aan la taaban karin
Dhowr daraasadood ayaa muujiyey in si dhib ah u isticmaalka howlaha galmada ee internetka (OSAs) ay ka dhalan karto istiraatiijiyad lagula tacaali karo dhibaatada ka dhalanaysa isticmaalka internetka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, qaar ka mid ah qodobbada halista gaarka ah - oo si ballaaran loogu baaray cilmiga isticmaalka Internetka ee dhibaatada leh — ayaa ilaa iyo hadda si aad ah loogu bartay duruufaha OSA. Sidaa daraadeed, ujeedka daraasadani waxay ahayd in la tijaabiyo nooc fikradeed ah taas oo isku-kalsoonaanta, kalinimada, iyo walwalka bulsheed la qiyaasayo si loo saadaaliyo nooca OSA-ka loo doorbido iyo isticmaalkooda balwada leh. Si taas loo gaaro, sahan khadka internetka ah ayaa lagu sameeyay muunad tusaale ah oo ragga is-xushay oo adeegsaday OSAs si joogto ah (N = 209). Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen in kalsoonida is-hoosaysiinta ahi ay si togan ula xiriirto kalinimo iyo walwal bulsho oo sarreeya, kuwaas oo si toosa ula xidhiidhay ku lug lahaanshaha laba OSAs oo cayiman: adeegsiga sawirada qaawan iyo raadinta xiriirrada galmada ee internetka. Ku lug lahaansho sare howlahaas OSA waxay la xiriirtay astaamaha isticmaalka balwadaha. Natiijooyinkaas waxay hoosta ka xariiqeen muhiimadda waxqabadyada cilmi nafsi ahaaneed iyadoo la tixgelinayo OSA-da gaarka ah ee lagu dhaqmay si loo wanaajiyo isku-kalsoonida loona yareeyo kalinimada iyo astaamaha walwalka bulshada.
1 HORDHAC
Laga soo bilaabo horraantii 2000-meeyadii, Internetku wuxuu noqday mid muhiim u ah nolosha shaqsiyadeed iyo tan xirfadeedba. Mid ka mid ah waxqabadyada ugu caansan ee la xiriira internetka ayaa ah ka qayb qaadashada nashaadaadyo kala duwan oo xagga galmada ah (OSAs), tusaale ahaan, sawir-gacmeedka (fiidiyowyada iyo / ama sawirrada), raadinta macluumaadka la xiriira dabeecadaha galmada, ciyaarida fiidiyowyada galmada ee galmada, goobaha galmada ee shukaansiga, iyo galmada kamaradaha webka (Ballester ‐ Arnal, Castro ‐ Calvo, Gil ‐ Llario, & Giménez ‐ García 2014; Ross, Månsson, & Daneback, 2012; Wéry & Billieux, 2016). Dadka intiisa badan, adeegsiga OSAs dhibaato ma leh. Si kastaba ha noqotee, koox hoosaadka shaqsiyaadka, ku lug lahaanshaha OSAs waxay noqon kartaa mid xad dhaaf ah oo xiriir la leh luminta kontoroolka iyo curyaaminta shaqada (Albright, 2008; Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; Grov, Gillespie, Royce, & Lever, 2011).
Sidaas awgeed waa lagama maarmaan in la fahmo sababta, koox-hoosaadyo dad ah, isticmaalka OSA-yada ay u noqdaan dhibaato. Daraasado fara badan ayaa muujiyay in isticmaalka dhibaatada OSAs ay noqon karto istiraatiijiyad la qabsasho aan fiicnayn (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007; Ley, Marxalad, & Finn, 2014; Moser, 2011, 2013). Xaaladaha noocaas ah, ku lug lahaanshaha OSAs waxay u egtahay inay ka tarjumeyso istiraatiijiyad ka fogaansho khibradeed si loola qabsado ama looga takhaluso fikradaha aan loo dulqaadan karin, dareenka jirka, iyo xaaladaha shucuurta (Chawla & Ostafin, 2007). Daraasadaha qaarkood waxay muujiyeen in inta udhaxeysa 85 iyo 100% dadka soo sheega dabeecadaha galmada ee xad dhaafka ah ay lasocdaan uguyaraan hal cudur oo laxiriira xanuunka dhimirka (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond, Coleman, & Miner, 2003; Wéry, Vogelaere, iyo al., 2016). Intaa waxaa dheer, daraasado dhowr ah ayaa soo jeediyay in sababaha ugu muhiimsan ee looga qayb qaadanayo dhibaatooyinka OSAs ay yihiin qaab la qabsi (walaac, niyad jab, iyo kalsooni hoose), jahwareer, ama qaab loo yareeyo buufiska (Castro ‐ Calvo, Giménez ‐ García, Gil ‐ Llario, & Ballester ‐ Arnal, 2018; Cooper, Galbreath & Becker,2004; Ross iyo al., 2012; Wéry & Billieux, 2016).
