Farqiyada Lamaanaha ee Xiriirka ku Saabsan Waxqabadka Galmoodka ee Jinsi Cad iyo Jacayl Galmo iyo Rabitaan Jinsi: Daraasad Jaantus Bulsho (2018)

Jacques van Lankveld, Kenny Wolfs & Andrea Grauvogl (2018)

Farqiyada Lamaanaha ee Xiriirka Waxqabadka Galmoodka ee Sinji iyo Jaceylka Galmada oo Cad iyo Rabitaanka Galmada: Daraasad Saamiga Jaaliyada,
Jariidadda Cilmi-
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2018.1542656

aan la taaban karin

Daraasaddan xaadirka ah waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu baaro ururrada garashada tooska ah iyo kantaroolka leh ee ku saleysan galmada, iyo dhexdhexaadnimada ururadaan iyadoo laga shaqeynayo awooda xusuusta ee bulshada muunad ka ah haweenka galmada (jinsi ahaan)N = 65) iyo rag (N = 51) Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay sameeyeen laba tijaabo oo hal-beeg ah oo Iskudhaf ah (ST-IATs) si loo qiimeeyo jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka dareenka kacsiga. Daraasadda Fikradda Galmada (SOS) waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiimeeyo jacaylka cad ee jinsiga. Tilmaamaha Caalamiga ah ee Waxqabadka Qalitaanka (IIEF) iyo Tilmaamaha Waxqabadka Galmada Dumarka (FSFI) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiimeeyo shaqada galmada. Awoodda xusuusta shaqeynta waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Towers of Hanoi hawsha iyo niyadda iyadoo la adeegsanayo Iskeelka Walaaca iyo Niyadjabka Isbitaalka (HADS). Kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka, heerarka sare ee howlaha galmada waxay lajireen iskudhafyo xoogan oo xoogan oo kiciya shucuur rabitaan leh, halka jecleysiga galmada aan tooska aheyn aysan xiriir laheyn heerka howlaha galmada. Kaqeybgalayaasha labka ah, heerarka sare ee howlaha galmada ayaa si wada jir ah ulaqarxay jeclaanta hoose ee dareenka kacsiga, halka jinsiga tooska ah ee rabitaanka uusan laxiriirin howlaha galmada. Dhibcaha eroophilia ee sareeya waxay la xiriireen heerar sare oo hawlo galmo ah oo ku saabsan dumarka iyo ragga labadaba, laakiin walwalka iyo astaamaha niyadjabka waxay ku xirnaayeen shaqada galmada. Awoodda xusuusta ee shaqeyneysa ma dhexdhexaadin ururada u dhexeeya erotophilia iyo howlaha galmada.

Moodooyinka fikradaha ah ee dhiirrigelinta galmada ee haweenka iyo ragga ayaa dib u dhigay ku lug lahaanshaha labadaba la xakameeyay (ama ula kac ah) iyo geedi socodka garashada otomaatiga ah (Barlow, 1986 Barlow, DH (1986). Sababaha unugyada galmada: Kaalinta walaaca iyo faragelinta garashada. Journal of latalinta iyo cilmi nafsiga, 54, 140-148. doi:10.1037 / 0022-006X.54.2.140[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Janssen, Everaerd, Spiering, & Janssen, 2000 Janssen, E., Everaerd, W., Spining, M., & Janssen, J. (2000). Hababka otomaatiga ah iyo qiimeynta kicinta galmada: U dhowow nooc macluumaad macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan kicinta galmada. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 37, 8-23. doi:10.1080/00224490009552016[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Van Lankveld iyo al., 2015 Van Lankveld, JJDM, - Odekerken, I., - Kok-Verhoeven, L., - van Hooren, S., de Vries, P., Van Den Hout, A., & - P. (2015). 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Waxay awood u leedahay inay si isku mid ah u socodsiiso qaybo kala duwan oo macluumaad ah oo laga helo aragti ballaadhan iyo qaabab dareen oo kala duwan waxayna u baahan tahay ugu yaraan WMC. Nidaaminta la xakameynayo, marka la barbardhigo, waxay u dhacdaa si taxaddar leh oo gaabis ah Waxay awood u leedahay inay ka takhalusto jawaabaha otomaatigga ah (dhiirrigelinta ah) (Hofmann & Friese, 2008 - Hofmann, W., & Friese, M. (2008). Khamriga ayaa sifiican ii roonaaday. Wargeyska cilmi nafsiga ee aan caadiga ahayn, 117, 420-427. doi:10.1037 / 0021-843X.117.2.420[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Strack & Deutsch, 2004 Xarig, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Go’aammo milicsi leh oo dhiirigeliya dhaqanka bulshada. Dib-u-eegista Shakhsiga iyo Cilmi-nafsiga Bulshada, 8, 220-247. doi:10.1207 / s15327957pspr0803_1[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), laakiin hawshiisa si xoogleh ayey ugu xiran tahay helitaanka WMC. Hoos udhac ku yimid WMC, sidaa daraadeed, waxay curyaamineysaa shaqada sharciyeynta garashada la xakameynayo, waxayna u oggolaaneysaa habab otomaatig ah inay xakameeyaan natiijooyinka dabeecadda iyo jir ahaaneed. Markii loo adeegsado galmada, aragtida laba-geedi socodka ayaa saadaalineysa in WMC hooseyso ama hoos udhaceyso ay kordhin doonto saameynta (taban) qiimaynta otomaatiga ah isla markaana yareyn doonta tan (togan) qiimeynta xakameysan ee ku saabsan shaqeynta galmada. Ururada otomaatiga ah waxaa loo qaadanayaa inay ka tarjumayaan fikradaha guud ee dhaqanka ee lagu gudbiyay is dhexgalka bulshada (Nosek et al., 2009 Sanka, BA, Smyth, FL, - Sriram, N., Lindner, NM, - Devos, T., - Ayala, A., ... Greenwald, AG (2009). Kala duwanaanshaha qaran ee fikradaha jinsi-saynisku waxay saadaalinayaan kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee qaran ee sayniska iyo xisaabta. Talaabooyinka Akademiyada Qaranka ee Sayniska ee Maraykanka, 106, 10593-10597. doi:10.1073 / pnas.0809921106[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Steffens & Buchner, 2003 Steffens, MC, & - Buchner, A. (2003). Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Ururka: Kala saarista si kumeelgaar ah xasillooni ahaan u deggan oo ka kooban qaabab kala duwan oo aragtiyaha ku wajahan ragga khaniisiinta ah. Cilmiga cilmi-nafsiga, 50, 33-48. doi:10.1027 // 1618-3169.50.1.33[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) iyo taariikhda waxbarasho ee shaqsiga (Gonzalez, Dunlop, & Baron, 2017 - Gonzalez, AM, qalbi jab, WL, & Baron, AS (2017). Culeysnaanta ururada iskahorimaadyada oo dhan. Sayniska Horumarka, 20. doi:10.1111 / desc.12481[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Waxay ku bartaan isku-dhafka soo noqnoqda ee dareenka leh xaalad shucuur leh (Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006 - Gawronski, B., & - Bodenhausen, GV (2006). Geedi socodka wada shaqeynta iyo soo jeedinta ee qiimeynta: Dib u eegis isku dhafan oo isbedel dabeecadeed oo cad iyo cad. Bulshada Cilmi-nafsiga, 132, 692-731. doi:10.1037 / 0033-2909.132.5.692[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Jaantus 1.  Moodal-qaab-socodka qaab galmo shaqo.

Muuji cabbirka buuxa

Qaybaha kala duwan ee habka laba-geesoodka ah ee shaqada galmada ayaa si tijaabo ah loo tijaabiyay. Kooxda koowaad ee daraasadaha ee dib loo eegi doono waxay diirada saarayaan dhinaca awooda farsamaynta xaddidan ee garashada. Dhowr daraasadood oo tijaabo ah oo ragga iyo dumarka ah, iyada oo la adeegsanayo laba-hawl ama tusaalooyin jahwareer ah, jawaabaha galmada ee xubnaha taranka ayaa la ogaaday inay ku kala duwan yihiin iyadoo kuxiran helitaanka awooda habeynta macluumaadka (Adams, Haynes, & Brayer, 1985 Adams, AE, III, Haynes, SN, & Brayer, MA (1985). Feejignaanta garashada ee galmada kacsiga dumarka. Psychophysiology, 22, 689-696. doi:10.1111 / j.1469-8986.1985.tb01669.x[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Anderson & Hamilton, 2015 Anderson, AB, & Hamilton, LD (2015). Qiimaynta mashquulka ka imanaya kicinta dareenka ee faragelinta qotoda dheer. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 52, 317-326. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.876608[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; - Elliott & O'Donohue, 1997 - Elliott, AN, & O'Donohue, WT (1997). Saamaynta walaaca iyo mashquulinta galmo kacsi gal ah muunad aan caafimaad aheyn oo dumarka galmada ku dhaca. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 26, 607-624.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Geer & Fuhr, 1976 Geeraar, JH, & Fuhr, R. (1976). Sababaha fahamka ee kacsiga galmada: Doorka mashquulka. Journal of latalinta iyo cilmi nafsiga, 44, 238-243. doi:10.1037 / 0022-006X.44.2.238[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Salemink & van Lankveld, 2006 Salemink, E., & Van Lankveld, JJ (2006). Saamaynta sii kordheysa ku jeedinta dhexdhexaadnimada ee jawaabta galmada ee dumarka leh dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo kuwa aan lahayn. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 35, 179-190. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-9014-2[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; van Lankveld & Bergh, 2008 Van Lankveld, JJDM, & Bergh, S. (2008). Is dhexgalka ee gobolka iyo dabeecadaha dabeecadda ee ahmiyada lasaarayo waxay saameyn kuyeelataa xubnaha taranka, laakiin ma ahan mid laxiriira, galmo kacsi galmo dumarka kacsan. Dabeecadda Cilmi-baarista iyo Daaweynta, 46, 514-528. doi:10.1016 / j.brat.2008.01.017[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; van Lankveld iyo van Den Hout, 2004 Van Lankveld, JJDM, & Van Den Hout, MA (2004). Kordhinta mashquulinta dhexdhexaadnimada waxay ka hortageysaa xubinta taranka laakiin ma ahan mid kacsi galmo leh ee galmo shaqeysa iyo ragga. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 33, 549-558. doi:10.1023 / B: ASEB.0000044739.29113.73[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Xusuusnow in daraasadahan, waqtigii la qabtay lana daabacay, aan loo qaabeyn sidii tijaabooyin saadaalin ah oo laga soo qaatay qaabka laba-geesoodka ah. Taabadalkeed waa la qaabeeyey, tusaale ahaan, iyagoo tijaabinaya saameynta jahwareerka, kororka garashada garashada, iyo hoos u dhigida awoodda feejignaanta ee ku saabsan galmada iyo dareenka galmada. Jawaabaha xubinta taranka ee dareenka kacsiga waxaa la ogaaday inay yareyso markii labaad, isku mar la fuliyo, hawsha garashada ay qabatay qaybo badan oo ka mid ah awooda wax qabad ee la heli karo, in kasta oo daraasadaha qaarkood, si ka duwan, ay ogaadeen in jahwareerka garashada uu fududeeyay jawaabaha kacsiga (Abrahamson, Barlow, Sakheim, Beck , & Athanasiou, 1985 Abrahamson, DJ, Barlow, DH, Sakheem, DK, Beck, JG, & - Athanasiou, R. (1985). Saamaynta ku mashquulinta jawaab celinta galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka. Daaweynta Dabeecadda, 16, 503-515. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(85)80028-9[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Janssen, Everaerd, Van Lunsen, & Oerlemans, 1994 Janssen, E., Everaerd, W., - Van Lunsen, RH, & Oerlemans, S. (1994). Xaqiijinta qiimaynta cilmu-nafsi ee soo-kicinta tooska ah (WEA) ee ogaanshaha cudurka cilad-gudubka ragga.. urology, 43, 686–695; dooddii 695–686. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(94)90185-6[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Tiro yar oo daraasado ah, qaabka Imtixaanka Isbahaysiga (IAT) (Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998 Greenwald, AG, - McGhee, DE, & - Schwartz, JL (1998). Cabbirka kala duwanaanshaha shaqsiyadeed ee garashada saxda ah: Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Isuduwaha. Journal of Personality iyo Psychology Social, 74, 1464-1480. doi:10.1037 / 0022-3514.74.6.1464[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu tijaabiyo shey kale oo ka yimid hannaanka laba-geedi socodka, kaas oo ah, tabarrucaadka qaraabada ee iskaashatooyinka is-miidaaminta ah iyo kuwa la kontoroolo oo leh dhiirrigelin kiciya galmada. IAT ujeedadeedu waa in lagu cabbiro xoogga isbahaysiga otomaatiga ah ee xusuusta u dhexeeya laba lammaane oo fikradaha ah (loo yaqaan lammaanaha bartilmaameedka iyo lammaanayaasha sifo). Si taas loo sameeyo, kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa la faray inay ku wareejiyaan waxyaabaha ka soo baxa shaashadda kumbuyuutarka qaybaha iyagoo riixaya furayaasha loo qoondeeyay kumbuyuutarkooda Tusaha IAT waxaa laga xisaabiyaa kala duwanaanshaha xilliyada falcelinta inta udhaxeysa kicinta bilawga iyo jawaabaha muhiimka ah ee saxaafadda ee isku dhafka fikradaha kala duwan. Waxaan u tixraaceynaa habka garashada ee aasaasiga ah "si otomaatig ah oo ka soo horjeedda" marka aan ka wada hadalno arrimaha fikradaha iyo natiijooyinka garashada garashada ee "aan toos ahayn oo cad" markaan ka hadlayno xogta iyo natiijooyinka. Daraasaddan xaadirka ah, Imtixaanka Isbahaysiga Hal-abuurka ah ee Hal-beegga ah (ST-IAT) ayaa loo adeegsaday, taas oo ah hal-beegsi hal bartilmaameed oo ah IAT (Bluemke & Friese, 2008 - Bluemke, M., & Friese, M. (2008). Isku halaynta iyo ansaxnimada barnaamijka Single-Target IAT (ST-IAT): Qiimaynta si otomaatig ah u taabashada walxaha badan ee dabeecadda. Joornaalka Yurub ee Cilmi-nafsiga Bulshada, 38, 977-997. doi:10.1002 / ejsp.487[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). IAT-ga, laba qaybood oo iska soo horjeeda ayaa lagu soo daray kuwaas oo matalaya dabiici ahaan ka soo horjeedda (tusaale ahaan, ragga iyo dumarka, jilicsanaanta ka soo hor jeeda). Noocyada iska soo horjeeda ee noocan ah diyaar uma aha helitaanka kicinta galmada, sidaas darteedna dhiirrigelinta galmada ayaa loo isticmaalay inay ahaato hal bartilmaameed.

