta (ANOVA) ee 2 (CS nooca: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (waqtiga: kahor intaan la iibsan ka dib) × 2 (koox: CSB vs koox xakameyn) imtixaanada boostada ee SPSS 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) qiimeyn kasta. Tijaabooyin ku-meel-gaadh ah oo habboon ayaa la sameeyay si loo falanqeeyo saameynta muhiimka ah. Sawirada erotic, laba-tijaabo t-tijaabo ayaa loo sameeyay si loo falanqeeyo kala duwanaanshaha kooxda.

Muujinta Maqalka Maqalka

SCRs ayaa la baaray iyada oo la isticmaalayo electrodes Ag Ag Agro oo ka buuxa isotonic (NaCl 0.05 mol / L) oo dhexdhexaad ah oo dhexdhexaad ah oo lagu rakibay gacanta bidix. SCR ayaa lagu qeexay hal jawaab oo ficil ah ka dib markii bilawga bilowday. Sidaa daraadeed, farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya ugu yaraan iyo kan ugu dambeeya ee 1 illaa 4 kadib markii la bilaabay CS-ga ayaa lagu qeexay jawaab-celinta ugu horreysa (FIR), in 4-ta 8-ta loo yaqaano 9 ilbiriqsi labaad (SIR), iyo gudaha 12 ilaa 3.4.4 ilbiriqsi ahaan saddexda jawaab-celinta dhex-dhexaadinta (TIR). Jawaabaha ku jira daaqadaha falanqaynta ayaa la soo saarey iyada oo la adeegsanayo Ledalab XNUMX.46 Jawaabahaani waa diiwaan (+S + 1) loo beddelay si loo saxo ku xadgudubka qaybinta caadiga ah ee xogta. Shan maaddo (seddex leh CSB iyo laba kontaroolo) ma aysan muujinin wax SCR ah (jawaab celin la'aan UCS ah) waana laga saaray falanqaynta. Micnaha 'SCRs' waxaa lagu falanqeeyay ANOVA ee 2 (nooca CS: CS + vs CS-) × 2 (koox: CSB vs kooxda xakamaynta) naqshadda oo ay ku xigto tijaabooyin dheeri ah iyadoo la adeegsanayo SPSS 22.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Hawlaha Hemodynamic

Sawirada waxqabadka iyo anatomic waxaa lagu soo qaatay 1.5-Tesla tomograph-ka jirka oo dhan (Siemens Symphony oo leh nidaamka gradient gradient; Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany) oo leh heer madax madax ah. Soo helitaanka sawirka qaabdhismeedka wuxuu ka koobnaa 160 sawir oo miisaankeedu yahay miisaanka sagittal (magnetization wuxuu diyaariyey helitaan deg deg ah gradient echo; 1-mm dhumuc dhumuc leh; waqti soo celin = 1 ilbiriqsi; echo waqti = 1.9 ms; goob aragti = 4.16 × 250 mm). Intii lagu gudajiray howsha qaboojinta, 250 sawirro ah ayaa la helay iyadoo la adeegsanayo T420 * oo miisaankeedu dhanyahay echo-planar imaging leh 2 xaleef oo daboolaya maskaxda oo dhan (dhumuc dhumuc ah = 25 mm; farqiga = 5 mm; hoos u soo degaya amarka jeexitaanka; waqtiga ku celcelinta = 1 ilbiriqsi; echo waqti = 2.5 ms; xagal wareega = 55 °; muuqaalka muuqaalka = 90 × 192 mm; cabirka cabbirka = 192 × 64). Labadii mug ee ugu horreeyay waxaa lagu tuuray xaalad magnetization aan dhammaystirnayn. Xogta waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Mapping Statistics Parametric (SPM64, Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, UK; 8) oo laga hirgaliyay MATLAB 2008 (Mathworks Inc., Sherbourn, MA, USA). Ka hor dhammaan falanqaynta, xogta ayaa horay loo sii hagaajiyay, oo ay ku jiraan dib-u-habeyn, unwarping (b-spline interpolation), saxid waqti go'an, wada-diiwaangelinta xogta shaqeynta ee kaqeybgale kasta muuqaalkiisa anatomic, iyo caadi u ahaanshaha booska caadiga ah ee maskaxda Montreal Neurological Institute. Jaangoynta boosaska waxaa lagu fuliyay shaandho Gaussian oo saddex-geesood ah oo isotropic ah oo leh ballac buuxa oo ah kala badh ugu badnaan 7.5 mm si loogu oggolaado in la saxo tirakoobka.

