aan la taaban karin
Taariikhda iyo ujeeddooyinka
Khaladaadka Dhaqanka Galmood ee khasabka ah (CSBD) waxaa lagu gartaa ku guuldareysiga joogtada ah ee xakameynta kacsanaanta galmo ee soo noqnoqda, dhiirigalinta, iyo / ama fikradaha, taasoo dhalisay dabeecad galmo oo soo noqnoqonaysa taasoo keenta daciifnimo calaamadaha aagagga muhiimka ah ee shaqeynaya. In kasta oo ay ka mid tahay ku-biiriddiisi ugu dambeysay ee ICD-11 ee soo socota, welwelka ku saabsan qiimeyntiisa, ogaanshaha, faafidda ama astaamaha caafimaad ayaa weli jira. Ujeedada daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in la aqoonsado kaqeybgalayaashu oo soo bandhigaya CSBD iyada oo loo marayo hannaan xogta-ku-saleysan ee laba shaybaar oo madax-bannaan isla markaana lagu sharraxayo dhaqankooda, galmada, iyo muuqaalkooda caafimaad.
Dariiqooyinka
Muunada 1 waxaa ku jira 1,581 ardayda jaamacadaha ah (dheddigga = 56.9%); Mda'da = 20.58) halka tusaalaha 2 ka kooban yahay 1,318 xubno bulshada ah (dheddig = 43.6%; Mda'da = 32.37). Marka hore, waxaan soo saarnay tixraac cusub oo iskuxiran si loo qiimeeyo dhammaan noocyada astaamaha CSBD ee ku saleysan seddex miisaaman oo horey loo ansaxiyay. Iyada oo ku saleysan tixraaca kooxdan cusub, waxaan markii dambe aqoonsannay shakhsiyaadka qaba CSBD iyada oo loo marayo hab falanqeyn kooxeed.
Natiijooyinka
Qiyaasta dhacdada CSBD waxay ahayd 10.12% muunad 1 iyo 7.81% muunad 2. Kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD badiyaa waa rag lab ama dheddig ah, ka yar kuwa jawaabeyaasha ah ee aan lahayn CSBD, waxay soo sheegeen heerar sare oo ah dareenka galmada ee raadinaya iyo erotophilia, qadka offline iyo gaar ahaan howlaha galmada ee internetka. , astaamo niyad jab iyo walaac badan, iyo isku kalsoonida liidata.
Gabagabada
Cilmi baaristu waxay bixisaa caddeyn dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan dhacdo ka dhacda CSBD iyadoo lagu saleynayo qaab kale oo xog aruurinta ah, iyo sidoo kale sharraxaad faahfaahsan oo la taaban karo oo ku saabsan dhaqan-bulsheedka, galmada, iyo muuqaalka caafimaad ee qaangaarka qaba xaaladdan. Saamaynta caafimaad ee ka dhalatay natiijooyinkan ayaa si faahfaahsan looga hadlay.
Hordhac
Khaladaadka Dhaqanka Galmood ee khasabka ah (CSBD), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "qabatinka galmada", "hyperexual disorder (HD)", ama "dabeecad galmo dhibaato leh", ayaa lagu soo daray dib u eegista 11-aad ee Noocyada Caalamiga ah ee Cudurrada (ICD-11). ah Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (2018). Habka muxaafidka ayaa loo qaatay, CSBD-na waxaa loo aqoonsaday cilad-xakameyn xakameysan (Kraus et al., 2018). Heer caafimaad, CSBD waxaa lagu gartaa fashil joogto ah oo lagu xakameynayo rabitaano galmo oo soo noqnoqda, dhiiri gelin, iyo / ama fikirro, taasoo dhalisay dabeecad galmo oo soo noqnoqota taasoo keenta daciifnimo astaamo muhiim ah oo ka shaqeynaya (Kraus et al., 2018). Qaabkan aan loo xakameynin ee dabeecadda galmada waxay horseedaa inay ku lug yeeshaan hawlo galmo badan oo aan raaxaysanayn, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee xad-dhaafka ah ee had iyo jeer ay weheliso nafsadda khasabka ah ("qaniimada galmada)" (Wordecha et al., 2018), galmo aan caadi ahayn oo lala yeesho shuraako badan, galmo xad dhaaf ah xagga adeegyada galmada ee la bixiyo, ama galmada qasabka ah ee ku saabsan xiriir deggan (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Kafka, 2010; Karila iyo al., 2014; Reid, Nijaar, & Lloyd, 2009, Reid et al., 2012). Dabeecadahaani waxay soo saaraan dhibaato shaqsiyeed iyo mid nafsi ah (Reid et al., 2009), iyo sidoo kale dhibaatooyinka dhinacyo kala duwan oo nolosha maalinlaha ah (McBride, Reece, & Sanders, 2008). Natiijo ahaan, shakhsiyaadka la halgamaya CSBD waxay badanaa u baahan yihiin caawimaad xirfad-yaqaan (maskaxeed iyo / ama daweyn cilmi-nafsi) si ay u xakameeyaan himilooyinkooda galmada, fikradaha, iyo dhaqankooda, iyo sidoo kale inay soo ceshadaan noloshooda galmada iyo tayada nololeed ee guud (Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Gola & Potenza, 2016; Hook, Reid, Penberthy, Davis, & Jennings, 2014). In kasta oo aan la samayn daraasado ballaaran oo cudurrada faafa ah, haddana waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in CSBD uu saameeyo 1-6% dadka waaweyn (Bőthe et al., 2019; Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014; Kuzma & Black, 2008), Ragga ka kooban 80% bukaannada raadinaya daaweyn (Kaplan & Krueger, 2010). Ujeeddada daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in lagu aqoonsado dadka ku soo bandhigaya CSBD hab cusub oo xog-ku-saleysan ah oo laga soo qaaday laba muunad oo madax-bannaan, iyo sidoo kale lagu sharraxay dhaqankooda dhaqan ahaaneed, galmada, iyo muuqaalkooda caafimaad.
Qaabka baaritaanka iyo CSBD
Xitaa markii CSBD lagu daray ICD-11, qaabdhismeedka baaritaanka saxda ah iyo shuruudaha xaaladdan caafimaad ayaa wali laga wada hadlayaa (Kraus et al., 2018; Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). Ku saabsan xaaladda nosological hadda, tiro ka mid ah jagooyinka mowduucyada ku saabsan sida CSBD waa in loo kala saaraa iyo xaaladdan caafimaad u qaloocsan yahay cilad-qabatinka qabatinka (Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017), cilad galmo (Kafka, 2010; Walton et al., 2017), cilad xakameyn kadhalan (Reid, Berlin, & Kingston, 2015), ama aan loo tixgalin inuu khalkhaliyo gabi ahaanba (Moser, 2013). Qaab dhismeedka fikradeed kasta wuxuu soo bandhigayaa shuruudo kala duwan oo lagu ogaanayo cudurkaan, isagoo sii xoojinaya fekerka fekerka isla markaana carqaladeeya aqoonsiga astaan u gaar ah bukaanada muujinaya astaamaha xaaladdan caafimaad.Karila iyo al., 2014; Wéry & Billieux, 2017).
Caddaynta hadda la helay ee laga soo qaatay daraasadaha dadka caafimaad ahaan waxay muujinayaan in CSBD ay qancinayso inta badan aasaaska aasaasiga ah ee loo soo bandhigay qeexitaanka hawlgalka qabatinka dabeecadaha (Billieux et al., 2017; Kardefelt-Winther et al., 2017): (a) waqti xad dhaaf ah / dadaal badan oo lagu bixiyay akhlaaqda galmada; (b) is-xakameyn la’aan; (c) nidaam nidaamsan oo ku guul-darreysto inuu ka soo baxo waajibaadka qoyska, bulshada, ama shaqada; iyo (d) ku sii adkaysashada dhaqanka galmada inkasta oo cawaaqibkeeda ka dhalan karto. Shuruuddaasi waxay la mid yihiin kuwa loo soo jeediyey in lagu daro CSBD ee ICD-11 (Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018) iyo qaar ka mid ah shuruudaha ay soo jeediyeen Kafka (2010) aqoonsiga Cudurka 'Hypersexual Disorder' (HD) ee DSM-5. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, soo jeedinta Kafka waxaa ka mid ahaa halbeeg muhiim ah oo uusan tixgelin ICD-11: yacni, ku soo noqnoqoshada ku lug lahaanshaha khiyaaliga galmada, ku boorinta, ama dabeecadaha ka jawaab celinta xaaladaha niyadda ee dareenka (tusaale ahaan, walaac ama niyad jab) ama ka jawaabista dhacdooyinka nolosha ee walaaca leh (shaqada dhibaatooyinka, murugada, iwm.). Daraasado kala duwan ayaa taageeraya ku-habboonaanta isticmaalka jinsiga oo ah farsamaynta la-qabsiga maladaptive ee loogu talagalay in lagu magdhabo xaaladaha xun ee xun ama dhacdooyinka nolosha ee walaaca leh ee qaba dadka qaba CSBD (Reid, Nijaar, Spackman, & Willes, 2008; Schultz, Hook, Davis, Penberthy, & Reid, 2014).
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jira calaamado kale oo aan si toos ah loogu darin midkoodna DSM-5 ama ICD-11 laakiin waxay ku habboon yihiin muujinta CSBD: tusaale ahaan, ka-hortagga galmada, kalluunka, iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada ee la isku arko. Calaamadahaasi waxay ka kooban yihiin muujinta garashada guud ee CSBD. Moodooyinka Seminal-ka ah sida “moodalka qaybta maandooriyaha”Griffiths, 2005) ama falanqaynta shabakadda ee dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa iftiimisay doorka muhiimka ah ee calaamadaha garashada astaamaha maandooriyaha ee internetka (Baggio et al., 2018) ama HD (Werner, Štulhofer, Waldorp, & Jurin, 2018). Sida lagu qeexay Griffiths (2005, p. 193), salience waxaa loola jeedaa "marka waxqabadka gaarka ah [jinsiga] uu noqdo waxqabadka ugu muhiimsan nolosha qofka isla markaana xukuma fikirkiisa (mashquulka iyo qallooca garashada), dareenka (damacyada) iyo dabeecadda (xumaanta habdhaqanka bulshada)". Sidoo kale, daraasado kala duwan ayaa muujinaya doorka muhiimka ah ee dhibaatooyinka galmada ee la isku arko ee aqoonsiga bukaanada muujinaya CSBD (Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019c).
Qaababka ugu waaweyn ee aqoonsiga iyo kala soocida dadka qaba CSBD
Kiliinigyada iyo cilmibaarayaashu waa inay aad uga taxadaraan markay ogaanayaan CSBD (Humphreys, 2018). Mid ka mid ah arrimaha carqaladeeya isku halaynta daraasado fara badan oo gudaha ah ayaa ah habka ay cilmibaarayaashaani u aqoonsadaan una kala saaraan kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD. Shuruudo kala duwan ayaa loo shaqeeyay si wax looga qabto hadafkan. Daraasadaha qaarkood waxay aqoonsadeen shakhsiyaadka qaba CSBD iyagoo ku saleynaya dhibcaha ay ka qabaan cabbiraadaha is-sheegashada ee kala duwan (Parsons, Grov, & Golub, 2012). Nasiib darrose, inta badan qiyaasaha qiimeynta CSBD ma bixiyaan dhibco la isku halleyn karo oo la isku halleyn karo oo laga soo qaaday saami-bixiyeyaasha caafimaadka (Macdanta, Raymond, Coleman, & Swinburne Romine, 2017), sidaa darteed marinnada la soo jeedinayo badanaa waa sabab la'aan iyo / ama waxay ku saleysan yihiin qaabdhismeedka tirakoobka (ma ahan mid caafimaad ahaan). Daraasada waxaa sameeyay Beth et al. (2019) waxay ka dhigan tahay tusaale sawir ah: ka dib markii la falanqeeyay astaamaha cilmu-nafsiyeed ee Dabeecadda Habdhaqanka Hypersexual ee muunad weyn oo aan xeeldheer lahayn, qorayaashan ayaa awoodi waayey inay helaan dhibco goos goos ah oo xasaasi ah oo gaar ah oo loogu talagalay ogaanshaha CSBD. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, qiimaha saadaalinta wanaagsan ee goos gooska sida caadiga ah loogu isticmaalo baaritaanka uur-ku-yeelashada (dhibco cayriin> 53) wuxuu ahaa 14% (taasoo la micno ah kaqeybgalayaasha ka sarreeya 53 ee HBI, kaliya 14% runti waxay uqalmeen baaritaankaan). Sidaa awgeed, waxay ku taliyeen in la isticmaalo tilmaamayaal kale iyo tallaabooyin lagu ogaanayo xaaladdan.
Bedel ahaan, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay tixgeliyeen aqoonsi isu-lahaanshaha ah sida ay dhib ku qabaan xakameynta dhaqanka galmada (Smith et al., 2014) ama raadinta daaweyn CSBD (Scanavino iyo al., 2013) sida tilmaamayaasha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee CSBD. Tusaale ahaan, dhowaan Grubbs et al. (Grubbs, Grant, & Engelman, 2019a; Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019b) Waxaa la sameeyay labo daraasadood oo loo adeegsaday cilad-xumeynta mashaakilka dhibka ku dheehan tahay iyada oo loo adeegsanayo hal shay sida “Aniga waxaan qabatana sawiro qaawan"Ama"Anigu waxaan u yeedhayaa qof xariif ah”. Si kastaba ha noqotee, shaqsiyaadka qaarkood ee isu aqoonsanaya inay leeyihiin dhibaatooyinka CSBD ayaan dhab ahaan soo bandhigi karin astaamaha caafimaad ama darnaan darradaan, laakiin kaliya waxay aqbali kartaa anshaxdooda galmada (Gorgbs, Perry, et al., 2019c; Grubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, 2018; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019).