Natiijooyinkaani waxay waafaqsan yihiin Kardefelt ‐ Winther's (2014a) soo jeedin ku saabsan ciladaha la xiriira ciladaha internetka (sida isticmaalka dhibka leh ee OSAs) qaab "magdhaw" ah. Marka loo eego aragtidan, adeegsiga Internetku wuxuu gacan ka geysan karaa inuu yareeyo xaalad dhibaato leh oo uu buuxiyo baahiyaha aan nolosha dhabta ah lagu helin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, istiraatiijiyadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dambayn kartaa natiijooyin xunxun oo kala duwan (tusaale ahaan, xirfadle, bulsho, caafimaad laxiriira) oo markaa noqda dhaqan xumo la dhaqanka. Sida uu qabo Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014a), cilmi baaris la taaban karo oo laga sameeyay cilmiga dabeecada la xariirta ee xad dhaafka ah ee internetka ayaa si weyn diiradda u saareysa arrimo go'doon ah (tusaale ahaan, doorsoomayaasha kala duwan ee bulshada) oo sidaas ku guuldaraystay inay tijaabiyaan moodello dhameystiran, oo ay ku jiraan wax-ku-dheereha iyo dhexdhexaadiyaha. Isbeddellada noocan oo kale ah waxay horseedeen inay si weyn uga takhalusaan arrimo keli-gooni ah iyo hoos-u-dhigid ku saabsan doorsoomayaasha kale ee suurtogalka ah. Tusaale ahaan, daraasad diiradda saareysa cayaaraha tooska ah ee internetka, Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014b) wuxuu muujiyey in ururada keli ahaanta iyo walbahaarka bulshada ee ciyaaraha khamaarka badan ay noqdaan kuwa aan micno lahayn markii cadaadiska la xakameynayay. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo is-dhexgalka iyo / ama dhexdhexaadinnada u dhexeeya doorsoomayaasha waxay u muuqataa mid lagama maarmaan ah in la wanaajiyo fahamkeenna isticmaalka dhibka leh ee OSAs.
Waxay umuuqataa inay muhiim tahay, sidaa darteed, in diirada la saaro qodobo gaar ah oo qatar ah (gaar ahaan kuwa laxiriira dysregulation shucuur ahaanta iyo dabeecadaha laqabsashada dabeecadaha) ee laga yaabo inay ku lug lahaadaan horumarinta isticmaalka dhibka leh ee OSAs. Gaar ahaan, doorka is-tixgelinta, kali ahaanta, iyo walwalka bulshada –kaasoo lagu yaqaanay inay isweydaarsadaan midba midka kale (hoos ka fiiri) oo si baaxad leh loo bartay macnaha guud ee (aan khaldaneyn) adeegsiga Internetka ee dhibka ku jira — ayaa ilaa iyo maanta si aan xadidneyn u soo jiray. lagu bartay cilmiga adeegsiga OSAs (ama waxaa loo bartay qaab gooni gooni ah, sida lagu soo jeediyay dhaleeceyn uu soo jeediyo Kardefelt ‐ Winther (2014a, 2014b)).