Heerka koowaad, iskudhacyadan soo socda ayaa loo falanqeeyay maaddo kasta: CS +, CS-, UCS, iyo non-UCS (oo lagu qeexay sida daaqada wakhtiga ka dambeeya CS-soo-jeedinta oo u dhiganta daaqada wakhtiga UCS bandhigid ka dib CS +47, 48, 49). Hawl usha ayaa loo xushay dib-u-hagaajiye kasta. Dib-u-hagaajiye kasta wuu ka madax-bannaan yahay kuwa kale, kuma jirin kala-duwanaansho la wadaago (cosine angle <0.20), waxaana lagu soo koobay shaqada jawaab-celinta hemodynamic. Lixda xaddidood ee dhaqdhaqaaqa isbeddelka jirka ee adag ee lagu helay habraaca dib-u-habeynta ayaa loo soo bandhigay inay yihiin kuwo is beddelaya qaabka. Taxanaha waqtiga ku saleysan voxel-ka waxaa lagu sifeeyay shaandhe sare-dhaaf ah (waqti joogto ah = 128 sekan). Isbarbardhiga xiisaha (CS + vs CS-; CS- vs CS +; UCS vs non-UCS; non-UCS vs UCS) ayaa lagu qeexay maaddo kasta gooni gooni ah.

Falanqaynta heerarka labaad, ayaa tijaabiyay hal-iyo-tijaabo tijaabo ah oo tijaabo ah oo loo sameeyay baaritaan lagu sameeyay hawlaha ugu muhiimsan (CS + vs CS-, UCS iyo non-UCS) iyo farqiga udhaxeeya kooxaha. Qiimaynta tirakoobka ee falanqaynta gobollada (ROI) ayaa lagu qabtey xaddiga xooggan P = .05 (aan la sifeynin), k = 5, iyo marin muhiim ah (P = .05; lagu saxay qalad xagga qoyska ah, k = 5), iyo falanqaynta maskaxda oo dhan waxaa lagu sameeyay marin P = .001 iyo k> 10 voxels. Dhammaan falanqaynta waxaa lagu xisaabiyay SPM8.

Inkastoo aysan jirin kala duwanaansho kooxeed ee qiimeynta UCS iyo dhibcaha BDI, haddana waxaan sameynay falanqeyn dheeri ah oo ay ka mid yihiin qiimeynta UCS iyo dhibcaha BDI si ay u xisaabtanto saameyno waxyeellada leh ee udhaxeeya waayo-aragnimooyinka UCS iyo isku-buuq la'aanta. Natiijooyinku waxay ahaayeen kuwo deggan (ma jiro koox kale oo kala duwan, khilaafaadka kooxeed ee la sheegay inay weli weyn yihiin). Maaskarada anatomiyada ee baaritaanka ROI ee amygdala (2,370 mm3), insula (10,908 mm3), Kortekifka xayawaanka (39,366 mm3), iyo OFC (10,773 mm3) ayaa laga soo qaaday Harvard-Oxford Kaabayaasha Dhismaha iyo Jajabyada Dhismayaasha (http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/Atlases) (25% ixtimaalka) oo ay bixiso Xarunta Xarunta Harvard ee Falanqaynta Maafiyada iyo maaskarada maskaxda (3,510 mm)3) laga soo qaatay keydka Mashruuca Maskaxda Maskaxda Aadanaha oo ku saleysan xogta BrainMap. Atlaska Harvard-Oxford waa atlas macquul ah oo ku saleysan sawirro miisaan culus oo T1 ah oo 37 maadooyin caafimaad qaba (N = 16 haween ah) Maaskaro vmPFC (11,124 mm3) waxaa la abuuray MARINA50 waxaana loo isticmaalay daraasado badan oo hore.51, 52, 53, 54

