Tilmaamaha
PPU waxay lahayd xiriir wanaagsan oo dhexdhexaad ah oo ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka.
FPU waxay lahayd xiriir xun, daciif ah dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka.
FPU iyo PPU waa in si gaar ah looga wada hadlaa xiriirka ay la leeyihiin natiijooyinka galmada.
aan la taaban karin
Waxaa jira doodo badan oo ku saabsan in isticmaalka filimada sawirku leeyahay ururo wanaagsan ama taban oo leh tallaabooyin la xiriira galmada sida dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada. Daraasaddan xaadirka ah waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu baaro xiriirro kaladuwan oo u dhexeeya tirada (inta jeer ee loo adeegsado filimada-FPU) iyo darnaanta (isticmaalka qaawan ee dhibaatada leh - PPU) ee sawir-gacmeedka loo adeegsado dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka. Qaab-dhismeedka isle'eg qaabdhismeedka koox-kooxeed badan ayaa loo sameeyay si loo baaro ururada mala-awaalka ah ee udhaxeeya PPU, FPU, iyo dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka (N = 14,581 kaqeybgalayaal; dheddig = 4,352; 29.8%; Mda'da =33.6 sano, SDda'da =11.0), xakamaynta da'da, jihada galmada, xaalada xiriirka, iyo siigaysiga badanaa. Qaabka la qiyaasey wuxuu si fiican ugu habboon yahay xogta (CFI = .962, TLI = .961, RMSEA = .057 [95% CI = .056-.057]). Ururo isku mid ah ayaa lagu aqoonsaday lab iyo dhedig labadaba, iyadoo dhammaan dariiqyadu ay muhiim u yihiin tirakoobka (p <.001) PPU waxay lahayd ururo togan oo dhexdhexaad ah (βlabka =.37, βdheddigga =.38), halka FPU uu lahaa taban, ururo daciif ah oo leh dhibaatooyin xagga galmada ah (βlabka =-17, βdheddigga =-.17). In kasta oo FPU iyo PPU ay lahaayeen isku xirnaan wanaagsan, dhexdhexaad ah, waa in la qiimeeyaa oo si gooni ah looga wada hadlaa markii la baarayo ururada suuragalka ah ee la xiriira natiijooyinka la xiriira galmada Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in PPU ay si togan oo dhexdhexaad ah iyo FPU si xun oo daciif ah ula xiriirtay dhibaatooyinka xagga howlaha galmada, waxaa muhiim ah in tixgeli PPU iyo FPU labadaba oo laxiriira dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada.
In kasta oo daraasado badan la sameeyay oo ku saabsan suurtogalnimada isku xirnaanta suurta galka ah iyo kuwa xun ee isticmaalka filimada (Miller et al.,, Hald iyo Mulya, 2013, Hook et al., 2015, Bőthe et al., 2017), weli waxaa jira su'aalo aan laga jawaabin oo muran badan dhaliyay oo u baahan baaritaan dheeri ah. Qaar ka mid ah warbixinnada warbaahineed ee caanka ah waxay soo jeedinayaan in fayoobaanta galmada iyo dhibaatooyinka ka shaqeynta galmada ay ku sii badnaan karaan dadka waaweyn (gaar ahaan ragga) sababo la xiriira isticmaalka filimada (Ley et al., 2014, Zimbardo iyo Coulombe, 2012, Montgomery-Graham et al., 2015). Xisaabaadka shaqsiyadeed, bandhigyada caafimaad, iyo xog kale waxay soo jeedinayaan in rag badan oo dhalinyaro ah ay la kulmi karaan dhibaatooyin xagga galmada ah oo ay ugu wacan yihiin daawashada filimada (Pappu, 2016, Qaran, 2019, NoFap, 2019). Si kastaba ha noqotee, awood, daraasado cilmiyaysan ayaa ka warbixiyay ururo aan iswaafaqsaneyn oo u dhexeeya isticmaalka filimada iyo dhibaatooyinka ka shaqeynta galmada markii la tixgelinayo dhinacyada kala duwan ee isticmaalka filimada (tusaale ahaan, isticmaalka qaawan ee dhibaatada leh (PPU), inta badan isticmaalka filimada (FPU)), ama khilaafaadka la xiriira jinsiga (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019, Vaillancourt-Morel iyo al., 2019). Sidaa darteed, waxaa muhiim ah in la baaro in qaababka kala duwan ee filimada sawirrada loo isticmaalo (ie, FPU iyo PPU) ay ula xiriiri karaan si ka duwan dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada iyo in la aqoonsado in dhibaatooyinka noocan oo kale ah ay si kala duwan ula xiriiri karaan ragga iyo dumarka.
1. Tirada iyo darnaanta isticmaalka filimada
Inkasta oo shakhsiyaadka badankood ee ku nool waddamada warshadaha horumaray ay daawadeen agabyada qaawan, haddana tiro yar ayaa khibrad u leh PPU (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Rissel et al., 2017, Wéry et al., 2016, Grubbs et al., 2019). Daraasadihii ugu dambeeyay ee wakiillada qaran ee Australiyaanka, Mareykanka, iyo kaqeybgalayaasha Poland (Rissel et al., 2017, Grubbs et al., 2019, Lewczuk et al., 2020), 70% ilaa 85% kaqeybgalayaashu waligood waxay isticmaaleen qaawan inta ay nool yihiin. Ku saabsan kala duwanaanshaha la xiriira jinsiga, 84% ilaa 85% ragga iyo 54% ilaa 57% ee dumarka ayaa soo sheegay isticmaalka filimada nolosha oo dhan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, kaliya 3% ilaa 4.4% ragga iyo 1% ilaa 1.2% dumarku waxay tixgeliyeen naftooda la qabatimay filimada (Rissel et al., 2017, Grubbs et al., 2019, Lewczuk et al., 2020). In kasta oo xiriirka ka dhexeeya FPU iyo PPU (Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019), waxaa muhiim ah in la kala saaro tirada (FPU) iyo tayada / darnaanta (PPU) ee isticmaalka filimada (Gola iyo al., 2016) markii la baarayo ururada la shaqeeya galmada.
PPU, filimada qaawan waxay saameyn ku yeelan kartaa nolosha dadka si weyn waxayna xukumaan fekerkooda, dareenkooda, iyo dabeecaddooda (Wéry et al., 2019). Shakhsiyaadka qaba PPU waxaa laga yaabaa inay u isticmaalaan sawir-gacmeedyo si loo yareeyo ama looga takhaluso buuqa ama dareenka xunWéry et al., 2019, Wéry iyo Billieux, 2016). Waxaa laga yaabaa inay kordhiyaan waqtiga ay ku bixinayaan isticmaalka filimada qaawan, cunaan qaawan aad u daran oo ay ku lug yeeshaan adeegsiga qaawan inkasta oo khilaafaadka dhexdooda ah iyo kuwa dhexdooda ah ee la xiriira isticmaalkooda. In kasta oo shakhsiyaadka qaba PPU ay badanaa isku dayaan inay xakameeyaan ama yareeyaan isticmaalkooda (Wéry et al., 2019), waxaa laga yaabaa inay la kulmaan culeys maskaxeed iyo / ama calaamadaha ka-noqoshada taasoo horseedi karta soo noqoshada qaababkii hore ee isticmaalka filimada (Grov et al., 2008).
FPU waxay la xiriirtay PPU, in kasta oo cabirku caadi ahaan yaryahay ama dhexdhexaad yahay shaybaarada bulshada halka ururo xoog leh, ururo dhexdhexaad ah laga soo sheegay raadinta daaweynta iyo shaybaarada daaweynta (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola iyo al., 2016, Gola iyo al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Labahig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,). Shakhsiyaad badan oo bulshada ku nool ayaa laga yaabaa inay isticmaalaan sawir-gacmeedyo iyagoo aan dareemin cawaaqib xumo iyo inay xakameeyaan ama joojiyaan isticmaalka marka loo baahdo (Kor et al., 2014). Dadka qaarkiis waxaa laga yaabaa inay la kulmaan PPU oo ay weheliso adeegsiga qaawan ee aadka u hooseeya, laga yaabee inay ku xiran tahay anshax xumo ama arrimo kale (Brand et al., 2019, Kraus iyo Sweeney, 2019).