Ugu dambeyntii, daraasado kale ayaa aqoonsaday kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD iyada oo loo marayo wareysiyo qaabeysan ama qaab dhismeedka qaab-dhismeed ahaan qaabeysan (Reid et al., 2012). Xitaa marka qaabkan loo tixgeliyo "qaanuunka Dahabka ah" marka la qiimeynayo jiritaanka iyo darnaanta CSBD (Hook, Hook, Davis, Worthington, & Penberthy, 2010; Womack, Hook, Ramos, Davis, & Penberthy, 2013), tayada qiimayntani badanaa waxay kuxirantahay cabirka ogaanshaha qaaska ah ee hagaya wareysigan qaab dhismeedka u qaabeysan. Dheeraad ah, qiimeyn iyada oo loo marayo wareysiga qaabeysan ee qaab dhismeedka ayaa waqti qaadanaya, sidaa darteed ku habboonaanta hanaankan cilmi baarista (tusaale ahaan, daraasadaha ka kooban muunado waaweyn) inta badan waa mid xadidan.
Maqnaanshaha qaabdhismeed ogaanshaha saxda ah ee CSBD (Kraus & Sweeney, 2019), qaab kale waa in lagu garto shakhsiyaadka qaba CSBD iyada oo loo marayo habab xog-ka-kaxaynta (tusaale ahaan, falanqaynta kooxdu). Nidaamkan ayaa si gaar ah lagula talinayaa xaaladaha cilmi-baarista, halkaas oo tiro badan oo kaqeybgale ah ay tahay in lagu qiimeeyo waqti xadidan iyo kala-soocitaan ahaan sidii galmo qasab ah ama aan ka dhicin hoolka. Daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay Efrati & Gola (2018b) dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee sifiican loo aqoonsaday oo leh CSBD (12 iyo 14% oo ah laba muunadood oo madax banaan) ayagoo adeegsanaya hab xog aruurinta ah (Falanqaynta Astaanta Profile, LPA). Saxnimada gudaha iyo dibedda ee qaabkan kooxeed waxaa lagu muujiyey falanqaynta asturnaanta galmada ee dhallinta qaan-gaarka ah ee ku jira kooxda CSBD (oo lagu gartey meel ka baxsan gacan-ku-haynta, isku-xirnaanta walaac leh, kalinnimo badan, soo-noqnoqoshada sare ee isticmaalka sawirrada, iyo hawlo galmo oo badan). Sidoo kale, Beth et al. (2019) dadka qaangaarka ah ee la aqoonsaday ee leh khatarta sare ee hyperexuality (ku dhawaad 1% muunadda) iyadoo la adeegsanayo LPA. Sidaa darteed, maqnaanshaha qaab dhismeedka baaritaanka ee habboon iyo sidoo kale aaladaha baarista ee dhawaaqa iyo codka gaaban (Montgomery-Graham, 2017), hababka xogtu wadato waxay ka kooban tahay hab lagu kalsoonaan karo oo lagu baaro CSBD xaaladaha la xiriira cilmi baarista ee ka kooban sanballada waaweyn.
Daraasadda hadda
Ujeeddada daraasadda hadda jirta ayaa ahayd in la baadho dhacdada iyo dhaqan ahaanta, galmada, iyo astaamaha caafimaad ee CSBD laba qaybood oo ka madax bannaan bulshada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaan wax ka qabannay laba xadidan oo cilmi baaris hore ah ka hor intaanan ka hadlin ujeeddada: (1) la'aanta qalab qalab baaritaan oo isku mid ah oo lagu qiimeynayo dhammaan xasaasiyadda, dabeecadda, iyo astaamaha shucuurta ee CSBD iyo (2) saxnaanta hoose ee dariiqooyinka kala duwan ee badanaa lagu dabaqi karo xaaladaha cilmi-baarista si loo aqoonsado bukaanka CSBD. Sidaa darteed, waxaan raacnay hanaan sedex tallaabo ah oo aan wax uga qabanno ujeeddada daraasadda.
Marka hore, waxaan soo saarnay tixraac cusub oo iskuxiran si aan u qiimeyno dhammaan astaamaha CSBD. Tilmaantan waxay ku tiirsan tahay saddex qiyaasood oo horay loo ansaxiyay oo loogu talagalay qiimeynta CSBD: Dhaqanka Dabeecadda Dhaqanka (Hyperexual Behavior Inventory) (HBI, Reid, Garos, & Nijaarka, 2011b), Qiyaasta Isugeynta Galmada (SCS, Kalichman & Rompa, 1995), iyo Baadhitaanka Tijaabada Baadhitaanka Jinsi (SAST, Carnes, 1983). Si madaxbanaan, talaabooyinkani waxay u muuqdaan kuwo aad u cidhiidhi ah marka lagu jiro qiimaynta CSBD, iyagoo aan daboolin astaamaha kala duwan ee loo baahan yahay in sahamin lagu sameeyo si loo qiimeeyo xaaladdan caafimaad.Womack iyo al., 2013); hase yeeshe, isku soo wada duuboo miisaamadan waxay bixiyaan qiimeyn dhameystiran oo calaamadaha CSBD iyo darnaanta. Si aan ula tacaalno dhibaatada isticmaalka qolyadan si madaxbanaan, waxaan sameynay dib u eegis dhameystiran oo ku saabsan waxyaabaha ay ka kooban tahay, kuna xirey alaabtooda astaamaha kala duwan ee CSBD iyo abuurista tusmo isugeyn ah oo lagu qiimeynayo shuruudaha soosocda: (a) xakamaynta luminta, (b) dayacaad, ( c) joojin kari waaya, (d) sii wadashaqaynta inkasta oo faragelin, (e) laqabsashada, iyo (f) Kala-bax, jahwareer, iyo dhibaatooyinka galmada ee la is-arko (faahfaahin guud oo astaan kasta leh, arag Shaxda A1 ee Bogga Dambe). Qaab dhismeedka qaab-dhismeedka ee isku xirka walxaha cabbirka leh calaamad kasta oo gaar ah waxay ahayd shuruudaha ICD-11 CSBD (Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018), soojeedinta DSM-5 ee lagu ogaanayo cudurka ogaanshaha (hyperexuality) (Kafka, 2010), iyo nooca ay ka kooban tahay qabatinka (Griffiths, 2005). Nidaamku wuxuu u dhigmaa kii xigay Womack iyo al. (2013) dib-u-eegistooda ee cabbiraadaha hufnaanta: laba aqoonyahanno madax-bannaan ayaa kuxiray shay kasta shay la xiriira cudur, iyo qof saddexaad oo madax-bannaan oo madax-bannaan ayaa xalliyay wixii kala-soocitaan ah. Si loo caddeeyo awgeed, walxaha qiimeynaya wax ka badan hal calaamadood CSBD ama aan si cad u qiimeynin astaamo kasta waa laga saaray tusaha cusub ee qoraalka.
Iyada oo ku saleysan tixraaca iskudarka, waxaan markii dambe aqoonsanay shakhsiyaadka qaba CSBD iyada oo loo marayo hab falanqeyn kooxeed. Falanqaynta kooxdu waxay u oggolaaneysaa inay daaha ka qaaddo kooxaha isku ekaanshaha ah ee shakhsiyaadka iyadoo loo eegayo baaxadda iyo qaabka dhibcaha ee tilmaamayaasha kala duwan, waxaana si isa soo taraysa loogu adeegsaday aqoonsashada dadka leh arrimo caafimaad oo kaladuwan (sida dhibaatooyinka dhibka u adeegsada barnaamijyada shukaansi barnaamijyada 'Rochat, Bianchi-Demicheli, Aboujaoude, & Khazaal, 2019] ama kaqeybgal xad dhaaf ah ee magacyada sawirada [Musetti iyo al., 2019]). Qaabkan, waxaan u kala qaybinay 2,899 kaqeybgale oo laga soo qaaday labo muunad oo madax-bannaan ilaa labo koox ah (kuwa aan ahayn CSBD iyo ka qeybqaatayaasha CSBD). Iyada oo la tixgelinayo nooca hordhaca ah ee shuruudaha CSBD ee la soo bandhigay iyo horumarka aan la fileyn ee dhibcaha goos gooska ah, habkan xogta loo wado wuxuu soo bandhigayaa faa'iidooyinka aqoonsiga dadkan caafimaad ahaan, sida ka fogaanshaha adeegsiga dhibcaha goos goos gooska ah ama ku tiirsanaanta fahamka dhibaatooyinka galmada. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, falanqaynta kooxdu waxay faa'iido u leedahay fahamka dhaqdhaqaaqa isdhaafsiga intraindividual, bedelkii kala duwanaanshaha labada luqadood (sida marka ay jiraan qaabab ku jiheysan jihooyinka)Bergman & Magnusson, 1997). Ugu dambeyntiina, marka la barbar dhigo qaabab isku dhafan oo xog-wadis ah oo u baahan adeegsiga kombiyuutarro tirakoob heer sare ah oo loogu talagalay xisaabinta (tusaale, LPA), falanqaynta kooxdu si fudud ayaa loogu fulin karaa iyada oo loo marayo barnaamijyada caanka ah (tusaale ahaan, SPSS), oo leh heer sare oo isugeyn ah oo u dhexeeya natiijooyinka habraacyada xisaabeedDiStefano & Kamphaus, 2006; Eshghi, Haughton, Legrand, Skaletsky, & Woolford, 2011).
Ugu dambeyntiina, waxaan shaqaaleyney kooxo waaween oo laga soo qaatay falanqeyno hore si aan u sahamno dhacdooyinka iyo astaamaha kaqeybgaleyaasha uqalma inay yihiin kufsi. Waxa la tijaabiyay fikradaha kala duwan ee horudhaca ah. Sababta oo ah cadaymaha hadda jira ayaa tilmaamaya in baahinta CSBD ay u dhexeyso 1 illaa 6% (Bőthe et al., 2019; Walton et al., 2017), waxaa mala-awaalay in dhacitaanka CSBD muunadayada ay ku dhici doonto tiradaan, iyadoo ragga ay ka kooban yihiin saami aad u ballaaran (∼80%) kaqeybgalayaasha kooxdan. Marka laga hadlayo akhlaaqda galmada ee tooska ah iyo khadka tooska ah ee internetka, waxaan rajeyneynaa inaan helno soo noqnoqoshada, kala duwanaanta, iyo darnaanta dhaqanka galmada ee ka qeybgalayaasha CSBD (Klein et al., 2014; Odlaug et al., 2013; Winters, Christoff, & Gorzalka, 2010). Kuxiran firfircoonaanta galmada ee kordhay, waxaan fileynaa in kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD ay dhibco sare ka heli doonaan sifooyinka galmada sida rabitaanka galmada (Kalichman & Rompa, 1995; Klein et al., 2014) ama erotophilia (Rettenberger, Klein, & Briken, 2015). Ugu dambeyntiina, illaa xadka ay bukaannada CSBD u adeegsadaan galmada qaab farsameyn, waxaan sidoo kale qiyaasnay in natiijooyinka miisaanka lagu qiimeeyo niyad-jabka (Schultz et al., 2014), walaaca (Carvalho, Guerra, Neves, & Nobre, 2014; Reid, Bramen, Anderson, & Cohen, 2014; Voon vd, 2014), iyo isku kalsoonida (Chaney & Gubasho, 2015; Reid, Nijaar, Gilliland, & Karim, 2011a) waa la kordhin lahaa kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD.
Dariiqooyinka
Ka qaybqaatayaasha iyo nidaamka
Kaqeyb galayaasha cilmi baaristan waxaa laga soo qaatay labo daraasadood oo madax banaan oo laga sameeyay CSBD. Qaadashada xogta muunadda koowaad waxaa la qabtay intii u dhaxeysay 2012 iyo 2015. Muddadan, waxaan adeegsannay qaab isugeyn ah, habka sahaminta wadooyinka si aan u soo aruurino xogta ku saabsan tusaalaha ugu haboon ee ardayda kuleejka Isbaanishka. Gaar ahaan, kooxda cilmi-baarista ayaa dejisay miis macluumaad ka soo gala albaabka weyn ee xarumaha waxbarashada sare iyo xubin ka mid ah kooxdu waxay si firfircoon ula soo qeybgaleen kaqeyb galayaasha. Ardayda waxaa laga codsaday inay si iskaa ah ula shaqeeyaan cilmi baaris ku saabsan dhaqanka galmada. Kuwa aqbalay, dhammaystiray qiimayn shaqsiyeed xafiiska ah halkaasoo qof khibrad u leh cilminafsiyeedka cilmu-nafsiga uu maamulo warbixinno kala duwan oo iskiis ah. Waqtiga celceliska ee lagu dhammaystiro daraasadda wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 1 saac iyo 45 daqiiqo, kaqeybgalayaashana waxay heleen 10 € magdhow ahaan kaqeybgalkooda.
