(Ha i fiirin)! Sidee loo Qeeb Galiyay Qunsuliyadaha ama Kala Qaybinta Aan Joogtada aheyn ayaa Saameynaysa Aragtida iyo Qiimeynta Sawirada Sexting (2019)

DIIWAANKA: Ragga waxay ku bixiyeen waqti badan daawashada sawirrada galmada markii ay u maleeyeen in sawirrada loo qeybiyay si iskood ah. Ka kooban:

Natiijooyinka daraasaddan ayaa muujinaya in dhaqanka aragtida iyo qiimeynta sawirada sexting ay saameyn ku leeyihiin habka loo maleynayo in loo qaybiyo. Iyadoo la waafajinayo aragtida aragtida ragga ee moodaya in sawirada loo qeybiyay si iskood ah ayaa waqti badan ku bixiyay eegaya jirka qofka la soo sawiray. Tan waxa loogu yeero 'aragtida ujeeddada' waxaa sidoo kale lagu sii sheegay kaqeybgalayaasha leh damac aad u sareeya si ay u aqbalaan khuraafaadka ku saabsan gardarrada galmada ama u janjeedha guud in la diido kuwa kale.

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J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050706

by Arne Dekker 1, *, †, Frederike Wenzlaff 1, †, Anne Daubmann 2, Hans O. Pinnschmidt 2 iyo Peer Briken 1
1Machadka Daraasaadka Galmada iyo Xanuunka dhimirka, Xarunta Caafimaadka Jaamacada Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
2Machadka Caafimaadka Biometry iyo Epidemiology, Xarunta Caafimaadka Jaamacadda Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Jarmalka

aan la taaban karin

Wadaagista bilaa oggolaanshaha ah ee ah sawir muuqaal ah waa ku xad-gudub xun ee qofka xaq u yeelashada asturnaanta wuxuuna u horseedi karaa cawaaqib xumo xagga maskaxda ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, baaritaan yar ayaa la sameeyay sababaha loo adeegsado sawirro isku dhafan oo si wada jir ah loo wadaago. Daraasaddan ayaa looga golleeyahay in lagu baaro sida loo malaynayo oggolaashaha ama oggolaanshaha oggolaashaha qaybinta sawirrada galmada, sida loo arko garashada iyo qiimeynta sawirradan. Kaqeybgaleyaasha waxaa si aan kala sooc lahayn loogu meeleeyay mid ka mid ah laba koox. Sawirro isku mid ah ayaa loo muujiyey dhammaan ka qaybgalayaasha. Si kastaba ha noqotee, koox ayaa u qaadatay in sawirradu si iskood ah u wadaagaan, halka kooxda kale loo sheegay in sawirrada loo qaybiyay si iskood ah. In kasta oo ay ka qaybgalayaashu dhammaystireen dhawr hawlood sida qiimaynta soo jiidashada jinsi ee qofka la sawiray, dhaqdhaqaaqyadooda isha ayaa isha lagu hayey. Natiijooyinka daraasaddan ayaa muujinaya in dhaqanka aragtida iyo qiimeynta sawirada sexting ay saameyn ku leeyihiin habka loo maleynayo in loo qaybiyo. Iyadoo la waafajinayo aragtida aragtida ragga ee moodaya in sawirada loo qeybiyay si iskood ah ayaa waqti badan ku bixiyay eegaya jirka qofka la soo sawiray. Tan waxa loogu yeero 'aragtida ujeeddada' waxaa sidoo kale lagu sii sheegay kaqeybgalayaasha leh damac aad u sareeya si ay u aqbalaan khuraafaadka ku saabsan gardarrada galmada ama u janjeedha guud in la diido kuwa kale. Gabagabadii, natiijooyinkaani waxay soo jeedinayaan in ololaha ka hortagga ah ee lagu dhiirrigelinayo 'ka fogaanshaha galmada' sidaas darteedna loo xilsaaro mas'uuliyadda isugeynta oggolaanshaha ee sawirrada noocaas ah loo soo bandhigi karo dadka muujiyey. Taa bedelkeed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la muujiyo sharci-darrada sharci-darrada qaybinta oggolaanshaha oggolaanshaha ee sawirrada galmada, gaar ahaan ragga isticmaaleya qalabka.
Erayo-fure: indho indho; wadaagista sawir wadaag ah; sawirro isku dhow; Ujeedo; indho-indhaynta; aqbalaadda khuraafaadka kufsiga; sexting