Xogta dheer ee hal sano oo dabagal ah iyo hal ama labo dhibic cabir (Grubbs iyo al., 2018aa, Grubbs iyo al., 2018bb) waxay soo jeedinayaan in PPU iyo FPU aysan isku xiriiri karin waqti kadib. Si kastaba ha noqotee, xaddidaadda daraasadda waa in la ogaadaa (tusaale ahaan, daraasado ayaa lagu qabtay waqtiyo gaaban). Natiijooyinka kale ee muddada dheer soconaya ee adeegsanaya moodooyinka qalooca koritaanka oo leh afar waqti-dhibic muddo hal sano ah waxay soo jeedinayaan in aasaaska weyn ee FPU uu la xiriiray aasaasiga aasaasiga ah ee PPU, laakiin si xun ayey ula xiriireen waqtiga (ie, aasaaska weyn ee FPU tirakoob ahaan loo saadaaliyay hoos u dhaca PPU iyo ka sii weyn aasaaska PPU tirakoob ahaan la saadaaliyay hoos u dhaca FPU waqti ka dib) (Grubbs et al.). Isku soo wada duuboo, ururada isku dhafan ayaa jiri kara inta udhaxeysa FPU iyo PPU, qaasatan marka ururada si dheer loo baaro, iyagoo soo jeedinaya baahi loo qabo faham dheeri ah.
2. Dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada iyo la shaqeynta FPU iyo PPU ee ragga iyo dumarka
In kasta oo ay jiraan kala duwanaansho muhiim ah oo u dhexeeya FPU iyo PPU, cabbirkooda isku midka ah ayaa inta badan laga takhalusay ama aan si buuxda loo tixgelin, iyadoo laga yaabo inay horseeddo kala duwanaansho natiijooyinka daraasadaha oo dhan (Kohut iyo al., 2020). Daraasado badan ayaa soo sheegay inaysan jirin ururo muhiim ah oo u dhexeeya FPU iyo howlaha galmada ee ragga (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019, Landripet iyo Štulhofer, 2015, Marxalad iyo Pfaus, 2015), halka dumarka FPU ay la xiriirtay shaqo galmo wanaagsan (Blais-Lecours iyo al., 2016).
Gaar ahaan, daraasad ballaadhan oo isweydaarsi ah oo ku saabsan Bortuqiis, Croatian, iyo Noorweji lab (Landripet iyo Štulhofer, 2015), ururada umuuqda kuwa aan iswaafaqsaneyn ayaa lagu cadeeyay inta udhaxeysa FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada (oo lagu qiimeeyay heerka biya baxa oo daahday, kacsi la'aanta kacsiga, iyo rabitaanka galmada). Ma jirin ururo muhiim ah oo udhaxeeya FPU iyo dheecaan soo daahay, cillad kacsi, iyo rabitaan galmo marka laga reebo hal. Kadib xakamaynta da'da iyo heerka waxbarashada, isticmaalka qaawan ee qaawan ayaa lala xiriiriyay hoos udhaca yar ee la soo darista cillad aan caadi ahayn, oo kaliya dadka reer Croatia. Ragga Mareykanka ah, FPU waxay la xiriirtay rabitaan galmo sare oo aan cillad kacsi lahayn (Marxalad iyo Pfaus, 2015). Daraasado dheeri ah oo isweydaarsi iyo dherer dheer ah oo ragga Mareykanka ah ayaa soo jeediyay in FPU aysan xiriir la lahayn shaqada kacsiga (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019). Natiijooyinkani waxay soo jeedinayaan in FPU per se waxaa laga yaabaa inay yeeshaan wax yar ama aan laheyn xiriir la leh dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga xagga shay-baarka bulshada.
Daraasado kooban ayaa si toos ah u baaray ururada udhaxeeya PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019, Wéry iyo Billieux, 2016). Daraasad dhowaan ku saleysan sahan ku saabsan ragga (Wéry iyo Billieux, 2016), Waxqabadyada galmada ee dhibaatada leh waxay si wanaagsan oo daciif ah ula xiriiraan cillad aan caadi ahayn iyo heerarka rabitaanka galmada, mana jirin ururo muhiim ah oo lagu aqoonsaday inta udhaxeysa dhibaatada ka dhexjirta howlaha galmada ee internetka iyo cilladda orgasmic. Xogta isweydaarsiga iyo dhererka ragga ee Mareykanka ayaa muujiyay in PPU iyo shaqeynta erectile ay leeyihiin ururo wanaagsan oo ku saabsan daraasadaha isweydaarsiga, halka natiijooyinka aan macquul ahayn lagu soo warramey si joogto ah (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019).
Daraasadaha jira ayaa ku xaddidan in yar ay baareen doorka suurtagalka ah ee filimada sawir-qaadashada ah ee loogu talagalay dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan galmada ee haweenka (Dwulit iyo Rzymski,). Markii FPU iyo PPU la isla qiimeeyay, hal daraasad ayaa laga helay xiriir daciif ah oo taban oo leh dhibaatooyin ku saabsan howlaha galmada ee dumarka (iyo ragga) (Blais-Lecours iyo al., 2016). Ka soo horjeed ahaan, shakhsiyaadka haysta FPU iyo PPU waxay la kulmeen heerar hoose oo ah dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada. Ururada wanaagsan ee udhaxeeya FPU, PPU, iyo howlaha galmada waxaa loo turjumi karaa sida filimada badanaa loo isticmaalo iyadoo laga yaabo inay kaalin door ah kahortagto isku kalsoonaanta galmada ee shakhsiyaadka qaba PPU, ama shaqsiyaadka cilladaha galmada aysan ku lug yeelan karin FPU ama PPU. Dhibaatada ay keento isticmaalka filimada qaawan ayaa lala xiriiriyay si wanaagsan oo daciif ah dhibaatooyinka galmada, halka dadaallada loogu jiro helitaanka sawir-gacmeedyada aan la xiriirin (Blais-Lecours iyo al., 2016).
3. Ujeedada daraasaddan
Ujeedada daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in la baaro xaddiga ay PPU iyo FPU la mid noqon karaan ama si isku mid ah ugu shaqeyn karaan dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka ee muunad weyn oo aan caafimaad lahayn. Iyada oo ku saleysan suugaanta fog, waxaan ku qiimeynay in dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada ay si wanaagsan ula xiriiraan PPU laakiin aan la xiriirin FPU, gaar ahaan ragga. Marka la eego isticmaalka filimada qaawan waxaa badanaa la socda masturbay, masturbay waxaa loo tixgeliyey falanqaynta (Marxalad, 2019, Perry, 2020), oo ay weheliso da'da (Lewczuk et al., 2017, Grubbs iyo al., 2018bb), heerka xiriirka (Gola iyo al., 2016, Lewczuk et al., 2017), iyo nooca galmada (Bőthe et al., 2018, Peter iyo Valkenburg, 2011).