Qaadashada xogta muunadda labaad ayaa la qabtay intii u dhaxeysay 2016 iyo 2018. Ujeeddada muunad qaadista waxay ahayd in lagu qiimeeyo CSBD muunad ballaaran oo ka tirsan xubnaha bulshada ku hadla Isbaanishka. Baadhitaanka waxaa lagu sameeyay qadka tooska ah ee shabakadda internetka oo sugan oo loogu talagalay in lagu bixiyo macluumaad iyo qiimeyn ku saabsan CSBD (https://adiccionalsexo.uji.es/). Kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa laqorey iyagoo adeegsanaya iskudhaf istiraatiijiyado shaqaalaysiin firfircoon iyo dadban. Shaqaalaynta firfircoon waxaa ka mid ahaa: (1) email qarxinta iyada oo loo marayo liisaska hay'adaha (jaamacadaha, ururada, iwm); (2) faafinta daraasadda raadiyaha iyo boggaga wargeysyada; (3) in boorar lagu dhajiyo Facebook iyadoo loo marayo «daabacadaha la soo jeediyay» adeegga suuqgeynta iyo; (4) dhajinta waraaqaha kala baxa ee meelaha cufnaanta badan leh (xarumaha wax laga iibsado, dukaamada waaweyn, iwm.). Daraasadda daraasadda ayaa sidoo kale lagu heli jiray iyada oo loo marayo mashiin kasta oo raadinta iyadoo la adeegsanayo ereyo ay ka mid yihiin "balwadaha galmada" iyo / ama "qiimeynta mukhaadaraadka galmada" (Isbaanish) (qoritaan dadban). Muddadii ay daraasaddu ahayd mid la heli karo, 3,025 kaqeybgalayaashu waxay heleen sahanka. Xogta ugu horreysa ee laga soo qaatay barxadda internetka ayaa la baaray si looga fogaado jawaabo aan micno lahayn, iswaafaqla'aan, iyo / ama jawaabo been abuur ah (tusaale, ka-qaybgalayaasha ka warbixinaya> 100 sano jir). Maaddaama mid ka mid ah miisaanka CSBD ee aan u adeegsannay kaqeybgalayaasha isu-geynta (Hantidhowrka Habdhaqanka Hypersexual, HBI) la dhigay dhammaadka sahanka internetka, kaliya kaqeybgalayaasha dhammaystiray 100% sahanka ayaa lagu daray daraasadda. Ka saarida ka dib, wadar ahaan kaqeybgalayaasha 1,318 ayaa lagu soo daray xogta ugu dambeysa. Celceliska waqtiga lagu dhammaystirayo daraasadda wuxuu ahaa 27.82 daqiiqo (SD = 13.83) iyo kaqeybgalayaashu ma helin magdhow ka qeybqaadashadooda.
Sidaas awgeed, wadar ahaan 2,899 laga soo qaaday laba muunad oo madax-bannaan ayaa ka qayb-qaatay daraasadda. Xog uruurintii ugu horreysay waxaa ka mid ahaa tusaale muunad ah oo 1,581 ardayda jaamacadaha Isbaanishka ah (56.9% dheddig ah) oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 18 iyo 27 sano jir (M = 20.58; SD = 2.17). Xog uruurinta labaad waxaa ku jira muunad aad u fara badan oo kaladuwan oo ah 1,318 xubnood oo bulshada ah (43.6% dheddig ah) oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 18 ilaa 75 sano jir (M = 32.37; SD = 13.42). Shaxda 1 wuxuu muujinayaa astaamaha kaqeybgalayaasha labada shaybaar.
| Tusaalaha 1 (n = 1,581) % ama M (SD) | Tusaalaha 2 (n = 1,318) % ama M (SD) | Tirakoob la'aantinimo ayaa jirta | Cabbirka saamaynta | |
| Jinsi (lab) | 43.1% | 56.4% | χ2 = 51.23 *** | V = 0.13 |
| Jinsi (dheddig) | 56.9% | 43.6% | ||
| Age | 20.58 (2.17) | 34.11 (16.74) | t = −7.68 *** | d = 1.13 |
| Lamaanaha dadaalka ah (haa) | 52.3% | 69.6% | χ2 = 93.18 *** | V = 0.18 |
| Caqiidada diinta (cawaan) | 54.7% | 68.5% | χ2 = 73.00 *** | V = 0.16 |
| Caqiidada diinta (caqiidada) | 38.7% | 24.9% | ||
| Caqiidada diinta (caqiido aan ku dhaqmin) | 6% | 6.7% | ||
| Jihaynta galmada (khaniisnimada) | 92.0% | 73.7% | χ2 = 185.54 *** | V = 0.31 |
| Jiheynta galmada (lab iyo dhadig) | 3.3% | 13.7% | ||
| Tilmaanta galmada (khaniisnimada) | 4.5% | 12.6% |
note. ***P <0.001
Cabbiraadaha
Sifooyinka ka qaybgalayaasha
Kaqeybgaleyaasha waxaa la weydiiyay inay soo sheegaan jinsigooda, da'dooda, iyo inay ku hawlan yihiin iyo inkale xiriir deggan, hanuuninta galmada, iyo aaminsanaanta diinta.
Calaamadaha CSBD iyo astaamaha
Calaamadaha CSBD iyo astaamaha waxaa lagu baaray iyadoo la adeegsanayo nooca Isbaanishka ee saddex-xagal: Habka Dhaqanka Indhaha ee Dhaqanka (HBI, Ballester-Arnal, Castro-Calvo, Gil-Julià, Giménez-García, & Gil-Llario, 2019; Reid, Garos, iyo al., 2011b), Qiyaasta Isugeynta Galmada (SCS, Ballester-Arnal, Gómez-Martínez, Gil-Llario, & Salmerón-Sánchez, 2013; Kalichman & Rompa, 1995), iyo Baadhitaanka Tijaabada Baadhitaanka Jinsi (SAST, Castro-Calvo, Ballester-Arnal, Billieux, Gil-Juliá, & Gil-Llario, 2018; Carnes, 1983). HBI waa cabir 19-walxood ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu cabiro saddex cabbir asaasi ah ee jahwareerka: ie isticmaalka galmada ee looga jawaabayo xaaladaha shucuurta, dhibaatooyinka, xakameynta ama yareynta fikradaha galmada, dhiirrigelinta, iyo dabeecadaha, iyo adkeysiga iyadoo ay jiraan cawaaqib xumo. SCS waa cabir 10-shey ah oo lagu qiimeeyo fikradaha galmo ee kacsan iyo galmo ahaanta iyo xakamaynta galmada xakamaynta. Ugu dambeyntiina, 'SAST' waa cabir 25-walax ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu baaro jiritaanka dabeecadaha galmada ee balwada leh iyo astaamaha (tusaale ahaan, ka-hortagga galmada, xakameyn la aanta hab-dhaqanka galmada, ama dhibaatooyinka ka dhashay dhaqanka galmada).
Tilmaanta isugeynta ee calaamadaha CSBD ayaa la sameeyay ad hoc Daraasaddan waxaa ka mid ah xulashooyinka shey ka mid ah saddexdaan miisaan (eeg Shaxda A1 ee Bogga Dambe). SCS iyo HBI waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa qiyaasta 4 iyo 5-Likert ah, halka SAST lagu qiimeeyay cabbir kala duwan. Si loo hubiyo in cabirku la wadaago cabbir guud, buundooyinka cayriin ayaa la beddelay. Aaminaadda tuducda tusmadan ayaa laga soo sheegay qaybta natiijooyinka.
Taariikhda galmada: Hab dhaqanka galmada ee internetka
Kaqeybgalayaasha labada muunadba waxay iskood isku soo wariyeen celcelis ahaan waqtiga ay ku qaataan isbuucii howlaha galmada ee internetka (daqiiqado gudahood) oo ay dhameysteen nooca Isbaanishka ee Tijaabada Baaritaanka Jinsiga (ISST, Ballester-Arnal, Gil-Llario, Gómez-Martínez, & Gil-Julià, 2010; Delmonico, Miller, & Miller, 2003). ISST waxay qiimeyneysaa heerka shaqsiyaadka galmada galmada ee qadka ama aysan dhibaato aheyn. Labaatan iyo shan shey oo ku jira miisaanka dichotomous (0 = Been 1 = True) bixi dhibco wadarta 0 illaa 25. Ballester-Arnal iyo al. (2010) soo sheegay joogtayn wanaagsan gudaha ah (α = 0.88) iyo xasilloonida tijaabada-tijaabada (r = 0.82) tusaalaha ardayda kulleejada ah. Daraasaddeena, joogteynta gudaha ayaa ku habboonayd (α = 0.83 muunad 1; α = 0.82 muunad 2).
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, kaqeybgalayaasha muunadda 2 ayaa ka jawaabey laba su'aalood oo ku saabsan aragtida darraansiga qofka: (1) Weligaa weligaa kama walwalsan tahay isticmaalkaaga internetka? (Haa Maya) iyo (2) Ma u maleyneysaa inaad ku bixisid waqti ka badan talooyinka internetka? (Haa Maya).
Muuqaal galmo: Qeex habdhaqanka galmada
Kaqeybgaleyaasha labada muunadba waxay buuxiyeen su'aalo taxane ah oo qiimeynaya aasaaska hab dhaqankooda galmada, sida: (1) inay waligood galmo sameeyeen ama aysan galmo galmo la sameyneynin jinsi ama lammaane isku jinsi ah (Haa Maya); (2) tirada lammaaneyaasha galmada (oo kaliya la weydiiyo kaqeybgalayaasha xog-uruurinta 1); (3) isugeynta galmada; iyo (4) haddii ay ku kaceen dhaqanno galmo oo kala geddisan (tusaale ahaan, naafo, galmada afka, galmada siilka, iyo galmada dabada) (Haa Maya).
Sifooyinka galmada
Kaqeybgalayaasha labada muunadba waxay dhameystireen isbarbardhiga Isbaanishka ee Iskeelka Qiimaynta Galmoodka (SSSS, Ballester-Arnal, Ruiz-Palomino, Espada, Morell-Mengual, & Gil-Llario, 2018; Kalichman & Rompa, 1995), qiyaasta 11-shay oo lagu qiimeeyay 4-dhibic Likert (1 = Maahan haba yaraatee aniga oo kale; 4 = Aad ayaan u jeclahay aniga) kaas oo qiimeeya "isku-filnaashaha inuu gaaro heerar fiican oo farax galmo iyo inuu galo khibrado galmo cusub" (Kalichman et al., 1994, p. 387) Dulmane Is-waafajinta gudaha ee cabirkan waxay ahayd .82 la-qabsashadeeda Isbaanishka. Daraasaddeenna, qiimaha alpha ee Cronbach wuxuu ahaa .83 tusaalaha 1 iyo .82 tusaalaha 2.
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, kaqeybgalayaasha muunadda koowaad waxay buuxiyeen nooca Isbaanishka ee Sahanka Fikradda Jinsi (SOS, Del Rio-Olvera, López-Vega, & Santamaría, 2013), 20-shay oo cabbiraya qiimeynta erotophobia-erotophilia (tusaale, aragtida ka jawaab celinta kiisaska galmada iyada oo ay weheliso cabir-diidmo togan oo saameyn iyo qiimeyn ah). Alaabada waxaa lagu qiimeeyay qaab 7-dhibic jawaabcelin ah (1 = Aad baan u raacsanahay; 7 = Aad baan u diiddanahay). Is-waafajinta gudaha ee cabirkan waxay ahayd .85 la-qabsashadeeda Isbaanishka. Daraasaddeenna, qiimaha alpha ee Cronbach wuxuu ahaa .83.
Astaan caafimaad
Tusaalaha 1, jiritaanka hada iyo darnaanta murugada iyo calaamadaha walwalka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay noocyada Isbaanishka ee Beck depress Inventory (BDI-II, Beck, Steer, & Brown, 2011) iyo nooca nooca ah ee Taxadarka Walwalka Walwalka Gobolka - STAI, Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 2002). BDI-II waa mid ka mid ah miisaaniyada ugu ballaaran ee loo adeegsado qiimeynta heerarka hadda ee cudurka astaan-xumada niyad-jabka, labadaba goobaha daaweynta iyo baarista (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Halbeeggan wuxuu ka kooban yahay 21 shay oo lagu qiimeeyay 4-dhibic Likert oo cabbirkoodu yahay 0 illaa 3 (qaybaha jawaabaha way kala duwan yihiin shey). STAI (nooca gobolka) waa cabbir aad u ballaaran oo loo isticmaalo, muddo dheer loo dejiyay heerarka welwelka hadda jira (Barnes, Harp, & Jung, 2002), kaas oo ka kooban 20 shay oo looga jawaabaya cabirka "Likert" oo leh afar ikhtiyaar jawaabeed (0 = Aad baan u raacsanahay; 3 = Aad baan u diiddanahay). Baadhitaanka hadda, Cronbach's alpha ee BDI-II iyo STAI-State wuxuu ahaa .89 iyo .91 siday u kala horreeyaan.
Tusaalaha 2aad, jiritaanka iyo darnaanta murugada iyo calaamadaha welwelka ayaa lagu qiimeeyay nooca Isbaanishka ee walaaca Isbitaalka iyo Welwelka Murugada (Tejero, Guimera, Farré, & Peri, 1986). HADS waa cabir 14-shaybaar ah oo lagu baarey asal ahaan si loo aqoonsado ciladaha murugada iyo diiqadda ee bukaannada ku jira duruufaha aan dhimirka laheyn. Alaabada waxaa looga jawaab celiyay 4-dhibic oo ah nooca loo yaqaan 'Likert' oo u dhexeysa 1 ilaa 4 (jawaabaha qeybaha ayaa ku kala duwan shay kasta). Tan iyo markii la sameeyay, cabirkan ayaa si weyn loogu adeegsaday qiimeynta bukaannada, daaweynta dhimirka, iyo bukaannada daryeelka aasaasiga ah, iyo sidoo kale dadka guud ahaan (Bjelland, Dahl, Haug, & Neckelmann, 2002). Daraasaddeena, joogteynta gudaha ee HADS-walwal (α = 0.83) iyo HADS-depression (α = 0.77) waxay ku habboonayd.