Daraasad indho-indheyn ah, ururo maldahan oo ku saabsan dareenka xubinta taranka haweenka oo leh karaahiyo iyo hanjabaad ayaa la qiimeeyay (Borg, de Jong, & Weijmar Schultz, 2010 - Borg, C., de Jong, PJ, & Weijmar Schultz, W. (2010). Vaginismus iyo dyspareunia: Automatic vs. si ula kac ah oo jawaab celin nacayb ah. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 7, 2149-2157. doi:10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2010.01800.x[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) isticmaalka laba ST-IAT. Haweenka qaba xanuun xagga galmada ama siilka ayaa laga helay inay muujiyaan xiriirro saafi ah oo ka dhexeeya galmada iyo nacaybka marka loo eego dumarka aan magac lahayn. Daraasad lagu sameeyay da 'yarta waaweyn ee caafimaadka qabta, ururada galmada-nacayb-STAT IAT si adag ugama xidhnayn u shaqaynta galmada iyo sidoo kale jawaab-celinta galmada ee kacsan ama galmada ah ee ku saabsan kicinta shucuurta (Grauvogl et al., 2015 - Grauvogl, A., de Jong, P., Peters, M., Evers, S., van overveld, M., & Van Lankveld, J. (2015). Nacayb iyo kacsi galmo ee ragga iyo dumarka dhalinyarada ah. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1515-1525. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0349-4[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Daraasad kale oo ST-IAT ah (Brauer et al., 2012 Brauer, M., - van Leeuwen, M., Janssen, E., Guri cusub, SK, Heimaan, JR, & - Laan, E. (2012). Feejignaan iyo saameyn ku yeelashada kicinta galmada ee dumarka qaba naafanimada rabitaanka galmada. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 41, 891-905. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9820-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), haweenka lagu soo ogaadey waqtiga cudurka hypoactive damaca galmada (HSDD) waxay soo bandhigeen rajo yar (laakiin aan ka sii badneyn) ururada cad ee xubinta taranka dumarka oo leh firfircooni wanaagsan, marka la barbar dhigo dumarka shaqeeya galmada.

Rabshaduhu waxay door ka ciyaaraan labadaba saameynta ("jeclaanta") iyo dhiirigelinta ("doonaya") qiimooyinka laga yaabo inay ku yeeshaan saameyn kaladuwan xagga galmada (Dewitte, 2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Labada noocba qiimayntu waxay ku dhisan tahay aragtida dareenka (eeg Frijda, 1993 - Frijda, NH (1993). Meesha qiimeynta shucuur ahaan. Garashada iyo Dareenka, 7, 357-387. doi:10.1080/02699939308409193[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) sida go'aaminta heerka qadarinta (jeclaanta) kicinta iyo u janjeerida u dhowaanshaha ama ka fogaanshaha kicinta (rabitaanka). Dhawaan, dhismayaashaan waxaa lagu dabaqay qaabka neerfaha ee shaqada galmada (Georgiadis, Kringelbach, & Pfaus, 2012 Georgiadis, JR, - Kringelbach, ML, & Fafaus, JG (2012). Galmo madadaalo: Isku-duwaha neerfaha maskaxda iyo bini’aadamka. Natiijooyinka Falanqaynta Dabeecada, 9, 486-498. doi:10.1038 / nrurol.2012.151[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Qaabkan, rabitaanku waa weji dhiirrigelin ah oo ka jawaab celinta galmada ah oo si miyir qab ah loogu dareemi karo rabitaanka galmada ee sii kordhaya, halka jeclaanta ay door weyn ka ciyaareyso wajiga cunsuriyada oo ka muuqato astaamo jinsi ahaaneed iyo kacsi. Kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka waxaa lagu muujiyey shaybaarrada bukaanka ee balwadaha daroogada sharci darrada ah (Robinson & Berridge, 1993 Robinson, TE, & Berridge, KC (1993). Aasaaska asalka ee damaca daroogada: Fikradda dhiirrigelinta-dareenka ee balwadda. Dib u eegista Cilmi baarista, 18, 247-291. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], 2008 Robinson, TE, & Berridge, KC (2008). Fikradda dhiirrigelinta dhiirrigelinta ee balwadaha: arrimaha qaarkood xilligan. Xawaaladda Falsafadda ee Royal Society of London. Taxanaha B, Cilmiga Bayoolaji, 363, 3137-3146. doi:10.1098 / rstb.2008.0093[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) iyo dhibaatooyinka cunnada (Tibboel et al., 2011 - Tibboel, H., De Houwer, J., Isbaanish, A., Goobta, M., Xaraashyada, E., & - Crombez, G. (2011). Tijaabinta ansaxnimada talaabooyinka cad ee rabitaanka iyo jeclaanta. Journal of Theharapy Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 284-292. doi:10.1016 / j.jbtep.2011.01.002[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Sidaa daraadeed, marka loo eego ururada jecel jinsiga ee cad, ururadu waxay jecel yihiin galmo, iyagoo muujinaya dhiirigelin toos ah oo galmo.

Ururada qarsoodiga ah ee kicinta erotic ee jecel iyo rabitaanka labadaba waxaa lagu baaray bukaanada dumarka ah ee qaba dhibaatooyinka galmada dumarka iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada (van Lankveld, Bandell, Bastin-Hurek, van Beurden, & Araz, 2018 Van Lankveld, JJDM, Bandel, M., Bastin-Hurek, E., van Beurden, M., & Araas, S. (2018). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta dumarka qaba dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo kuwa aan lahayn. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 47, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1152-4[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Labada kooxba, ururro xoog leh oo muuqaal ah oo kiciya dareen-kicinta iyo rabitaanka ayaa lala xiriiriyay heerar sare oo ah galmada. Marka la barbar dhigo dumarka nonsymptomatic, haweenka qaba dhibaatooyinka galmada waxaa la helay inay muujiyaan jaaliyado xun oo qalqal gal ah oo dareen kicis ah iyada oo doonaysa, tilmaamaysa kicinta galmada tooska ah. Intaa waxaa u dheer, qiimeynta saxda ah ee togan ee sare ee dhiiri galinta waxay la xiriirtaa heerar hooseeya ee dhibaatada galmada ee labada koox. Labada koox kuma aysan kala duwanaaneyn marka loo eego ururada ku saleysan dhiirrigelinta galmada ee jecel.