4. Hababka
4.1. Kaqeybgalayaasha iyo nidaamka
Daraasaddan waxaa la sameeyay ka dib Baaqa Helsinki waxaana oggolaaday Guddiga Dib-u-eegista Anshaxa Machadka ee kooxda cilmi-baarista. Xog aruurin ayaa ka dhacday Janaayo 2017 bogga caanka ah ee wararka Hungary iyada oo loo marayo sahan internetka ah. Daraasadu waxay qayb ka ahayd mashruuc balaaran. Tijaabooyin kala duwan oo ka mid ah xog-ururintan ayaa loo isticmaalay daraasado hore loo daabacay. Dhammaan daraasadihii hore loo daabacay iyo kuwa ay ku jiraan doorsoomayaasha waxaa laga heli karaa OSF (https://osf.io/dzxrw/?view_only=7139da46cef44c4a9177f711a249a7a4). Iyada oo ku saleysan talooyin hore ee daraasadaha ballaaran (Keith, 2015, Kline, 2015), waxaan ujeedkeedu ahaa inaan qorno ugu yaraan 1000 kaqeybgalayaal si loo hubiyo awoodda ku habboon. Si kastaba ha noqotee, maanaan dejin xadka sare ee kaqeybgalka. Oggolaansho xog ogaal ah ayaa la helay kahor xog aruurinta. Dhameystirka sahanku wuxuu qaatay ku dhowaad 30 daqiiqo, xogta ku habboonna waa la falanqeeyay. Shakhsiyaadka da'doodu tahay 18 ama ka weyn ayaa lagu casuumay inay kaqeyb qaataan. Kahor jawaab celinta su'aalaha laxiriira filimada, kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa lasiiyay qeexitaanka filimada: "Filimmada qaawan waxaa lagu qeexaa inay tahay shey (tusaale, qoraal, sawir, muuqaal) oo (1) abuuraya ama keenaya dareen galmo ama fikir galmo iyo (2) ay kujiraan soo bandhigid cad ama sharraxaad ku saabsan falalka galmada ee ku lug leh xubnaha taranka, sida galmada siilka ama dabada, galmada afka , ama siigaysasho."(Bőthe et al., 2018).
Xogta kaqeybgaleyaasha 14,581 waxaa loo tixgeliyey (haween = 4,352, 29.8%) marka loo eego cidda isticmaashay qaawan sanadkii la soo dhaafay oo xiriir galmo ka hor yeelatay. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay da'doodu udhaxaysay 18 iyo 76 sano (Mda'da = 33.58 sano, SDda'da = 10.95). Marka laga hadlayo jihada galmada, 12,063 waxay ahaayeen heterosexual (82.7%), 1,470 waxay ahaayeen heterosexual oo khaniis ah ilaa xad (10.1%), 268 waxay ahaayeen lab iyo dhedig (2.5%), 60 waxay ahaayeen khaniis jinsi leh ilaa heer (0.6%), 414 waxay ahaayeen khaniis ( 2.8%), 15 waxay ahaayeen jinsi aan caadi ahayn (0.1%), 73 ayaan hubin nooca ay u janjeedhaan galmada (0.5%), 40na waxay muujiyeen ikhtiyaarka 'kale' (0.3%). 7,882 waxay ku noolyihiin magaalada caasimada ah (54.1%), 2,267 magaalooyinka (15.5%), 3,082 ee magaalooyinka (21.1%), iyo 1,350 tuulooyinka (9.3%). Marka la eego heerka waxbarashada, 364 waxay haysteen shahaadada dugsiga hoose ama ka yar (2.5%), 597 waxay haysteen shahaadooyin xirfadeed (4.1%), 4,649 waxay haysteen shahaadada dugsiga sare (31.9%), iyo 8,971 waxay haysteen shahaadooyinka tacliinta sare (ie, bachelor, sayid ama dhakhtar) (61.5%). Xaalada xiriirka, 3,802 waxay ahaayeen hal (26.1%), 6,316 waxay ahaayeen xiriir (43.3%), 590 waa laqabtay (4.0%), 3,651 waa laqabtay (25.0%), 409 waa la furay (2.8%), 71 waxay ahaayeen carmal / garoobada (0.5%), iyo 222 waxay doorteen xulashada 'kale' (1.5%). Shakhsiyaadka celcelis ahaan daawaday filimada qaawan ee internetka toddobaadle ah.
5. Cabbiraadyada
dhibaatada
Miisaanka Isticmaalka Filimada Filimada (PPCS; Bőthe,Tóth-Király iyo al., 2018). PPCS waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo lagu saleynayo qaab maandooriye lixda qaybood ah (Griffiths, 2005). Qiyaasta waxaa ku jira lix arrimood (salience, dulqaad, isbeddellada niyadda, isku dhaca, ka noqoshada, iyo dib u noqoshada), mid kasta oo leh seddex shey oo ku saabsan isticmaalka lixda bilood ee la soo dhaafay ee filimada. Jawaab bixiyayaashu waxay tilmaamayaan jawaabaha miisaanka toddobada dhibcood (1 = "marna"; 7 = "waqtiga oo dhan"). Isku dheelitirka gudaha ee cabirka wuxuu ahaa mid sare (α = .94), sida daraasadihii hore (Bőthe et al., 2017, Bőthe et al., 2019, Bőthe et al., 2019, Tóth-Király iyo al., 2019).
Dhibaatooyinka Waxqabadka Galmada (Miisaanka Waxqabadka Galmada (SFS);Burwell iyo al., 2006, Sherbourne, 1992). Dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada waxaa lagu qiimeeyay afar su'aalood oo la xiriira dhinacyada kala duwan ee howlaha galmada: xiise la'aan howlaha galmada, ku adkaanta galmo kacsiga, dhibaatada helitaanka kacsiga, iyo dhibaatada ku raaxeysiga galmada. Jawaab bixiyayaashu waxay muujiyeen heerka dhibaatooyinka ay leeyihiin dhinac kasta oo ah heer afar-geesood ah (1 = "dhibaato maahan"; 4 = "dhibaato badan"). Cabirradani waxay daboolayaan dhinacyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka, miisaankuna si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalay (Broeckel iyo al., 2002, Kuppermann iyo al., 2005, Zebrack iyo al., 2010, Lerman iyo al., 1996, Thompson et al., 2005, Addis iyo al., 2006).1 Isku dheelitirka gudaha ee cabirka ayaa aad ugu yaraa daraasaddan (α = .56) laakiin muujiyey isku halayn ku filan daraasadihii hore (Broeckel iyo al., 2002, Zebrack iyo al., 2010, Lerman iyo al., 1996). Isku halayntu way kala duwanaan kartaa iyadoo ay sabab u tahay tirada sheyada (yacni, haysashada tiro yar oo shey ah waxay sababi kartaa kalsooni xumo)Cortina, 1993), gaar ahaan markay sheyadu daboolaan dhismooyinka ballaaran, taas oo ah kiiska SFS. Sidaa darteed, isku halaynta isku dhafan (CR) ayaa loo xisaabiyay maxaa yeelay waxay sifiican uga dhigan tahay dhismaha (yacni, waxay tixgelin siineysaa culeysyada culeyska khaladaadkooda cabirkooda) ()Bagozzi iyo Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, - McNeish,). Qiyaasta ayaa muujisay kalsooni ku filan marka loo eego CR (.74).
Soo noqnoqoshada Filimada Filimada (Bőthe et al., 2018). Jawaab bixiyayaashu waxay muujiyeen inta jeer ee isticmaalka filimada qaawan ee internetka sanadkii la soo dhaafay ee cabirka 10-dhibic (1 = "marna", 10 = "6 ama 7 jeer usbuucii").
Xakamee doorsoomayaasha. Da'da waxaa lagu qiimeeyay inay tahay doorsoomaha joogtada ah. Jihada galmada waxaa lagu qiimeeyay hal su'aal ("Waa maxay jihadaada galmada?", Xulashooyinka jawaabta: heterosexual; heterosexual la khaniisnimada ilaa xad; bisexual; khaniis la heterosexuality ilaa xad; khaniis; asexual; hubin nooca galmada; ') (Treeen iyo al., 2006). Xaaladda xiriirka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay hal su'aal ("Waa maxay xaaladdaada xiriirka hadda?", Fursadaha jawaabaha: kali; xiriir; hawlgal; guursaday; is furay; carmalka / carmalka; iyo 'mid kale'). Joogtaynta siigaysiga waxaa lagu qiimeeyay hal su'aal. Jawaab bixiyayaashu waxay muujiyeen inta jeer ee siigaysiga ee sanadkii la soo dhaafay cabirka 10-dhibic (1 = "marna", 10 = "6 ama 7 jeer usbuucii") (Bőthe et al., 2018).