Falanqaynta isdhexgalka bulshada ee cilmi-nafsiga

Falanqaynta cilmi nafsiga (PPI),55 taas oo sahaminta isdhexgalka xiriirka ka dhexeeya abuur abuur iyo meelo kale oo maskaxeed oo ay sameeyeen hawl tijaabo ah, oo loo yaqaan 'variable' (CS + vs CS-). Gobollada abuurka, qayba-nuuga iyo amygdala, ayaa lagu soo bandhigay labo falanqood oo kala duwan oo ku salaysan isticmaalka ROI (eeg xagga sare). Tallaabada ugu horreysa, waxaan soo saarnay isugeyntii ugu horaysay ee gobol kasta sida lagu dhaqmo SPM8. Kadibna, ereyga isdhexgalka waxaa loo abuuray iyada oo la isu geynayo isbeddellada nafsiga ah (CS + vs CS-) maaddo kasta oo lagu xalliyo hawlaha jawaabta dhiigga. Falanqaynta heerka koowaad ayaa loo qabtaa maaddo kasto oo ay ku jirto ereyga isdhexgalka sida dib-u-kicinta xiisaha (PPI regressor) iyo isugudbinta iyo sidoo kale hawsha dib-u-shaqeenta oo noqda cidhiidhiyeyaasha xanuunka.55 Heerka labaad, waxaan falanqeynay kala duwanaanshaha kooxeed ee isku xirnaanta (PPI regressor) ee udhaxeeya kooxda CSB iyo kooxda xakamaynta iyadoo la adeegsanayo labo-tijaabo t-tijaabo ah vmPFC oo ah ROI. Saxitaanka tirakoobka wuxuu lamid ahaa falanqeyntii hore ee FMRI.

Natiijooyinka

Qiimaynta Mawduuca ah

ANOVA waxay muujisay saameyn weyn oo muhiim ah oo ah nooca CS ee qiimaynta (F1, 38 = 5.68; P <0.05), kacsi (F1, 38 = 7.56; P <.01), kacsiga galmada (F1, 38 = 18.24; P <.001), iyo qiimeynta UCCS ee filashada (F1, 38 = 116.94; P <.001). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, saameyn weyn oo noocyada CS-waqti ah ee isdhexgalka ayaa laga helay qiimeyn (F1, 38 = 9.60; P <.01), kacsi (F1, 38 = 27.04; P <.001), kacsiga galmada (F1, 38 = 39.23; P <.001), iyo qiimeynta UCCS ee filashada (F1, 38 = 112.4; P <.001). Baadhitaannada 'Post hoc tests' waxay xaqiijiyeen qaboojinta guuleysiga (farqiga weyn ee u dhexeeya CS + iyo CS-) labada koox, oo muujinaya in CS + lagu qiimeeyay inay si aad ah u wanaagsan tahay, kacsanaan badan, iyo kacsi galmo ka badan CS-ka dib (P <.01 isbarbardhigga oo dhan), laakiin maahan kahor intaan la qaadin wax iibsashada, taasoo muujineysa qaboojinta labada koox (Jaantus 1). Falanqayn dheeraad ah ayaa muujisay in kala duwanaantaas ay ku salaysneyd natiijooyinka CS + kordhiyay iyo hoos udhigay CS-ga muddo ka dib (P <.05 dhammaan isbarbardhigyada). Lama helin kala duwanaansho kooxeed oo ku saabsan qiimaha (P = .92) iyo arousal (P = .32) qiimeynta UCS (dareenka galmada ee muuqaalka).

Sawirka yar-yar ee sawirka 1. Wuxuu furaa sawir ballaaran

Jaantus 1

Saameynta ugu weyn ee kicinta (CS + vs CS-) ee qiimeynta shakhsi ahaaneed si gooni gooni ah labada koox. Baararka qaladka ayaa matalaya khaladaadka caadiga ah ee celceliska. CS- = shuruud shuruudaysan -; CS + = kicinta shuruudaysan +; CSB = dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah.