1. Hordhac

Jinsi galinta, dirida sawirro qoto dheer ama saafi ah, fiidiyowyo, ama qoraallo [1], waxay caado ka noqotay caado kooxeedyo kaladuwan [2,3,4,5]. Qeexitaanadu way kaladuwan yihiin, iyo jahwareerka isutagga ogolaanshaha iyo is-waafajinta is-waafajinta waxay daliil u tahay dhibaatada fikradda dhexe. [6,7]. In kasta oo galmada isku ogolaashaha ah loola jeedo ujeedo, firfircoon, iyo had iyo jeer raali ahaansho ah in la soo diro mid ka mid ah sawirada u gaarka ah, wadaagista ogolaashaha ogolaanshaha ee sawirada galmada ayaa ka soo horjeedda rabitaanka ama iyada oo aan la ogeyn qofka lagu muujiyey [8]. Wadaaggan is-waafaqaan waa mid ka mid ah khataraha ugu badan ee looga wada hadlo macnaha galmada9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Haddii sawirada galmada la iskugu gudbiyo rabitaanka qofka la tusay (tusaale ahaan, goobahooda saaxiibadood) ama lagu soo daabacay internetka, tani waxay khatar weyn ku tahay caafimaadka maskaxda. Xaaladaha dhibbanayaashu ugu nuglaadaan ceebta dadweynaha iyo xoogsheegashada internetka waxay kuu horseedi kartaa cawaaqib xumo xagga maskaxda ah, xaaladaha qaarkood xitaa is-dilid [3,7].
Kaliya kuma ahan doodaha dadweynaha kaliya ee sidoo kale ololaha 'kahortagga galmada'19], galmada, guud ahaan, waxaa loo arkaa inay khatar tahay [20]. Kala saaris la'aanta udhaxeysa ogolaashaha iyo galmada aan la ogolaan karin waxay horseedi kartaa eedeeynta dhibbanaha haddii soosaareyaasha sawirada lagu soo qabtay inay mas'uul ka yihiin faafinta aan la fileynin [7]. Qaabkan ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyay aragtida guud ee 'dhaqanka kufsiga' [21,22,23] kuna xidhnaa fikradaha ballaaran ee 'diidmada galmada' [24,25,26,27] iyo 'aqbalaada khuraafaadka kufsiga' [26,28,29]. Ujeeddada ujeeddadu waxay dhalisaa in bulshooyinka reer galbeedka dumarku ay yihiin jinsi ahaan, loola dhaqmo sidii shay oo loo qaddariyo inay mudan yihiin illaa xadkoodu jirkoodu siinayo dadka kale [29] (faallooyinka [28,30]). U-sinnaanta galmada waxaa loo arki karaa inay u dhexeyso ficillo rabshado wata iyo ficilo khiyaamo ah sida ujeedaha ujeedo [30,31]. Aragtidan, oo loo fahmay sida indho indheynta (galmada) xubnaha jirka, waxaa si muuqata loogu muujiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo teknoolojiyadda isha lagu hayo.32]. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, dadka galmada ujeclaa dadka kale ayaa loo muujiyey inay u badan tahay inay aqbalaan khuraafaadka kufsiga [24,25], taas oo u adeegta caadi ka shaqaynta xadgudubka galmada, tusaale ahaan, eedaynta eedeeyaha (dib u eegista [27,33]). Khuraafaadkan khiyaanada leh ayaa loo fahmay inay yihiin qorsheyaal garasho [34] oo la muujiyey inuu saameyn ku yeesho dhaqdhaqaaqa indhaha [35,36].
In kasta oo cilmi-baaristu ay ka soo baxday galmada aan la oggolaan karin ee isku xidhka ah iyo7,9,20], dadaal yar ayaa la sameeyay si loo baaro sababaha loo adeegsado sawirrada noocaas ah. Su'aashu waxay kacaysaa sababta ay dadku u isticmaalaan sheyga galmada ee aan la isku raacsaneyn markii isbarbar dhigga iyo waxyaabaha la isku raacsan yahay aysan muujineyn inay ku kala duwan yihiin muuqaalka muuqaalka. Ma jiraa soo jiidasho gaar ah oo ku saabsan is-waafajinta iskeed, ugu yaraan qaar ka mid ah macaamiisha? Ayada oo la tixraacayo taariikhdan, waxaan si tijaabo ah u baarnaa su'aasha ah sida habka loo maleynayo qeybinta (ogolaanshaha iyo kuwa aan la isku raacsaneyn) ay saameyn ugu leedahay aragtida sawirada galmada. Sidaa daraadeed, daraasaddu waxay ballanqaadeysaa natiijooyinka muhiimka ah ee dadaallada ka-hortagga mustaqbalka.
Iyada oo la raacayo aragtida ujeeddada waxaan rajeyneynaa kala duwanaan xagga qiimeynta iyo aragtida sawirada galmada oo ku saleysan soo gudbinta ay raacsan tahay ama gudbinta ogolaashaha. Iyada oo la raacayo daraasadihii hore, waxaan ku doodi karnaa in ujeedada kordhay ay la xidhiidho qiimeynta soo jiidashada sare ee qofka hadafka ah [37] iyo indho indhayn ujeedo badan oo loogu dhawaaqay [32]. Waxaan sidoo kale qiyaasayaa in sawirada aan lagaraneyn ee la soo gudbiyay loo tixgeliyo inay yihiin kuwa ka sii sokeeya isla markaana baahintooda sii kordheysa ay tahay wax laga xumaado. Isku soo wada duuboo ujeeddooyin kale iyo aqbalaad kufsi-sare ayaa sidoo kale la filayaa inay kordhiso ujeeddada.
Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah suugaanta sayniska ee ku saabsan galmada ayaa diiradda saarta dhaqanka dhalinyarada. Tani waxay ka tarjumi kartaa cabsida bulshada ee baahsan, laakiin, dhab ahaantii, khibradda galmada ayaa si weyn uga sarreysa dadka waaweyn marka loo eego dhalinyarada. Dib-u-eegis nidaamsan ayaa hadda ah [3] Qiyaasta baahinta daraasadaha ee dhalinyarada waxay dirayaan farriimo ay ku jiraan qoraallo soojeedin galmo ah ama sawiro ayaa laga helay '10.2% (95% CI (1.77 – 18.63))), halka qiyaasta celcelis ahaan daraasadaha dadka waaweyn ay ahayd 53.31% (95% CI) 49.57 – 57.07)). Ayada oo laga soo horjeedo asalkan, iyo sidoo kale sababta oo ah daraasada tijaabada ah ee imminka aan diirada la saarin muuqaalka wakiil ee tirada dadka isticmaala, waxaan go'aansanay inaan baarno tusaalaha dadka waaweyn. Waxaan u qaadaneynaa in farsamooyinka la soo bandhigay ay isbarbar dhigayaan dhalinyarada, laakiin tan waa in lagu muujiyaa cilmi baaris mustaqbalka.