5.1. Falanqeynta tirakoobka
SPSS 21 iyo Mplus 7.3 ayaa loo isticmaalay falanqaynta tirakoobka. Si loo qiimeeyo is-beddelka 'is-beddelka gudaha, alphas-ka Cronbach ayaa la xisaabiyay (Si aan caadi aheyn, 1978). CR waxaa loo xisaabiyay iyadoo la raacayo qaaciddada Raykov (Raykov, 1997.Bagozzi iyo Yi, 1988, Dunn et al., 2014, - McNeish,).
Ka hor inta aan la sameynin qaabeynta isle'eg qaabdhismeedka (SEM), xogta waxaa lagu baaray fikradaha falanqaynta kaladuwan ee ku saleysan tilmaamaha faahfaahsan (Field, 2009). Gaar ahaan, caadi ahaanta aan kala-sooc lahayn (ie, baaritaanka qiyamka iyo qiyamka kurtosis) laguma helin iyadoo lagu saleynayo tilmaamaha horay loo dejiyey (Muthén iyo Kaplan, 1985). Imtixaanada laba-geesoodka ah ee Mardia ee ku saabsan caadiyan noocyo badan ayaa muhiim ahaa (dhammaan p <.001), oo taageeraya ku xadgudubka caadooyinka noocyada badan (Wang iyo Wang, 2012). Si kastaba ha noqotee, baaritaanka Durbin-Watson wuxuu soo jeediyay madax-bannaanida haraaga (1.16) (Field, 2009), iyo xarrago iyo qaddarin ayaa lagu xaqiijiyey iyadoo la baarayo aagagga firidhsan, histogaraamyada, iyo qorshooyinka PP ee haraaga. Isku soo wada duuboo, marka laga reebo caadiga, dhammaan fikradaha kale waa la kulmay.
SEM waxaa loo sameeyay in lagu baaro ururada udhaxeeya PPU, FPU, iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada. Si loo tijaabiyo in PPU iyo FPU ay leeyihiin ururo isku mid ah dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka, waxaan marka hore baarnay tusaalaha muunad dhan (Model 1). Marka xigta, waxaan baarnay in qaabku ku kala duwan yahay jinsi ahaan iyadoo la adeegsanayo kooxo badan oo SEM ah (Model 2). Si loo hubiyo in wadajirka wadada uusan si weyn ugu kala duwaneyn labka iyo dheddigga, waddooyinka u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada iyo PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada ayaa lagu xannibay inay u sinnaadaan labada koox (Model 3). Tallaabada ugu dambeysa, waxaan ku soo darnay aragtiyo ku habboon is-beddelka xakamaynta qaabka: da'da, u janjeedhinta galmada (asturan qarsoodi ah), xaaladda xiriirka (cod koodh leh), iyo si isdaba joog ah. Si loo fududeeyo falanqaynta, waxaan abuurnay laba koox oo ku saleysan jihada galmada: kooxda heterosexual (n = 13,533) iyo kooxda laga tirada badan yahay ee galmada (n = 1,048), iyo labo koox oo ku saleysan xaalada xiriirka: koox keli ah (n = 3,802) iyo in-a- kooxda xiriirka (n = 10,557). Shayga waxaa loola dhaqmay sidii tilmaamayaal kala-saar ah oo qiyaasta celceliska cabbirka ugu yar-laba jibbaaran (WLSMV) ayaa loo adeegsaday maxaa yeelay fikradaha caadiga lama buuxin (Finney iyo DiStefano, 2006). Tusmooyinka wanaagga-ku habboon ee la aqbalay (Pappu, 2016) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiimeeyo aqbalida moodooyinka la baaray. Magac ahaan, Isbarbardhiga Fit Index (CFI; ≥.90 la aqbali karo; ≥.95 si heer sare ah), Tucker – Lewis index (TLI; 90 .95 la aqbali karo; ≥.08 heer sare), iyo Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; ≤. 06 la aqbali karo; ≤..90 heer sare ah) iyadoo XNUMX% u dhexeysa kalsoonida la baaray (Browne iyo Cudeck, 1993, Hu iyo Bentler, 1999, Schermelle-Engel et al., 2003, Brown, 2015, Bentler,, Kline, 2011). Hoos u dhac weyn ayaa ku yimid CFI iyo TLI (ΔCFI≤.010; ΔTLI≤.010) iyo koror aad u weyn oo ku yimid RMSEA (ΔRMSEA≤.015) oo la muujiyey haddii nooc aad uga liito kuwii hore markii afarta nooc ee la baaray la isbarbar dhigay (Chen, 2007, Cheung iyo Rensvold, 2002). Si loo yareeyo halista khaladaadka Nooca I marka la tijaabinayo mala awaalka, hagaajinta Bonferroni ayaa la adeegsaday (α = .05; m = 2)2. Sidaa awgeed, ururada ku jira falanqaynta dariiqa ayaa loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin kuwo muhiim ah p <.025.
6. Natiijooyinka
Macluumaadka sharaxaadda, indices isku halaynta, iyo ururada u dhexeeya PPU, FPU, dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan shaqada galmada, iyo xakameynta doorsoomayaasha (ie, da'da, hanuuninta galmada [cod dummy), xaaladda xiriirka [codmymy koodh], inta jeer ee masturbation) jinsiga ayaa la muujiyey (Shaxda 1). Isbarbardhiga dhibcaha lab ama dhedig ayaa la soo bandhigay (Shaxda 2). Muhiimad, kala-duwanaansho-dhexdhexaad ah ayaa lagu arkay ragga iyo dumarka dhammaan doorsoomayaasha, marka laga reebo jihada galmada, oo muujisay kala duwanaansho daciif ah. Marka loo barbardhigo dheddigga, ragga ayaa si aad ah uga sarreeya heerarka PPU, FPU, iyo soo noqnoqoshada siigaysiga, iyo heerarka hoose ee dhibaatooyinka waxqabadka galmada; way ka da 'weynaayeen, qeyb yarna waxaa iska lahaa kooxda laga tirada badan yahay ee galmada. Ragga iyo dumarka kuma kala duwanaan xaaladda xiriirka.