Ugu dambeyntiina, kaqeybgalayaasha labada muunad 1 iyo 2 ayaa dhameystiray nooca Isbaanishka ee Iskeelka 'Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale' (RSES), Martín-Albo, Núñez, Navarro, & Grijalvo, 2007), 10-shay oo aan la qiyaasi karin oo lagu qiimeeyo isku kalsoonida guud. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ka jawaabeen cabir 4-qodob ah Likert, oo udhaxeeya aad u diiddan ilaa si adag u raacsan. Daraasaddan hadda socota, Cronbach's alfa ee labadaba xogta 1 (α = 0.89) iyo 2 waxay ku habboonaayeen (α = 0.89).
Falanqaynta xogta
Waxaan ku qaadnay falanqeyn afar talaabo ah. Ugu horreyntii, falanqeyn sharraxeed ayaa loo sameeyay si loogu muujiyo kaqeybgalayaasha iyadoo la tixraacayo xogta saadaalinta bulshada iyadoo la adeegsanayo xirmada tirakoobka ee SPSS (nooca 25.0) Si loo barbardhigo astaamaha kaqeybgalayaasha tusaalaha 1 iyo 2, waan sameynay t imtixaanada (doorsoomayaasha isdaba jooga ah) iyo imtixaanada laba jibbaaran (noocyada isweydaarsiga). Laba indices indhood cabbir (Cohen's d iyo Cramer's V) waxaa lagu xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo G * Power (nooca 3.1). Wixii Cohen d, cabirrada saamaynta oo ah qiyaastii .20 ayaa loo qaddariyey inay yar yihiin, oo u dhow .50 dhexdhexaad ah oo ka weyn .80 weyn (Cohen, 1988); loogu talagalay Cramer's V, cabbirradaani waxay u dhigmayeen qiyamyada .10, .30 iyo .50 (Ellis, 2010).
Marka labaad, Falanqaynta Xaqiijinta Xaqiijinta (CFA) ayaa loo qabtay si loo tijaabiyo ku habboonaanta maskaxeed ee qaabkeenna aragti ahaaneed ee calaamadaha CSBD. Barnaamijka EQS (nooca 6.2) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu sameeyo CFA. Sababtoo ah qaybinta aan caadiga ahayn ee xogta, hababka qiyaasta adag ayaa la isticmaalay. CFA wanaagiisa ku habboon ayaa lagu falanqeeyay tusmooyinka soo socda: Satorra-Bentler chi-square (χ2), chi-laba jibaaranaha (χ2/df), muhiimadda guud ee moodalka (P), khaladaha xidid laba jibbaaran ee isweydaarsiga (RMSEA), isbarbardhiga iyo isugeynta isugeynta ku habboon (CFI iyo IFI), iyo Heerka Qiyaasaha Barxada Bartilmaameedka (SRMR). Meel ku habboon ayaa la qaddariyo markii χ2 ma ahayn mid muhiim ah (P > .05), χ2/df wuxuu u dhexeeyey 1 iyo 2, CFI iyo IFI waxay ahaayeen ≥.95, iyo RMSEA iyo SRMR waxay ahaayeen ≤.05 (Bagozzi & Yi, 2011). Sida ku xusan shuruudaha xadidan yar, qiimayaasha u dhexeeya 2 iyo 3 ee χ2/df, ≥ .90 ee CFI iyo IFI, ≤ .08 ee RMSEA, iyo ≤.10 ee SRMR ayaa loo qaddariyo inay yihiin wax la aqbali karo (Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008). Laba indices isku halleyn ah ayaa loo xisaabiyay calaamadaha CSBD kasta 'hoose: Cronbach's alpha (α) iyo McDonald's Omega (ω). Xidhmada 'user Friendlyscience' R xirmada (Peters, 2014) waxaa loo adeegsaday in lagu qiyaaso tilmaamahan.
Seddexaad, waxaan u adeegsanay farsamooyin ururinta xogta si loo aqoonsado koox hoosaadyada kaqeybgalayaasha oo leh astaamo CSBD oo la mid ah. Lixda calaamadood ee 'CSBD' 'miisaaniyadaha la xaqiijiyay intii lagu jiray marxaladii hore ee falanqaynta ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiyaaso jiritaanka astaamaha CSBD ee kala duwan. Sida lagu taliyay (Timaha, Madow, & Babin, 2010; Henry, Tolan, & Gorman-Smith, 2005), ujeedkan waxaa looga hadlay isku darka istaraatiijiyadaha isku-dhafka iyo kala-sarraysi la'aanta iyadoo la xaqiijinayo saxsanaanta koox-kooxeedyada ka dhashay iyada oo loo marayo xeelado kala duwan. Tallaabada ugu horreysa, waxaa la sameeyay falanqeyn koox kooxeed kala duwan ah (Qaabka Ward, cabbirka masaafada Euclidian) si loogu soo bandhigo qiyaas qiyaas ah oo ku saabsan tirada kooxaha isu-egga ah ee kaydinta xogta iyadoo lagu saleynayo jadwalka agglomeration iyo dendogram. Kadib, tirada ugufiican ee astaamaha CSBD iyo xubinimada kutlada waxaa lagu go'aamiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka kala-saarista kutlada laba-tallaabo ah. Laba indices ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu qiimeeyo wanaagga ku habboonaanta xalka koox-kooxeedka la soo jeediyay marka la barbardhigo moodooyinka tartamaya oo u dhexeeya 1 illaa 10 kooxo: Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) iyo Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). In kasta oo ay fududahay, nidaamkan "otomaatig-kooxeed" wuxuu muujiyey ka-sarrayntiisa hababka kale ee qiyaasidda ee aadka u adag ee lagu go'aaminayo tirada ugu habboon ee kooxaha ay tahay in la haysto (Eshghi iyo al., 2011; Gelbard, Goldman, & Spiegler, 2007). Si loo xaqiijiyo sax ahaanta xalka xirmooyinka, waxaan ku dabaqnay istiraatiijiyadaha soosocda: (a) dib ayaan u falanqaynay xogta xog uruurinta 1 illaa k-hab (qeexaya tirada kooxdu ee ka soo baxda falanqayntii hore) oo lagu qiyaasay isu-imaatinka labada qaab (Fisher & Ransom, 1995); (2) waxaan si aan kala sooc lahayn ugu kala qaadnay muunadda xog-uruurinta 1 ilaa laba isugeyn oo isleeg, waxaan falanqeynay qeyb kasta si gooni gooni ah isbarbar dhigna xalka (Michaud & Proulx, 2009); (3) waxaan ku adeegsanay isla xalka xirmooyinka xog buuxda oo madax-bannaan (tusaalaha 2); iyo (4) waxaan tijaabinay ansaxnimada laxiriirta shuruudda xalka kutlada (ie, hadii qeybaha ay ka dhasheen ay ku kaladuwanaadaan noocyo kala duwan oo dano ah siyaabo waafaqsan aragtida). Xaqiijinta-ansaxnimada ansaxinta kooxihii la soo jeediyay waxaa lagu qiimeeyay isbarbar dhiga dhibcaha lixda isugeynta CSBD (ansax gudaha ah); Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ansaxnimada banaanka waxaa lagu baaray iyadoo la isbarbar dhigayo kutlada laxiriira dhaqan ahaan, galmada, iyo tilmaamayaasha caafimaad (buundooyinka SSS, waqtiga tooska ah ee ujeedooyinka galmada, iwm).
Ethics
Nidaamyada daraasadda waxaa loo fuliyay iyada oo la raacayo Bayaanka Helsinki. Guddiga Dib-u-eegista Hay'adda ee Jaamacadda Jaume I ayaa oggolaaday daraasadda. Kaqeybgalayaasha mutadawiciinta ah ee cilmi baarista sameystay ayaa lagu wargaliyay ujeeddada daraasadda waxayna bixiyeen ogolaansho la wargeliyey.
Natiijooyinka
Falanqaynta Xaqiiqda Xaqiiqda (CFA) ee calaamadaha CSBD
Si loo xaqiijiyo wanaagsanaanta nafsi ahaaneed ee taam ahaanshaheena cilmu-u-saare ee calaamadaha CSBD (Shaxda 1), CFA ayaa lagu sameeyay labada muunad 1 iyo 2. Fiicnaan ahaanshaha labo nooc oo suuragal ah ayaa la tijaabiyay: tusaale ah halka lixda arrimood ee amar-koowaad (ie, astaamaha CSBD) ay isku xirnaayeen (M1) iyo tusaale ah halka ay arimahanu ahaayeen laguugu uruuriyay qodobka amar labaad (M2). Habkaan labaad wuxuu la jaan qaadayay moodooyinka soo jeedinaya muujinta aan la qiyaasi karin ee astaamaha CSBD (Graham, Walters, Harris, & Knight, 2016) oo uu taageero kahelay shaqooyinki ugu dambeeyay ee qaabdhismeedka warshadaha ee qiyaasta qiimeynta CSBD (Castro-Calvo iyo al., 2018). Sida Shaxda 2 Muujiyeyaasha, M1 waxay heleen qaabka ugu habboon ee ku habboon labada muunad 1 iyo 2. Xakamaynta Xaqiiqda laga soo saaray CFA waxaa lagu daraa iyada oo ay ka kooban yihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo ku jira lifaaqa (Shaxda A2 ku lifaaqan lifaaqa).
| χ2 | df | P | χ2/df | RMSEA (CI) | SRMR | CFI | IFI | |
| Lix arrimood oo isku-xirnaanta koowaad ah (M1, muunad 1) | 1,202.14 | 758 | 1.58 | 0.019 (017; 0.021) | 0.03 | 0.96 | 0.96 | |
| Lix arrimood oo amar-koowaad ah oo hoos imaanaya amar-labaad (M2, muunad 1) | 2,487.97 | 766 | 3.24 | 0.038 (036; 0.039) | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.85 | |
| Lix arrimood oo isku-xirnaanta koowaad ah (M1, muunad 2) | 1,722.08 | 758 | 2.27 | 0.031 (0.029; 0.031) | 0.03 | 0.91 | 0.91 | |
| Lix arrimood oo amar-koowaad ah oo hoos imaanaya amar-labaad (M2, muunad 2) | 2,952.61 | 766 | 3.85 | 0.047 (0.045; 0.048) | 0.03 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
note. CFA = falanqaynta qodobka xaqiijinta; χ2 = Satorra-Bentler chi-square; df = heerarka xorriyadda; P = ahmiyadda guud ee muunad; χ2/df = noolal-labajibaarane; RMSEA = xidid micnaheedu waa khalad labajibaaran barbaarta CFI = isbarbardhiga ku habboon isugeynta; IFI = tusaha isugeynta ee ku habboon.
Marka laga hadlayo joogteynta gudaha (Shaxda 3), Cronbach's caadi ah α iyo McDonald's ω inta badan isugeynta CSBD waxay muujisay isku xirnaan gudaha ah oo ku habboon (α iyo ω inta u dhaxaysa .67 – .89 tusaalaha 1 iyo .68 – .91 tusaalaha 2).
| Hoosudhaca calaamadaha | Tusaalaha 1 (n = 1,581) | Tusaalaha 2 (n = 1,318) | ||
| α (CI) | CI (CI) | α (CI) | CI (CI) | |
| Xakamaynta luminta | 0.82 (0.81; 0.83) | 0.85 (0.83; 0.86) | 0.85 (84; 0.86) | 0.87 (0.86; 0.88) |
| Dayacaad | 0.75 (0.73; 0.77) | 0.78 (0.76; 0.80) | 0.77 (76; 0.79) | 0.80 (0.78; 0.82) |
| Lama joojin karo | 0.67 (0.65; 0.68) | 0.67 (0.64; 0.70) | 0.76 (75; 0.78) | 0.79 (0.77; 0.81) |
| Kaqeybgal joogto ah inkastoo faragalin | 0.69 (0.68; 0.71) | 0.73 (0.70; 0.75) | 0.78 (77; 0.80) | 0.80 (0.78; 0.82) |
| Laqabsashada | 0.88 (0.87; 0.89) | 0.89 (0.88; 0.90) | 0.90 (0.89; 0.91) | 0.91 (0.90; 0.92) |
| Kala-baxa, cufnaanta, iyo aragtida darnaanta | 0.68 (0.66; 0.71) | 0.72 (0.70; 0.74) | 0.68 (0.66; 0.71) | 0.69 (0.66; 0.72) |
Samaynta kooxdu
Si loo aqoonsado koox-hoosaadyada kaqeybgalayaasha ee leh astaamaha CSBD oo isku mid ah, waxaan ku sameynay falanqeyn kooxeed kala-sarreyn ah tusaalaha 1. Lixda liidata ee CSBD ee la xaqiijiyey intii lagu jiray tillaabadii hore ayaa loo shaqaaleeyay sida isu-geynta kala-duwanaanta falanqaynta Si loo hubiyo in doorsoomayaashaasi ay wadaagaan halbeeg isku mid ah, dhibcahooda ayaa z-loo beddelay. Falanqaynta kutlada jaranjarooyinka waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanaayo habka Ward ee cabirka masaafada iskuwaran ee loo yaqaan 'Squared Euclidian', taasoo muujineysa in tirada ugu habboon ee kooxahaasi in la tixgeliyo ay ahaayeen labo. Habka laba-tallaabo ee soo socda iyo sidoo kale falanqaynta qiimaha BIC iyo AIC ayaa xaqiijiyay isla xalka kooxdu. Kooxda 1 (oo ku suntan "non-CSBD") oo ka kooban 1,421 kaqeybgalayaal (89.88%) oo muujineysa astaanta halista CSBD; kutlada 2 ("CSBD") waxaa ka mid ahaa 160 kaqeybgalayaal (10.12%) oo leh khatar sare oo CSBD ah.