Eeg Sawirka Waaweyn | Download PowerPoint Slide

Jawaabcelinta maqaarka

ANOVA waxay muujisay saameyn weyn oo ah nooca CS ee FIR (F1, 33 = 4.58; P <.05) iyo TIR (F1, 33 = 9.70; P <.01) iyo isbeddel ku yimid SIR (F1, 33 = 3.47; P = .072) oo muujinaya korodhka SCRs ee CS + iyo UCS, siday isugu xigaan, marka la barbar dhigo CS-. Wax saameyn ah kuma yeesho kooxdii ka dhacday FIR (P = .610), SIR (P = .698), ama TIR (P = .698) Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ma jiraan wax saameyn ah CS-kooxeed oo saameyn ku yeelanaya isdhexgalka bulshada ee laga helay FIR (P = .271) iyo TIR (P = .260) ka dib markii la saxo isbarbardhigyo badan (FIR, SIR, iyo TIR).

Falanqaynta FMRI

Saamaynta ugu weyn ee Hawlaha (CS + vs CS-)

Markii la falanqeynayay saameynta ugu weyn ee qaboojinta (CS + vs CS-), natiijooyinka maskaxda oo dhan waxay muujiyeen jawaabo koror ah CS + bidixda (x / y / z = -30 / -94 / -21; ugu badnaan z [zmax] = 5.16; la saxay P [Psax] <.001) iyo midig (x / y / z = 27 / −88 / −1; zmax = 4.17; Psax <.001) xargaha ilma-galeenka. Intaa waxaa dheer, falanqaynta ROI waxay muujisay firfircooni korodhsan oo loo yaqaan 'CS +' marka la barbardhigo CS- ee kudhaca marinka 'ventral striatum' iyo kiliyaha 'occipital cortex' iyo isbedelada insula iyo OFC (Shaxda 2), taas oo muujinaysa in lagu guuleysto jawi ku-oogista jawaabaha hemodynam ee ka-qaybgalayaasha oo idil.

Jadwalka 2 Dejinta iyo Tirakoobka Peak Voxels ee Saameynta Weyn ee Kicinta iyo Kala duwanaanshaha Kooxda ee isbarbar dhiga CS + vs CS- (falanqaynta danta gobolka)*

Falanqaynta kooxda

Qaabdhismeedka

Side

k

x

y

z

Ugu badnaan z

Loo saxay P qiimaha

Saameynta ugu weyn ee kicintaCudurka Ventral-kaL19-15-1-22.80.045
Kortekoolka ceegaagaL241-24-88-84.28<.001
Kortekoolka ceegaagaR23024-88-54.00.002
OFCR491241-22.70.081
InsulaL134-3617173.05.073
CSB vs kooxda xakamayntaAmygdalaR3915-10-143.29.012
Kantaroolka kooxda kooxda CSB††

CSB = dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah; k = cluster size; L = bidixda bidix; OFC = kiliyaha orbitofrontal; R = Midigta midig.

*Nidaamka ayaa ahaa P <.05 (lagu saxay khaladka dhinaca qoyska ah; sixitaanka mugga yar marka loo eego SPM8). Dhammaan iskudhafyada waxaa lagu bixiyaa Montreal Neurological Institute Institute.

†Ma jiraan wax firfircooni ah.

Kooxaha kala duwan (CS + vs CS-)

Marka la eego kala duwanaanshaha kooxdu, laba tijaabo oo tijaabo ah oo t-test ah ma muujin wax isbeddel ah ee falanqaynta guud ee maskaxda laakiin waxay muujineysaa jawaabaha hemodynamic ee kooxda CSB marka la barbardhigo kooxda xakamaynta amygdala (Psax = .012) ee CS + vs CS- (Shaxda 2 iyo Jaantuska 2A), halka kooxda xakamayntu aanay muujin waxqabadyo aad u fara badan marka la barbar dhigo kooxda CSB (Psax > .05 dhammaan isbarbardhigyada).

Sawirka yar-yar ee sawirka 2. Wuxuu furaa sawir ballaaran

Jaantus 2

Gudiga A ayaa muujinaya jawaabaha hemodynamic ee maadooyinka leh dabeecad galmo qasab ah marka la barbar dhigo maadooyinka kontaroolka ee iskudhafka CS + vs CS-. Gudiga B wuxuu muujinayaa hoos udhigista xayndaabta dhiigga ee uuddheer iyo saldhigga hore ee maaddooyinka leh dabeecadaha galmada ee khasabka ah marka loo eego maadooyinka kontaroolka. Muuqaalka midabka wuxuu muujinayaa t qiimaha tilmaantan.