Ururada tooska ah iyo kuwa doonaya, ee lagu cabiray isticmaalka ST-IAT, ayaa sidoo kale lagu baaray bukaanada urologiska ragga ah iyo iyadoo aan lahayn galmada (van Lankveld et al., 2015 Van Lankveld, JJDM, - Odekerken, I., - Kok-Verhoeven, L., - van Hooren, S., de Vries, P., Van Den Hout, A., & - P. (2015). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta shukaansi ee ragga iyo dumarka shaqo la'aan. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1791-1804. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12930[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). In kasta oo ay labada kooxood ku kala aragti duwan yihiin xidhiidhka muuqda ee kicinta dareen-kicinta leh ee jeclaysiga, jihada farqiga u muuqda mid lama filaan ah: Ragga galmada ayaa la ogaaday inay xariir wanaagsan la leeyihiin niyad wanaagsana ka leeyihiin ragga caafimaad qabka ah. Labada koox kuma aysan kala duwanaaneyn marka loo eego rabitaan cad. Daraasad labaad oo ka socota bukaan-jiifka ragga ee cilmiga urologga ah iyo kuwa aan lahayn dhibaatooyinka galmada ayaa la soo saaray, iyada oo kaqeybgalayaasha heerarka hoose ee howlaha galmada ay muujinayaan xiriir adag oo galmada wanaagsan. Saameyntani waxay ugu badneyd kooxda da 'yarta ah (van Lankveld et al., 2018 Van Lankveld, JJDM, de Jong, PJ, Henckens, MJMJ, - Den Hollander, P., Van Den Hout, AJHC, & de Vries, P. (2018). Is-jeclaanta galmada tooska ah iyo ururada-guuldarada galmada ee ragga qaba naafada galmada. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 55, 802-813. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1394960[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Muunad arday ah oo aan caafimaad ahayn, dhowr qaybood oo ka mid ah hab dhaqanka galmada ee ragga ayaa la saadaaliyay inay ugu fiican tahay natiijooyinkooda jinsi ee cad, halka habdhaqanka galmada ee haweenka sida ugu fiican loo saadaaliyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo buundooyin-rabitaan cad oo jinsi ah (Dewitte, 2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Dhammaan daraasadihii hore dib loo eegay ee ururada iskaashiga tooska ah ee leh dhiiri galinta, shaqsiyaadka leh iyo iyada oo aan galmada la isbarbar dhigin, waxay u dhigeysaa kala go 'ka dhexeysa howlo galmo oo caafimaad qabta, oo ku saleysan hanaan hoosaadyo kala duwan (tusaale ahaan, Barlow, 1986 Barlow, DH (1986). Sababaha unugyada galmada: Kaalinta walaaca iyo faragelinta garashada. Journal of latalinta iyo cilmi nafsiga, 54, 140-148. doi:10.1037 / 0022-006X.54.2.140[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Marka la barbardhigo noocyada caafimaad ama noocyada kala duwan ee shaqada galmada iyo cillad la'aanta (wadahadal, fiiri Pronier & Monk-Turner, 2014 Dhacdooyin, C., & Daanyeer-Turner, E. (2014). Sababaha keenaya qanacsanaanta galmada haweenka: Isbarbar dhig ku saabsan moodooyinka caafimaadka iyo bulshada. Journal of Daraasaadka Jinsiga, 23, 69-80. doi:10.1080/09589236.2012.752347[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), qaabka cabirka cilmu-nafsiga (Anderson, Huppert, & Rose, 1993 Anderson, J., Hufool, F., & Saraar, G. (1993). Caadiyan, weecinta iyo cudurada dhimirka ee bulshada dhexdeeda. Qaabka ku saleysan dadweynaha ee xog-ururinta Guud ee Caafimaadka ee Sahanka Caafimaadka iyo Hab-nololeedka. Daaweynta maskaxda, 23, 475-485. doi:10.1017 / S0033291700028567[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) wuxuu dib u dhigaa jiritaanka sii socoshada calaamadaha xanuunka dhimirka ee dadka, laga bilaabo maqnaanshaha guud ee shakhsiyaadka aan magac u laheyn ilaa astaan ​​buuxda oo laga helo dadka qaba xanuunnada maskaxda ee daran (Kessler, 2002 - Kessler, RC (2002). Qiimeynta qeybaha guud ee cabbirka qiyaasta ee cilmiga bulshada ee cudurka dhimirka. Journal of Caafimaadka iyo Dhaqanka Bulshada, 43, 171-188. doi:10.2307/3090195[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Caddaynta jiritaanka cabbir, calaamado joogto ah oo loo qaybiyo dadka ayaa lagu ogaaday inay ku kala duwan yihiin dhibaatooyinka maskaxda (tusaale ahaan, Fraley & Spieker, 2003 Fraley, RC, & - Spieker, SJ (2003). Qaababka lifaaqa ilmaha si joogto ah ama qayb ahaan ma loo qaybiyaa? Falanqaynta taxometric ee dabeecadda qalaad. Cilmi-nafsiga maskaxda, 39, 387-404. doi:10.1037 / 0012-1649.39.3.387[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Xasam, 2003a Xasam, N. (2003a). Qaababka wejiga hore ee qaab dhimirka ee jahwareerka: Caddaynta canshuurta. Australian iyo New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 696-704. doi:10.1111 / j.1440-1614.2003.01258.x[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Haslam, 2003b; Sulaymaan, Haaga, iyo Arnow, 2001 Sulaymaan, A., Haaga, DAF, & Caano, BA (2001). Niyad jabku wuxuu ka duwan yahay astaamaha murugada hoosaadka ee guriga? Dib-u-eegid ku saabsan arrinta sii wadista cilmi baarista niyad-jabka. Joornaalka Cudurka neerfaha iyo Maskaxda, 189, 498-506. doi:10.1097 / 00005053-200108000-00002[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Thewissen, Bentall, Lecomte, van Os, & Myin-Germeys, 2008 Thewissen, V., - Bentall, RP, - Lecomte, T., Van Os, J., & Miin-Germeys, I. (2008). Isbadallada ku dhaca isku-kalsoonaanta iyo is-fahansiinta xaaladda nolol maalmeedka. Wargeyska cilmi nafsiga ee aan caadiga ahayn, 117, 143-153. doi:10.1037 / 0021-843X.117.1.143[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Forbes, Baillie, iyo Schniering (2016 Forbes, MK, - Baillie, AJ, & Dheecaan, CA (2016). Dhibaatooyinka galmada ma waxaa lagu darayaa muuqaalka gudaha? Isbarbardhiga moodooyinka cabbirka iyo astaamaha. Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 42, 70-90. doi:10.1080 / 0092623X.2014.996928[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) soojeedisay nooc cabbir ah oo ku saabsan habsami u galmo galmada iyada oo qayb ka ah cabbirrada jahwareerka, oo ay weheliso murugo iyo jahwareer. Iyadoo la adeegsanaayo falanqaynta daahsoon ee muuqaalka qarsoon iyo qaabaynta isla'egta qaab dhismeedka (SEM), xogta haweenka waxaa la helay inay ku habboonaan karto qaabka cabbir ahaan marka loo eego xogta ragga (Forbes et al., 2016 Forbes, MK, - Baillie, AJ, & Dheecaan, CA (2016). Dhibaatooyinka galmada ma waxaa lagu darayaa muuqaalka gudaha? Isbarbardhiga moodooyinka cabbirka iyo astaamaha. Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 42, 70-90. doi:10.1080 / 0092623X.2014.996928[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Xogta ragga ayaa sifiican ugu habboon qaabka noocyada. Iyadoo la waafajinayo aragtida cabirka, ee kaqeybgalayaasha daraasaddan xaadirka ah waxaa laga qortay dadweynaha guud si loo baaro xiriirka ka dhexeeya howlaha galmada iyo tooska iyo xakamaynta rabitaanka iyo jeclaanta ururada leh kicinta erotic iyo dhexdhexaadnimada xiriirradan WMC. Sida ugu fiican ee aqoonteenna ah, fikirka udub-dhexaadka u ah qaabka laba-geedi socodka ah ee kacsiga galmada-in saamaynta ururada garashada otomaatiga ah iyo kuwa la xakameeyo ee ku saabsan howlaha galmada ay dhexdhexaadinayaan WMC-weli lama tijaabin. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, daraasad isweydaarsi ah, waxaan ugu tala galnay inaan ku sameyno tijaabadii ugu horeysay ee dadweynaha guud ee fikraddan ah in howlaha galmada ay go'aaminayaan labada qiimeyn ee otomaatiga ah iyo kuwa la xakameynayo, iyo in saameynta qaraabada ee noocyada qiimeynta ah ay wax ka beddeleyso WMC. Marka la eego imminka la heli karo waxqabadyada garashada-habdhaqanka ee daaweynta dhibaatooyinka galmada ayaa diirada saaraya inta badan qormooyinka garashada garashada la heli karo (Berner & Gunzler, 2012 - Berner, M., & Qoryaha, C. (2012). Waxtarnimada waxqabadyada nafsaani-ahaaneed ee ragga iyo dumarka qaba naafonimada galmada – Dib u eegis nidaamsan oo ku saabsan tijaabooyinka caafimaad ee la xakameeyay: Qeybta 1-waxgalnimada faragalinta nafsaani-bulsho ee galmada lab.. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 9, 3089-3107. doi:10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2012.02970.x[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Fruhauf, Gerger, Schmidt, Munder, & Barth, 2013 - Fruhauf, S., Gerger, H., - Schmidt, HM, Murugo, T., & Barth, J. (2013). Wax ku oolnimada waxqabadyada cilmi-nafsiyeed ee naafeynta galmada: Dib-u-fiirin habaysan iyo falanqayn-meta. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 42, 915-933. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-0062-0[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Qoryaha & Berner, 2012 Qoryaha, C., & - Berner, MM (2012). Waxtarnimada waxqabadyada nafsaani-ahaaneed ee ragga iyo dumarka qaba naafonimada galmada – Dib u eegis nidaamsan oo ku saabsan tijaabooyinka caafimaad ee la xakameeyay: Qeybta 2 –Wax u adeegsiga wax ka qabashada nafsaani-bulsho ee naafeynta haweenka.. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 9, 3108-3125. doi:10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2012.02965.x[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Ter Kuile, Labadaba, & van Lankveld, 2010 - Ter Kuile, MM, Labadaba, S., & Van Lankveld, J. (2010). Daaweynta dabeecadda garashada ee loogu talagalay naafeynta galmada haweenka. Rugaha Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 33, 595-610. doi:10.1016 / j.psc.2010.04.010[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), tijaabinta mala-awaalka ee hannaanka laba-geedi socodka shaqada galmada ayaa yeelan kara saameyn muhiim ah oo caafimaad.

Waxaan tijaabinay fikradaha soo socda:

H1: Haweenka dhexdiisa, heerka heerka galmada waxaa si weyn loola xiriirin doonaa ururada cad ee shucuurta rabitaanka iyo rabitaanka galmada: natiijooyinka adag ee galmada ee cad waxay la xiriiri doonaan heerar sare oo ah galmada.

H2: Ragga, heerka ka shaqeynta galmada waxaa si weyn loola xiriirin doonaa ururada cad ee shucuurta rabitaanka galmada iyadoo la jecleysto: heerarka sare ee galmoodka jinsi ee cad waxaa lala xiriirin doonaa heerar sare oo ah galmo shaqeynta.

H3: Haweenka iyo ragga labadaba, heerarka howlgalka galmada waxay si weyn ula xiriiraan garashada cad ee la xiriira galmada: dabeecadaha wanaagsan ee wanaagsan ee galmada (erotophilia) waxay la xiriirtaa heerar sare oo ah galmo shaqeynta.

H4: Welwelka iyo heerarka calaamadaha niyad-jabka ayaa si xun loola xiriirin doonaa heerarka hawlgalka galmada.

H5: Heerka WMC waxay si dhexdhexaad ah u dhexdhexaadineysaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya ururada tooska ah iyo kuwa kontaroola iyo shaqeynta galmada, oo muujineysa jaaliyado xoog badan oo u dhexeeya jeclaanta galmo la xukumay iyo rabitaanka galmada iyo heerarka galmada ee heerarka sare ee WMC.

Habka

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Shakhsiyaadka xiisaha lihi waxay u qalmaan haddii ay yihiin 18 sano jir ama ka weyn, oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay heterosexual, wax khibrad galmo ah oo lala yeesho lammaane, lagu soo warramey inuu xiriir galmo la yeeshay afartii toddobaad ee la soo dhaafay, oo ay si ku filan u akhriyaan Dutch si ay uga jawaabaan su'aalaha daraasadda iyo in la sameeyo howlaha kombiyuutarka. Ardayda dhigata shahaadada koowaad waxay qoreen kaqeybgalayaasha daraasadda goobahooda shaqsiyadeed ee yaqaan. Dadka xiisaha lihi waxay ku heleen casuumaad shaqsiyeed e-mayl taas oo lagu sharaxay ujeedka iyo qaababka kaqeybgalka. Ka qaybqaadashadu waxay ahayd mid ikhtiyaari ah oo magdhow lama siin. Shakhsiyaadkii ka jawaabey oo muujiyey xiisaha ay u qabaan iyo rabitaankooda kaqeybqaadashada ayaa helay lambarro galitaan shaqsiyadeed iyo URL xiriirinaya barxad cilmi baaris oo internetka ah

Cabbiraadaha

Shaqeynta Galmada

Kadib markay dhammeystireen suaalo-waydiimaha dadka oo kooban, kaqeybgaleyaashu waxay kajawaabeen suaal bilow ah iyagoo waydiinaya inay hada la kulmaan wax dhibaato galmo ah Hadday ku jawaabeen inay yihiin, su'aal dabagal ah ayaa lagu weyddiiyey nooca (yaasha) dhibaatooyinka galmada ee ay la kulmeen.