Si loo xaqiijiyo sax ahaanta xalkan laba-urur, waxaan sameynay sedax baaritaan oo xaqiijin ah. Marka hore, xogaha muunadda 1 ayaa dib loo falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo mid kale, mid-hoosaad ah, qaab koox ah: k-hab. Marka la sameeyo, waxaan isbarbar dhig ku sameyneynaa isku xirnaanshaha xubinnimada kooxda ee labada xal, waxaan ogaanay in 100% kaqeybgaleyaasha asal ahaan lagu soo daray kooxda aan CSBD ahayn iyo 86.3% kuwa loo xilsaaray CSBD waxaa lagu qeexay isla kutlada iyada oo loo marayo qaabkan kale. Habka labaad ee xaqiijinta wuxuu ka koobnaa si kala sooc ah tusaalaha shaybaarka 1 oo loo kala qeybiyay laba isugeyn oo isleeg, loo falanqeeyo qeyb kasta si gooni gooni ah habka laba-talaabo, iyo isbarbar dhig sax ahaanta meeleynta xubnaha kooxda. Isku xirnaanshaha habkan ayaa xitaa ka sarreeyay, iyadoo 98.4 iyo 100% kaqeybgaleyaasha loo qoondeeyey non-CSBD iyo kooxaha CSBD oo lagu qeexay astaamaha asalka ah. Ugu dambayntii, waxaan ku soo saarnay qaab bilowga wadajirka ah tusaalaha gebi ahaanba madax bannaan (tusaalaha 2), anaga oo mar labaad helnay isla talooyinka labada qaybood ee lagu taliyey. Xaaladdan oo kale, koox aan ahayn CSBD ayaa ka kooban 92.19% muunadda (n = 1,215) halka kutlada CSBD ay kujirtay 7.81% kale (n = 103).
Falanqaynta kooxihii ka dhashay
Xaqiiqda laxiriirta shaandhaynta ee xalka laba-urur waxaa la tijaabiyay iyadoo la isbarbar dhigayo kaqeybgalayaashu tilmaamayaasha tooska ah ee CSBD (ansax gudaha ah) iyo sidoo kale falanqaynta dhaqan-ahaaneed, galmada, iyo astaanta caafimaad ee kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD (ansaxinta banaanka). Sida lagu soo bandhigay Shaxda 4, kaqeybgalayaasha kutlada CSBD si weyn ayey uga duwan yihiin kuwa kaqaybgaleyaasha non-CSBD marka loo eego dhibcooyinkooda lixda isugeynta CSBD, labadaba muunadda 1 iyo 2 (dhamaan faraqa umada waa weyn P <0.001 iyo cabirka saamaynta weyn). Calaamadaha CSBD ee sifiican u kala soocay labada kooxood ayaa lumiyay xakamaynta (d = 2.46 [tusaalaha 1]; d = 2.75 [tusaalaha 2]), dayaca (d = 2.42; d = 2.07), iyo ka hortagga (d = 2.32; d = 2.65). Saamiga kaqeybgalayaasha natiijada ka sareysa ee HBI, SCS, iyo SAST cut-offs waxay u dhaxeysay 30.1 iyo 63.1% kutlada CSBD, marka la barbar dhigo 0.1-2.6% kooxda aan CSBD ahayn.
| Qiyaasta calaamadaha | Tusaalaha 1 (n = 1,581) | Tusaalaha 2 (n = 1,318) | ||||||
| Kooxda 1 (non-CSBD, n = 1,421) M (SD) ama% | Kooxda 2 (CSBD, n = 160) M (SD) ama % | Tirakoob la'aantinimo ayaa jirta | Cabbirka saamaynta | Kooxda 1 (non-CSBD, n = 1,215) M (SD) ama% | Kooxda 2 (CSBD, n = 103) M (SD) ama % | Tirakoob la'aantinimo ayaa jirta | Cabbirka saamaynta | |
| Astaamaha CSBD (tusmada tusmada)a | ||||||||
| Xakamaynta luminta | -0.16 (0.43) | 1.42 (0.80) | t = −39.18 *** | d = 2.46 | -0.15 (0.43) | 1.76 (0.88) | t = −38.25 *** | d = 2.75 |
| Dayacaad | -0.17 (0.51) | 1.56 (0.87) | t = −37.46 *** | d = 2.42 | -0.15 (0.46) | 1.83 (1.27) | t = −33.97 *** | d = 2.07 |
| Lama joojin karo | -0.13 (0.57) | 1.16 (0.96) | t = −25.07 *** | d = 1.63 | -0.12 (0.61) | 1.61 (0.89) | t = −26.40 *** | d = 2.26 |
| Kaqeybgal joogto ah inkastoo faragalin | -0.11 (0.34) | 1.06 (0.73) | t = −34.99 *** | d = 2.05 | -0.11 (0.42) | 1.38 (0.77) | t = −31.61 *** | d = 2.40 |
| Laqabsashada | -0.12 (0.62) | 1.14 (0.82) | t = −23.71 *** | d = 1.73 | -0.10 (0.67) | 1.22 (0.86) | t = −18.87 *** | d = 1.71 |
| Ku mashquulisid, salaaxid, iyo darnaan is-arag ah | -0.13 (0.46) | 1.22 (0.68) | t = −33.04 *** | d = 2.32 | 0.12 (.49) | 1.41 (0.65) | t = −29.50 *** | d = 2.65 |
| Kala-qaadista CSBD iyadoo loo eegayo jar-jaryo kala duwan | ||||||||
| Kaqeybgalayaasha ka sareeya dhibcaha goos gooska HBI (HBI ≥53)b | 0.7% | 58.3% | χ2 = −759.32 *** | V = 0.70 | 0.7% | 63.1% | χ2 = −707.74 *** | V = 0.73 |
| Kaqeybgalayaasha ka sareeya dhibcaha gooynta SCS (SCS ≥2 4)c | 1.5% | 59.0% | χ2 = −690.85 *** | V = 0.66 | 1.2% | 43.7% | χ2 = −393.86 *** | V = 0.54 |
| Kaqeybgalayaasha ka sareeya dhibcaha goos gooska SAST (SAST> 13)d | 0.1% | 30.1% | χ2 = −426.50 *** | V = 0.52 | 2.6% | 52.4% | χ2 = −385.97 *** | V = 0.54 |
note. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001
Macnaha kooxda waxaa loo muujiyaa sida z-buundooyinka.
Parsons, Bimbi, iyo Halkitis (2001) waxay soo jeediyeen in qiyamka ≥24 ee SCS laga yaabo inay muujiso galmo daran sida calaamadaha.
Waxyaabaha ku saabsan xiriir dibadeedShaxda 5), Kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD badankood waa lab (69.4 iyo 72.8% muunadda 1 iyo 2) waxaana kujiray heerka sare ee kaqeyb galayaasha galmada (82.5 iyo 66%). Tusaalaha 2, kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD way ka yaraayeen kaqeybgaleyaasha aan CSBD ahayn (d = 0.22) halka tusaalaha 1, faafinta baahinta ee haysashada wehel joogta ahi ay ka yaraatay (V = 0.10). Kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD waxay ahaayeen raadin badan dareenka galmada (d = 1.02 [tusaalaha 1]; d = 0.90 [tusaalaha 2]), oo muujiyey dareenka waxyar kordhay (d = 0.26 muunadda 1), oo soo bandhigtay waxqabad galmo oo kordhay oo internetka ah. Gaar ahaan, kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD waxay ku qaatay intarnetka laba jeer intarnetka ujeedooyin galmo (d = 0.59; d = 0.45), oo si aad ah loo sarreeyay oo cabir lagu qiimeeyo ka-qaybgal xad dhaaf ah iyo mushkilad ah habdhaqankan (ISST, d = 0.98; d = 1.32), oo qayb muhiim ah kajawaabtay jawaabo laxiriira su aalo laxiriirta aragtida darnaanta (50% jawaab bixiyaasha muunada 2 waxay qadarinayaan waqti aad u badan qadka intarnetka ujeedooyin galmo iyo 60% waxay ka walwaleen dhaqankan). Hab-dhaqanka tooska ah ee galmada ee kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD tusaalaha 1 waxaa lagu gartaa tiro badan oo lammaaneyaal galmo ah (d = 0.37), soo noqnoqoshada sare ee galmada (V = 0.11), iyo fiditaanka dabeecadaha galmada ee kala duwan. Hab-dhaqanka galmada ee tooska ah ee kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD tusaalaha 2 oo keliya ayaa ka duwan kaqeybgaleyaasha non-CSBD inta jeer ee galmada (V = 0.10) iyo fiditaanka galmo isku mid ah (V = 0.07). Ugu dambeyntiina, kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD ee labada muunadba waxay muujiyeen heerar aad u daran oo niyad-jab iyo walaac ah marka loo eego kaqeybgaleyaasha non-CSBD, sida lagu muujiyey buundooyinkooda kordhay ee BDI-II iyo STAI-stated ee 0.68 iyo 0.33 siday u kala horreeyaan) iyo HADS-depression iyo HADS-Welwel (d oo ah 0.78 iyo 0.85 siday u kala horreeyaan). Taas bedelkeeda, kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD waxay soo bandhigeen heerar hoose oo is-aamin ah (d oo ah 0.35 tusaalaha 1 iyo 0.55 muunadda 2).
| Qiyaasta calaamadaha | Tusaalaha 1 (n = 1,581) | Tusaalaha 2 (n = 1,318) | ||||||
| Kooxda 1 (non-CSBD, n = 1,421) M (SD) ama% | Kooxda 2 (CSBD, n = 160) M (SD) ama % | Tirakoob la'aantinimo ayaa jirta | Cabbirka saamaynta | Kooxda 1 (non-CSBD, n = 1,215) M (SD) ama% | Kooxda 2 (CSBD, n = 103) M (SD) ama % | Tirakoob la'aantinimo ayaa jirta | Cabbirka saamaynta | |
| Taariikhda bulshada | ||||||||
| Jinsi (lab) | 40.1% | 69.4% | χ2 = 50.22 *** | V = 0.18 | 55.1 | 72.8% | χ2 = 12.17 *** | V = 0.09 |
| Age | 20.58 (2.16) | 20.53 (2.82) | t = 0.287 | d = 0.01 | 34.55 (17.02) | 30.87 (15.58) | t = 2.11 * | d = 0.22 |
| Lamaanaha dadaalka ah (haa) | 54% | 37.5% | χ2 = 16.81 *** | V = 0.10 | 69.5% | 69.9% | χ2 = 0.36 | V = 0.02 |
| Jihaynta galmada (khaniisnimada) | 93% | 82.5% | χ2 = 29.84 *** | V = 0.14 | 74.5% | 66% | χ2 = 7.27 * | V = 0.07 |
| Jiheynta galmada (lab iyo dhadig) | 2.5% | 10% | 12.9% | 22.3% | ||||
| Tilmaanta galmada (khaniisnimada) | 4.4% | 7.5% | 12.7% | 11.7% | ||||
| Sifooyinka galmada | ||||||||
| Iskeelka Raadinta Dareenka Galmada (SSSS, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 11–44) | 24.86 (6.37) | 30.89 (5.37) | t = −7.19 *** | d = 1.02 | 24.17 (6.27) | 29.82 (6.20) | t = −8.78 *** | d = 0.90 |
| Sahanka Fikirka Galmada (SOS, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 20-140) | 109.99 (13.47) | 113.93 (16.42) | t = -1.27 | d = 0.26 | ||||
| Taariikhda galmada: Dabeecadda Galmoodka tooska ah | ||||||||
| Daqiiqado usbuucii ayaa loogu talagalay cybersex | 65.29 (90.85) | 152.37 (185.40) | t = −5.47 *** | d = 0.59 | 118.54 (230.54) | 263.50 (340.06) | t = −5.84 *** | d = 0.49 |
| Tijaabada Baadhitaanka Galmada Internetka (ISST, waxay u dhexaysaa 0-25) | 4.91 (3.76) | 8.97 (4.45) | t = −7.73 *** | d = 0.98 | 6.27 (3.95) | 11.93 (4.60) | t = −13.76 *** | d = 1.32 |
| Weligaa welwel kama qabtid isticmaalkaaga internetka? (haa) | 30.5% | 59.4% | χ2 = 35.10 *** | V = 0.17 | ||||
| Miyaad u malaynaysaa inaad waqti ka badan intii laguugula taliyay khadka tooska ah ee arrimaha galmada? (haa) | 12.5% | 50.5% | χ2 = 105.42 *** | V = 0.29 | ||||
| Taariikhda galmada: Khadka Tooska Hab dhaqanka galmada | ||||||||
| Galmada nolosha oo dhan (haa) | 96.8% | 95.7% | χ2 = 0.21 | V = 0.02 | 82.3% | 82.5% | χ2 = 0.04 | V = 0.006 |
| Jinsi isku jinsi ah (haa) | 11.7% | 29% | χ2 = 13.30 *** | V = 0.18 | 28.6% | 40.8% | χ2 = 6.71 ** | V = 0.07 |
| Tirada nolosha ee lamaanayaasha galmada | 5.53 (5.52) | 9.77 (15.14) | t = −3.85 *** | d = 0.37 | ||||
| Galmada: in kabadan seddex jeer usbuucii | 20.5% | 33.3% | χ2 = 5.31 * | V = 0.11 | 37.1% | 54.9% | χ2 = 11.82 *** | V = 0.10 |
| Siigaysiga (haa) | 84.8% | 98.6% | χ2 = 9.83 ** | V = 0.16 | 92% | 93.2% | χ2 = 0.18 | V = 0.01 |
| Galmada afka (haa) | 89.5% | 94.3% | χ2 = 1.49 | V = 0.06 | 88.2% | 86.4% | χ2 = 0.30 | V = 0.02 |
| Galmada siilka (haa) | 92.1% | 92.9% | χ2 = 0.05 | V = 0.01 | 81.9% | 80.6% | χ2 = 0.10 | V = 0.01 |
| Galmada dabada (haa) | 34.3% | 51.4% | χ2 = 7.18 ** | V = 0.13 | 52% | 56.3% | χ2 = 0.70 | V = 0.02 |
| Astaan caafimaad | ||||||||
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II, inta u dhexeysa 0-63) | 7.20 (6.61) | 12.49 (8.65) | t = −5.59 *** | d = 0.68 | ||||
| Alaabada Walaaca Gobolka-Trait (STAI-State, inta u dhexeysa 0-60) | 11.77 (15.69) | 15.69 (9.09) | t = −3.65 *** | d = 0.33 | ||||
| Iskeelka Welwelka iyo Murugada ee Isbitaalka (HADS-Depression, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 7-28) | 10.79 (3.18) | 13.36 (3.36) | t = −7.73 *** | d = 0.78 | ||||
| Iskeelka Welwelka iyo Niyadjabka Isbitaalka (HADS-Walaaca, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 7-28) | 13.83 (3.75) | 17.35 (4.48) | t = −9.02 *** | d = 0.85 | ||||
| Iskeelka Isku-kalsoonida ee Rosenberg (RSES, wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 10-40) | 31.54 (5.45) | 29.50 (5.88) | t = 2.79 ** | d = 0.35 | 31.74 (5.92) | 28.33 (6.42) | t = 5.57 *** | d = 0.55 |
note. *P <0.05; **P <0.01; ***P <0.001
Dood
Ujeedada ugu weyn ee daraasadani waxay ahayd in la baadho dhacdada iyo dhaqan ahaanta, galmada, iyo astaamaha caafimaad ee CSBD laba muunadood oo bulshada madax banaan ah. Isku soo wada duuboo, daraasaddan (a) lagu qiyaasey dhacdada CSBD inta u dhaxaysa 8 iyo 10% iyo (b) waxay ogaatay in kaqeybgalayaashu CSBD inta badan ahaayeen rag isku jinsi ah, kana yar kuwa jawaabeyaasha aan lahayn CSBD, waxay soo sheegeen heerar sare oo ah dareenka galmada ee raadinaya iyo erotophilia, Kordhinta khadka tooska ah iyo gaar ahaan waxqabadka galmada ee khadka tooska ah, calaamadaha walaac badan iyo walwal badan, iyo is-liita.