Eeg Sawirka Waaweyn | Download PowerPoint Slide

UCS iyo non-UCS

Marka laga eego UCS-ka non-UCS, khilaafaadka kooxdu waxa ay sahamiyeen iyadoo la adeegsanayo labo-tijaabo ah t-test. Ma jiro faraqyo udhaxeeya kooxaha udhaxeeya iskahorimaadka, taas oo muujinaysa in farqiga u dhaxeeya CRs aysan ku salaysneyn kala duwanaanta jawaabaha aan la cayimin.

Is-dhexgalka Cilmi-nafsiga

Marka lagu daro natiijooyinka qaboojinta cuntada, waxaan u adeegsanay PPI si aan u baarno isku xirnaanta ka dhexjirta marinka mareenka, amygdala, iyo vmPFC. PPI waxay ogaataa qaabdhismeedka maskaxda ee kuxiran abuurka ROI qaab ku tiirsan hawsha. Qiyaasta 'ventral striatum' iyo 'amygdala' waxaa loo adeegsaday sidii gobolo abuur ah maxaa yeelay aagagani waxay la xiriiraan qawaaniinta shucuurta iyo qawaaniinta shucuur la'aanta. Natiijooyinka maskaxda oo dhan waxay muujiyeen isku xirnaanta hoos udhaca marinka marinka mareenka sida abuurka gobolka iyo qeybta hore ee bidix (x / y / z = -24/47/28; z = 4.33; Paanad lahayn <.0001; x / y / z = −12 / 32 / −8; z = 4.13; Paanad lahayn <.0001), dhinaca dambe ee midig, iyo hore (x / y / z = 57 / −28 / 40; z = 4.33; Paanad lahayn <.0001; x / y / z = −12 / 32 / −8; z = 4.18; Paanad lahayn <.0001) cortices ee CSB iyo kooxda xakamaynta. Falanqaynta ROI ee vmPFC waxay muujisay hoos udhaca isku xirnaanta udhaxeysa marinka mareenka iyo vmPFC maadooyinka leh CSB marka loo eego kontaroolada (x / y / z = 15/41 / -17; z = 3.62; Psax <.05; Shaxda 3 iyo Jaantuska 2B). Ma jiro faraqyo kooxeed oo ku xiran xirmooyinka amigdala-horay looxidhay.

Jadwalka 3 Dejinta iyo Tirakoobka ee Voxels Peak ee Isdhexgalka Psychophysiologic (abuur abuurka: ventral striatum) ee Kala duwanaanshaha Kooxda (falanqaynta danta gobolka)*

Falanqaynta kooxda

Xiriirinta

Side

k

x

y

z

Ugu badnaan z

Loo saxay P qiimaha

CSB vs kooxda xakamaynta††
Kantaroolka kooxda kooxda CSBvmPFCR1371541-173.62.029

CSB = dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah; k = cluster size; R = midigta midig; vmPFC = kiliyaha hore ee ventromedial.

*Nidaamka ayaa ahaa P <.05 (lagu saxay khaladka dhinaca qoyska ah; sixitaanka mugga yar marka loo eego SPM8). Dhammaan iskudhafyada waxaa lagu bixiyaa Montreal Neurological Institute Institute.

†Ma jiraan wax firfircooni ah.

Dood

Fikradaha hore waxay soo bandhigeen in qaboojiyeyaasha cunto qabatinku ay tahay hab muhiim u ah horumarinta iyo dayactirka dabeecadda soo socota iyo xanuunka dhimirka ee la xiriira.16 Sidaa daraadeed, ujeeddada daraasaddani waxay ahayd in la baaro habdhaqanka neeriga ah ee qaboojiyeyaasha xasaasiga ah ee maadooyinka CSB marka la barbardhigo kooxda kantaroolka iyo in la go'aamiyo kala duwanaanshaha khatarta ah ee isku xirnaanshaha isugeynta miisaanka iyo amygdala ee vmPFC. Marka la eego saameynta ugu weyn ee qaboojinta cuntada, waxaanu helnay korodhka SCR-yada, qiimeynta shakhsi ahaaneed, iyo jawaab-celinta heerarka oxygen-ka ee ku salaysan qaybta ventral, OFC, kortekifka, iyo insula ee CS + vs CS-, taas oo muujinaysa guud ahaan quwad qaboojinta guuleysiga dhammaan maadooyinka .