2. Qalabka iyo Hababka

2.1. Ka qaybgalayaasha

Isugeyn kaqeybgalayaasha 76 ah (57% dhedig, Mda'da = 31.99, SDda'da = 10.28) waxaa lagu qorey wargeysyada jaamacadaha. Waxaa la ogeysiiyay howlaha iyo waxyaabaha kicinaya laakiin waxaa loo diiday inay si buuxda ula socdaan ujeeddada tijaabada. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay bixiyeen ogolaansho qoraal ah oo ku saabsan kaqeybgalka waxbarashada. Magdhow lama bixin. Gudiga anshaxa ee golaha gobolka ee cilmu-nafsiga ee Hamburg (Psychotherapeutenkammer Hamburg) waxay ansaxisay borotokoolka daraasadda ee daraasadda hadda jirta (03 / 2015-PTK-HH).

2.2. Stimuli iyo Apparatus

Tabaruciinta shaqsi ahaantooda ay u yaqaanaan qorayaasha laakiin lama garanayo kaqeybgalayaasha daraasadda waxay bixiyeen 14 sawirro galmada nus-nude38]. Hal sawir dheeri ah oo jinsi ah ayaa laga helay ilaha internet-ka ee bilaashka ah ee loogu talagalay ujeedo soo bandhigid dadweyne, taasoo dhalisay go'an sawirro ah oo ah 16 (50% dhedig).
Soo bandhigida Stimulus iyo xog aruurinta waxaa lagu sameeyay mashiinka shaashadda guud ee 22-inch (1680 × 1050 pixels) iyadoo la adeegsanayo Qalabka SensoMotoric Instruments (SMI GmbH, Teltow, Germany) ExperimentCenterTM. Raadiyaha isha fog (SMI, Nidaamka RED) ayaa laga duubayaa dhaqdhaqaaqa indhaha ee 120 Hz laga bilaabo masaafada daawashada ee 50 cm iyadoo la adeegsanayo nasiin-madaxa.

2.3. Weydiimaha

Ujeeddooyinka shakhsiyaadka dadka kale waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo tarjumaadda Jarmalka ee nooca la beddelay ee foomka Su'aalaha Is-ujeeddooyinka [39] ujeeddo kale (Qiyaasta Kale Ujeeddooyinka Kale, OOS [40]). Cabirku wuxuu ka kooban yahay astaamaha jirka ee 10, shan karti ku saleysan (ie, xoog) iyo shan waxay ku saleysan yihiin muuqaal (ie, soo jiidasho jireed). Kaqeybgaleyaasha waxaa la weydiiyay inay darajadaan sida ay muhiimka ugu yihiin garashada astaamo kasta (10 = "ugu muhiimsan"; 1 = "ugu yar") si gooni gooni ah ragga iyo dumarka. Dhibcaha macquulka ah ayaa u dhexeysa −25 illaa 25 oo leh dhibco sare oo muujinaya heerar sare oo ujeedo ah.
Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay sii sii dhameystirteen nooca '11-item' oo ah nooca gaagaaban ee aqbalaadda khuraafaadka casriga ah ee ku saabsan Miisaanka Galmo ee Jinsiga (AMMSA) [41] kaas oo si guul leh loogu adeegsaday daraasadaha kale ee isha ku haynta indhaha35,36]. Shay kasta ayaa lagu qiimeeyay cabirka '7-dhibic cabir' (1 = "gabi ahaanba waan diidanahay"; 7 = "gebi ahaanba waa oggolaaday").

2.4. Nidaamka

Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay aqriyeen qoraal hordhac ah oo sheegaya in daraasada loogu talagalay in lagu fahmo waxbadan oo kusaabsan qiimeynta sawirada galmada. Waxay kuxirantahay xaalada, sawirka qaybinta waxaa lagu sharaxay mid ikhtiyaar ah (xaalad ogolaasho ah) ama mid aan loo baahnayn, taasoo ka soo horjeedda rabitaanka qofka la xukumay (xaalad aan oggolaansho lagu heshiinayn). Kullaabashada waxaa lagu xoojiyay weydiinta kaqeybgalayaasha inay sheegaan seddex dareen oo muuqaal ahaan qeybinta muuqaalka ay ku dhex kicin karto dadka muujiyey. Ka dib, kaqeybgalayaashu waxay arkeen sawirada seddex jeer iyagoo wata howlo kala duwan. Sawirraduhu si kedis ah ayay u dhex galeen baloogyada dhexdooda, iyagoo ka bilaabay sawirrada labka ah. Sawirro ayaa si gaar ah loogu soo bandhigay shaashad buuxda oo ah ilbiriqsiyo 5, oo ay ka horreeyeen iskutallaab qalliin madow oo dhinaca bidix ah oo lagu muujiyey 1 labaad. Hawsha koowaad waxay ahayd in si xor ah loo daawado sawirrada. Marka labaad, kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ku qiimeeyeen soojiidashada jinsi ee qofka la soo bandhigay. Hawsha saddexaad, kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa la weydiiyay inay qiimeeyaan sida ay ugu dhowdahay inay u tixgeliyaan waxa ku jira muuqaalka iyo sida ay u xun tahay in qaybinta sawir dheeri ah ay u ahaato qofka muujiya (laga bilaabo 1 = "haba yaraatee…"; 7 = "aad…"). Markii la dhammeystiro macluumaadka dhaqan-bulsheedka, iyo xog-waraysiyada, kaqeybgaleyaasha waa loo mahadceliyey oo laga warbixiyey.