Marka la eego in daraasadihii hore lagu xadiday maqnaanshaha aalado la isku habeeyey oo lagu qiimeeyo dhammaan calaamadaha iyo astaamaha CSBD iyo saxnaanta hoose ee hababka kala duwan ee badanaa loo adeegsado xaaladaha cilmibaadhista si loo garto bukaannada soo bandhigaya xaaladdan, waxaan raacnay qaab kale oo wax looga qabto Ujeeddadan: waxaan soo saarnay tixraac cusub oo isku-dhafan oo salka ku haya saddex miisaaman oo horay loo ansaxiyay oo aan markaa u shaqaysannay sidii aan ku ogaan lahayn ka-qaybgalayaasha la halgamaya CSBD iyada oo loo marayo hab xog-aruurineed (falanqayn kooxeed). Qaabkan, 10.12 iyo 7.81% kaqeybgaleyaasha laba muunadood oo madax banaan ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay suurogal u tahay inay ku dhacdo CSBD. Tirooyinkani waxay la mid yihiin kuwa laga soo sheegay qaan-gaarnimada iyadoo loo marayo hab la mid ah oo xogta laga wado (Efrati & Gola, 2018b) ama dadka waaweyn iyada oo loo marayo habab baaritaan kala duwan (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018; Giordano & Cecil, 2014; Långström & Hanson, 2006; Rettenberger et al., 2015; Skegg, Nada-Raja, Dickson, & Paul, 2010), laakiin ka sareeya kuwa lagu helo qaabab qiimayn caafimaad oo lagu kalsoonaan karoOdlaug et al., 2013; tusaale ahaan, wareysmo qaabeysan, Odlaug & Grant, 2010). Sharaxa macquulka ah ee fiditaankan sii korodhay ayaa ah in qaabkeenna kooxeed loo qabtay oo keliya ma aha heerar caafimaad oo khuseeya CSBD, laakiin sidoo kale muujinta hoosaad ee xaaladdan (tusaale ahaan, dadka soo bandhigaya dhibaato laakiin dabeecado galmo-kontorool la'aan ah oo aan kontorool ahayn oo sikastaba ay u weheliso la xiriira heerar laxaad la'aan iyo isku buuqsan). Qodobkaan waxaa taageeraya xaqiiqda ah inta udhaxeysa 41 iyo 69.9% (tusaalaha 1) iyo 36.9% –51.3% (muunada 2) ee kaqeybgaleyaasha kutlada CSBD maysan la kulmin qaar kamid ah dhibcaha goos goos ah ee ay soo bandhigtay HBI, SCS, ama SAST oo loogu talagalay ogaanshaha xaaladdan. Heer kiliinik ahaan, natiijooyinkani waxay soo jeedinayaan in dadka soo sheega astaamaha CSBD ay ka kooban yihiin koox heterogeneous ah oo ay ku jiraan labada bukaan oo muujinaya kuwa aan ahayn xarun caafimaad laakiin walwal galmooni la'aan ah dabeecadaha galmada iyo bukaanka u qalma xaaladda caafimaad oo dhan. Mowqifkani gabi ahaanba waa mid la jaan qaada moodooyinka dhawaanta soo jeedinaya laba waddo oo kala duwan oo loogu talagalay dhibaatooyinka dhibka leh ee loo adeegsado sawirrada: hal waddo oo loo adeegsado isticmaaleyaasha muujinaya dhibaatooyin dhab ah oo lagu xakameynayo dhaqankooda galmada (tusaale, adeegsi khasab ah) iyo kan kale ee adeegsadayaasha la soo dersanaya isku buuqsan maskaxeed maxaa yeelay dhaqankooda galmada ayaa sameeya. aan la waafajinaynin shaqsiyadooda / niyadooda / diintooda (Gorgbs, Perry, et al., 2019c; Kraus & Sweeney, 2019). Sidaa daraadeed, xirfadleyda caafimaadka maskaxda waa inay taxaddaraan marka ay qiimeynayaan bukaannada soo sheegaya calaamadaha CSBD si ay u kala saaraan soojeedinta bukaan-socodka iyo xaalad hoosaad ee xaaladdan iyo inay kugula tashadaan wax ka-qabashada maskaxda iyo / ama wax-ka-qabashada maskaxda iyadoo loo eegayo darnaanta iyo astaamaha sawirka caafimaad.Derbyshire & Grant, 2015; Hook et al., 2014).
Marka laga hadlayo astaanta dhaqan-ahaaneed ee kaqeybgaleyaasha kooxda ee CSBD, natiijooyinkayagu waxay tilmaamayaan in jinsiga iyo jiheynta galmada ay ku habboon yihiin muujinta xaaladdan, laakiin ay kayar yihiin sidii markii hore loo qiyaasey. Caadi ahaan, cilmi baarayaashu waxay ku doodeen in ragga ay aad ugu nugul yihiin horumarinta CSBD, iyadoo la siinayo dhiirigelintooda galmada, ku adkeysiga, iyo fikradaha oggolaanta ee jinsi caadi ah (Kafka, 2010; Mckeague, 2014). Khadkan, Kaplan & Krueger (2010) waxay soo jeediyeen in ragga ay matalaan ku dhawaad 80% bukaannada CSBD. Sidoo kale, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay tilmaameen in gays-ka iyo aaladaha, gaar ahaan ragga, ay aad ugu nugul yihiin inay yeeshaan CSBD sababtoo ah helitaanka noocyo badan oo galmada suurtagalka ah iyo dhibaatooyinkooda ku aaddan ku-galgalnimada caadiyan (Parsons et al., 2008). Iyada oo la taageerayo markan, daraasado kala duwan ayaa laga helay jiritaan galmo galmo ilaa 30% muunado bulshada ka mid ah oo aan ka soojeedo-heterosexuals (Kelly et al., 2009; Parsons et al., 2012) iyo 51% muunad ragga ragga ah oo aad u galmooda oo galmo la leh ragga (MSM) (Parsons, Rendina, Moody, Ventuneac, & Grov, 2015). Sidoo kale, Beth et al. (2018) Waxay ogaatay in ragga iyo dumarka LGBTQ lab iyo dheddig ay leeyihiin dhibcaha ugu sareeya ee HBI iyo tilmaamayaasha kale ee beenta. Daraasaddeena, in kasta oo inta badan kaqeybgaleyaasha kutlada CSBD ay ahaayeen rag, haddana saami aad u weyn ayaa dheddig ahaa (30.6% muunadda 1; 27.2% muunadda 2). Dhanka jihada, galmoodka dadka khaniisiinta ah ee kutlada CSBD waxyar uunbaa ka sareeyay (muunad 1) ama xitaa ka hooseeya (muunad 2) marka loo fiirsho kutlada CSBD-da, halka saamiga bisexuals ee qeybta CSBD ay kordheen kaliya a 7.5 iyo 9.4% marka loo barbar dhigo kutlada aan ahayn CSBD. Isku soo wada duuboo, natiijooyinkaan waxay soo jeedinayaan in halka CSBD haweenka ay tahay mid laga fiirsaday ama loo maleynayo inay tahay muujinta arimo kale oo caafimaad, soo bandhigiddeeda dadka aan heterosexuals (gaar ahaan MSM) ayaa heshay fiiro badan, gaar ahaan marka la eego tirada guud ee kiisaska CSBD ee matalaya (17.5% muunadda 1; 34% muunadda 2) waa lamid ama aad ayuu uga hooseeya kan ay mataleen haweenka. Marka la eego muhiimada ay leedahay dhibaatooyinka syndemic-ka ee la xiriira CSBD ee ka dhexeeya waxyaabaha aan-heterosexuals (Rooney, Tulloch, & Blashill, 2018), baaritaan dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan muujinta xaaladdan dadkan waa la damaanad qaaday; si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa sidoo kale habboon in kor loo qaado aqoontayada ku saabsan etiology, muujinta, iyo astaamaha caafimaad ee CSBD ee haweenka (Carvalho iyo al., 2014).
Sida mala-awaalka ah, kala duwanaansho muhiim ah oo udhaxeysa kaqeybgalayaashuba iyo la'aantood CSBD ayaa laga helay muujinta laba dabeecadood galmada. Gaar ahaan, kaqeybgalayaashu CSBD waxay ahaayeen kuwa aad u raadin kara galmo waxayna u badan tahay inay soo sheegaan kororka dareenka kacsiga. Daraasado kala duwan ayaa si nidaamsan u helay xiriir dhow oo ka dhexeeya isku galmoodka iyo dareenka galmada.Kalichman & Rompa, 1995; Klein et al., 2014), laakiin illaa iyo inta aan ognahay, tani waa markii ugu horreysay oo xiriir cad oo ka dhexeeya CSBD iyo erotophilia la adkeeyo. Labada dareen ee galmada iyo erotophilia labadaba waxaa loo arkaa inay yihiin dhinacyo shakhsiyadeed (Fisher, Caddaan, Byrne, & Kelley, 1988; Kalichman & Rompa, 1995): ie, xasilooni iyo dabeecad xasilooni leh oo ka madax banaan dowladaha kale ee ku meel gaarka ah (sida CSBD). Heerka cilmiga aragtida, natiijooyinkani waxay la jaanqaadayaan qaabka labalaabashada, oo soo jeedinaya in CSBD ay ka dhalan karto isku darka xannibaadda galmada oo yaraata iyo raali ahaanshaha galmada (oo lagu sharxay dhinacyada ay ka midka yihiin dareenka galmada raadinta ama erotophilia) (Bancroft, Graham, Janssen, & Sanders, 2009; Kafka, 2010).