Shaxda 1. Tirakoobka sharraxaadda, tusmooyinka isku halaynta, iyo isku xirnaanta u dhexeysa adeegsiga sawir-gacmeedka, dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada, iyo xakameynta is-beddelka ragga iyo dumarka
| Cabirka | Caajisnimo (SE) | Kurtosis (SE) | Range | Cuntada (SD) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Isticmaalka dhibaatooyinka xun ee qaawan | 1.61 (0.02) | 2.57 (0.04) | 18-126 | 34.67 (18.17) | - | .48 ** | .10 ** | .29 ** | -.09 ** | .12 ** | -.07 ** |
| 2. Soo noqnoqoshada isticmaalka qaawan a | -0.52 (0.02) | -0.69 (0.04) | 1-10 | 6.55 (2.47) | .43 ** | - | <.01 | .52 ** | -.18 ** | .13 ** | -.12 ** |
| 3. Dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada | 1.25 (0.02) | 1.66 (0.04) | 4-16 | 6.16 (2.19) | .23 ** | .06 ** | - | -04 * | -03 * | .07 ** | -04 * |
| 4. Joogtaynta siigaysiga a | -0.78 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.04) | 1-10 | 7.14 (2.13) | .37 ** | .61 ** | .05 ** | - | -.09 ** | .14 ** | -.27 ** |
| 5. Da ' | 0.97 (0.02) | 0.58 (0.04) | 18-76 | 33.58 (10.95) | -.17 ** | -.26 ** | .07 ** | -.37 ** | - | -04 * | 01 - XNUMX |
| 6. U janjeedh galmo b | 3.33 (0.02) | 9.10 (0.04) | 0-1 | 0.07 (0.26) | .08 ** | .10 ** | .05 ** | .12 ** | -.05 ** | - | -.05 ** |
| 7. Xaaladda cilaaqaadka c | -1.07 (0.02) | -0.09 (0.04) | 0-1 | 0.74 (0.44) | -.13 ** | -.18 ** | -.13 ** | -.26 ** | .19 ** | -.11 ** | - |
Ogeysiis. SE = qaladka caadiga ah; SD = leexashada heerka. a = 1: waligaa; 2: mar sanadkii hore; 3: 1-6 jeer sanadkii ugu dambeeyay; 4: 7-11 jeer sanadkii ugu dambeeyay; 5: bille ah; 6: laba ama saddex jeer bishii; 7: toddobaadle; 8: laba ama saddex jeer usbuucii; 9: afar ama shan jeer usbuucii; 10: lix ama todoba jeer usbuucii. b = 0: heterosexual; 1: galmada oo laga tiro badan yahay. c = 0: hal; 1: xiriir. Khaladaadka lagu soo bandhigay shaxda hoose waxay matalayaan ururada ka dhex jira ragga, isku xirnaanshaha lagu soo bandhigo dusha sare ee matalaadda ururada dumarka. *p<.05; **p<.01
Shaxda 2. Tirakoobka sharraxaadda ee isticmaalka filimada, dhibaatooyinka ka imanaya howlaha galmada, iyo xakameynta isbeddelada iyo isbarbardhiga ragga iyo dumarka
| Range | Ragga ' M (SD)(n = 10,028-10,148) | Dumarka ' M (SD)(n = 4,256-4,352) | t (df) | p | d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Isticmaalka dhibaatooyinka xun ee qaawan | 18-126 | 38.56 (19.30) | 25.61 (10.71) | 51.56 (13602.24) | <.001 | 0.83 |
| 2. Soo noqnoqoshada isticmaalka qaawan a | 1-10 | 7.33 (2.19) | 4.72 (2.10) | 2.61 (8565.01) | <.001 | 1.22 |
| 3. Dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada | 4-16 | 5.81 (1.99) | 6.98 (2.40) | -28.14 (7039.58) | <.001 | 0.53 |
| 4. Joogtaynta siigaysiga a | 1-10 | 7.59 (2.02) | 6.07 (2.00) | 41.36 (14410) | <.001 | 0.76 |
| 5. Da ' | 18-76 | 35.31 (11.33) | 29.53 (8.76) | 33.21 (10510.53) | <.001 | 0.57 |
| 6. U janjeedh galmo b | 0-1 | 0.06 (0.25) | 0.09 (0.28) | -4.52 (7324.96) | <.001 | 0.11 |
| 7. Xaaladda cilaaqaadka c | 0-1 | 0.74 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.44) | 0.95 (14282) | .344 | 0.02 |
Fiiro gaar ah. M = macnaheedu yahay; SD = leexashada heerka. a = 1: waligaa; 2: mar sanadkii hore; 3: 1-6 jeer sanadkii ugu dambeeyay; 4: 7-11 jeer sanadkii ugu dambeeyay; 5: bille ah; 6: laba ama saddex jeer bishii; 7: toddobaadle; 8: laba ama saddex jeer usbuucii; 9: afar ama shan jeer usbuucii; 10: lix ama todoba jeer usbuucii. b = 0: heterosexual; 1: galmada oo laga tiro badan yahay. c = 0: hal; 1: xiriir. df = heerka xorriyadda.
Dhamaan qiyaasta SEM waxay muujiyeen qaabab la aqbali karo-oo heer sare ah (Shaxda 3). Marka hore, qaab aasaasi ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay wadarta saamiga ay FPU iyo PPU saadaaliyeen dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada (Model 1). Marka xigta, qaab isku mid ah ayaa lagu tijaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo jinsiga oo ah isbeddel kooxeed (Model 2). Si loo tijaabiyo in wadooyinku aanu si weyn ugu kala duwaneyn labka iyo dheddigga, jidadka u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ka shaqeynta galmada iyo PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada ayaa lagu qasbay inay ka sinnaadaan kooxaha oo dhan (Model 3). Isbeddelada tusmooyinka tusaalaha ah ee ku habboon ayaa ku sii dhex jira qaybta la aqbali karo (Model 3 marka la barbar dhigo Model 2), oo soo jeedinaysa in ururada u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ka shaqeynta galmada, iyo PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada aysan ku kala duwaneyn ragga iyo dumarka. Talaabadii ugu dambaysay (Model 4), waxaan baarnay isla tusaalahan Model 3, oo ay kujiraan doorsoomayaasha kaladuwan (yacni, da'da, jihada galmada [calaamadeynta dameerka), xaalada xiriirka [asturan ee summada leh], inta jeer ee siigaysiga). Isbedelada tusmooyinka muuqaalka ku habboon waxay ku sii jireen heerka la aqbali karo (Model 4 marka la barbar dhigo Model 3), taasoo soo jeedinaysa in ururada u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ka shaqeynaya galmada, iyo PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada aysan isbadalin ka dib markii la xakameeyay aragtida la xiriirta aragti ahaan. Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka Model 4, PPU waxay ahayd mid dhexdhexaad ah oo si wanaagsan ula xiriirta dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada (βlab= .37 [95% CI .34 ilaa .39], p<.001; βdhadig= .38 [95% CI .35 ilaa .40], p<.001) iyo FPU waxay ahaayeen kuwo daciif ah oo si taban ula xiriiray (βlab= -. 17 [95% CI -.20 ilaa -.14], p<.001; βdhadig= -. 17 [95% CI -.20 ilaa -.13], p<.001) (Jaantuska 1).3
Shaxda 3. Isbarbardhigga ururada u dhexeeya isticmaalka filimada iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka
| model | WLSMV χ2 (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | 90% CI | Isbarbar | CFI | TLI | MSRMSEA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1: Wadarta muunada (aasaasiga) | 12436.407 * (222) | .973 | .969 | .062 | .061-.063 | - | - | - | - |
| M2: Ku urursanaanta jinsiga (ragga iyo dumarka) | 14731.008 * (535) | .964 | .966 | .060 | .060-.061 | M2-M1 | -.009 | -.003 | -.002 |
| M3: Waddooyinku waxay ku khasbanaadeen inay u sinnaadaan ragga iyo dumarka | 13956.587 * (537) | .966 | .968 | .059 | .058-.060 | M3-M2 | +.002 | +.002 | -.001 |
| M4: Waddooyinku waxay ku khasbanaadeen inay u sinnaadaan ragga iyo dumarka iyo kala-beddelka xakamaynta oo lagu daray | 16867.120 * (697) | .962 | .961 | .057 | .056-.057 | M4-M3 | -.004 | -.007 | -.002 |
note. WLSMV = qiyaasaha ugu hooseeya labajibbaaranaha culeyska- iyo qiyaasaha-hagaajinta; χ2 = Chi-square; df = darajooyinka xorriyadda; CFI = isbarbardhiga isbarbardhiga; TLI = Tusaha Tucker-Lewis; RMSEA = qalad xidid-celcelis-square ah oo kudhowaad ah; 90% CI = 90% isku-kalsoonida kalsoonida ee RMSEA; CFI = isbedelka qiimaha CFI marka loo eego qaabkii hore; TLI = isbeddelka qiimaha TLI marka la barbar dhigo tusaalaha ka horreeyay; RMSEA = isbeddelka qiimaha RMSEA marka la barbar dhigo tusaalaha ka horreeyay. *p <.001
Jaantuska 1. Ururada udhaxeeya filimada qaawan waxay isticmaalaan soo noqnoqoshada, isticmaalka qaawan ee dhibaatada leh, iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka, xakamaynta da'da, xaalada xiriirka, jihada galmada, iyo si isdabajoogga ah (Moodalka 4) note. Falaaraha hal-madax leh waxay u taagan yihiin culeysyada iskudhafka isku celceliska ah iyo labada fallaadh oo madax leh ayaa matalaya isku xirnaanta. Ellipses wuxuu matalayaa doorsoomayaasha qarsoon iyo leydilaalka ayaa matalaya doorsoomayaasha la arkay. Sababtoo ah caddaynta, doorsoomayaasha la arkay ee la xiriira doorsoomayaasha qarsoon, iyo isku xirnaanshaha u dhexeeya isbeddelada xakamaynta lama soo bandhigin. Xakamaynta isbeddelada iyo ururradooda waxaa lagu sawiray cawl. Nambarada ugu horreeya ee fallaadhaha ayaa tilmaamaya isku-xirnaanta dariiqa ragga, iyo lambarrada labaadna waxay muujinayaan isku-xirnaanta jidka dumarka. Jihada galmada iyo xaalada xiriirku waxay ahaayeen cod wadareed (jihada galmada: 0 = heterosexual; 1 = jinsiga laga tirada badan yahay iyo xaalada xiriirka: 0 = hal; 1 = xiriir). Dhammaan waddooyinka la sawiray waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim ah p<.001.