2.5. Yaraynta Xogta iyo Falanqaynta Xogta

Si loola xisaabtamo tillaabooyinka soo noqnoqda ee laga sameeyo isla isla mawduuca, qaab qaab isku dhafan ayaa la shaqeeyey. Waxaan baarnay saamaynta go'an ee xaaladda isbeddelada madax-bannaan (oggolaanshaha iyo kan qaybinta oggolaashaha), jinsi (haweenka iyo ragga), jinsi muuqaal ah (muuqaallo dheddig ah iyo muuqaallo lab ah), is-dhexgalkooda saddex-geesoodka ah iyo kan labada dhinac iyo OOS Dhibcaha iyo AMMSA dhibcaha lagu muujiyo rajada (1) soo jiidashada galmo, (2) xiriirka ka dhexeeya muuqaalka muuqaalka, iyo (3) waxay u arkeen inaan fiicneyn oo ku saabsan qeybinta sawirka. Kaqeybgalayaasha halista ah ayaa loo qaatay kaqeybgaleyaasha. Waxaan soo tebineynaa hab-dhiska yar iyo xuduudohooda 'xNUMX%'. Waxaan soo tabinaynaa natiijooyinka moodellada ugu dambeeya ka dib dib-u-dhac ku yimid saameynta aan muhiimka aheyn sida uu sheegayo Kleinbaum et al. [42]. Dhammaan tijaabooyinka tirakoobka waxay ahaayeen laba-dabo (α = 0.05).
Xogta isha ku haynta indhaha waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo isla qaab la mid ah sida kor lagu soo sharraxay iyada oo loo eegayo aragtida ah sida doorsoomayaasha ku tiirsan. Fiirinta ujeedka ayaa loo hawl galey iyadoo waqtiga qaraabada ay ku qaadatay eegida jirka marka la barbar dhigo waqtiga lagu fiiriyo wajiyada.32]. Waxaan u abuurnay laba aag oo xiise leh (AOI) sawir kasta, mid ka kooban madaxa iyo kan kale oo leh jirka intiisa kale. Wadarta waqtiga deganaanshaha ee labada AOIs, ie, waqtiga guud ee aragtida qofka la tusay, waxaa loo dejiyay 100%. Falanqaynta soo socota, waxaan diirada saareynaa boqolkiiba inta wakhtigaas la faray jirka. Marka loo eego, kordhinta waqtiga aragga ee jidhka ayaa had iyo jeer keena wejiga wejiga oo yaraada, maaddaama labada qiimaha ay had iyo jeer isku darsamaan ilaa 100%. Marka aragtida xoog leh ee loojeedo ayaa loola jeedaa waqti aad u dheer oo aragga ah iyo waqtiga muuqaalka gaagaaban ee wejiga.
Xisaabinta waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo GENLINMIXED (Nidaamka isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafan ee qaab-dhismeedka) nidaamka joogtada ah ee SPSS nooca 22 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) iyo yareynta xogta isha ku haynta indhaha ayaa la xaqiijiyey iyadoo la adeegsanayo heerarka caadiga ah ee BeGazeTM (SMI, Teltow, Germany), iyagoo bixinaya macluumad indho-indheyn ah sida muddada (waqtiga la deggan yahay).

3. Natiijooyinka

3.1. Ka qaybgalayaasha

Kahor kaqeybgalayaasha falanqaynta xogta ayaa laga saaray maqnaanshaha xun awgeed (n = 5), jiheyn galmo aan galmo u galmooneyn (n = 3), ama sababo la xiriira jawaabo aan ku filneyn oo hubinta isdabamarinta (n = 10) sida ay u qiimeeyeen afar mutadawiciin madaxbanaan. Isugeyn kaqeybgalayaasha 58 ah (57% dhedig, Mda'da = 31.45, SDda'da = 10.18) waxay u hadhsan tahay falanqaynta xogta (eeg Shaxda 1). Shaxda 1 sidoo kale waxay muujineysaa qaababka kaqeybgalayaasha AMMSA iyo dhibcaha OOS. Macnaha guud, waxaa si gaar ah muhiim u ah in qiimaha macnaha ee labada koox daraasad aysan ku kala duwanaan.
Jadwalka 1. Astaamaha kaqeybgaleha iyo xogwaraysiga.
Shaxda