Natiijooyinka xiisaha leh ayaa sidoo kale soo ifbaxay markii aan falanqeyn ku sameynay astaanta galmada ee kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD. Si ka soo horjeedda aragtideena bilowga ah, kaqeybgalayaasha kutlada CSBD si weyn ugama aysan duwaneyn kaqeybgaleyaasha non-CSBD quseeya dhaqankooda galmada ee offline. Tusaalaha 1aad, kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD waxay soo sheegeen tiro badan oo ah galmada galmada, dhowr jeer in yar oo galmo galmo ah, iyo kororka dabeecadaha galmada sida naaska ama galmada dabada; Tusaalaha 2aad, kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD wuxuu kaliya kaga duwanaa jawaabeyaasha non-CSBD marka loo eego soo noqnoqoshada galmada. Dhammaan khilaafaadkan oo dhami waxay gaareen oo keliya cabbir saameyn yar (d <.50 iyo V <.30). Waxaa jira sharaxaadyo kaladuwan oo macquul ah oo ku saabsan kala duwanaanshahan yar. Midka hore wuxuu la xiriiraa xaddidnaanta habka loo qiimeeyay muuqaalka galmada. Daraasaddeenna, habdhaqanka galmada ee khad la'aanta ah waxaa lagu qiimeeyay tilmaamayaasha nolosha oo dhan (tusaale, "waligaa galmo ma galteen galmada dabada?”); marka la eego in CSBD ay tahay mid qayb libaax leh isla markaana ay sii kordhayaan darnaanta marka waqtigu sii socdo (Reid et al., 2012), hababka qiimeynta waa inay u nugul yihiin isbeddelada ku meelgaarka ah ee dhaqanka galmada (tusaale ahaan, "inta lagu gudajiray bishii ugu dambeysay, miyaad galmo galmo sameysay?”). Taageerida sharaxaadan, Stupiansky iyo al. (2009) ma helin kala duwanaansho udhaxeysa haweenka heerka sare iyo kan hoose ee galmo galmo markii ay sahamiyeen heerka nololeed ee jinsi, galmada, iyo galmada siilka; si kastaba ha noqotee, kala duwanaansho weyn ayaa soo baxday markii wax laga weydiiyay dabeecaddan 30kii maalmood ee la soo dhaafay. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, cabirka inta jeer ee habdhaqanka galmada ee offline halkii ay ka dhacayaan waxay noqon karaan tilmaam xasaasi ah oo CSBD ah. Sharaxaad kale oo iman kara ayaa ah in isbeddelada dhaqameed ee dhowaa ee kor u qaadaya ogolaashaha iyo aragtida wanaagsan ee galmada aan caadiga ahayn (tusaale ahaan, "dhaqanka isku-sooca") ay saameyn ku yeesheen baahinta iyo soo noqnoqoshada dabeecadaha galmada ee kala duwan (Garcia, Reiber, Massey, & Merriwether, 2012), sidaasna ku beddelaysa saamaynta suurtagalka ah ee CSBD habdhaqanka galmoodka tooska ah. Ugu dambeyntiina, sharraxaad kale oo macquul ah ayaa ah in helitaanka iyo fiditaanka OSAs ee kaladuwan ay beddeleen dariiqa ah in bukaannada qaba CSBD ay qanciyaan dareenkooda galmo, sidaas darteedna u doorbidaan Internetka marinka galmada ugu weyn. Daraasaddeena, waxaan ku ogaanay in shakhsiyaadka qaba CSBD ay waqti badan ku bixiyaan intarnetka ujeedooyin galmo, oo ay si aad ah uga sarreeyaan cabir lagu qiimeeyo ka-qeybgalka xad-dhaafka ah iyo dhibaatada ee OSAs, iyo saami caan ah (in ka badan 50%) ayaa ka walwalay hab dhaqankan waxayna tixgeliyeen inay waqti badan ku bixiyeen sidaas. Xaaladdan oo kale, faraqa u dhexeeya CSBD iyo ka-qaybgalayaasha non-CSBD waxay gaareen cabbir saameyn aad u weyn (d ilaa 1.32). Isku soo wada duuboo, natiijooyinkaani waxay soo jeedinayaan in dadka qaba CSBD ay muujiyaan doorbidid cad oo loogu talagalay OSAs inay yihiin doorka galmada ay doorbidaan, halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen is-dhexgalka galmada nolosha dhabta ah. Natiijooyinkaani waxay la jaan qaada yihiin kuwa ay soo sheegeen Wery iyo al. (2016) tusaalayaal ah 72 bukaan oo iskood isku aqoonsaday “maandooriyayaal galmo”. Daraasaddan cilmibaadhista, 53.5% dadka balwada leh waxay tilmaameen in Internetku yahay kan ay jecel yihiin ee ku lug lahaanshaha nashaadaadka galmada, 46.5% ee doorbida la kulanka galmada nolosha dhabta ah.
Sida si nidaamsan looga soo warbixiyay daraasadihii hore, kaqeybgaleyaasha CSBD ee baaristayada waxay soo bandhigeen astaan caafimaad oo lagu garto heerar sare oo xilligan walaac iyo niyad jab leh, iyo sidoo kale isku kalsoonida liidata. Daraasaddeena, walaaca iyo niyadjabka waxaa lagu cabiray cabirro kaladuwan (BDI iyo STAI muunad 1; HADS tusaalaha 2), sidaas darteed waxaan xaqiijineynaa in natiijooyinkaani ka madax banaan yihiin cabirka loo shaqeeyey si loo cabbiro doorsoomayaasha. Natiijooyinkaani waxay carrabka ku adkeynaysaa sida loo adeegsado galmo ahaan hab wax looga qabanayo dhibaatooyinka maandooriyaha oo loogu talagalay in lagu magdhabo dowladaha saameynta xun leh, dhacdooyinka nolosha ee walaaca leh, ama kalsoonida liidata ee dadka qaba CSBD (Odlaug et al., 2013; Reid et al., 2008; Schultz, Hook, Davis, Penberthy, & Reid, 2014). Heer caafimaad, jiritaanka arimahan nugul ee nugul ayaa cadeynaya horumarka habab cusub oo daaweyn loogu talagalay in kor loogu qaado istiraatiijiyadaha caadifadda shucuurta caafimaad iyada oo loo marayo waxqabadyada ku saleysan maskaxda.Blycker & Potenza, 2018), daaweynta garashada-dabeecadda, ama daaweynta lafa-gurida garashada (garashada garashada)Efrati & Gola, 2018a). Marka tan la eego, waxqabadyada cilmi nafsiga ee loogu talagalay in lagu kobciyo istiraatiijiyad xeerarka xakameynta shucuureed ayaa muujisay natiijooyin rajo leh yareynta astaamaha CSBD (Efrati & Gola, 2018a; Hook et al., 2014).
Xuduudaha iyo tilmaamaha mustaqbalka
In kasta oo dhowr waxyaabood oo xiiso leh oo sheeko-raadis ah, daraasaddan lagu soo koobay siyaabo kala duwan. Marka hore, cilmi baaristu waa isku xidho sidaas darteed, ha ka hadlin in CSBD ay go'aamiso soo bixitaanka galmada iyo muuqaalka kiliinikada sida caadiga ah lagu arkay xaaladdan ama, taa liddi ku ah, jiritaanka qaabab hore oo maskaxeed (tusaale ahaan, erotophilia sare, dareen galmo raadis , ama dhibaatooyinka shucuurta) waxay kordhiyaan u nuglaanta abuurista CSBD. Marka labaad, dhacdada CSBD ee lagu soo sheegay daraasadda ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu caajiso (lagu sumoobo) sababtuna tahay habka qayb ururinta. Daraasaddii ugu horreysey waxaa loo xayeysiiyay sahan galmo; sidaa darteed, dadka dano gaar ah ka leh galmada (oo aad ugu nugul dhibaatada CSBD) waa laga yaabaa in si xad dhaaf ah loo soo bandhigo. Sidoo kale, kaqeybgalayaashii daraasada labaad waxaa laga shaqaaleysiiyay internetka, ayagoo ku xayeysiinaya daraasada sidii sahan galmo. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, sahaminta ayaa lagu marin hayey qodobbada raadinta sida "balwadda galmada", sidaas darteedna waxay kordhineysaa suuragalnimada in dadka la kulma astaamaha CSBD ay sahanka ka soo baxaan.
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, astaanta guud ee 'CSBD' waxaa lagu go'aamiyay iyada oo loo adeegsanayo tusaha cabiraadda sheeko-curis cusub oo laga soo qaatay tallaabooyinka is-wargelinta ee si wanaagsan loo adkeeyay. Tilmaantan waxaa loo qaabeeyey iyada oo loo eegayo shuruudaha ugu habboon ee lagu kalsoonaan karo si loo garto CSBD (Kafka, 2010; Kraus et al., 2018; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Si kastaba ha noqotee, xitaa marka is-sheegashooyinka loo tixgeliyo inay yihiin macno macquul ah oo ugu horreeya ee baaritaanka CSBD, ogaanshaheeda dhab ahaantii waxay u baahan tahay qiimeyn qoto dheer oo ku saabsan dabeecadda iyo macnaha dhibaatooyinka galmada ee qofka. Sababtaas awgeed, halkii (ama lagu daro) cabbiraadaha is-sheegashada, isticmaalka wareysiyada caafimaad ee qaabeysan ama qaabdhismeed qaabaysan oo diiradda lagu saaray dabeecadda galmada ee xad-dhaafka ah oo aan la xakamayn karin (tusaale ahaan, HD Wareysiga Caafimaadka Cillada-baarista Cudurka [HD-DCI]) badanaa waa caadi lagula taliyay baaritaanka ku habboon ee CSBD (Womack iyo al., 2013). Sidaa daraadeed, cilmi baarista mustaqbalka waa inay tixgelisaa ka mid noqoshada baarid qoto dheer oo qotodheer iyo jiritaanka CSBD iyada oo loo marayo habraacyo qiimeyn oo lagu kalsoonaan karo (tus., Taas oo raacday tijaabadii garoonkii DSM-5 ee cilad-xumada).Reid et al., 2012).
Gabagabada
Tan iyo markii lagu soo daray CSBD-da ICD-11, xaaladdan caafimaad waxay noqotay mid si ballaaran loo bartay. Sikastaba, baaritaan dheeri ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo loona xoojiyo natiijooyinka hada jira. Adigoo adeegsanaya qaab cusub oo xog-wadis cusub ah, daraasaddan waxay iftiimineysaa dhacdada iyo dhaqan-ahaaneed, galmada, iyo astaan caafimaad. Mid ka mid ah natiijooyinka udub dhexaadka u ah daraasaddan ayaa ah in astaamaha iyo astaamaha CSBD ay ku badan yihiin dadweynaha guud ahaan, inta badan ragga iyo sidoo kale qayb weyn oo dheddig ah. Dadkani caadiyan waxay soo bandhigaan heerar sare oo ah dareenka galmada ee raadinaya iyo erotophilia, iyagoo muujinaya suurtagal salka ku haya sharaxaya bilawgiisa iyo dayactirkiisa. Si ka soo horjeedda aragtideena bilowga ah, dadka qaba CSBD ama aan lahayn CSBD si uun bay ugu kala duwan yihiin hab dhaqanka galmada ee offline; Taas bedelkeeda, shakhsiyaadka qaba CSBD waxay soo bandhigayaan OSA caan ah oo muuqata. Natiijadan ayaa muujineysa in helitaanka sii kordheysa iyo fiditaanka OSAs kaladuwan ay beddeleen dariiqa ah in bukaannada CSBD ay qanciyaan dareenkooda galmo, kana doorbidaan Internetka marinka galmada. Ugu dambeyntiina, bukaannada qaba CSBD waxay soo bandhigeen astaamo niyad jab iyo walaac badan, iyo sidoo kale liidasho liidata.
Ilaha maalgelinta
Daraasaddan waxaa lagu taageeray deeqda P1.1B2012-49 iyo P1.1B2015-82 ee Jaume I of Castellón, APOSTD / 2017/005 ee Maamulka Gobolka ee Waxbarshada, Dhaqanka iyo Ciyaaraha ee bulshada Valencian Community, iyo bixinta PSI2011- 27992/11 I 384 ee Wasaaradda Sayniska iyo curinta (Spain).
Kaqaybqaataha qorayaasha
RBA iyo MDGL waxay gacan ka geysteen qaabeynta daraasadda, helitaanka maalgalinta, iyo / ama kormeerka daraasadda. RBA, MDGL, JCC, CGG iyo BGJ waxay kaqeybqaateen qoritaanka kaqeyb galayaasha, aruurinta xogta, falanqaynta / tarjumida xogta, iyo / ama qorista waraaqda.
Isku dhaca xiisaha
Qorayaashu ma sheegaan khilaafka danta.