Tilmaanta Waxqabadka Galmoodka Haweenka (FSFI). FSFI (Rosen et al., 2000 - Rosen, R., Bunni, C., Heimaan, J., Leiblum, S., - Meston, C., Shabsig, R., ... D'Agostino, R., Jr (2000). Tilmaanta Waxqabadka Galmo ee Haweenka (FSFI): Qalabka is-sheegga ee isku dhafan ee qiimeynta shaqada galmada dheddigga. Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 26, 191-208. doi:10.1080/009262300278597[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waa su'aal-is-sheegid isweydaarsi ah oo qiimeynaya howlaha galmada dumarka oo leh 19 shey oo lagu abaabulay lix liis-hoose oo lagu cabirayo rabitaanka galmada, kacsiga galmada, saliidaynta, shaqada kacsiga, qanacsanaanta galmada, iyo xanuunka galmada. Qaab-dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka guud wuxuu soo bandhigayaa xiriirro muhiim ah oo u dhexeeya geeddi-socodka qiimeynta garashada iyo kacsiga galmada. Si loo baaro saadaashaas, hoos-u-dhigga rabitaanka galmada, kacsiga galmada, saliidda xubinta taranka haweenka, iyo kacsiga ayaa loo xushay inay matalaan dhinacyadan ku saabsan howlaha galmada dumarka. Dhibcaha isugeynta ee la soo koobay waxay ka kooban yihiin tusmo caalami ah oo ku saabsan howlaha galmada (wadarta guud ee dhibcaha FSFI). Jawaabaha waxaa lagu bixiyaa miisaanka shanaad iyo lix shey, oo leh dhibco sare oo tilmaamaya waxqabadka galmada oo ka wanaagsan. Qaab dhismeedka asalka asalka ah waxaa lagu soosaaray nooca luqada Nederlandka (Ter Kuile, Brauer, & Laan, 2006 - Ter Kuile, MM, Brauer, M., & - Laan, E. (2006). Tilmaamaha Waxqabadka Galmoodka Haweenka (FSFI) iyo Iskeelka Iskudarka Dumar Haweenka (FSDS): Guryaha Maskaxda Ah Oo Ay Ku Noolyihiin Dadweynaha Nederland. Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 32, 289-304. doi:10.1080/00926230600666261[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Iswaafajinta gudaha ee FSFI ayaa la ogaaday inay fiicantahay (Cronbach's αs> 0.82). Isku halaynteeda tijaabada ah waxay udhaxaysay qanacsanaanta ilaa sare dhamaan heerarka hoose (r = 0.79 ilaa 0.86) iyo sidoo kale wadarta guud (r = 0.88; Rosen et al., 2000 - Rosen, R., Bunni, C., Heimaan, J., Leiblum, S., - Meston, C., Shabsig, R., ... D'Agostino, R., Jr (2000). Tilmaanta Waxqabadka Galmo ee Haweenka (FSFI): Qalabka is-sheegga ee isku dhafan ee qiimeynta shaqada galmada dheddigga. Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 26, 191-208. doi:10.1080/009262300278597[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Daraasaddan hadda socota, iswaafaqsanaanta gudaha waxay u dhaxeysay mid lagu qanco ilaa heer sare (heerka hoose ee rabitaanka galmada: Cronbach's α = .77; kacsiga galmada: Cronbach's α = .94; saliidaynta: Cronbach's α = .96; orgasm: Cronbach's α = .92).

Tilmaanta Caalamiga ah ee Shaqeynta Saxda ah (IIEF). IIEF (Rosen et al., 1997 - Rosen, R., Riley, A., Wagner, G., Osterloh, IH, Kirkpatrick, J., & - Mishra, A. (1997). Dhaqdhaqaaqa caalamiga ah ee shaqaynta qaloocan (IIEF): Qiyaasta kala duwan ee qiimaynta cillad aan caadi ahayn. urology, 49, 822-830. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00238-0[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waa xog-waraysi is-xog-ogaal ah oo lagu qiimeeyo shaqeynta galmada. Waxay leedahay 15 shey oo loo habeeyay shan hoosaad oo lagu cabiro shaqada erectile, shaqada orgasmic, rabitaanka galmada, ku qanacsanaanta galmada, iyo galmada guud. Qeybaha hoose ee tilmaamaya rabitaanka galmada, shaqada erectile, iyo shaqada orgasmic-ka ayaa loo xushay inay matalaan dhinacyadan waxqabadka galmoodka ragga. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay bixiyeen jawaabo ku saabsan cabirka shaxda shan iyo lixda ah, oo dhibco aad u sareeya ay muujinayaan u shaqeynta galmo wanaagsan. Isugeynta wadarta waxaa loo xisaabiyaa si ay u bixiso tusaha caalamiga ah ee ku saabsan shaqada galmada (dhibcaha wadarta ah ee IIEF). Joogtada gudaha ee IIEF waxaa lagu ogaadey inuu aad ugu wanaagsan yahay cilmi baaris hore (Cronbach's α inta u dhaxaysa 0.92 iyo 0.96), iyo isku haleynta tijaabada-tijaabada tijaabada ahr = .84; Rosen et al., 1997 - Rosen, R., Riley, A., Wagner, G., Osterloh, IH, Kirkpatrick, J., & - Mishra, A. (1997). Dhaqdhaqaaqa caalamiga ah ee shaqaynta qaloocan (IIEF): Qiyaasta kala duwan ee qiimaynta cillad aan caadi ahayn. urology, 49, 822-830. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(97)00238-0[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Daraasaddan hadda socota, is-waafajinta gudaha waxay u dhaxeysay wanaag illaa heer sare (erectile function: Cronbach's α = .95; function orgasmic: Cronbach's α = .96; rabitaanka galmada: Cronbach's α = .84).

Niyadjab iyo walwal

Iskeelka Walaaca iyo Niyadjabka Isbitaalka (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983 - Zigmond, AS, & - Snaith, RP (1983). Cabsida Isbitaalka iyo Murugada. Ciladda maskaxda ee Scandinavica, 67, 361-370. doi:10.1111 / j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waxaa loo shaqeeyey si loo qiimeeyo darnaanta murugada iyo astaamaha walaaca. HADS waa 14-shey oo is-weydiin ah oo ay ka kooban tahay labo hoosaad oo loogu talagalay walaaca iyo diiqadda. Dhibcaha sarreeya waxay matalaan heerar sare oo walaac iyo niyad jab. Ku qanacsanaanta iyo joogteynta gudaha gudaha waxaa lagu muujiyey samballada Nederlaanka, iyadoo Cronbach's α uu u dhexeeyo .71 illaa .90 (Spinhoven et al., 1997 Spinhoven, P., Ormel, J., Jeesjeesayaasha, PP, Kempen, GI, Dhawaaqa, AE, & Van Hemert, AM (1997). Daraasad ansax ah oo ku saabsan Cabsida Isbitaalka iyo Walwalka Murugada (HADS) ee kooxaha kala duwan ee maadooyinka Nederland-ka. Daaweynta maskaxda, 27, 363-370. doi:10.1017 / S0033291796004382[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Daraasaddan hadda socota, is-waafajinta gudaha waxay u fiicnayd hoos u dhigista walaaca (Cronbach's α = .81) iyo ku qanacsanaanta hoos u dhaca niyadjabka (Cronbach's α = .77).

Xiriirrada Isxilqaan ee ku Saabsan Jinsiga

Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Caannimada-Karti. ST-IAT waa nooca la beddelay ee IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998 Greenwald, AG, - McGhee, DE, & - Schwartz, JL (1998). Cabbirka kala duwanaanshaha shaqsiyadeed ee garashada saxda ah: Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Isuduwaha. Journal of Personality iyo Psychology Social, 74, 1464-1480. doi:10.1037 / 0022-3514.74.6.1464[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waxaana loo adeegsaday daraasaddan hadda jirta si loo cabbiro qiimaynta aan tooska ahayn ee kicinta shucuurta. Dhinacyada cilmu-nafsiga ee IAT (Houben & Wiers, 2008 Houben, K., & Wiers, RW (2008). Ku cabirista ururrada aalkolada cad ee internetka ah: Xaqiijinta tijaabooyinka ururrada bulshada ku saleysan ee shabakadda ku saleysan. Hababka Cilmi-baarista Dabeecadda, Qalabka, & Kumbuyuutarrada, 40, 1134-1143. doi:10.3758 / BRM.40.4.1134[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2005 Sanka, BA, Greenwald, AG, & Banaji, MUDANE (2005). Fahamka iyo adeegsiga Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Jamciyada: II. Habka doorsoomayaasha iyo qaab dhismeedka ansaxnimada. Shakhsiyadda & Bulshadda Bulshadda, 31, 166-180. doi:10.1177/0146167204271418[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) iyo ST-IAT (Bluemke & Friese, 2008 - Bluemke, M., & Friese, M. (2008). Isku halaynta iyo ansaxnimada barnaamijka Single-Target IAT (ST-IAT): Qiimaynta si otomaatig ah u taabashada walxaha badan ee dabeecadda. Joornaalka Yurub ee Cilmi-nafsiga Bulshada, 38, 977-997. doi:10.1002 / ejsp.487[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Karpinski & Steinman, 2006 - Karpinski, A., & - Steinman, RB (2006). Hal unug oo ah imtixaan urur cad oo qeexan ayaa ah cabbiraad garasho bulsheed oo muuqata. Journal of Personality iyo Psychology Social, 91, 16-32. doi:10.1037 / 0022-3514.91.1.16[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) lagu helay wax lagu qanco. Daraasado hore ayaa lagu ogaaday in waxqabadka internetka iyo goobta ee IAT uusan si nidaamsan u kala duwanaan (Houben & Wiers, 2008 Houben, K., & Wiers, RW (2008). Ku cabirista ururrada aalkolada cad ee internetka ah: Xaqiijinta tijaabooyinka ururrada bulshada ku saleysan ee shabakadda ku saleysan. Hababka Cilmi-baarista Dabeecadda, Qalabka, & Kumbuyuutarrada, 40, 1134-1143. doi:10.3758 / BRM.40.4.1134[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]).

ST-IAT wuxuu ka koobnaa hal nooc oo bartilmaameed ah (erotic) iyo laba qaybood oo qaab ahaan ujiifa fikrad ahaan. Bartilmaameedka erotic ee jecel iyo rabitaanka ST-IATs waxaa matalayay afar sawir oo isdhexgalka jinsiga ah oo laga soo xulay Nidaamka Sawirka Caalamiga ah ee Saameynta Leh (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1999 Lang, PJ, Bradley, MM, & Cuthbert, BN (1999). Nidaamka Sawirka Saameynta Caalamiga ah (IAPS): Buug gacmeed farsamo iyo qiimeyn. Gainesville, FL: Xarunta Cilmi-baarista cilmu-nafsiga, Jaamacadda Florida. [Google Scholar]).11 Sawirrada qotodheer ee loo yaqaan 'ST-IAT' waxay ahaayeen lambarrada IAPS 4658, 4659, 4664, iyo 4680. Sawirradan waxaa horay loogu adeegsaday daraasadda van Lankveld et al. (2015 Van Lankveld, JJDM, - Odekerken, I., - Kok-Verhoeven, L., - van Hooren, S., de Vries, P., Van Den Hout, A., & - P. (2015). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta shukaansi ee ragga iyo dumarka shaqo la'aan. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1791-1804. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12930[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Sawirro qaawan oo la xulay ee rabitaanka dhiirrigelinta ST-IAT waxay ahaayeen lambarrada IAPS 4611, 4652, 4690, iyo 4800.Eeg dhammaan qoraalada Mid kastaa wuxuu muujiyey dhedig iyo nin jilaa ah inay ku jiraan falal galmo oo muuqda, laakiin wax shucuur ah oo ku saabsan xubnaha taranka lama muujiyey. Naasaha dumarka si buuxda ayaa loo arki karaa. Qeybaha astaamaha loogu talagalay 'ST-IAT' ee 'jecla' (ereyada waxaa matalaya) kaftan, caafimaad, hadiyad, Iyo nabadda Nederlandayska: qosol, gezondheid, kado, vrede]) iyo “diidmo” (ereyada ay matalaan nacayb, dagaal, cudur, Iyo xanuun Nederlandayska: koofiyad, oorlog, ziekte, pijn]). Qaybaha astaamaha loogu talagalay 'ST-IAT' ee doonaya in la raadiyo waxay ahaayeen “Waxaan doonayaa” (oo ay ku metelan yihiin firaaqyada "dheer," "doon," "doon," iyo "rabitaan"; Nederlandayska: hunkeren, begeren, wensen, verlangen) iyo “Ma doonayo” (adoo adeegsanaya maahmaahyada “waardiyaha,” “rog”, “iska ilaali”, “jooji”; Nederlandayska: ka dib, ontwijken, vermijden, stoppen).

Astaamaha sumcadda darajadu waxay si joogto ah uga muuqatay dhinaca bidix ee sare (sumadda “togan” ama “Waxaan doonayaa”) iyo midigta sare (sumadda “diidmo” ama “Ma doonayo”) geeska shaashadda. Mawqifkooda wali waa isku mid imtixaanka oo dhan. Qeybta bartilmaameedka ("jinsi") booska ayaa loo wareejiyay waxaana lagu muujiyey mid korka bidix ama sumcadda astaamaha saxda ah, iyada oo kuxiran tilmaamaha baloog kasta.

Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay heleen tilmaamo si ay u kala saaraan eray kasta ama sawir kasta, oo ka muuqda bartamaha shaashadda kumbuyuutarka laptop, qayb bartilmaameedka ama mid ka mid ah astaamaha lagu garto ayagoo riixaya z iyo m furayaasha furaha QWERTY. Jawaab saxan ka dib, kicinta xigta ayaa la soo bandhigay. Markii jawaab qaldan la bixiyay, jawaab celin khaldan ayaa loo soo bandhigay sida casaan X oo badalay kicinta kalka shaashadda dhexdeeda; casaanka cas wuxuu ku sii jiray shaashadda ilaa jawaabta saxda ah laga bixinayo.

Shaxda 1 wuxuu muujiyaa barnaamijka 'ST-IAT set' kaasoo ahaa isku mid jeclaynta iyo rabitaanka noocyada wuxuuna bixiyaa tusaalooyin tilmaamaha kaqeybgaleyaasha. ST-IAT wuxuu ku bilaabmay qalin jimicsi iyadoo la adeegsanayo kaliya dhiirrigelin sifeyn ah. Intaa ka dib, waxaa jiray laba baloog oo isku mid ah, marka hore hanaan shaqo oo ah 16 tijaabo ah oo labadaba lagu soo bandhigay sawirro niyad jab leh iyo ereyo sumcad xumo iyo mid toganba leh, oo ay ku xigto xaddiga tijaabada ah ee 48 tijaabooyin (eeg eeg) Shaxda 1). Inta lagu gudajiray howsha iyo baloogyada tijaabada, nambarada riixyada muhiimka ah ee labada furayaasha jawaab celinta waxaa loo hayaa si siman si looga hortago hormarinta jawaabta eexda (de Jong, 2015 de Jong, PJ (2015). Tafatiraha tifaftiraha ee "ururo cad oo waadix ah oo leh dhiirigalin kacsi galmoodka ah iyo raga oo shaqo la'aan ah". Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1805-1806. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12953[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Isla dhiirrigelintaas ayaa loo adeegsaday ficil ahaan iyo tijaabooyin tijaabo ah (Nosek et al., 2005 Sanka, BA, Greenwald, AG, & Banaji, MUDANE (2005). Fahamka iyo adeegsiga Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Jamciyada: II. Habka doorsoomayaasha iyo qaab dhismeedka ansaxnimada. Shakhsiyadda & Bulshadda Bulshadda, 31, 166-180. doi:10.1177/0146167204271418[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Bartilmaameedka iyo dhiirrigelinta dabeecadda ayaa lagu soo bandhigay hab-nasiib aan sugnayn, iyadoo la hubinayo in kicitaan kasta oo bartilmaameed ah labadaba kahoreeyey oo ay raacday kicinta sifaha. Ma jiraan wax ka badan laba dhiirri-gelin oo sifood ah oo lagu soo bandhigay saf u dhexeeya laba dhiirrigelin bartilmaameed. Ficilkii ugu horreeyay iyo sawirro sawirro xanniba leh iyo ereyo togan ayaa lagu sawiray isla fure jawaab celin ah (isku darka dareenka galmada), halka barbaradka labaad iyo tijaabinta sawirro sawirro wasmo leh iyo ereyo taban ay isla wadaagaan fure jawaab celin ah (isku darka galmada-xun) . Mid ka mid ah iskudhafyada (galmada togan ama diidmo jinsi) ayaa la filayay inay ka dhalato waqtiyo falcelin oo kooban. Rajadaasi waxay ku saleysan tahay mala awaal ahaan in xayeysiimaha muhiimka ahi ay dhakhso badan yihiin marka xiriirka ka dhexeeya bartilmaameedka iyo u-ekaanta ay ku xoog badato shabakada metelaha ka-qaybgalaha, marka la barbar dhigo marka ururkani yahay mid aan sal iyo raad lahayn.

Jadwalka 1. Bar-tilmaameedka iyo Soo-saar Khariiddada Fureha ee kuxirmayaasha isdaba-joogga ah ee Kujira iyo Rabitaanka ST-IAT

Ma jirin nidaam sixitaan qalad ah oo loo adeegsaday rabitaanka ST-IAT, si loo xoojiyo dabeecadda shakhsi ahaaneed ee qaabkan ST-IAT (Olson & Fazio, 2004 Olson, MA, & - Fazio, RH (2004). Yaraynta saameynta ururrada shaqsiyaadka ka dhexeeyo Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Isudheellitirka: Shakhsiyaynta IAT. Journal of Personality iyo Psychology Social, 86, 653-667. doi:10.1037 / 0022-3514.86.5.653[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Amarka waxqabadka ee jecel iyo rabitaanka ST-IATs waa la hagaajiyay, iyadoo la jecel yahay ST-IAT loo isticmaalay hawsha koowaad. Daraasado hore ayaa lagu ogaaday in waxqabadka internetka iyo goobta ee IAT uusan ku kala duwanaan nidaam ahaan (Houben & Wiers, 2008 Houben, K., & Wiers, RW (2008). Ku cabirista ururrada aalkolada cad ee internetka ah: Xaqiijinta tijaabooyinka ururrada bulshada ku saleysan ee shabakadda ku saleysan. Hababka Cilmi-baarista Dabeecadda, Qalabka, & Kumbuyuutarrada, 40, 1134-1143. doi:10.3758 / BRM.40.4.1134[Crossref] , [Google Scholar]).

Ururo cad oo la xiriira kacsiga

Sahanka Sahanka Galmada (SOS). SOS (Fisher, Byrne, White, & Kelley, 1988 Fisher, WA, Byrne, D., Caddaan, LA, & Kelley, K. (1988). Erotophobia-erotophilia sida cabbir shaqsiyeed. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 25, 123-151. doi:10.1080/00224498809551448[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu cabbiro kaqaybgalaha sida cad ee jecel dhiirrigelinta galmada. Waxay ka kooban tahay 21 walxood oo ay ka kooban tahay hal cabir oo qiimeeya booska ka qeybgalaha dhanka cabirka 'etoptopia-erotophobia', 'muujinta jawaab ka bixida mowqifyada galmada iyada oo ay weheliso saameyn taban oo togan oo saameyn iyo qiimeyn ah' (Fisher et al., 1988 Fisher, WA, Byrne, D., Caddaan, LA, & Kelley, K. (1988). Erotophobia-erotophilia sida cabbir shaqsiyeed. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 25, 123-151. doi:10.1080/00224498809551448[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar], p. 123). Sifooyinka cilmu-nafsiga ee SOS ayaa ku qancay, iyada oo Cronbach's α uu u dhexeeyo .82 ilaa .90) oo kujira muunadaha ragga iyo dumarka (Fisher et al., 1988 Fisher, WA, Byrne, D., Caddaan, LA, & Kelley, K. (1988). Erotophobia-erotophilia sida cabbir shaqsiyeed. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 25, 123-151. doi:10.1080/00224498809551448[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Daraasaddan xaadirka ah iswaafajinta gudaha ayaa wanaagsanayd, oo leh 'Cronbach's α = .81. Wax cabir ah oo ah rabitaan cad looma adeegsan.

Awoodda Xusuusta

Dib-u-habeyn munaaraddii Hanoi (ToH-R). Si loo cabiro kaqeybgalaha WMC, ToH-R (Welsh & Huizinga, 2001 Welsh, MC, & Huizinga, M. (2001). Horumarinta iyo ansaxinta horudhaca ee Tower of Hanoi-Revised. Qiimaynta, 8, 167-176. doi:10.1177/107319110100800205[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) ayaa la adeegsaday. Tani waa hawl xallin mushkilad ah oo sida la sheegay lagu cabirayo howlaha fulinta. Waxqabadka ToH-R waxaa lagu ogaadey inuu si aad ah isugu xirnaanayo astaamaha xusuusta ee shaqeyneysa, gaar ahaan qeybta muuqaalka (Handley, Capon, Copp, & Harper, 2002 Gacan SJ, Kaabon, A., Copp, C., & Harper, C. (2002). Sababta shuruudaysan iyo munaaradda Hanoi: Doorka xiisaha iyo xusuusta hadalka afka. Joornaalka joornaalka ah ee cilmu-nafsiga, 93, 501-518. doi:10.1348/000712602761381376[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Maamulka kumbuyuutarka ee ToH-R kuma uusan kala duwanaanin waxqabadka iyadoo la adeegsanayo nooca alwaaxa (Mataix-Cols & Bartres-Faz, 2002 Mataix-Col, D., & Bartres-Faz, D. (2002). Adeegsiga alwaaxyada iyo noocyada kumbuyuutarrada ee iskudarka Tower of Hanoi waxay la mid tahay? Cudurka neerfaha ee loo yaqaan 'Neuropsychology', 9, 117-120. doi:10.1207 / s15324826an0902_8[Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]). Isbarbar dhigyada goobta iyo kombiyuutarka kumbuyuutar ee hawlaha Hanoi lama daabicin. Nooca dhijitaalka ah ee khadka tooska ah ee TOH-R ayaa la isticmaalay. Saddex baal oo taagan, dherer iyo dhexroor isku mid ah, oo si siman u kala fog, ayaa la dhigay saldhig fidsan. Afarta saxan ee dhexroor kala duwan leh waa in lagu dhejiyaa biinka, taas oo u oggolaaneysa qaabab kala duwan. ToH-R wuxuu ka koobnaa 22 tijaabo (eeg Welsh & Huizinga, 2001 Welsh, MC, & Huizinga, M. (2001). Horumarinta iyo ansaxinta horudhaca ee Tower of Hanoi-Revised. Qiimaynta, 8, 167-176. doi:10.1177/107319110100800205[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Bilowga maxkamad kasta labadaba qaabeynta bilowga iyo qaabeynta yoolalka ayaa lagu soo bandhigay shaashadda kumbuyuutarka. Kaqeybgaleyaasha waxaa la baray inay u badalaan qaab dhismeedka bilowga xaalada hadafka ee tirada ugu yar ee suurta galka ah iyagoo dhaqaajinaya diskiyada. Tallaabooyinka waxaa ku qasbay saddex sharci: (1) hal disk keliya ayaa la dhaqaajin karaa markiiba; (2) disk ayaa lagu ridayaa mid ka mid biinanka kahor bilowga guuritaanka xiga; iyo (3) disk waa in aan lagu dhejin dusha sare diskka leh dhexroor yar. Tilmaamaha dheeri ah waxay ahaayeen in la gaaro yoolka hal isku day, iyadoo la istcimaalayo tirada dhaqdhaqaaqyada loo baahan yahay, laakiin waqti xaddidan lama soo rogin. Xeerarkan ayaa la sharraxay ka hor bilowga maxkamadaynta koowaad. Waxay u baahanyihiin kaqeybgalayaashu inay qorsheeyaan taxane dhaqdhaqaaqyo kahor inta aysan dhaqaaqin ugu horeyn iyo inay la socdaan oo ay la socdaan qorshahan inta lagu gudajiro fulinta hawsha. Sidaas awgeeda ToH, iyo howlaha kale ee wareejinta sheyga, sida Tower of London, waxaa loo arkaa inay xasaasi u yihiin kaladuwanaashaha xubinta hore, xusuusta shaqada (Goldman-Rakic, 1987 Goldman-Rakic, PS (1987). Kobcinta wareegga kortical iyo shaqada garashada. Horumarinta Carruurta, 58, 601-622. doi:10.2307/1130201[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), xakamaynta (Goel & Grafman, 1995 Gool, V., & Grafman, J. (1995). Fiilooyinka hore ma ku lug leeyihiin howlaha 'qorshaynta'? Tarjumidda xogta ka socota Tower of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia, 33, 623-642. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)90866-P[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), ama labada dhinac ee fulinta fulinta (Zook, Davalos, DeLosh, & Davis, 2004 Zook, NA, - Davalos, DB, - DeLosh, EL, & Davis, HP (2004). Xusuusta shaqeynta, xakamaynta, iyo dareeraha dareemada ah saadaalinta waxqabadka ee Tower of Hanoi iyo howlaha London. Maskaxda iyo Aqoonsiga, 56, 286-292. doi:10.1016 / j.bandc.2004.07.003[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Natiijo kasta oo tijaabo ah waxaa loo dhaliyay 0 (xallin aan sax ahayn) ama 1 (xalka saxda ah), taasoo dhalisay isugeyn wadarta guud ee dhibaatooyinka si sax ah loo xaliyay iyada oo ay suuragal tahay 0 illaa 22. Dhibcaha sareeya waxay muujinayaan WMC sareeya.