7. Wadahadal
Marka la eego natiijooyinka umuuqda kuwa aan iswaafaqsaneyn ee ku saabsan ururada udhaxeeya isticmaalka filimada iyo natiijooyinka galmada (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019, Vaillancourt-Morel iyo al., 2019), Ujeedada daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in la baaro doorka kaladuwan ee FPU iyo PPU marka loo eego cilaaqaadka dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka. FPU waxay yeelatay daciifnimo, xiriir taban oo la xiriira dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada, PPU-na waxay laheyd xiriir dhexdhexaad ah, wanaagsan oo leh dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada. In kasta oo daraasadaha badankood ee PPU ay baareen ragga (Bőthe et al., 2020, Gola iyo al., 2016, Dwulit iyo Rzymski,, Kraus iyo Rosenberg, 2014) - gaar ahaan marka la baaro ururada ka dhexeeya PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan shaqada galmada (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019, Wéry iyo Billieux, 2016, Landripet iyo Štulhofer, 2015, Marxalad iyo Pfaus, 2015) - Natiijooyinka hadda jira waxay soo jeedinayaan in ururada la midka ah laga dhex aqoonsan karo dumarka ku saabsan ururada u dhexeeya PPU, FPU, iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada. Saameynaha ayaa lagu falanqeynayaa hoos.
8. Farqiga u dhexeeya tirada iyo darnaanta isticmaalka qaawan
Isbarbardhiga iyo kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya FPU iyo PPU waa goob la fahmi karo oo ka mid ah balwadaha akhlaaqda iyo dabeecadaha galmada ee dhibaatada leh (Gola iyo al., 2016, Grubbs iyo al., 2018aa, Grubbs iyo al., 2018bb, Tóth-Király iyo al., 2018). Natiijooyinka daraasaddan la soo saaray waxay caddeynaysaa natiijooyinkii ugu dambeeyay (Bőthe et al., 2020, Gola iyo al., 2016, Grubbs iyo al., 2018aa, Grubbs iyo al., 2018bb) oo soo jeedinaysa in FPU iyo PPU ay yihiin qaabab kala duwan oo haddana la xidhiidha isticmaalka qaawan. Daraasaddan isweydaarsiga isweydaarsiga ah, inkasta oo FPU iyo PPU ay si togan oo dhexdhexaad ah ula xiriiraan, ururradooda dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada waxay ahaayeen jihooyin iska soo horjeedda. Sidaa darteed, natiijooyinka waxay soo jeedinayaan in FPU iyo PPU ay metelaan arrimo la xiriira oo weli kala duwan oo ah filimada sawir-qaadashada ma ahan oo keliya marka loo eego dadka daaweynta raadinaya (Gola iyo al., 2016) laakiin sidoo kale shaybaarrada bulshada, gaar ahaan markay la xiriiraan dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada.
Natiijooyinkaani waxay la mid yihiin "hawlgelinta sare ee ka soo horjeedka ka qayb qaadashada dhibaatada" moodalka dabeecadaha balwadda leh (Billieux et al., 2019, Charlton, 2002, Charlton iyo Danforth, 2007). Marka loo eego qaabkani, astaamaha qaarkood waa in loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin "asaasi" calaamadaha dabeecadaha dhibaatada leh, halka qaar kalena ay matalaan astaamaha "durugsan" ee laga yaabo inay ku jiraan labadaba isticmaalka joogtada ah laakiin aan dhibaatada lahayn iyo isticmaalka dhibaatada leh, sida FPU (Bőthe et al., 2020, Billieux et al., 2019, Charlton, 2002, Charlton iyo Danforth, 2007). Si kale haddii loo dhigo, shakhsiyaadka waxaa laga yaabaa inay la kulmaan FPU laakiin daruuri maahan PPU. Taa bedelkeeda, shakhsiyaadka qaba PPU waxay sidoo kale soo sheegi karaan astaamaha iyo astaamaha durugsan (oo ay ku jiraan FPU) (Bőthe et al., 2020). Sida laga helay halkan iyo meelo kale (Billieux et al., 2019, Charlton, 2002, Charlton iyo Danforth, 2007), markii kaliya ee FPU ay jirtay (tusaale, astaamaha durugsan), wax cawaaqib xumo weyn ah lama arki karo. Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka PPU ay jirto (ie, astaamaha iyo astaamaha durugsan), waxay u badan tahay in cawaaqib xumo iyo waxyeelo la arki doono. U fiirsasho la mid ah ayaa laga soo sheegay oo ku saabsan dabeecadaha kale ee khadka tooska ah la xiriira cabirrada tirada / soo noqnoqda iyo isticmaalka dhibaatada leh, sida isticmaalka internetka (Chak iyo Leung, 2004), Isticmaalka Facebook (Koc iyo Gulyagci, 2013), ciyaaraha tooska ah (Király iyo al.,, Orosz iyo al., 2018), iyo taxane telefishan dhibaato leh daawashada (Tóth-Király iyo al., 2017, Tóth ‐ Király et al., 2019).
Qaadashada natiijooyinka si wada jir ah, halka tirada waxqabadyada aan soo sheegnay ay inta badan xiriir la lahayn dowladaha iyo xaaladaha cillad-darrada, ka-qaybgalka dhibaatada leh ee dabeecadahaan internetka waxay la xiriireen tallaabooyin cilladaysan ama waxyeelo leh. Sidaa darteed, baaritaanno dhammaystiran ayaa loo baahan yahay marka la baaro saameynta dabeecadaha qatarta ku ah qadka tooska ah ee internetka, iyadoo la tixgelinayo ma aha oo kaliya tirada dabeecadaha laakiin sidoo kale heerarka tayada hawlgelinta.
8.1. Doorarka kaladuwan ee tirada iyo darnaanta filimada sawir-qaadashada ah ee loo adeegsado dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka
In kasta oo FPU ay lahaan jirtay daciifnimo, xiriir taban oo la xiriira dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada, PPU waxay yeelatay xiriir wanaagsan oo dhexdhexaad ah, oo soo jeedinaysa in FPU ay la xiriiri karto dhibaatooyin xagga galmada ka yar oo mararka qaarkood ah (Landripet iyo Štulhofer, 2015). Si kastaba ha noqotee, ragga ayaa soo sheegay inay si aad ah marar badan u isticmaalaan sawir-gacmeedka, waxayna soo sheegeen heerar sare oo ah PPU, marka loo eego dumarka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, dheddigga ayaa si aad ah uga sarreeya heerarka dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada marka loo eego ragga.