Daraasado dhowr ah ayaa si kastaba ha noqotee, baaray saddexda arrimood ee kor ku xusan ee ku saabsan macnaha dabeecadaha dhibaatada leh ee internetka. Daraasaddan hore waxay muujisay isku kalsooni hoose (Aydin & San, 2011; Bozoglan, Demirer, iyo Sahin, 2013; Kim & Davis, 2009), kalinimo aad u sarreysa (Bozoglan et al., 2013; Kim, LaRose, & Peng, 2009; Morahan ‐ Martin & Schumacher, 2003; Odaci & Kalkan,2010), iyo walwal bulsho (Caplan, 2007; Kim & Davis, 2009) waxay si togan ulaxiriiraan mashaakilka iyo isticmaalka xad dhaafka ah ee isticmaalka internetka (daraasadahan looma jeedin hawlo gaar ah oo khadka tooska ah). Natiijooyinkaani waxay soo jeedinayaan in shakhsiyaadka lagu garto keli ahaanta, walbahaarka bulshada, iyo is-tixgelinta liita, doorbidida is-dhexgalka internetka si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u socotaa, oo ay taageerayaan aaminsanaanta in Internetku uu yahay meel aamin ah oo xoojinaysa marka loo eego adduunka qadka-ka-fog, kaasoo ay u badan tahay inuu ka dhasho ku lug lahaanshaha xad-dhaafka ah iyo kantaroolka (Caplan, 2007; Kim et al., 2009; Morahan ‐ Martin & Schumacher, 2003; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004). Kabtan (2007) diirada saarey doorka kalinimada iyo walwalka bulsheed ee door bidida khadka tooska ah (halkii waji ka waji) waji ka waji) is dhexgalka bulshada waxaana la muujiyey in doorbidaan lagu sharaxay walwal bulsho, laakiin maahan kalinimo.
Macnaha guud ee OSAs, daraasado dhowr ah ayaa falanqeeyay xiriirka ka dhexeeya keli keli ahaanta iyo adeegsiga sawirada. Tusaale ahaan, Yoder, Virden, iyo Amiin (2005) waxaay ogaatay in waqti badan ay ku bixiso cunista qaawan ee internetka, dareenka keli ahaanta. Qoraayaasha kale waxay kaloo muujiyeen in isticmaaleyaasha cilad-xumada dhibaatada leh ay ka liitaan kuwa adeegsada madaddaalada (Bőthe et al., 2018; Butler, Pereyra, Draper, Leonhardt, & Skinner, 2018). Efrati iyo Gola (2018) waxaay ogaadeen in dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee muujiyey dhaqan galmo khasab ah sidoo kale inay leeyihiin heerar sare oo cidlo ah iyo howlo badan oo la xiriira galmada oo la xiriira internetka. Daraasad dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa sidoo kale muujisay in dareen keli ahaanta lala xiriiriyo inta jeer ee la isticmaalo galmada internetka ee ragga ka dhex muuqata (Weber et al., 2018). Daraasadaha qaarkood waxay soo sheegeen xiriirka ka dhexeeya isticmaalka filimada qaawan iyo isku kalsooni darada, in yarna waxay soo jeediyeen in dhibaatada dhibaatada haysata ee filimada qaawan ay si wanaagsan ula xiriirtay heerarka hoose ee isku kalsoonida guud (Barrada, Ruiz ‐ Gomez, Correa, & Castro, 2019; Brown, Durtschi, Carroll, & Willoughby, 2017; Kor et al., 2014) iyo qaddarinta galmada (Noor, Rosser, & Erickson, 2014). Sidoo kale, Borgogna, McDermott, Berry, iyo Browning (2020) waxaay soo bandhigeen in ragga kalsoonida liidata ay si gaar ah u soo jiiteen sawirada qaawan (si ay ula jaanqaadaan una fuliyaan caadooyinka doorka aasaaska) ayna leeyihiin dhibaatoyin badan oo muuqaallo qaawan. Ugu dambeyntiina, in kasta oo daraasado dhowr ah ay sheegeen in walaac bulsheed oo aad u sareeya ay ka qabaan dadka qaba dabeecad-darro (gaar ahaan khadka tooska ah; Raymond et al., 2003; Wéry, Vogelaere, et al., 2016), daraasado yar ayaa si gaar ah loo sameeyay si laxiriira OSAs. Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasadaha qaarkood waxay muujiyeen jiritaanka calaamadaha walwalka bulsheed ee isticmaaleyaasha dhibaatooyinka qaawan ee dhibaatada leh (Kor et al., 2014; Kraus, Potenza, Martino, iyo Grant, 2015). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, daraasado dhowr ah ayaa baaray doorka welwelka bulshada ee dad gaar ah: dembiilayaasha carruurta ee internetka. Daraasaddan ayaa soo warisay in welwelka bulshada uu ka sarreeyo dambiilayaasha internetka marka loo eego kuwa kale ee dembiilayaasha galmada ah (Armstrong & Mellor, 2016; Qiyaasta & Metcalf, 2007; Middleton, Elliott, Mandeville ‐ Norden, & Beech, 2006), oo muujinaysa in welwelka bulshada uu door muhiim ah ka ciyaari karo ku xadgudubka internetka (tusaale ahaan, Internetka oo bixinaya hab lagu sahminayo galmada kuwa dhib ku ah isdhexgalka dadka; Quayle & Taylor, 2003).