3.2. Qiimeynta

Moodooyin kala gooni ah ayaa loo qabtay mid kasta oo ka mid ah seddexda qiimeyn ee cad, kuwaas oo ah soojiidashada jinsi ee qofka la sawiray, dareenka u dhowaanshaha muuqaalka sawirka, iyo xumaanta qeybinta kale. Kaliya saameynta muhiimka ah ee moodooyinka ugu dambeeya ayaa halkan laga soo sheegayaa.
Qiimaynta soo jiidashada, maanaan helin xaaladdii (ogolaanshaha iyo qaybinta aan la oggolaan karin; eeg Shaxda 2) wax saameyn ah. Waxaan helnay, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaan helnay in jinsi uu saameyn ku yeeshay sidoo kale saameyn is dhexgal ah oo u dhaxeysa kaqeybgaleyaasha jinsiga iyo sawirka muuqaalka. Guud ahaan, ragga waxay ku qiimeeyeen muuqaalka ragga inay soo jiidasho badan yihiin (M = 4.17, SE = 0.32) marka loo eego dumarka (M = 3.02, SE = 0.31); t(924) = 3.25, p <0.001). Haweenku sidoo kale waxay ku qiimeeyeen sawirrada ragga inay ka qurux yar yihiin sawirrada dumarka (M = 4.46, SE = 0.32, t(924) = 9.36, p <0.001). Saameyn kale lama gaarin muhiimad.
Jadwalka 2. Moodooyinka kama dambeysta ah ee saameynta ku leh qiimeynta soo jiidashada galmoodka, isku soo dhawaanta, iyo loo maleynayo inay xun tahay qeybinta kale.
Shaxda
Marka la eego cabirrada saaxiibtinimada, waxaan helnay saameyn is-dhexgal ah oo u dhaxeysa xaaladda iyo jinsiga (p = 0.008, arag Shaxda 2). Isbarbar dhigga Pairwise wuxuu shaaca ka qaaday in haweenka u malaynaya qaybinta ogolaashaha aan la oggolaan karin ay u arkeen sawirada kuwo aad ugu dhow (M = 4.86, SE = 0.25) marka loo eego haweenka u qaatay qeybinta ogolaashaha (M = 4.56, SE = 0.26); t(924) = 2.58, p = 0.01).
Falanqaynta saamaynta ku yeelanaysa sida xun u tixgalinta qaybinta dheeriga ah ee loogu talagalay qofka mashiinka ah, waxaan ogaanay xaaladdan (ogolaanshaha iyo qaybinta aan la ogolaan karin; p <0.001) wuxuu yeeshay saameyn aad u weyn (eeg Shaxda 2). Isbarbar dhigga Pairwise wuxuu shaaca ka qaaday in kaqeybgaleyaasha u maleynaya wadaagida aan la isku raacsaneyn loo tixgeliyay qeybinta kale inay tahay mid aan ka xumeynin (M = 4.63, SE = 0.28) marka loo eego kaqeybgaleyaasha u maleynayay wadaagida ogolaashaha (M = 4.26, SE = 0.28); t(924) = 3.74, p <.001). Waxaan sidoo kale helnay saameyn isdhexgal ah oo udhaxeysa jinsiga iyo muuqaalka jinsiga. Haweenku waxay ku qiimeeyeen xumaanta qaybinta dheeraad ah inay ka hooseyso sawirrada ragga (M = 4.08, SE = 0.40) marka loo eego kaqeybgalayaasha ragga (M = 4.41, SE = 0.40; t(924) = 2.50, p = 0.013). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, dhibcaha AMMSA waxay gaadhay muhiimad (coefficient = −0.13, p = 0.002), oo muujineysa in kaqeybgalayaashu sarreeyaan ay ku dhaliyeen qiyaasta AMMSA-da, kuwa aan fiicneyn ee ay u tixgeliyeen qeybinta sawirka ee qofka muujiyey.

3.3. Falanqaynta Indhaha ee Indhaha

Marka laga hadlayo dhaqdhaqaaqa indhaha, waxaan xiiseyneynay aragtida ujeedka, loo hawlgalay sidii waqtiga qaraabada loo arko jirka. Waxaan helnay is-dhexgal muhiim ah oo xaaladda iyo jinsiga (F(1,834) = 8.36, p <0.001). Ragga ku jira xaalada aan la ogoleyn waxay muujiyeen indho indheyn xoog leh maadaama ay si aad ah ugu dheeraadeen meydadka (M = 54.37, SE = 8.99) marka loo eego ragga ku jira xaalada ogolaanshaha (M = 46.52, SE = 9.01; t(834) = 4.25, p <0.001) (eeg Jaantuska 1). Marka loo eego xaaladda aan oggolaanta ahayn, ragga ayaa sidoo kale soo bandhigay himilooyinka ujeeddooyinka ee ka badan haweenka, iyagoo waqti badan ku bixinaya eegaya maydad ka badan intii ay haweenku arkeen (M = 49.53, SE = 8.97; t(834) = 3.07, p = 0.002). Gaar ahaan, ma jirin farqi u dhexeeya lab iyo dheddig oo sidan oo kale ah marka la eego xaaladda la isku oggol yahay (p > 0.05).
Jcm 08 00706 g001 550
Jaantus 1. Qiyaasta celceliska celceliska (iyo qaladka caadiga ah) ee waqtiga lagu noolaado jidhka oo lagu qaato xaalad iyo jinsi. *** p <0.001; ** p <0.01.
Saamaynta natiijada OOS iyo dhibcaha AMMSA waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim ah (p <0.001), oo tilmaameysa in waqtiga qaraabada ee jirka uu ku kordhayo buundooyinka sare. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, tani waxay muujineysaa ujeedo ujeedo badan oo muuqata oo loogu talagalay ujeedo sare si loo diido loona aqbalo khuraafaadka ku saabsan xadgudubka galmada (eeg Shaxda 3).
Jadwalka 3. Saameynta saamiga waqtiga waqtiga la joogo jirka oo la fiiriyo.
Shaxda

4. Wadahadal

Waxaan soo bandhigeynaa ma ahan kaliya qiimeynta qeexan laakiin sidoo kale dabeecadda aragtida muuqata waxaa saameyn ku leh u qaadashada ogolaanshaha ama qeybinta ogolaanshaha ee sawirrada galmada.