Xidhiidhada kaladuwan ee FPU iyo PPU waxay laxiriiri karaan dhowr arrimood oo salka ku haya biopsychosocial. Qiyaas ahaan, FPU waxay ka imaan kartaa rabitaan galmo oo xoog leh waxayna la xiriirtaa heerarka hoose ee dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada, laga yaabee inay u sabab tahay waxyaabo kala duwan oo qaawan oo u horseedi kara jawaabo sahlan oo dhakhso leh oo loogu talagalay kicinta galmada ee kala duwan (Marxalad iyo Pfaus, 2015). PFU waxay fududeyn kartaa fikradaha galmada, taas oo iyaduna, u horseedi karta jawaab celin galmo oo deg deg ah sidaas darteedna aysan u horseedin dhibaatooyinka xagga galmada ee halkaan lagu qiimeeyay (Watson iyo Smith, 2012). Sharaxaad kale oo suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan xiriirka xun ee u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada ayaa ka tarjumi kara aqoonta ka dhalatay daawashada qalabka sawir-gacmeedka (Watson iyo Smith, 2012, Griffiths, 2000, Kohut iyo al., 2017), taas oo shakhsiyaadka qaba FPU laga yaabo inay dareemaan raaxo galmo dheeraad ah markay ku jiraan waxqabadyo galmo oo aan toos ahayn maxaa yeelay waxaa la siiyaa aqoon u leh filimada la xiriira hawlaha galmada (Kohut iyo al., 2017). Iyada oo ku saleysan falanqeyn tayo leh oo ku saabsan ragga iyo dumarka, saameynta ugu badan ee la soo sheegay ee isticmaalka filimada sawir-qaadashada ah "wax saameyn ah oo aan fiicnayn", oo ay ku xigto iyadoo la adeegsanayo sawir-gacmeedyo ahaan ilaha macluumaadka, tijaabinta galmada, iyo raaxada galmada. Sidaa awgeed, heerarka sare ee raaxada galmada iyo is-aqbalaadda, iyo heerarka hoose ee walwalka, ceebta, iyo dambiga ku saabsan dabeecadaha galmada waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriiraan FPU. Kordhinta kacsiga iyo jawaabta orgasmka, xiisaha galmada, iyo aqbalitaan badan oo ku saabsan waxqabadyada galmada ee kaladuwan iyo tijaabooyin galmo oo dheeri ah ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo warramey inay yihiin saameyn togan oo isticmaalka filimada ah (Kohut iyo al., 2017). Sharaxaadda beddelka ah waxaa ka mid ah in shakhsiyaadka leh shaqo galmo xumo ay u badan tahay inaysan ku lug yeelan FPU, shakhsiyaadka waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan si buuxda uga warqabin dhibaatooyinka galmada ee la xiriira isticmaalka galmada iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada qaarkood ayaa laga yaabaa inaan lagu qaban qalabka qiimeynta. Si kastaba ha noqotee, FPU waxay sharraxday qaddar aad u yar oo ka mid ah farqiga u dhexeeya dhibaatooyinka waxqabadka galmada ee daraasaddan, taas oo muujinaysa in arrimo kale ay u badan tahay inay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan horumarinta iyo dayactirka howlaha galmada (McCabe et al., 2016).
PPU waxaa laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto siigaysiga sii kordhaya iyo sawir-gacmeedka "qaniinyada" (ie, isticmaalka filimada qaawan dhowr jeer ama saacado maalintiiba), oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka ka soo baxa daraasad xusuus-dheer oo toban-toddobaad ah oo lala yeesho ragga daaweynta-raadinaya (Wordecha et al., 2018). Sidaa darteed, ragga si xad-dhaaf ah u daawada walxaha qaawan waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku jiraan xilli diidmo ah markay iskudayaan inay la galaan dhaqdhaqaaqyo galmo lammaanahooda, taasoo u horseedi karta dhibaatooyin xagga galmada ah (Ley et al., 2014). Qaarkood, galmada galmada lammaanaha midkoodna ma noqon karto mid kicisa sida waxyaabaha qaawan ee qaawan ee internetka (tusaale ahaan, ma bixin karto wax cusub sida filimada qaawan ee internetka). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, warbixinnada kiliinikada iyo kiisaska ayaa soo jeedinaya in adeegsiga sawir-gacmeedka ay wax ka beddeli karto astaamaha kicinta (Brand et al., 2019). Saameyntan suurtagalka ah waa in lagu tixgeliyaa daraasadaha mustaqbalka. Sharaxaad dheeraad ah oo suurtagal ah ayaa jira. Tusaale ahaan, ragga raadsanaya daaweynta dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah, darnaanta PPU waxay la xiriirtay si wanaagsan walaaca galmada iyo si xun ula macaamil galmo (Kowalewska et al., 2019); maaddaama arrimahan ay saameyn ku yeelan karaan cillad jinsi, daraasad dheeraad ah ayaa la damaanad qaadayaa.
Maaddaama labka iyo dheddigga leh astaamaha isticmaalka filimada-filimada (malaha PPU) ay soo sheegeen heerarka hoose ee dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada marka loo eego shakhsiyaadka leh xaalad aad u cakiran oo aan qasab ahayn (Vaillancourt-Morel iyo al., 2017), culeyska fekerku wuxuu saameyn ku yeelan karaa dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada (McCabe et al., 2016). Hoos u dhigista culeyska fekerka iyo qawaaniinta shucuurta ayaa si joogta ah looga warbixiyaa dhiirigelinta PPU, iyo waxqabadyada ku lug leh tababarka ku saabsan qawaaniinta shucuurta (tusaale ahaan, feejignaanta) waxay waxtar u yeelan kartaa yareynta PPU (Wéry iyo Billieux, 2016, Levin et al., 2012, Bőthe et al.,). Shakhsiyaadka la kulma heerar sare oo culeys maskaxeed ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku lug yeeshaan PPU, taasoo u horseedaysa dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada, taas oo, markaa, u horseedi karta walwal dheeraad ah.
Daraasado dheeri ah waa inay baaraan suurtagalnimada iyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya culeyska, PPU iyo dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada guud ahaan.
Isku soo wada duuboo, farsamooyin kala duwan ayaa hoosta ka xariiqi kara FPU iyo PPU. Farsamooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxay si toos ah iyo si aan toos ahaynba ula xiriiri karaan dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada ee habdhaqanka adag. Marka la qiimeynayo cilaaqaadka u dhexeeya isticmaalka filimada iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada, cilmi baarista mustaqbalka waa inay tixgelisaa labada FPU iyo PPU iyo dhinacyada kale ee filimada iyo dhibaatooyinka gaarka ah ee howlaha galmada.
8.2. Xadka iyo daraasadaha mustaqbalka
Natiijooyinka daraasadda waa in lagu tixgeliyaa xadidnaanta. Hababka is-sheegashada waxay leeyihiin eex (tusaale ahaan, ka-warbixinta iyo ka-warbixinta badan). Sababta lama soo koobi karo daraasadaha qaybaha kala duwan. Is-waafajinta gudaha ee SFS waxay ka yaraayeen sidii loo fiicnaa (laga yaabee inay la xiriirto kala duwanaanta 4-ta degmo ee la qiimeeyay), tanina waxaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeelato natiijooyinka, maadaama ay yeelan karto tirada xaddidan ee xayndaabyada iyo gaar ahaanta gaarka ah Tusaale ahaan, qeexitaanka macnaha guud laguma faahfaahin SFS (tusaale ahaan, iskaashi ka dhan ah waxqabadyada galmada ee keli ahaanta ah), iyo shakhsiyaadka leh khaniisiinta ayaa soo sheegay dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada inta lagu guda jiro galmada lammaanaha laakiin maaha inta lagu jiro isticmaalka filimada (Voon et al.,).