Nidaamka

Amarka go'an ee imtixaannada ayaa loo doortay si looga fogaado saameynta horudhaca ah ee dhammaystirka su'aalaha ku saabsan arrimaha galmada ee saameyn ku yeelan kara waxqabadka xiga ee baaritaanka aan caadiga ahayn iyo in laga fogaado saameynta daalka ee dhammaystirka tijaabada ee cabbirka WMC. Sidaa darteed, marka hore, ToH-R ayaa la qabtay; marka xigta, ST-IAT jeclaan iyo hawlo la qabtay ayaa la qabtay; ugu dambeyntiina, waxaa la dhammeystirey su'aalo-weydiimaha khadka tooska ah ee internetka (su'aalaha dadka, FSFI / IIEF, HADS, iyo SOS). Wadajir ahaan, dhammaan shaqooyinka waxay qabteen qiyaastii 45 daqiiqo in la sameeyo. Ansixinta anshaxa ee daraasadda waxaa laga helay guddiga dib-u-eegista anshaxa jaamacadda.

Falanqaynta tirakoobka

Si loo muujiyo jaaliyadaha saxda ah ee kicinta dareen-bararka iyada oo la jecel yahay lana doonayo, isugeynta xisaabinta D600 ee isugeynta Greenwald, Nosek, iyo Banaji (2003 Greenwald, AG, Sanka, BA, & Banaji, MUDANE (2003). Fahmitaanka iyo adeegsiga imtixaanka urur ahaaneed: I. Hordhac algorithm. Journal of Personality iyo Psychology Social, 85, 197-216. doi:10.1037 / 0022-3514.85.2.197[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) ayaa la shaqaaleeyay. Macluumaadka isku dhafan ee dhaqanka iyo wejiyada imtixaanka ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu xisaabiyo tusmada D600 ST-IAT. Iswaafajinta dhaqanka caadiga ah, cabirkan, waqtiyada falcelinta (RTs) ee ka hooseeya 400 ms waa la tuuray, RTs ka sareeya 2,500 ms waxaa lagu badalay 2,500 ms, iyo, kaliya ee jecel ST-IAT, tijaabooyinka qaldan waxaa lagu badalay celcelis ahaan RT oo leh ciqaab lagu daray 600 ms kahor xisaabinta celceliska RTs. Doonista ST-IAT waxaa loogu talagalay sidii IAT shaqsiyeed (Dewitte, 2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Olson & Fazio, 2004 Olson, MA, & - Fazio, RH (2004). Yaraynta saameynta ururrada shaqsiyaadka ka dhexeeyo Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Isudheellitirka: Shakhsiyaynta IAT. Journal of Personality iyo Psychology Social, 86, 653-667. doi:10.1037 / 0022-3514.86.5.653[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]); ujeeddadan awgeed, jawaab-celinno qalad ah lama qeexin. Buundada 'D600 index score' waxaa loo xisaabiyay sida farqiga u dhexeeya celceliska celceliska celceliska falceliska galmada-anigu waxaan doonayaa iyo jinsi-diidmo / ma rabo iskudhafyada isugeynta, oo loo qeybiyo isugeynta halbeega guud ee lagu xisaabiyey dhammaan baloogyada marka laga reebo kuwa dabeecad u-dhigista xannibaadda. Dhibcaha hoose ee D600 waxay muujiyeen in kicinta dareen-kicinta ay si aad ah ugu xirnaayeen jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka. Adeegsiga d = 0.65 oo ah qiyaasta qiyaasta saamaynta saamaynta muxaafidka ah ee kala duwanaanshaha IAT, oo ku saleysan daraasadaha isbarbardhiga kooxda (Nosek et al., 2005 Sanka, BA, Greenwald, AG, & Banaji, MUDANE (2005). Fahamka iyo adeegsiga Imtixaanka Isuduwaha Jamciyada: II. Habka doorsoomayaasha iyo qaab dhismeedka ansaxnimada. Shakhsiyadda & Bulshadda Bulshadda, 31, 166-180. doi:10.1177/0146167204271418[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), waxaan u baahnay 60 kaqeybgale si aan u helno 80% awooda tirakoobka ee muunadaha-madaxbanaan t tijaabin, isticmaalka p <.05. Si loo tijaabiyo qiyaasaha 1 illaa 3, isku xirnaanta wax soo saarka iyo daqiiqadda Pearson ayaa la xisaabiyay. Si loo tijaabiyo qiyaasta 4, taxane taxane ah oo falanqeyn qunyar socod ah ayaa lagu sameeyay dhibcaha waxqabadka galmada (dhibcaha heerka hoose ee FSFI / IIEF) oo ah doorsoomayaal ku tiirsan. Qiyaasta saameynta iyo 95% isku dheelitirnaanta kalsoonida (CIs) ayaa la xisaabiyay (Steiger, 2004 Steer, JH (2004). Ka baxsan imtixaanka F: Saameyn intee leeg oo kalsoonida cabbiraadda iyo tijaabooyinka isku midka ah ee falanqaynta kala duwanaanshaha iyo falanqaynta isbarbardhiga. Hababka cilmi nafsiga, 9, 164-182. doi:10.1037 / 1082-989X.9.2.164[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Falanqaynta waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo nooca 'SPSS Version 24'.

Natiijooyinka

Muunada ayaa ka kooban 116 kaqeybgale, kuwaas oo 65 ay haween ahaayeen (56%, Mda'da = 31.6 sano; SD = 10.1), iyo 51 rag ah (44%, Mda'da = 37.0 sano; SD = 12.0). Iskusoo wada duuboo, 77% kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka iyo 73% ragga kaqeybgalayaasha ayaa sheegay inay kujiraan xiriir go'an. Dhererka xiriirku aad buu u kala duwanaa, celcelis ahaan 10.1 iyo 12 sano oo loogu talagalay kaqeybgalayaasha dumarka iyo ragga. In kabadan 50% kaqeybgalayaashu waxay soo sheegeen waxbarasho heer kuliyadeed ama heer jaamacadeed ah. Dhibaatooyinka galmada waxaa soo sheegay 3% oo dumar ah iyo 2% ragga kaqeyb gala. Astaamaha cilaaqaadka, tirada dadka kale, iyo macnaha iyo leexashooyinka caadiga ah ee doorsoomayaasha xiisaha ayaa lagu muujiyay Shaxda 2.

Jadwalka 2. Shakhsiyaadka, Caafimaadka, Galmada, iyo Astaamaha Shaqeynta Cilmi-nafsiga ee Ka-qaybgalayaasha (N = 116)

Falanqaynta isfahamka Pearson waxaa si gooni gooni ah loogu sameeyay kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka iyo ragga (arag Shaxda 3). Kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka xiriirro muhiim ah ayaa laga muujiyay inta u dhexeysa rabitaan cad iyo heerar isqarxin galmo ah (r = −.26, p <.05) iyo kacsiga (r = −.35, p <.01). Ururada xoogga leh ee jinsiga doonaya ee jinsiga ah ayaa lala xiriiriyay heerar sare oo ah kacsiga galmada iyo shaqeynta orgasmic. Ururada jinsiga jecel ee jinsiga ah si aad ah ugama aysan xirnayn tusmooyinka shaqada galmada. Ragga kaqeybgalayaasha ah xiriirro muhiim ah ayaa lagu muujiyay inta udhaxeysa jacaylka aan caadiga ahayn iyo heerarka is-sheegashada ee orgasmka (r = .33, p ). Gaar ahaan, ururada xoogan ee jecel galmada waxay la xiriireen heerar hoose oo shaqeynaya orgasmic.

Jadwalka 3. Shuruucda Kala Duwan ee Lab iyo Dumar Kaqeyb galayaasha ee udhaxeeya Ururada Automatic ee Cudurka Erotic oo ay kujiraan Rabitaan iyo Rabitaan, Erotophilia, Welwel iyo Murugo Calaamadaha, iyo Tusmooyinka Ku Saleysan Jinsiga.

Kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka xiriirro muhiim ah ayaa laga muujiyay inta u dhexeysa erotophilia iyo heerarka is-sheegitaanka ee rabitaanka galmada (r = .25, p <.05), kacsiga galmada (r = .40, p <.001), sifaynta siilka (r = .32, p <.01), iyo kacsiga (r = .31, p <.01). Kaqeybgalayaasha ragga xiriir weyn ayaa laga helay inta udhaxeysa erotophilia iyo heerka is-sheegida ee rabitaanka galmada (r = .30, p ). Erotophilia xoogan ayaa lala xiriiriyay sifiican uga shaqeynta dhinacyadaan galmada ku saabsan dumarka iyo raga labadaba. Kaqeybgalayaasha labka ah ee dhibcaha eroophilia ee sareeya waxay kuxiranyihiin rabitaan jinsi sare ah (r = −.31, p <.01). Tallaabooyin cad oo aan toos ahayn oo jinsi jeclaanta iyo rabitaanku si weyn ugama dhexayn ka qaybgalayaasha dumarka.

Dhex dhexaadnimo ay sameeyeen WMC oo ka mid ah ururrada jecel-jinsi-cad-cad iyo ururada-rabitaanka galmada ayaa lagu baaray iyadoo la sameynayo laba taxane oo falanqayn kooxeedyo badan oo kala jaad jaad ah ah (Qaabka gal) oo leh rabitaan galmo, galmo kacsi, siilka xubinta taranka, iyo uur-ku-taal (dhammaan isugeynta FSFI hoose) cabbiraadaha) sida doorsoomayaasha kaladuwanaanshaha ee kaqeybgaleyaasha haweenka, iyo rabitaanka galmada, shaqada erectile, iyo shaqada orgasmic (dhammaan cabbirada isugeynta IIEF) sida kala duwanaanshaha shareecada ee kaqeybgalayaasha ragga. Tallaabada ugu horreysa, galmo-cad oo jinsi ah, galmo-diidsi cad, iyo dhibcaha erotophilia ayaa la galay. Tallaabada labaad, muddada is dhexgalka ee erotophilia iyo WMC ayaa la galay. Talaabada saddexaad, HADS walwal iyo niyad jab ayaa lagu daray. Kaqeybgaleyaasha haweenka ah, afar ka mid ah soo-saareyaal aan diyaarin ayaa laga saaray falanqaynta. Laba kaqeybgale ayaa lahaa dhibco aad u sarreeya oo ku saabsan ToH-R, mid wuxuu helay dhibco aad u hooseeya cabirka walwalka HADS, midna wuxuu helay dhibco aad u hooseeya heerka qiyaasta niyad jabka HADS. Ragga ka qaybgalayaasha ka mid ah, laba ka mid ah soo saareyaasha aan diyaarinta ahayn ayaa laga saaray. Labaduba waxay leeyihiin dhibco aad u sarreeya oo ku saabsan ToH-R. Ma jiro wax soo saareyaal awood leh oo la aqoonsaday.

Tusaalaha gabadha, moodada cabudhinta iyadoo la adeegsanaayo dhibcaha dareenka galmada sida heerka kaladuwan iyo iscelinta galmada, cadaynta galmada, iyo natiijooyinka saadaasha kacsiga ee talaabada hore waxay ahayd mid muhiim ah marka la barbar dhigo moodal joogto ah oo kaliya. R2 = .23, F (3, 52) = 5.18, p = .003 (eeg jadwalka dheeriga ah ee 1). Erotophilia (β = .456, p = .001) si weyn uga qayb qaatay tusaalaha. Tallaabooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad, ma jirin wax khilaafaad dheeri ah oo la sharraxay oo la muujiyey. Qaabka dib-u-noqoshada iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhibcaha waxqabadka orgasmic-ka ee isbeddelka shuruudaha iyo jinsiga oo aan muuqan, jinsi-doonis aan macquul ahayn, iyo dhibcaha erotophilia oo ah isbeddellada saadaalinta ee tallaabada ugu horreysa ayaa muhiim u ahayd marka la barbar dhigo moodeel joogto ah oo keliya, R2 = .18, F (3, 52) = 3.90, p = .014. Rabitaan jinsi ah (β = −.313, p = .021) iyo erotophilia (β = .327, p = .014) ku darsaday saadaalin. Tallaabooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad, ma jirin wax khilaaf ah oo dheeraad ah oo la sharraxay oo la muujiyey. Moodooyinka dib-u-celinta ee leh rabitaanka galmada iyo dhibcaha saliidda xubinta taranka maaddaama ay isbeddelayaashu yihiin wax muhiim ah.