Xaddidaad muhiim ah oo ah daraasadaha jira, hase yeeshe, waa inay ku dhowaad si gaar ah diirada u saaraan qaawan ee internetka, halka noocyo fara badan oo OSAs ah ay jiraan (sida websaydhyada galmada, cayaaraha galmada 3D, raadinta xiriir khadka tooska ah ee khadka tooska ah, ama raadinta macluumaadka galmada) kuwaas oo seddexdaan arrimood ee nafsiyeed laga yaabo inaysan si isku mid ah lug ugu yeelan. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa loo maleynayaa in shaqsi qaba walaac aad u sareeya oo bulshada ka mid ah wuxuu ku kalsoonaan karaa raadinta lammaaneyaasha galmada internetka (tusaale, adeegsiga codsiyada gaarka ah) Si kastaba ha noqotee, uma badna in dhammaan noocyada OSAs ay leeyihiin karti ay ku noqon karaan nuqulada maladaptive, taas oo caadi ahaan ah dhacdo hawl sida raadinta macluumaadka galmada. Sidaa daraadeed, waxaa muhiim ah in la tixgeliyo heterogeneity of OSAs marka laga hadlayo tixgelinta arrimaha nafsiyan ee salka u ah dhibaatada dhibaatada leh.
Xaddidaadda kale ee muhiimka ah ee daraasadaha jira ayaa ah inaysan tixgelinaynin isku-xirnaanta isku-dhafan ee u dhexeeya kelinimada, welwelka bulshada, iyo is-qadarinta. Marka hore, qorayaasha qaar waxay ogaadeen in dadka isku kalsoonida hoose ay kalsooni hooseyso oo aysan ku raaxeysan isdhexgalka bulshada, taasoo xiriir la leh (oo laga yaabo inay kobciso) kalinimada (Çivitci & Çivitci, 2009; Creemers, Scholte, Engels, Prinstein, & Wiers, 2012; Kong & Adiga, 2013; Olmstead, Guy, O'Malley, & Bentler, 1991; Vanhalst, Goossens, Luyckx, Scholte, & Engels, 2013). Marka labaad, daraasadihii hore waxay muujiyeen in isku kalsooni hooseeya ay sababi karto qatar u ah walaaca bulshada (de Jong, Sportel, De Hullu, & Nauta, 2012; Kim & Davis, 2009; Obeid, Buchholz, Boerner, Henderson, & Norris, 2013). Saddexaad, daraasadaha qaarkood waxay xoojiyeen xiriirka ka dhexeeya welwelka bulshada iyo kalinimada (Anderson & Harvey, 1988; Johnson, LaVoie, Spenceri, & Mahoney ‐ Wernli, 2001; Lim, Rodebaugh, Zyphur, & Gleeson, 2016). Ugu dambeyntiina, daraasado kale waxay soo jeediyeen in (1) is-qadarinta iyo kelinimada ay si weyn u saadaaliso walaaca bulshada (Subasi, 2007), (2) isku kalsooni (laakiin ma ahan walaaca bulshada) wuxuu saadaalinayaa kalinimada (Panayiotou, Panteli, & Theodorou, 2016), iyo (3) xiriirka ka dhexeeya isku kalsoonaanta iyo kalinimada waxaa dhexdhexaadinaya walaaca bulshada (Ma, Liang, Zeng, Jiang, & Liu, 2014). Marka, in kasta oo doorsoomayaashu ay u muuqdaan inay xidhiidh dhaw la leeyihiin isla markaana ay la socdaan xiriiriyayaal isku dhafan, haddana waa inaydaan weligood si isku mid ah loo baarin duruufaha ku saabsan adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs.