Akhlaaq xumada iyo diin ahaanshahooda lama qiimeynin, taasoo xadidi karta guud ahaanshaha. Akhlaaq xumada iyo diin ahaanshuhu waxay la xidhiidhi karaan PPU (Lewczuk et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs iyo Perry, 2019, Grubbs et al.,), oo leh shakhsiyaad leh heerar sare oo anshax iyo diin leh oo laga yaabo inay muujinayaan ururo adag oo u dhexeeya FPU iyo PPU marka loo eego kuwa leh heerarka hoose ee anshaxa iyo diinta (Grubbs et al., 2020). Sidan oo kale, daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa inay ku jiraan qiimeynta anshax xumada la xiriirta waxyaabaha ku saabsan filimada (tusaale, dabeecadaha galmada ee gardarrada ah oo badanaa lagu bartilmaameedsado haweenka)Bridges et al., 2010), gaar ahaan dumarka Madow (Fritz iyo al., 2020), iyo kufsi, jinsi galmo iyo noocyo kale oo qaawan (Rothman et al., 2015) iyo xayndaabyada kale ee dadku la kulmi karaan isku dhacyada anshaxa la xiriira. Daraasadda hadda la sameeyay waxaa lagu baaray muunad guud, bulshada. Marka la eego in ururada ka sii xoog badan ay ka dhex muuqan karaan FPU iyo PPU marka la raadinayo daaweyn iyo dad caafimaad (Bőthe et al., 2018, Bőthe et al., 2020, Grubbs et al., 2019, Grubbs et al., 2015, Gola iyo al., 2016, Gola iyo al., 2017, Brand et al., 2011, Labahig et al., 2009, Lewczuk et al., 2017, Voon et al.,), natiijooyinka daraasaddan xaadirka ah ee ku saabsan ururada ka dhexeeya FPU, PPU, iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan galmada ayaa laga yaabaa inaysan guud ahaan u baahnayn daaweyn-raadin ama dad caafimaad.
Daraasadaha muddada-dheer ee muddada dheer ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo sii baaro nooca cilaaqaadka iyo sida ay isu beddeli karaan muddo ka dib ragga labadaba (Grubbs iyo Gola, 2019) iyo dhedig. Shakhsiyaadka laga yaabo inay soo saareen dhibaatooyin xagga galmada ah oo la xiriiri kara daawashada filimada hore (ka hor sanadkii hore) waxay gacan ka geysan kartaa daciifinta xiriirka ka dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada. Sidoo kale, shakhsiyaadka dhibaatooyinka galmada la xiriira waxay ka cabsi qabaan waxqabadka. Sidaa awgeed, waxay dooran karaan sawir-gacmeedka qaawan ee khadka tooska ah laga daawado halkii ay ku lug yeelan lahaayeen dabeecadaha galmada ee ka baxsan la-hawlgalayaashooda (Miner et al., 2016). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, halka tirada iyo FPU ay caadi ahaan isku xiran yihiin, iyagu ma ahan kuwo u dhigma waxaana laga yaabaa inay si kala duwan ula xiriiraan dhinacyada caafimaad ee khuseeya isticmaalka filimada (tusaale ahaan, markaad isku dayeyso inaad ka fogaato;Fernandez et al., 2017). Si tayo leh u falanqeynaya sheekooyinka horumarka iyo dayactirka qofka PPU (Wordecha et al., 2018) iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan shaqada galmada waxay noqon karaan kuwo miro dhal ah oo lagu aqoonsado suurtagalnimada dhexdhexaadiye iyo doorsoomayaasha isbeddelaya sida anshax xumo (Brand et al., 2019, Grubbs iyo Perry, 2019), helitaanka filimada (Rissel et al., 2017), iyo arrimo kale (Vaillancourt-Morel iyo al., 2019).
9. Gabagabo
In kasta oo FPU iyo PPU soo bandhigeen ururo wanaagsan, dhexdhexaad ah, waa in la qiimeeyaa oo si gooni ah loo tixgeliyaa marka la baarayo cilaaqaadka dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo tallaabooyinka kale (Vaillancourt-Morel iyo al., 2019). PPU waxay umuuqataa mid si xoogan ulaxiriira dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada ee bulshada iyo shaybaarada. Markii la tixgelinayay PPU iyo FPU labadaba, FPU waxay yeelatay xiriir daciif ah oo taban oo leh dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada ee bulshada. Sidaa darteed, labadaba cilmi baarista iyo dadaallada caafimaad, waxaa muhiim ah in la tixgeliyo PPU iyo FPU labadaba ee la xiriira dhibaatooyinka howlaha galmada.
Ilaha maalgelinta
Cilmi-baarista waxaa taageeray Xafiiska Cilmi-baarista Qaranka, Horumarinta iyo Hal-abuurka (lambarrada deeqda: KKP126835, NKFIH-1157-8 / 2019-DT). BB waxaa taageeray barnaamijka ÚNKP-18-3 ee Cusub ee Heerka Sare ee Qaranka ee Wasaaradda Awoodaha Aadanaha. BB waxaa maalgeliyey abaalmarin wada-jir ah oo shahaadada koowaad ah oo ay siisay Kooxda SCOUP - Galmada iyo Lammaanaha - Fonds de recherche du Québec, Société et Culture. ITK waxaa taageeray Horizon Postdoctoral Fellowship oo ka socota Jaamacadda Concordia iyo maalgalinta Golaha Cilmi-baarista Bulshada iyo Bani-aadmiga ee Kanada (435-2018-0368). MNP waxay taageero ka heshaa Waaxda Caafimaadka Dhimirka iyo Adeegyada Balwadaha ee Connecticut, Golaha Connecticut ee Khamaarka Dhibaatada leh, Xarunta Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Connecticut iyo Xarunta Qaranka ee Ciyaaraha Mas'uulka ka ah. Hay'adaha maalgelintu wax talo ah kuma lahan nuxurka qoraalka iyo aragtiyada lagu sharraxay qoraalku waxay ka tarjumayaan kuwa qorayaasha mana aha daruuri kuwa hay'adaha maalgelinta.
Tixraacyo aan go'an
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- 1
SFS waxaa loo turjumay Hungary iyadoo lagu saleynayo hab maamuus tarjumaad-gadaal-tarjumaad horay loo aasaasay [113]. Falanqaynta qodobka Xaqiijinta (CFA) ayaa loo sameeyay si loo baaro qaab dhismeedkeeda saamiga tusaalaha hadda jira. Marka loo eego natiijooyinka CFA, cabirku wuxuu muujiyey ansax dhismeedka qaabdhismeedkiisu aad u sarreeyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaladka isbeddelka (CFI = .999, TLI = .995, RMSEA = .026 [90% CI .012-.044]).
- 2
Marka loo eego qaaciddada hagaajinta Bonferroni, tirada mala-awaalada (m) waa in loo qaybiyaa heerka guud ee alfa la doonayo (α).
- 3
Markii ururada laba-geesoodka ah la baaray inta udhaxeysa FPU iyo howlaha galmada, ururada daciifka ah ee aan macnaha lahayn ayaa laga helay ragga iyo dumarka, siday u kala horreeyaan, halka qaabeynta isle'egta qaabdhismeedka (SEM) ay muujisay ururo taban oo udhaxeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqeynta galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka sidoo kale . Farqigaani udhaxeeya natiijooyinka isku xirnaanta labada nooc iyo qaabka adag ee SEM ayaa lagu sharxi karaa kala duwanaanshaha la wadaago ee u dhexeeya FPU iyo PPU (oo ay taageerayaan isku xirnaanta wanaagsan, dhexdhexaadka ah ee udhaxeeya doorsoomayaashaan). Marka falanqaynta FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan hawlaha galmada aysan xakamaynin PPU, kala duwanaanshaha la wadaago ee u dhexeeya PPU iyo FPU ayaa qarin kara xiriir taban, daciif ah oo u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka shaqada galmada. Sharaxaaddan suurtagalka ah waxaa taageera natiijooyinka isku xirnaanta qayb ahaan. Markii isku xirnaanta qeyb ahaan la qabtay (xakamaynta saameynta PPU markii la baarayay ururada u dhexeeya FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ka shaqeynta galmada), diidmo, isku xirnaan daciif ah ayaa laga helay FPU iyo dhibaatooyinka ku saabsan howlaha galmada ee labka (r = -. 05, p<.001) iyo dheddigga (r = -. 05, p<.001).
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