Marka la eego kala duwanaanta kooxdu, maaddooyinka ay la socdaan CSB waxay muujinayaan jawaabaha hemodynamic ee CS + vs CS- ee amygdala marka la barbar dhigo kantaroolka. Natiijadani waxay la socotaa falanqeyn dhowaan lagu sameeyey farsamooyin muujinaya in firfircoonida amygdala ee inta badan lagu kordhiyo bukaanka qaba cudurrada mukhaadaraadka marka la barbardhigo kantaroolka37 iyo cudurada kale ee maskaxda, kuwaas oo laga wada hadlay qaabka CSB. Waxaa xusid mudan, falanqaynta moodada ayaa sidoo kale bixisay caddayn ah in amygdala laga yaabo inay door weyn ka ciyaarto sidii loogu talagalay bukaanka.37 Intaas waxaa sii dheer, amygdala waxay astaan ​​u tahay calaamad muhiim u ah xasilinta barashada barashada.16 Sidaa daraadeed, korodhka loo yaqaan 'amygdala reaction' waxaa loo turjumi karaa in uu yahay isku xirnaanshaha geedi socodka suurtagalka ah ee fududeynaya, taas oo horey u soo jiidatay fekerka (CS +) si ay si sahlan u kiciyaan dabeecadaha hababka CSB. Iyadoo la raacayo fikraddan, kororka ambalaantiga oo la kordhiyey ayaa loo soo sheegay inay tahay arrin sii wadata oo ku saabsan cuduro badan oo la xariira daroogada iyo daroogada aan-laheyn ee dhimirka.56 Sidaa daraadeed, mid ayaa muujin karta in kor u kaca firfircoonida amygdala inta lagu jiro qaboojinta qabqabashada ay muhiim u tahay horumarinta iyo dayactirka CSB.

Waxaa intaa dheer, natiijooyinka xaadirka ah waxay u fasaxayaan in la isweydaarsado oo ku saabsan hawlaha kala duwan ee amygdala ee cabsigelinta iyo qaboojinta xasilloonida. Waxaan u maleyneynaa in doorka kala duwan ee amygdala ee cabsida cabsida iyo qabatinka cunsuriyadeed ay sabab u tahay ka qayb qaadashada noocyada CRS kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, korodhka xayiraadda bilawga ah waa mid ka mid ah CRS ugu badnaa inta lagu jiro cabsida cabsida waxaana lagu dhexdhexaadiyaa amigdala. Sidaa awgeed, firfircoonida amygdala waa raadin xoogan inta lagu jiro cabsida cabsida iyo dhaawacyada amygdala waxay horseedaysaa naafonimo xajmiga xajmiga cimilada ee cabsida cabsida.57 Taa bedelkeeda, qiyaasta bilawga ah ayaa hoos u dhacaysa inta lagu jiro qaboojinta cuntada, iyo heerarka kale ee jawaabaha sida jawaabaha xubnaha taranka (kuwaas oo aan horay saameyn ugu yeelan amygdala) waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin calaamado ku haboon haweenka.58 Intaa waxaa dheer, nucleala nuclei kala duwan waxay u badan tahay inay ku lug yeeshaan cabsida iyo qabqabashada cuntada oo sidaas awgeed waxay u adeegi kartaa subsystems kala duwan oo loogu talagalay qaboojinta cuntada iyo cabsida.16

Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaan ogaanay in ay hoos udhigeen iskudhafka ventral-ka iyo vmPFC maadooyinka leh CSB marka la barbardhigo kooxda kantaroolka. Xidhiidh la badaley oo ka dhexeeya murgaarreegga ventral-ka iyo meelaha horay loo soo marey ayaa lagu soo warramey qaabka hoos-u-dhigista, dareenka walxaha, iyo xakameynta isdhexgalka oo lagu arkay khamaarista cudurada.43, 59, 60, 61 Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa soo jeediyay in nidaamyada isku xirnaanta naadirka ahi ay noqon karaan is-beddel ku dhaca naafanimada iyo xakamaynta mootada.41, 43 Sidaa daraadeed, xiritaanka hoos udhaca ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka turjumaan farsamooyinka xakamaynta ladnaanta, taas oo si fiican uula socota natiijooyinka hore oo muujinaya isku-xirnaanta isdhexgalka ee bukaanka qaba laxaad la'aanta kantaroolka xakamaynta.62