4.1. Qiimaynta Sawirka

Kaqeybgaleyaasha moodayay qeybinta ogolaashaha inlagubolaqeeyo sawirka galmada, sida wadaagida ka soo horjeedka rabitaanka qofka lagusoo bandhigayo, waxey ku qiimeeyeen faafinta sii kordheysa ee sawirada inay tahay wax laga xumaado. Raadintaani waxay muujineysaa kaliya ma aha sawirka laftiisa ama dareenka shaqsiyeed ee ku saabsan galmada, laakiin sidoo kale macluumaadka ku xeeran ayaa la tixgeliyaa marka la qiyaasayo sida xunxun ee qeybinta sawir dheeraad ah. Waxa xiisaha lihi, haweenku waxay ku qiimeeyeen xumaanta xumaanta qaybinta hoose ee sawirada ragga marka loo eego kaqeyb galayaasha ragga. Marka aad aragto sawirada ragga kale, halista jilitaanka ee noqoshada dhibbane iyo in la wadaago sawirada qofka aan la aqbali karin ayaa laga yaabaa inay kordhaan ragga, taasoo horseedeysa qiimeyn sare oo xunxun. Sababo la xiriira sheekooyinka caanka ah ee galmada is-waafaqaan ee ku lug leh haweenka, kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka warqabaan halista shaqsiyadeed waqti kasta oo ka madaxbannaan xaaladda. Maaddaama cawaaqibta ka dhalan karta gudbinta ay aad ugu sii xumaanayso dumarka [43,44], kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka ah waxay u tixgelin karaan gudbinta kale inay tahay wax laga xumaado sababtoo ah cawaaqib xumada yar ee ragga. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa muhiim ah in la xuso in sawirada ragga iyo dumarka looma barbar dhigi karo midba midka kale daraasaddan maadama sawirrada sawirrada ay ku kala duwan yihiin. Ragga badanaa waxay soo bandhigaan wax galmo ka yar haweenka, taasna waxaa ugu wacan abuurista dabiiciga ah ee sawirada, laakiin waxay u badan tahay inay saameyn ku yeelato qiimeynta xunxun.
Guud ahaan, aqbalitaanka khuraafaadka guud ee kufsiga ayaa sababay hoos udhac xagga qiimeynta ah ee loo arko inay xun tahay qeybinta kale ee labada xaaladood. Ogolaanshaha sare ee khuraafaadka kufsiga ayaa calaamad u ah suurtagalnimada sare ee eedeeynta eedaysanaha, taas oo la jaanqaadi doonta hadalada halista ah ee guud ee ku saabsan galmada.7,12,22,45]. Marka loo eego, tixgalinta wadaagga ka-heshiin la'aanta ah ee halista galmada ayaa u oggolaaneysa yareynta heerka la filayo ee xumaanta qaybinta kale. Qofka sawirku ka muuqdo waxaa loo haystaa inuu mas'uul ka ahaa inuu qaatay sawirka si uu ugu bilaabo oo uu u noqdo doqon ama aan xisaab lahayn. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, qiyaasta masiibada ayaa yaraaneysa markii eedeeynta dhibbanayaasha ay kordhaan. Tani waa muhiim maadaama qaabkani uusan ahayn mid caadi ah oo keliya kiisaska sawirrada aargudashada [46] laakiin sidoo kale qaabab kale oo kadeedis galmo ah [26,47] oo xitaa wuxuu ku helay qaabkiisa ololayaasha 'sexting abstinence'20]. Marka laga hadlayo isku dhowaanshaha dareenka ee sawirada, haweenka u malaynaya qaybinta ogolaashaha ayaanay ku qiimeynay sawirada sida ay ugu dhowdahay labada jinsi marka loo eego haweenka u malaynaya wadaagista ogolaanshaha. Ragga, si kastaba ha noqotee, kuma kala duwanaanin oggolaanshaha qaybinta oggolaanshaha ama oggolaanta oggolaanshaha ee sawirrada ragga ama dumarka. Tan waxaa loo aanayn karaa xaqiiqda ah in haweenku ay aad ugu badan yihiin dhibbaneyaal galmo aan loo ogolaan karin [3] iyo in guud ahaan loo dhibaateeyo noocyada badan ee rabshadaha ku saleysan jinsiga [19,48]. Ka warqabka halista shaqsiyeed ee imaan kara waxay haweenka ka dhigeysaa inay aad ugu nugul yihiin ulajeeddooyinka qofka la sawiray iyo xad-gudubyada asturnaanta.
Si ka duwan sidii la filayay, habka loo malaynayo qaybinta ma saameynin sida kaqeybgalayaashu ugu qiimeeyeen soo jiidashada galmo. Daraasadihii hore ee iskuxirka hadafka iyo qiimeynta soojiidashada ayaa lasoo bandhigay dumarka xiran iyo dumarka isku midka ah46]. Isbeddellada noocan oo kale ah waxay u oggolaaneysaa kala duwanaansho ballaaran oo u dhexeeya xaaladaha. Adeegsiga isla sawirrada nus-labka ah labadaba shuruudood sida lagu sameeyay daraasaddeena ma noqon lahayn khalkhal ku filan oo lagu xakameeyo qiimeynta soo jiidashada muuqata. Saamaynta isdhaxgalka ee ka dhaxaysa lab iyo dheddig iyo muuqaalka muuqaalka, oo si aad ah ugu sarreeya qiimeynta ragga ee muuqaalka ragga, waxay u badan tahay sababaha asalka u ah sawirada mana aha macnaha guud. Sidaa darteed, uma tixgelinno inay yihiin kuwa ku habboon daraasaddan.