Daraasadda hadda jirta ayaa ujeedadeedu ahayd inay buuxiso farqiga u dhexeeya suugaanta iyadoo la tijaabinayo moodal (eeg Jaantuska 1) kaas oo ku xiraya isku kalsoonida hoose, walaac bulsheed, iyo kalinnimo xagga doorbidyada OSA (tusaale, nooca OSA la qabtay) iyo ugu dambeyntii astaamaha adeegsiga balwadda. Waxaan ogaanay in (1) isku kalsoonida hoose ay si togan ula xiriirto welwelka bulshada iyo kali ahaanta, (2) Walwalka bulshada waxay si togan ula xiriirtaa kalinimo (dhexdhexaadinaysa doorka walaaca bulshada ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya kalsoonida hoose iyo kalinimada), iyo (3) doorsoomayaashaan waxay si togan ula xiriiraan xulashooyinka OSA iyo adeegsiga dhibaatada leh.
2 DHAQAN
2.1 Kaqeybgalayaasha iyo nidaamka
Kaqeybgaleyaasha ayaa rag laga shaqaaleysiiyay ogeysiisyo loogu diray adeegga farriinta jaamacadda, shabakadaha bulshada, iyo goleyaasha la xiriira galmada. Daraasada ayaa lagu xaddiday kaqeybgalayaasha ragga, maadaama ragga lagu ogaaday inay 3 ilaa 5 jeer ka badan yihiin kuwa si joogto ah ugu hawlan isticmaalka dhibka leh ee OSAs marka loo eego haweenka (Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; Ballester ‐ Arnal, Castro ‐ Calvo, Gil ‐ Llario, & Gil ‐ Julia, 2017; Ross iyo al., 2012; Wéry & Billieux, 2017). Sahaminta waxaa lagu heli karaa khadka tooska ah ee loo maro shabakadda 'Qualtrics'. Dhammaan kaqeybgalayaashu waxay heleen macluumaad ku saabsan daraasadda waxayna ku bixiyeen oggolaanshahooda internetka ka hor intaysan bilaabin sahanka. Aqoonsi la'aanta kaqeybgaleyaasha ayaa la dammaanad qaaday (ma jirin xog shaqsiyadeed ama cinwaanka Protocol Internet-ka la soo aruuriyay). Magdhow lama siin ka-qaybgalka daraasadda. Borotokoolka daraasadda waxaa oggolaaday guddiga anshaxa ee Machadka Cilmi-baarista Sayniska Cilmi-nafsiga (Université Catholique de Louvain).
Shuruudaha ka mid noqoshada waxay ahaayeen rag, in ka badan 18 sano, iyo qof ku hadla ama ku hadla luqada Faransiiska, sidoo kale adeegsaday OSAs ugu yaraan hal jeer 6dii bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Daraasadu waxay baartaa astaamaha dhaqan-bulsheedka, dabeecadaha isticmaalka ee OSAs, calaamadaha isticmaalka dhibka leh ee OSAs, keli ahaanta, isku-kalsoonida, iyo walwalka bulshada (arag qaybta Tallaabooyinka).
Wadar ahaan, 209 kaqeybgale ayaa dhammeystiray dhammaan tallaabooyinka loo isticmaalay daraasadda hadda socota. Da'da muunadda u dambaysa waxay u dhexaysay 18 ilaa 70 sano (M = 30.18, SD = 10.65; 77% 18-35 sano jir). Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay soo sheegeen inay sida caadiga ah haystaan shahaado jaamacadeed (55.5%), iyo sidoo kale inay xiriir leeyihiin (48.3%) iyo khaniisad ahaan (73.7%; eeg Shaxda) 1).