Tusaalaha labka ah, moodada cabudhinta iyadoo la adeegsanaayo dhibcaha shaqada erectile sida shuruudo kaladuwan iyo isbarbardhig galmo cad, rabitaan jinsi, iyo isbarbardhiga gulukooliyo sida isbadalka saadaasha ee talaabada hore waxay ahayd mid muhiim ah marka la barbar dhigo moodalka joogtada ah, R2 = .20, F (3, 40) = 3.26, p = .03 (eeg jadwalka dheeriga ah ee 2). Jeclaan galmo aan macquul ahayn (β = .319, p = .035) iyo erotophilia (β = .321, p = .038) si weyn uga qayb qaatay tusaalaha. Ururada jinsiga jecel ee hooseeya iyo erotophilia xoog leh waxay la xiriireen heerar sare oo shaqeynaya. Tallaabooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad, ma jirin wax khilaafaad dheeri ah oo la sharraxay oo la muujiyey. Qaabka dib-u-hagaajinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo dhibcaha waxqabadka orgasmic-ka ee isbeddelka shuruudaha iyo jinsi-galinta aan tooska ahayn, jinsi-doonis aan macquul ahayn, iyo dhibcaha erotophilia oo ah isbeddelka saadaalinta ee tallaabada ugu horreysa ayaa muhiim u ahayd markii la barbar dhigo moodeel joogto ah oo keliya, R2 = .19, F (3, 40) = 3.17, p = .03. Jeclaan galmo aan macquul ahayn (β = .407, p = .008) si weyn uga qayb qaatay tusaalaha. Mar labaad, ururada jimicsiga jecel ee hooseeya waxay la xiriiraan heerarka sare ee howlaha orgaanikada. Tallaabooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad midna lama soo bandhigin kala duwanaansho dheeraad ah oo la sharraxay. Qaabka dib u noqoshada ee leh rabitaanka galmada sida isbeddelka shuruudaha ma ahayn mid muhiim ah.

Dood

Daraasaddan waxaan ku baarnay cilaaqaadka ka dhexeeya shaqeynta galmada iyo mid si otomaatig ah iyo xakameyn raba iyo jeclaanta ururada leh dhiirrigelinta shucuurta iyo dhexdhexaadnimada cilaaqaadyadan ay soo saarto WMC qeyb muunad ah oo bulshada ah. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay qayb ahaan taageereen qaabdhismeedka hal-abuurka leh ee isku-xirnaanta ururada ee dhinacyada shaqeynta galmada hal dhinac iyo jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada ee dhinaca kale. Halka kaqeybgalayaasha heerarka sare ee shaqeynta galmada (kacsi galinta iyo shucuur ahaan) ay laxiriiraan ururo xoog leh oo ah dareen kicinta rabitaanka, rabitaanka galmada saxda ah kuma xirna wax shaqo ah oo galmo ah. Raadinta si buuxda uga soo horjeedda ayaa lagu muujiyay kaqeyb galayaasha ragga. Ragga, waxqabadka wanaagsan ee hidde-wade wuxuu la xiriiraa heerar hoose oo ka mid ah jeclaysiga kicinta dareen-kicinta, laakiin ururada isutagga-rabitaanka ee saxda ah ayaan la xiriirin waxkasta oo ku saabsan shaqada galmada. Natiijooyinkaan isbarbar dhigga ah ee isbarbar dhiga, si kastaba ha noqotee, natiijooyinka la soo celiyay ee daraasadihii hore ee kooxdeenna cilmi-baarista ee dumarka iyo haweenka bukaan-socodka ah oo leh iyo iyada oo aan lahayn is-iyo dhakhaatiirta-lagu garto galmada (van Lankveld, Bandell et al., 2018 Van Lankveld, JJDM, Bandel, M., Bastin-Hurek, E., van Beurden, M., & Araas, S. (2018). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta dumarka qaba dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo kuwa aan lahayn. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 47, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1152-4[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; van Lankveld, de Jong, iyo al., 2018 Van Lankveld, JJDM, de Jong, PJ, Henckens, MJMJ, - Den Hollander, P., Van Den Hout, AJHC, & de Vries, P. (2018). Is-jeclaanta galmada tooska ah iyo ururada-guuldarada galmada ee ragga qaba naafada galmada. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 55, 802-813. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1394960[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Van Lankveld iyo al., 2015 Van Lankveld, JJDM, - Odekerken, I., - Kok-Verhoeven, L., - van Hooren, S., de Vries, P., Van Den Hout, A., & - P. (2015). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta shukaansi ee ragga iyo dumarka shaqo la'aan. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1791-1804. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12930[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), adoo adeegsanaya qaab la mid ah. Natiijooyinka hada ka soo qayb galayaasha haweenku waxay la mid yihiin kuwa Dewitte (2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), oo baaray muunad aad u da 'yar. Labada daraasadda hadda iyo Dewitte labadaba (2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) daraasad, doonis saaid ah oo sareysa waxay la xiriirtay heerar sare ee shaqeynta galmada iyo soo noqnoqda dhaqanka galmada ee kaqeybgalayaasha dumarka. In kasta oo daraasadani sidoo kale labaduba ka heleen xiriir muhiim ah oo ka dhexeeya jeclaanta galmada guud iyo u shaqeynta galmada / dabeecada ee kaqeybgaleyaasha ragga, tilmaamaha cilaaqaadyadan ayaa ka soo horjeedda. Gudaha Dewitte (2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) daraasad, xiriir ka dhexeeya jaceylka galmada sare iyo dabeecada galmada oo sarre ayaa la helay; Daraasadda hadda jirta, waxaa jiray xiriir ka dhexeeya jeclaanta galmada sare iyo heerarka hoose ee shaqeynaya galmada.

Marka loo eego dabeecadaha galmada ee muuqda, dhibcaha cudurkatoptophilic waxay la xiriireen si ka sii wanaagsan u shaqeynta dhinacyada kala duwan ee galmada dumarka iyo ragga daraasada hada jirta: dumarka kujira dhibcaha hoose ee rabitaanka galmada, kacsiga galmada, kahortaga xubinta taranka, iyo uurjiifka; Ragga waxaa ku jira falanqaynta damaca galmada. Ururada ku jira haweenka heerarkoodu aad u sareeyaan ee galmada sare iyo galmo cad oo raba inay si wanaagsan ugu shaqeeyaan galmo waxay la jaanqaadi jireen suugaanta iyo natiijooyinka hore ee muunad aan qalliin ahayn (Dewitte, 2015 Khayaanay, M. (2015). Kala duwanaanshaha lammaanaha ee jeclaanta iyo rabitaanka galmada: Tijaabinta doorka duruufaha dhiirrigelinta iyo geedi socod si cad u qeexan. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 44, 1663-1674. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0419-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Qiimeyn toos ah oo dheeri ah oo toos ah oo la xakameeyo oo kiciya dareen-kicinta ayaa xiriir toos ah la leh si ku habboon shaqada galmada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay u muuqdeen inay si madax-bannaan ugu tabaruceen kala duwanaanta ku saabsan shaqeynta galmada, maxaa yeelay ka-qayb-galayaasha dumarka wax shuruudo muhiim ah kama muuqan inta u dhexeysa tallaabooyinka cad ee galmada iyo jeclaanta.

Halka urur aan laga helin inta u dhaxaysa jecleysiga kicinta shucuurta iyo u shaqeynta galmada ee kaqeybgalayaasha dumarka ee daraasada hada jirta, urur noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu muujiyey daraasad dumarka lagu sameeyay HSDD (Brauer et al., 2012 Brauer, M., - van Leeuwen, M., Janssen, E., Guri cusub, SK, Heimaan, JR, & - Laan, E. (2012). Feejignaan iyo saameyn ku yeelashada kicinta galmada ee dumarka qaba naafanimada rabitaanka galmada. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 41, 891-905. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9820-7[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Habka loo adeegsaday daraasadda Brauer et al. iyo daraasadda hadda socota aad ayey u lamid ahaayeen, in kasta oo xulashada sawirrada sawir-qaadaha ay qayb ahaan is dulsaarayaan. Saamaynta muuqda ee haweenka lagu arkay HSDD waxay ka tarjumi kartaa urur cad oo ka dhex jira kooxdaan caafimaad marka loo eego saamiga bulshada ee imminka jira wuxuuna la jaan qaadayaa aragtida cabbir ee cilmu-nafsiga galmada.

Xiriirka bilowga ah ee ka hortagga ah ee ragga ee u dhexeeya jecleysiga galmada hoose iyo heerka sare ee shaqada galmada, oo laga helay labadaba daraasadda hadda jirta iyo labadii baaritaan ee hore ee ST-IAT ee tijaabada unugyada (van Lankveld, de Jong, et al., 2018 Van Lankveld, JJDM, de Jong, PJ, Henckens, MJMJ, - Den Hollander, P., Van Den Hout, AJHC, & de Vries, P. (2018). Is-jeclaanta galmada tooska ah iyo ururada-guuldarada galmada ee ragga qaba naafada galmada. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 55, 802-813. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1394960[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Van Lankveld iyo al., 2015 Van Lankveld, JJDM, - Odekerken, I., - Kok-Verhoeven, L., - van Hooren, S., de Vries, P., Van Den Hout, A., & - P. (2015). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta shukaansi ee ragga iyo dumarka shaqo la'aan. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1791-1804. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12930[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), wuxuu kiciyaa xanta. Sharaxaad macquul ah waxay noqon kartaa in ragga leh taariikh galmo aan guuleysan oo niyad jab leh aysan la kulmin lammaanahooda sidii dhiirigelin galmo oo wanaagsan inkasta oo ay leeyihiin qadarin xoog leh oo dhiirigelinta galmada guud ahaan. Dhiirrigelinta qotodheer ee ST-IAT waxaa ka muuqda jilaayaal aan magacooda lahayn oo sinada leh. Xiriir xoog leh, oo togan oo cad oo leh noocaan oo kale ah ee ragga qaba heerar hoose oo ka mid ah howlaha galmada ayaa noqon kara heerka ugu dambeeya ee geedi socodka waxbarashada (Georgiadis et al., 2012 Georgiadis, JR, - Kringelbach, ML, & Fafaus, JG (2012). Galmo madadaalo: Isku-duwaha neerfaha maskaxda iyo bini’aadamka. Natiijooyinka Falanqaynta Dabeecada, 9, 486-498. doi:10.1038 / nrurol.2012.151[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Marxaladda noocan oo kale ah waxay ka dhalan kartaa soo-noqnoqoshada joogtada ah ee sawir-gacmeedka cad iyo isku xirnaanta kuwan dhiirrigelinta leh abaalmarinta ay ku kasbatay orgasmka iyada oo loo marayo masturbay, iyada oo laga soo horjeedo khibradaha galmada ee abaal-marinta lamaanayaashooda. Daraasado dhowr ah, xiriiriyeyaal noocaas ah ayaa laga helay, oo ay ku jiraan ragga leh rabitaan galmo oo hooseeya (Carvalheira, Træen, & ultulhofer, 2015 Carvalheira, A., Træen, B., & Ultulhofer, A. (2015). Masturbation-ka iyo sawirka qaawan ee ragga iyo dumarka isu galmooda ee hoos u dhaca rabitaanka galmada: Immisa doorar niyadda ah? Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 41, 626-635. doi:10.1080 / 0092623x.2014.958790[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) iyo dumarka iyo ragga muunad bulshada ah (Vaillancourt-Morel et al., 2017 - Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., Blais-Lecours, S., - Labadie, C., - Bergeron, S., Saburiin, S., & Godbout, N. (2017). Taariikhda isticmaalka internetka iyo wanaag galmo ee dadka waaweyn. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 14, 78-85. doi:10.1016 / j.jsxm.2016.10.016[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), inkasta oo daraasad kale oo ka dhex dhacday ragga dhallinyarada ah ee bulshada ay ku guuldareysteen inay helaan xiriir adag (Landripet & Štulhofer, 2015 Barxad, IA, & Ultulhofer, A. (2015). Miyaa loo isticmaalaa sawirka qaawan oo la xidhiidha dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo kacsi la’aanta ragga da 'yarta ah? Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1136-1139. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12853[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Si loo tijaabiyo sharraxaadda qiyaasta ah, van Lankveld, de Jong, et al. (2018 Van Lankveld, JJDM, de Jong, PJ, Henckens, MJMJ, - Den Hollander, P., Van Den Hout, AJHC, & de Vries, P. (2018). Is-jeclaanta galmada tooska ah iyo ururada-guuldarada galmada ee ragga qaba naafada galmada. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 55, 802-813. doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1394960[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) waxay soo jeediyeen sawirro gundhig ah oo muujinaya kaqeybgale kastaa oo lammaane u gaar ah dareenka kacsiga ee ST-IAT. Bedel ahaan, ururada dareenka galmada oo leh niyad wanaag, sida ragga leh heerar hoose oo hawlo galmo ah, ayaa laga yaabaa inay matalaan rabitaan xoog leh oo ku saabsan isdhexgalka galmada sida lagu muujiyay sawirada erotic. Kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya rabitaankan iyo isdhexgalka galmada ee dhabta ah, dhab ahaantii, wuxuu noqon karaa mid ka mid ah xoogagga dhaqaajiya khibradahooda galmada. Suurtagalnimada ugu dambeysa ayaa ah in ragga leh ururada jecel galmada ee aadka u sareeya ay sidoo kale leeyihiin baahiyo aad u sarreeya, aaminaad jinsiyeed oo laxiriira waxqabadka ("macho aaminsan") oo u dhaqma sida arrimo u nugul horumarka cillad jinsi (Peixoto & Nobre, 2017 - Peixoto, MM, & - Nobre, P. (2017). Caqiidada 'Macho' waxay dhexdhexaadineysaa xiriirka udhaxeeya marxaladaha galmada ee xun iyo firfircoonida qorshooyinka karti darrada ee galmada, ragga iyo khaniisnimada iyo ragga isku galmooda. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 14, 518-525. doi:10.1016 / j.jsxm.2017.02.002[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Tijaabinta mala-awaalka ah ee ah in ururadu jecel yihiin jinsi galmo waxaa lagu sharaxaa macho weyn oo la rumeysan karo taasoo u horseedaysa ka mid noqoshada rumeysiga galmada daraasadaha mustaqbalka.