4.2. Ujeedka Ujeeddada

Fiirinta ujeedka, ayaa lagu qeexay waqtiga qadarka waqtiga jirka la fiiriyo, waxaa saameyn ku yeeshay xaalada iyo jinsi kaqeybgale. Ragga u malaynaya qaybinta ogolaashaha ayaanay ku soo bandhigeen aragtida ujeedo ka badan tan ragga u malaynaya wadaagid iskaa ah iyo in kabadan dumarka oo moodaya in labada nooc midkood loo qaybiyo. Sidaa daraadeed, waxaan awoodnay inaan muujino markii ugu horeysay in habka loo maleynayo qeybinta uu saameyn ku leeyahay sida ay kaqeybgalayaashu u fiirinayaan sawirada iyo sida ay si xoogan ugu muujinayaan aragtida ujeeddada. Baadhis hore ayaa soo jeedisay in gaar ahaan haweenku ay galmood ka yihiin warbaahinta.26,49,50] iyo inta lagu guda jiro is dhex galka dadka [51,52]. Maslaxadda ujeeddadu waxay la xiriirtaa dareenka bulsheed ee xun, duminta, iyo is-ujeedo.53,54,55]. In kasta oo muuqaalka kore ee haweenka la xariiriyay dareenka bulshada ee taban [54,55] iyo dhibaatooyinka caafimaadka maskaxda ee daran [55], cilmi baaris la barbar dhigi karo majiraan ragga.
In kasta oo inta badan looga hadlayo ragga, haweenka waxaa loo maleynayaa in ay ku dhexgaleen indho indhaynta si aad ah ay ugu muujinayaan haweenka kale sidoo kale [56]. Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasaddeena, ragga kaliya ee u malaynaya qaybinta oggolaanshaha aan la oggolaan karin ayaa ka duwan kooxaha kale ee kaqeyb gala, in kasta oo uusan saameyn ku yeelan jinsiga qofka la soo sawiray. Si ka duwan daraasadaha kale [57,58,59,60], maanaan helin raadayn nidaamsan oo muuqaal jinsi muuqaal ah xagga dhaqanka aragtida. Waxaan soo jeedineynaa in khalkhal gelintayadu ay meesha ka baxday baahiyo kale oo howleed oo dhaliyay in qaababka daawashada ay ka duwan yihiin xaaladaha daawashada lacag la’aanta ah, laga yaabo inay daboolaan saameynta muuqaalka jinsiga [61]. Iyada oo la raacayo daraasadihii hore, damacyada guud ee sare ee ka soo horjeedda kuwa kale, iyo sidoo kale aqbalaadda sare ee khuraafaadka kufsiga, waxay la xiriireen aragtida hadafyada aadka loo hadal hayo [35]. Tiro badan oo shaqooyin gaar ah oo jinsiyadeed iyo cawaaqib xumo ayaa laga soo sheegay aqbalaadda khuraafaadka kufsiga (dib u eegista fiiri [62]). Si kastaba ha noqotee, iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay isbeddelada dhaqanka, khuraafaadka kufsiga iyo aaminsanaanta jinsiyeed ayaa si sii kordheysa u sii muuqanaya markii la tixgalinayo oo lagu cabiray aqbalitaanka khuraafaadka casriga ah ee ku saabsan qiyaasta heerka gardarrada galmada halkan lagu dabaqay.63]. Daraasaddan ayaa ah tii ugu horreysay ee tixgelinaysa saameynta labada dhinac ee ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa indhaha waxayna soo jeedineysaa in dabeecadaha khayaali ah runtii ay saameyn ku yeeshaan dhaqanka aragtida. Saamayntan iyo saameyntooda waa in si baaris dheeri ah loogu baaro xaalada galmada.

4.3. Xadka iyo Cilmi-baarista Mustaqbalka

Daraasaddeenna waxaa lagu sameeyay shaybaarka si wanaagsan oo aqoon leh, kaqeybgaleyaal jinsi ah oo eegaya sawirada da 'yarta, qaangaarka soo jiidashada leh ee dhexdhexaad ahaa, kana duwan kiisaska aadka u daran ee wadaagista sawir wadaag ah [64]. Sidaas awgeed, wada-jirkeenna natiijooyinkeennu waxay u baahan yihiin baaritaan dheeri ah. Cilmi baarista mustaqbalku waa inay tixgelisaa saameynta isgoysyada (tusaale ahaan, midabka maqaarka ama da'da), maaddaama qodobbadaas ay quseeyaan duruufaha ujeeddooyinka [50]. Ku saabsan kaqeybgalayaasha, is-dhexgalka ayaa sidoo kale muhiim ah, maaddaama saameynta dhaqameed ee ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa indhaha [65], galmada66], iyo kadeedis galmo [67,68] la helay. Sababaha kale ee loogu baahan yahay in si dheeraad ah loogu xalliyo jirka (tusaale ahaan, isbarbardhiga bulshada) ama iska ilaalinta wajiyada (tusaale, ceeb) waa in sidoo kale la baaraa.
Sidaan kor ku soo sheegnay, daraasaddan waxaan diiradda ku saarnay kaqeybgaleyaasha qaangaarka ah laba sababood awgood: Marka hore, baahinta galmada ee dadka waaweyni runti way ka sarreeysaa dhalinyarada. Marka labaad, dan kama lihin muuqaalka wakiil ee tirada dadka isticmaala, laakiin isbarbardhiga tijaabada ee laba koox oo u dhigma. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa suurtagal ah in xiriirrada la muujiyey aysan ka dhex dhicin isticmaaleyaasha dhalinyarada. Sababtaas awgeed, ku-darsashada daraasadda hadda jirta ee kaqeyb galayaasha qaangaarnimada ayaa la jeclaan lahaa.
In kasta oo aan soo bandhignay in qaabka loo malaynayo qaybinta uu wax u dhimayo aragtida sawirada galmada, cilmi baaris tayo leh oo la weydiinayo macaamiisha ku saabsan galmada la isku halleyn karo ujeeddooyinkooda waxay u muuqdaan inay tahay tallaabo muhiim ah oo lagu sii cadeynaayo waxa ka dambeeya dhaqankaas, (tusaale ahaan, ku raaxeysiga awoodda) [69]. Dhinac kale waa hay'adda loo arko qofka la soo bandhigi karo oo laga yaabo inuu ku yaraado gudbinta ogolaashaha aan ogolaashaha la siin karin, taas oo iyana fududeyn karta ujeedka. Fikraddan waxay u baahan tahay baaritaan dheeri ah.
Maadaama ujeedo maalmeedka galmada maalin walba ay caan tahay [70], waa muhiim in la baaro oo la hormariyo aragtiyaha ku saabasan natiijooyinka suurta galka ah iyo in la sii sahamiyo waxyaabaha lamid ah ee udhaxeeya faraxumeynta galmada iyo isbadelka aan la ogolaan karin, ama rabshadaha teknolojiyadda guud ahaan fududeynaya.
Maaddaama isbeddelada degdega ah ee muuqaalka teknoolojiyadda ay si caadi ah ugu xirmaan noocyada cusub ee dabeecadaha gaarka ah (tusaale ahaan, galmada la isku waafaqi karo) aragtida hadda jirta (tusaale ahaan, galmada) waxay ku wargalin karaan abuuritaanka barnaamijyada ka hortagga [46,71]. Fikradda si wanaagsan loo baadhay ee 'heerarka laba jinsi' waxay soo jeedinaysaa in galmada dumarku inta badan loo arko inay tahay mid saafi ah oo dhaawac ah iyada oo loo marayo rabitaan firfircoon, iyada oo haweenku mas'uul ka tahay ka ilaalinta naftooda kahortaga galmada ragga ah72,73]. Tani waxay horseed u noqotaa mowqifka isku-dhafka ah ee haweenka la kulma cadaadis bulsheed iyo dhaqan inay noqdaan sexy halka isla mar ahaantaana ay la kulmaan cawaaqib xumo bulsheed oo xun marka ay isu muujinayaan qaab sidan oo kale ah internetka [74,75]. Tixgalinta laba jibaarka heerka galmada waxay noo ogolaaneysaa inaan fahamno galmo aan caadi aheyn oo ah dib u xaqiijinta doorka lamaanaha ee lama huraanka ah ee haweenka ka dhigaya xukunka ragga.53,55]. Gabdhuhu waxay u badan tahay inay ku lug yeeshaan is-muujinta galmada ee shabakadaha bulshada waxaana fiiro gaar ah la siiyaa muuqaalkooda muuqaalka ah marka loo eego kuwa wiilasha [76], dhinacyada taranka ayaa loo baahan yahay in la qaddariyo [17,77]. In kasta oo doodo laga yeeshay in loo tixgeliyo galmada inay tahay awood (bulsho) soosaar warbaahinta78,79] iyo in loo muujiyo muuqaal sexy sidii ficil dhedig ah si looga hortago saameynta xun ee isbeheysiga [80], dib u qaabaynta togan waxay xambaarsan tahay cawaaqib xumada xun ee caadi ka dhigida dareenka galmo ee aan loo baahnayn, taas oo ka badan karta faa'iidooyinka suurtagalka ah ee is-ilaalinta shakhsiyeed [71].