Waxaan aragnaa kala duwanaansho u dhaxeeya CS + iyo CS- qiimeynta udub dhexaadka iyo SCRs ee labada kooxood, oo muujinaya qaboojinta guusha, laakiin ma jirto farqi kooxeed ee nidaamyada labada jawaabaha. Natiijadani waxay ku saleysan tahay daraasado kale oo ka warbixinaya qiimeynta u-qalanta sida calaamad lagu kalsoonaan karo oo saameynaya xaaladda (tusaale ahaan, farqiga u dhexeeya CS + iyo CS-yada), laakiin maahan in la ogaado kala duwanaanshaha kooxaha. Tusaale ahaan, kala duwanaansho kooxeed laguma helin qiimeynta subjective iyo SCRs inta lagu jiro cuntada22, 23, 24 ama ka cararid48, 53, 54, 63, 64, 65 Qaboojinta kooxo kala duwan, halka kala duwanaanta kooxdu lagu arkay nidaamyada kale ee wax ka qabashada sida bilaabashada ama jawaab-celinta heerkulka ku salaysan heerka oxygenka.22, 23, 24, 63 Waxaa macquul ah, qiimeynta shakhsi ahaaneed ma aha oo kaliya inay u muuqato inay calaamad u tahay khilaafaadka kooxeed laakiin waxay sidoo kale u muuqataa in ay tahay mid aan loo baahnayn oo ay ka mid yihiin waxyaabo badan oo kala duwan oo wax lagu tijaabiyo, sida burburinta ama qarxinta.66, 67 Waxaanu aragnaa isku mid ah natiijada SCRs, oo leh kala duwanaansho weyn oo u dhexeeya CS + iyo CS- laakiin aan laheyn saameyn kooxeed. Natiijooyinkaasi waxay taageereen fikradda ah in qiimeynta saafiga ah iyo SCRs loo tixgeliyo inay yihiin calaamado xasilloon oo lagu cabiro, halka cabbiraadaha kale ay u muuqdaan kuwo si fiican u eegaya kala duwanaanta shakhsi ahaaneed. Hal faahfaahin waxay noqon kartaa in qiimeynta saafiga ah iyo SCRs ay qoraan amygdala-madax banaan (tusaale, kortikal ama ACC) meelaha maskaxda ee ka soo horjeeda hababka waxqabadka sida xajmiga xayiraadda bilawga ah, taas oo ah ugu horrayn jawaabaha amygdala.68 Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la muujiyey in SCR-yada xaaladdoodu tahay, laakiin aan loo baahneyn jawaab-celin bilaw ah, ayaa lagu ogaan karaa bukaanka qaba dhaawacyada amygdala.69 Daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa in ay sahamiyaan hababka hoosta ku lugta leh ee masuulka ka ah kala-noqoshada nidaamyada wax-ka-qabashada si faahfaahsan oo ay tahay in lagu daro xarigga xajmiga oo ah cabbir muhiim ah oo lagu qiimeeyo kala duwanaanshaha kooxaha.

Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay noqon laheyd mid xiiso leh in la isbarbardhigo habka dhexdhexaadinta ee maaddooyinka leh CSB oo leh koox xakameyn ah oo muujinaya heerar sare oo SEM ah laakiin aan lahayn dabeecad aan habooneyn. Habkani wuxu gacan ka geysan doonaa helitaanka faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan saameynta guud ee kordhinta heerarka SEM-ga ee qaabaynta qaababka habdhismeedka SEM.