| Calaamado | Description | Miisaanka | Shayga |
| Xakamaynta luminta | ICD-11: Qaab joogto ah oo lagu guuldaraysto in la xakameeyo galmo xoog leh, soo noqnoqda galmo soo noqnoqda ama dhiirigelinta natiijada galmada soo noqnoqda. | HBI | Dabeecaddayda galmada ayaa nolosheyda xakameysa. |
| HBI | Rabitaanadayda galmood iyo rabitaankeygu waxay iga xoog badan yihiin edebteyda. | ||
| SCS | Mararka qaar waxaan ku dhacaa jahwareer aan xakameyn karo. | ||
| SCS | Waxaan dareemayaa in fikradaha galmada iyo dareenka ay iga xoog badan yihiin aniga. | ||
| SCS | Waa inaan la halgamo sidii aan u xakameyn lahaa fikradeyda galmada iyo dhaqankeyga. | ||
| XIGASHO | Miyaad dhibaato ku qabtaa joojinta dhaqankaaga galmada markii aad ogtahay inaysan munaasib ahayn? | ||
| XIGASHO | Ma dareentaa in lagu xakameeyo rabitaankaaga galmada? | ||
| XIGASHO | Weligaa ma u maleyneysaa in rabitaankaaga galmadu ka xoog badan tahay adigu? | ||
| Dayacaad | ICD-11: Waxqabadyada galmada ee soo noqnoqda ayaa noqda udub dhexaadka nolosha qofka illaa heer dayaca caafimaad iyo daryeel shakhsiyeed ama danaha kale, howlaha iyo masuuliyadaha. DSM-5: Waqtiga ku lumiya khiyaamada galmada, damacyada ama dabeecadaha ayaa si isdaba joog ah u faragelinaya ujeedooyinka kale ee aan (galmada ahayn), nashaadaadka iyo waajibaadka. | HBI | Waxaan allabari u bixiyaa waxyaabaha aan nolosha ku doonayo ee nolosha ah si aan galmo u noqdo. |
| HBI | Fikradahayga galmoodka iyo riyooyinkeygu waxay iga mashquulinayaan howsha muhiimka ah. | ||
| HBI | Hawlahayga galmada waxay faragalin ku hayaan noloshayda, sida shaqada ama iskuulka. | ||
| SCS | Mararka qaar waxaan ku guul darreystaa inaan la kulmo ballanqaadyadeyda iyo mas'uuliyadayda sababtoo ah dabeecadaha galmo awgeed. | ||
| Lama joojin karo | ICD-11: Dhowr dadaallo aan lagu guuleysan ayaa si weyn hoos loogu dhigay dhaqanka galmada soo noqnoqda. DSM-5: Dadaallo soo noqnoqday laakiin aan lagu guuleysan oo xakameynaya ama si weyn u yareya riyadan jinsiyeed, dhiirrigelinta ama dabeecadaha. | HBI | In kasta oo aan nafteyda u ballan qaaday in aanan ku celin doonin dhaqan galmo, haddana waxaan u arkaa naftayda in ay ku soo noqonayso marar badan. |
| HBI | Isku daydaydii aan ku beddelay dhaqankeyga galmada waa lagu guuldareystay. | ||
| XIGASHO | Miyaad isku dayday in aad joojiso nooc nashaad galmo oo aad guuldaraysatay? | ||
| XIGASHO | Ma isku dayday inaad joojiso qaybo ka mid ah galmadaada? | ||
| XIGASHO | Ma dareentay baahida loo qabo inaad joojiso nooc ka mid ah howlaha galmada? | ||
| Kaqeybgal joogto ah inkastoo faragalin | ICD-11: Hab dhaqan galmo oo soo noqnoqota oo soo noqnoqda inkasta oo cawaaqib xumo ama aad u yaraato ama aan ku qanacsanayn DSM-5: Si ku celcelis ah ugu lug yeelashada dabeecadaha galmada adigoo iska indha tiraya halista waxyeelada jirka ama shucuur ahaaneed ee ku timaad ama kuwa kale. | HBI | Waxaan sameeyaa nashaadaad galmo oo aan ogahay in aan dib dambe qoomameyn doono. |
| HBI | Waxaan sameeyaa waxyaabo galmo ah oo ka hor imanaya qiyamkayga iyo waxa aan aaminsanahay. | ||
| HBI | In kasta oo dabeecadayda galmada ay tahay mid aan masuul ka aheyn ama aan xisaab lahayn, hadana way igu adagtahay inaan joojiyo. | ||
| SCS | Fikradahayga galmoodka iyo dabeecadaha ayaa dhibaatooyin ku keena noloshayda. | ||
| SCS | Rabitaanadayda galmadu waxay carqaladeysay nolol maalmeedkayga. | ||
| XIGASHO | Waligaa miyaad dareentay sharaf dhac xaga dabeecadaada galmada ah? | ||
| XIGASHO | Markaad galmo sameyso, miyaad murugo dareemaysaa kadib? | ||
| XIGASHO | Qofna miyuu waxyeello dareemay sababtoo ah dhaqankaaga galmada? | ||
| XIGASHO | Miyuu dhaqankaaga galmada weligaa dhib ku abuuray adiga ama qoyskaaga? | ||
| XIGASHO | Hawshaada galmada ma faragalisay nolosha qoyskaaga? | ||
| Laqabsashada | DSM-5 (cabirka A2): Ku celcelin ku lug lahaanshaha riyooyinka galmada, dhiirigelinta ama dabeecadaha iyada oo laga jawaabayo jawiga niyadda (sida, walwal, niyad jab, caajisnimo, xanaaq). DSM-5 (qiimeynta A3): Ku celcelin ku lug lahaansho riyo jinsi ah, dhiiri gelin ama dabeecad ah iyada oo laga jawaabayo dhacdooyinka nolosha ee walaaca leh. | HBI | Waxaan u isticmaalaa galmada inaan iska ilaawo walwalka nolosha maalinlaha ah. |
| HBI | Samaynta wax galmo ah waxay igu kalifaysaa inaan dareemo cidlo. | ||
| HBI | Waxaan u jeedaa nashaadaad galmo markaan dareemo dareen aan fiicneyn (tusaale ahaan, jahwareer, murugo, xanaaq). | ||
| HBI | Markii aan dareemo xasillooni, waxaan isu beddelaa galmada si aan nafsadeyda u dejiyo. | ||
| HBI | Samaynta wax galmo ah waxay iga caawisaa la tacaalista walaaca. | ||
| HBI | Galmadu waxay i siisaa dariiq aan ku maareeyo xanuunka shucuurta ee aan dareemo. | ||
| HBI | Waxaan u istcimaalaa galmada sidii aan iskuday ugu heli lahaa ugana caawin lahaa dhibaatooyinkaa | ||
| XIGASHO | Galmadu miyey kuu ahayd jid aad uga baxdo dhibaatooyinkaaga? | ||
| Kala-tag, iskuqasnaan, iyo dhibaatooyin xagga galmada ah | Salaence: "Marka waxqabadka gaarka ah [jinsiga] uu noqdo waxqabadka ugu muhiimsan nolosha qofka isla markaana xukuma fikirkiisa (mashquul iyo qallooca garashada), dareenka (damacyada) iyo dabeecadda (xumaanta habdhaqanka bulshada)" (Griffiths, 2005, p. 193). | HBI | Waxaan dareemayaa in habdhaqankayga galmada ay iila socdaan jihada aanan rabin inaan aado. |
| SCS | Waxaan ogahay in aan ka fakarayo galmada inta aan shaqada ku jiro. | ||
| SCS | Waxaan ka fikiraa galmada wixii aan jeclaan lahaa. | ||
| XIGASHO | Miyaad inta badan ku mashquulsan tahay fikradaha galmada? | ||
| XIGASHO | Ma dareentaa in dhaqankaaga galmada uusan caadi aheyn? | ||
| XIGASHO | Weligaa miyaad ka xuntahay dhaqankaaga galmada? |
| Shayga | Xaqiiqada 1 (Koontarool luminta) | Xaqiiqada 2 (Dayaca) | Xaqiiqada 3 (Joojin kari waaya) | Xaqiiqada 4 (hawlgal joogta ah) | Xaqiiqada 5 (Laqabsashada) | Xaqiiqada 6 (mashquul) | |
| Xaraashka Factorial (qodobka 1) | Dabeecaddayda galmada ayaa nolosheyda xakameysa. | 0.56 (0.56) | |||||
| Rabitaanadayda galmood iyo rabitaankeygu waxay iga xoog badan yihiin edebteyda. | 0.68 (0.82) | ||||||
| Mararka qaar waxaan ku dhacaa jahwareer aan xakameyn karo. | 0.68 (0.81) | ||||||
| Waxaan dareemayaa in fikradaha galmada iyo dareenka ay iga xoog badan yihiin aniga. | 0.75 (0.79) | ||||||
| Waa inaan la halgamo sidii aan u xakameyn lahaa fikradeyda galmada iyo dhaqankeyga. | 0.74 (0.83) | ||||||
| Miyaad dhibaato ku qabtaa joojinta dhaqankaaga galmada markii aad ogtahay inaysan munaasib ahayn? | 0.56 (0.64) | ||||||
| Ma dareentaa in lagu xakameeyo rabitaankaaga galmada? | 0.48 (0.58) | ||||||
| Weligaa ma u maleyneysaa in rabitaankaaga galmadu ka xoog badan tahay adigu? | 0.59 (0.67) | ||||||
| Xaraashka Factorial (qodobka 2) | Waxaan allabari u bixiyaa waxyaabaha aan nolosha ku doonayo ee nolosha ah si aan galmo u noqdo. | 0.59 (0.69) | |||||
| Fikradahayga galmoodka iyo riyooyinkeygu waxay iga mashquulinayaan howsha muhiimka ah. | 0.64 (0.68) | ||||||
| Hawlahayga galmada waxay faragalin ku hayaan noloshayda, sida shaqada ama iskuulka. | 0.71 (0.75) | ||||||
| Mararka qaar waxaan ku guul darreystaa inaan la kulmo ballanqaadyadeyda iyo mas'uuliyadayda sababtoo ah dabeecadaha galmo awgeed. | 0.75 (0.80) | ||||||
| Xaraashka Factorial (qodobka 3) | In kasta oo aan nafteyda u ballan qaaday in aanan ku celin doonin dhaqan galmo, haddana waxaan u arkaa naftayda in ay ku soo noqonayso marar badan. | 0.71 (0.74) | |||||
| Isku daydaydii aan ku beddelay dhaqankeyga galmada waa lagu guuldareystay. | 0.68 (0.79) | ||||||
| Miyaad isku dayday in aad joojiso nooc nashaad galmo oo aad guuldaraysatay? | 0.69 (0.74) | ||||||
| Ma isku dayday inaad joojiso qaybo ka mid ah galmadaada? | 0.70 (0.76) | ||||||
| Ma dareentay baahida loo qabo inaad joojiso nooc ka mid ah howlaha galmada? | 0.63 (0.70) | ||||||
| Xaraashka Factorial (qodobka 4) | Waxaan sameeyaa nashaadaad galmo oo aan ogahay in aan dib dambe qoomameyn doono. | 0.60 (0.76) | |||||
| Waxaan sameeyaa waxyaabo galmo ah oo ka hor imanaya qiyamkayga iyo waxa aan aaminsanahay. | 0.65 (0.75) | ||||||
| In kasta oo dabeecadayda galmada ay tahay mid aan masuul ka aheyn ama aan xisaab lahayn, hadana way igu adagtahay inaan joojiyo. | 0.55 (0.67) | ||||||
| Fikradahayga galmoodka iyo dabeecadaha ayaa dhibaatooyin ku keena noloshayda. | 0.56 (0.53) | ||||||
| Rabitaanadayda galmadu waxay carqaladeysay nolol maalmeedkayga. | 0.64 (0.70) | ||||||
| Waligaa miyaad dareentay sharaf dhac xaga dabeecadaada galmada ah? | 0.75 (0.64) | ||||||
| Markaad galmo sameyso, miyaad dareemaysaa murugo kadib? | 0.61 (0.50) | ||||||
| Qofna miyuu waxyeello dareemay sababtoo ah dhaqankaaga galmada? | 0.61 (0.52) | ||||||
| Miyuu dhaqankaaga galmada weligaa dhib ku abuuray adiga ama qoyskaaga? | 0.54 (0.48) | ||||||
| Hawshaada galmada ma faragalisay nolosha qoyskaaga? | 0.56 (0.46) | ||||||
| Xaraashka Factorial (qodobka 5) | Waxaan u isticmaalaa galmada inaan iska ilaawo walwalka nolosha maalinlaha ah. | 0.66 (0.69) | |||||
| Samaynta wax galmo ah waxay igu kalifaysaa inaan dareemo cidlo. | 0.60 (0.66) | ||||||
| Waxaan u jeedaa nashaadaad galmo markaan dareemo dareen aan fiicneyn (tusaale ahaan, jahwareer, murugo, xanaaq). | 0.71 (0.79) | ||||||
| Markii aan dareemo xasillooni, waxaan isu beddelaa galmada si aan nafsadeyda u dejiyo. | 0.73 (0.77) | ||||||
| Samaynta wax galmo ah waxay iga caawisaa la tacaalista walaaca. | 0.67 (0.73) | ||||||
| Galmadu waxay i siisaa dariiq aan ku maareeyo xanuunka shucuurta ee aan dareemo. | 0.81 (0.84) | ||||||
| Waxaan u istcimaalaa galmada sidii aan iskuday ugu heli lahaa ugana caawin lahaa dhibaatooyinkaa | 0.77 (0.82) | ||||||
| Galmadu miyey kuu ahayd jid aad uga baxdo dhibaatooyinkaaga? | 0.63 (0.58) | ||||||
| Xaraashka Factorial (qodobka 6) | Waxaan dareemayaa in habdhaqankayga galmada ay iila socdaan jihada aanan rabin inaan aado. | 0.61 (0.58) | |||||
| Waxaan ogahay in aan ka fakarayo galmada inta aan shaqada ku jiro. | 0.60 (0.63) | ||||||
| Waxaan ka fikiraa galmada wixii aan jeclaan lahaa. | 0.66 (0.78) | ||||||
| Miyaad inta badan ku mashquulsan tahay fikradaha galmada? | 0.56 (0.58) | ||||||
| Ma dareentaa in dhaqankaaga galmada uusan caadi aheyn? | 0.49 (0.52) | ||||||
| Weligaa miyaad ka xuntahay dhaqankaaga galmada? | 0.58 (0.67) | ||||||
| Asluubta ka dhaxaysa arrimaha | Xaqiiqada 1 (Koontarool luminta) | ||||||
| Xaqiiqada 2 (Dayaca) | 0.85 * (0.87 *) | ||||||
| Xaqiiqada 3 (Joojin kari waaya) | 0.65 * (0.81 *) | 0.72 * (0.75 *) | |||||
| Xaqiiqada 4 (hawlgal joogta ah) | 0.90 * (0.87 *) | 0.92 * (0.90 *) | 0.74 * (0.85 *) | ||||
| Xaqiiqada 5 (Laqabsashada) | 0.78 * (0.68 *) | 0.60 * (0.69 *) | 0.50 * (0.65 *) | 0.62 * (0.70 *) | |||
| Xaqiiqada 6 (mashquul) | 0.94 * (0.94 *) | 0.91 * (0.87 *) | 0.68 * (0.88 *) | 0.90 * (0.95 *) | 0.82 * (0.72 *) |
note. Tirooyinka ugu horreeya ee unug kasta waxay u dhigmaan natiijooyinka laga soo qaaday tusaalaha 1, halka natiijooyinka laga soo qaaday tusaalaha 2 ay ku jiraan qaanad; *P <0.001.
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