5. Gabagabo

Gabagabadii, waxaan soo bandhignay in aragtida akhlaaqda iyo qiimeynta sawirada sexting ay saameyn ku yeeshaan baahidooda ogolaashaha ama qeybinta ogolaashaha. Iyada oo la raacayo aragtida ujeeddada, 'aragtida ku-habboonaanta' ayaa si qotodheer loogu dhawaaqayaa ragga u malaynaya qaybinta sawir aan oggolaansho ka muuqan, taasoo la macno ah inay waqti aad u dheer ka eegayeen jirka qofka muujiyey. 'Aragtida' objectending '' sidoo kale waxaa loogu dhawaaqayaa kaqeybgalayaasha qaba dookh sare si ay u aqbalaan khuraafaadka ku saabsan gardarrada galmada ama u janjeerta guud ee dadka kale. Natiijooyinka waxay soo jeedinayaan in ololayaasha ka hortagga ee diirada saaraya farriinta guud ee ka-fogaanshaha galmada oo sidaas darteed u xilsaarta mas'uuliyadda is-waafajinta ee sawirrada noocaas ah dadka la soo bandhigo aaney ku filneyn. Taa bedelkeed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la muujiyo sharci-darrada sharci-darrada qaybinta oggolaanshaha oggolaanshaha ee sawirrada galmada, gaar ahaan ragga isticmaaleya qalabka. Tan waxaa lagu samayn karaa, tusaale ahaan, marka lagu jiro nuxurka dhacdooyinka waxbarasho ee dugsiga, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira ugu yaraan hal tusaale oo ah olole ka-hortag dadweyne oo habboon: http://notyourstoshare.scot/. Kaliya iyada oo la adeegsanayo tallaabooyinkaan ama kuwa la midka ah ayaa laga hortegi karaa cawaaqib xumada nafsiyeed ee ba'an ee bulshada iyo u xoogsheegashada internetka muddada dheer.

Gacan-siinta

Fikradda guud, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, iyo PB; habka, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; kumbuyuutar, ma khuseyso; falanqaynta rasmiga ah, FW, AD (Anne Daubmann), HOP; baaritaanka, FW; kheyraadka, AD (Arne Dekker), PB; xog uruurin, FW; qoraal - diyaarinta asalka qabyada ah, AD (Arne Dekker), FW; qorista — dib u eegista iyo tafatirka, AD (Arne Dekker), FW, PB; muuqaal, FW; kormeer, PB; maamulka mashruuca, AD (Arne Dekker); helitaanka maalgelinta, PB

Maalgelinta

Daraasaddan waxaa maalgeliyey Wasaaradda Waxbarashada iyo Cilmi-baarista ee Jarmalka (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF, 01SR1602).

Mahadnaq

Waxaan jeclaan lahayn inaan uga mahadcelino dhammaan tabaruceyaasha bixinta sawirradooda.

Khilaafaadka Danta

Qorayaashu ma sheegaan khilaafka danta.

tixraacyada

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