Xaddidaadda

Dhibaatooyinka qaarkood waa in la tixgeliyaa. Ma aan helin khilaafyo kala duwan oo ka dhexeeya labada kooxood. Mid ka mid ah sharaxaadda taas waxay noqon kartaa in saameynta saqafka ee laga yaabo inay ka hortagto kala duwanaanshaha kooxda. Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa soo wariyay in ereyada galmada ay ka xanaajin karaan gudbinta dopaminergic ka badan kuwa kale ee xiisaha leh.1, 58, 70 Dheeraad ah, waa in la ogaadaa in vmPFC aanay ahayn meel gobolku si fiican u qeexan oo laga yaabo inay ku jiraan qaybo hideer leh oo ku lug leh hawlaha dareenka ee kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, ururrada firfircoonida vmPFC ee daraasado kale ayaa ah mid ka sii dambeeya iyo taakuleenta natiijadayada.43 Sidaa daraadeed, natiijada hadda jirta waxay ka tarjumaysaa habab badan sababtoo ah vmPFC waxay ku lug leedahay hawlo badan oo kala duwan sida feejignaanta ama abaalmarinta abaalmarinta.

Gabagabo iyo saameyn

Guud ahaan, korodhka dhaqdhaqaaqa amygdala ayaa kor u kacay isla markaana hoos udhigista isugeynta iskudhafan ee iskudhafan-PFC-ku wuxuu u ogolaanayaa wararka ku saabsan suurtogalka iyo daaweynta CSB. Mawduucyada CSB waxay u muuqdeen kuwo aad u nugul inay abuuraan ururada u dhexeeya calaamadaha rasmiga ah ee caadiga ah iyo dareenka deegaanka ee ku haboon. Sidaa darteed, maaddooyinkaasi waxay u badan tahay inay la kulmaan calaamad muujinaysa dabeecadda soo socota. Haddii ay tani keento CSB ama natiijo ka timid CSB waa in laga jawaabo cilmi baarista mustaqbalka. Waxaa intaa dheer, nidaamyada habdhaqanka ee liidata, kuwaas oo ka muuqda hoos-u-dhiska ka-horjoogtada ah ee foosha, waxaa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geystaan ​​ilaalinta dhaqanka dhibaatada leh. Marka la eego saameynta kiliinikada, waxa aan helnay faraqyo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan habka barashada iyo xiriirka yaraaday ee u dhaxeeya calaamadeynta ventral iyo vmPFC. Nidaamyada barbarashada habka wax-qabadka leh ee la raaco iyadoo la raacayo qawaaniinta dareen la'aanta ah ayaa caqabad ku noqon kara daaweynta guuleysata. Iyadoo la tixraacayo aragtidan, natiijooyinka dhowaan waxay soo bandhigeen in isku-xirnaanta isugeynta iskudhexyaaca-PFC-du ay si weyn u kordhin karto saameynta dib u celinta.71 Tani waxay tilmaami kartaa in daaweynta diiradda saaraya qawaaniinta shucuurta ay sidoo kale waxtar u yeelan karto CSB. Caddaymaha taageeraya aragtidan ayaa muujisay in daaweynta dabeecadda garashada, oo ku saleysan nidaamyadan nidaaminta barashada iyo shucuurta, ay tahay daaweyn wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay xanuunno badan.72 Natiijooyinkani waxay gacan ka geystaan ​​faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan qaababka hoosta ee CSB waxayna soo jeedinayaan saameynta ay ku yeelan karto daaweynta.

Qoraalka qoraaga

Category 1

  • (A)

Fikradda iyo Naqshadeynta

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Rudolf Stark
  • (B)

Helitaanka Xogta

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek
  • (C)

Falanqaynta iyo Tarjumida Macluumaadka

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Category 2

  • (A)

Qorista Qodobka

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark
  • (B)

Dib-u-eegis Miisaaniyadda Aqoonta

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

Category 3

  • (A)

Oggolaanshaha kama dambaysta ah ee Qodobka Dhameystiran

  • Tim Klucken; Sina Wehrum-Osinsky; Jan Schweckendiek; Onno Kruse; Rudolf Stark

tixraacyada

tixraacyada

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Khilaafka Xiisaha: Qorayaashu ma sheegaan khilaafaadka xiisaha leh.

Maalgelinta: Daraasadan ayaa waxaa maalgeliyey Ururka Cilmi-baarista Jarmalka (STA 475 / 11-1)