Marka la barbardhigo natiijooyinka muuqda ee iska soo horjeedda ee ragga ku saabsan xiriirka ka dhexeeya jecleysiga galmada tooska ah iyo u shaqeynta galmada, xiriirka la arkay ee ragga ee u dhexeeya burooyinka sare ee niyadtophilia iyo dhibcaha sareeya ee galmada ayaa ah mid toos ah. In kasta oo natiijooyinka sare ee cudurka 'etoptopia' ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin galmo muuqaal sare leh oo raba in ay ka qaybgaleyaasha ragga ah, in ay ku celiyaan, rabitaan galmo oo muuqata ma muujineynin xiriir ay la leeyihiin ragga.

Falanqayn kala duwanaansho badan ayaa ku guuldareysatay inay xaqiijiso saameynta dhexdhexaadnimada ee WMC iyo walwalka iyo calaamadaha niyadjabka ee ku saabsan ururrada u dhexeeya tallaabooyin cad iyo cad iyo shaqo galmo. Sidaa daraadeed, natiijooyinkayaga ayaan siin doonin iftiin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan fikradaha aragti ahaaneed ee hannaanka laba geesood waa inuu bixiyo sharraxaadda kala-duwanaanta ragga iyo dumarka howlaha galmada. Astaamaha welwelka iyo diiqadda ma aysan ku darsamin saadaalinta wax kasta oo ku saabsan shaqada galmada, malaha waxaa ugu wacan heerarka astaamaha hoose, oo ay weheliso heerar ku filan oo ah waxqabadka galmada muunadda daraasadda.

Dhowr sharraxaad deg-deg ah oo ku saabsan helitaanka saameyn dhexdhexaad ah ee WMC ayaa la soo bandhigi karaa. Tan koowaad waa in saameynta noocaas ah ee WMC runtii aysan jirin. Qaar ka mid ah daraasadihii hore ee awoodaha, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay bixiyaan tilmaamo muujinaya in xusuusta shaqeynaysa, iyo sidoo kale waliba dhinacyo kale oo ah fulinta fulinta, ay ku lug leeyihiin shaqeynta galmada, gaar ahaan kicinta galmada ee ragga dhalinyarada ah (Amezcua-Gutierrez et al., 2017 Amezcua-Gutierrez, C., Ruiz-Diaz, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, M., - Guevara, MA, Agmo, A., & - Sanz-Martin, A. (2017). Saamaynta kacsiga galmada ee isku xidhitaanka cortical inta lagu gudajiro waxqabadka Tower of Hanoi hawsha ragga dhalinyarada ah. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Galmada, 54, 398-408. doi:10.1080/00224499.2015.1130211[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Ruiz-Diaz, Hernandez-Gonzalez, Guevara, Amezcua, & Agmo, 2012 Ruiz-Diaz, M., Hernandez-Gonzalez, M., - Guevara, MA, Amezcua, C., & Agmo, A. (2012). Isku xirnaanta hore ee EEG inta lagu gudajiro Tower of Hanoi iyo waxqabadka WCST: Saameynta dhiirrigelinta muuqaalka shucuurta. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 9, 2631-2640. doi:10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2012.02782.x[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Sharaxaad kale oo hordhac ah ayaa ah in dhexdhexaadinta WMC ay ku daboolan tahay dhibaatooyinka qalabka. In kasta oo ToH-R loo adeegsaday in lagu muujiyo astaamaha xasuusta shaqada (Goel & Grafman, 1995 Gool, V., & Grafman, J. (1995). Fiilooyinka hore ma ku lug leeyihiin howlaha 'qorshaynta'? Tarjumidda xogta ka socota Tower of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia, 33, 623-642. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)90866-P[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Goldman-Rakic, 1987 Goldman-Rakic, PS (1987). Kobcinta wareegga kortical iyo shaqada garashada. Horumarinta Carruurta, 58, 601-622. doi:10.2307/1130201[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Zook iyo al., 2004 Zook, NA, - Davalos, DB, - DeLosh, EL, & Davis, HP (2004). Xusuusta shaqeynta, xakamaynta, iyo dareeraha dareemada ah saadaalinta waxqabadka ee Tower of Hanoi iyo howlaha London. Maskaxda iyo Aqoonsiga, 56, 286-292. doi:10.1016 / j.bandc.2004.07.003[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), sheyga visuospatial ee ku jira ayaa laga yaabaa inuu xukumaan (Handley et al., 2002 Gacan SJ, Kaabon, A., Copp, C., & Harper, C. (2002). Sababta shuruudaysan iyo munaaradda Hanoi: Doorka xiisaha iyo xusuusta hadalka afka. Joornaalka joornaalka ah ee cilmu-nafsiga, 93, 501-518. doi:10.1348/000712602761381376[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) oo aan ka dhigno mid aan ku habooneyn in lagu matalo muuqaalka luqadda / luqadeed ee xusuusta shaqada ee loogu talagalay fulinta hawshan gaarka ah. Aalado kale, oo ay kujiraan tijaabinta ereyga iyo lambarrada, waxay noqon karaan kuwa ku habboon in lagu qabto qodobka ku habboon ee xusuusta shaqeynta. Sharaxaadda ugu dambeysa ee la qiyaasi karo waxay noqon kartaa in saamaynta caqabadaha caqabadaha WMC xaddidan tahay ee muunad aan qalliin ahayn ay ka yar tahay intii la filay, taasoo dhalisay awood tirakoob aan ku filneyn oo ah (yar) cabirka muunad ee hadda jira, kaasoo xitaa sii yaraaday maxaa yeelay dhowr ka-qaybgalayaasha ayaa la kulmay dhibaatooyin farsamo iyo awoodi waayeen inay qabtaan ToH-R. Qayb kale oo muhiim ah oo kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ku guuldareysteen inay ka gudbiyaan heerka waxqabadka ee uguyaraan seddex tijaabo oo lagu guuldareystay maxaa yeelay waxay joojiyeen kaqeybgalkooda imtixaanka xilli hore. Cilmibaarista mustaqbalka waxaa loo dammaanad qaadayaa in ay tijaabiso sharraxaadahaan.

Dhibcaha kaqeybgalayaasha haweenka ee tusaalaheena aad ayuu u hooseeyay, taasoo soo jeedineysa heerar hoose oo ah galmo sameynta (Ter Kuile et al., 2006 - Ter Kuile, MM, Brauer, M., & - Laan, E. (2006). Tilmaamaha Waxqabadka Galmoodka Haweenka (FSFI) iyo Iskeelka Iskudarka Dumar Haweenka (FSDS): Guryaha Maskaxda Ah Oo Ay Ku Noolyihiin Dadweynaha Nederland. Joornaalka Jinsiga & Daaweynta Guurka, 32, 289-304. doi:10.1080/00926230600666261[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), oo laga yaabo inuu shaki galiyo inay iyagu si dhab ah u mataleen dad aan dawli ahayn. Si kastaba ha noqotee, dhibcaha 'FSFI' ee labada jawaab-bixiyeyaal dhedig ah ee is-wariyey inay la kulmeen dhibaatooyin galmo waxay ahaayeen kuwa dhex-dhexaad ah iyo celcelis ahaan celcelis ahaan heerarka FSFI. Natiijooyin la mid ah natiijooyinka hoose ee FSFI ayaa sidoo kale lagu soo sheegay muunadda guud ee dadka reer Holland (Lammerink et al., 2017 Lammerink, EAG, de Bock, GH, Pascal, A., Van Beek, AP, - van den Bergh, ACM, Dagaalyahan, MGA, & Baroorta, MJE (2017). Sahamin ku saabsan shaqada galmada ee dumarka guud ahaan Nederland. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 14, 937-949. doi:10.1016 / j.jsxm.2017.04.676[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]).

Gabagabadii, waxaan ka helnay cadeyn bulshada muunadkan ah in dhowr waji oo galmo shaqo ay laxiriiraan ururo cad oo kacsi galmo oo jecel iyo rabitaan, waxaa weheliso arimo cad ee garashada galmada. Natiijooyinkayagii la helay ayaa dib uga helay natiijooyinka daraasadihii hore. Ma aanan helin caddeyn muujineysa dhexdhexaadnimada ururadaan ay soo saartay WMC, sida uu soojeediyay hannaanka laba geesood ee galmada.

Mahadnaq

Waxaan u mahadcelineynaa Anne Camper, Chantal Bos, Jill Philipsen, Marcella Hagenaar, Marije Koppenens, Marissa van der Velde, Myrinne M. Tinselboer, iyo Esther Stehouwer ka qeybqaadashadooda xog aruurinta.

Qalabka dheeriga ah

Jadwalka Dheeraadka ah ee Qadka 2

Soo dejiso MS Word (58 KB)

Jadwalka Dheeraadka ah ee Qadka 1

Soo dejiso MS Word (70 KB)

Notes

1 Sawirro muuqaal ah oo muuqaal ah oo loogu talagalay ST-IAT waxay ahaayeen lambarrada IAPS 4658, 4659, 4664, iyo 4680. Sawirradan waxaa horay loogu adeegsaday daraasadda van Lankveld et al. (2015 Van Lankveld, JJDM, - Odekerken, I., - Kok-Verhoeven, L., - van Hooren, S., de Vries, P., Van Den Hout, A., & - P. (2015). Ururo cad oo cad oo leh dhiiri galinta shukaansi ee ragga iyo dumarka shaqo la'aan. Wargeyska Daaweynta Jinsiga, 12, 1791-1804. doi:10.1111 / jsm.12930[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Sawirro qaawan oo la xulay ee rabitaanka dhiirrigelinta ST-IAT waxay ahaayeen lambarrada IAPS 4611, 4652, 4690, iyo 4800.

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