| Calaamadaha | M (SD) ama% |
|---|---|
| Age | 30.18 (10.6) |
| Education | |
| Dibloom majirto | 1.9 |
| Dugsiga hoose | 0 |
| Dugsi sare | 24.9 |
| College | 17.7 |
| Jaamacadda | 55.5 |
| xiriirka | |
| Kali (iyada oo aan marmar galmo lala galmoon) | 27.8 |
| Kaliya (lala galmoodo lamaane marmar ah) | 22.5 |
| In xiriir si gooni ah u noolaado | 31.6 |
| Xiriir wada noolaansho | 16.7 |
| kale | 1.4 |
| Jiheynta galmada | |
| Kala jinsiga ah | 73.7 |
| Khaniisiin | 10.5 |
| Bisexual | 12 |
| Ma garanayo | 3.8 |
Tallaabooyinka 2.2
Su'aalo-weydiimaha lagu soo daray sahanka khadka tooska ah ayaa loo xulay in ay kala mudnaanta siiyaan aaladaha la ansaxiyay iyo noocyada daabacan ayaa ku jira Faransiiska.
Macluumaadka cilmiga bulshada waxaa la qiimeeyay da'da, heerka waxbarashadda, heerka xiriirka, iyo nooca galmada.
Imtixaanka Internetka ee Qabatinka Internetka ee gaagaaban ayaa ku habboon howlaha galmada ee internetka (s ‐ IAT ‐ jinsi; Wéry, Burnay, et al., 2016). Qiyaastani waxay cabireysaa adeegsiga dhibaatooyinka OSAs. Jinsiga 'AT IAT' waa shay 12-shey ah oo qiimeeya qaab isticmaalka balwadda leh, iyadoo lix shey lagu qiimeynayo luminta xakamaynta iyo maaraynta waqtiga iyo lixda shey ee kale oo lagu cabirayo damac iyo dhibaatooyin bulsheed. Dhammaan alaabooyinka waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa 5-dhibic Likert miisaanka oo u dhexeeya "marna" ilaa "had iyo jeer." Dhibcaha sare waxay muujinayaan heerar sare oo adeegsi dhibaato leh. Kalsoonida gudaha (Cronbach's alpha) ee s-IAT ‐ jinsi ee muunada hada jirta waxay ahayd 0.85 (95% CI = 0.82-0.88).
Qiyaasta Walaaca bulsheed ee Liebowitz (LSAS; Heeren et al., 2012). Qiyaastani waxay qiimeyneysaa cabsida iyo ka fogaanshaha xaaladaha bulshada iyo waxqabadka. LSAS waa 24 ‐ shey miisaanka lagu dhaliyey miisaanka 4 'dhibic' Likert oo u dhexeysa "ma jiro" ilaa "daran" oo loogu talagalay xoojinta cabsida, iyo "marna" ilaa "inta badan" si looga fogaado xaaladaha. Dhibcaha sare waxay muujinayaan heerar sare oo cabsi iyo ka fogaansho. Kalsoonida gudaha (Cronbach's alpha) ee LSAS ee muunada hadda jirta waxay ahayd 0.96 (95% CI = 0.95-0.97).
Qiyaasta Rosenberg Self Esteem (RSE; Vallières & Vallerand, 1990). Qiyaasta 10-ka shey ayaa qiimeynaysa isku kalsoonaanta miisaanka 4-dhibic ee Likert ee "si adag u diiddan" illaa "si adag u raacsan." Dhibcaha sare waxay muujinayaan kalsooni sare. Waxaan go'aansanay inaan beddelno walxaha si aan ugu caddeynno tusaalaha. Sidaa darteed, buundooyinka sare waxay muujinayaan heerar hoose oo isku kalsooni ah. Kalsoonida gudaha (Cronbach's alpha) ee RSE ee muunada hadda jirta waxay ahayd 0.89 (95% CI = 0.87-0.91).
Iskeelka Miisaaniyadda UCLA (De Grâce, Joshi, & Pelletier, 1993). Qiyaastan 20-ka ah ayaa cabiraysa dareenka kalinimada iyo go'doominta bulshada. Dhammaan walxaha waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa miisaanka 4-dhibic ee Likert oo u dhexeeya "marna" ilaa "inta badan." Dhibcaha sare waxay muujinayaan heer sare oo kalinimo nolosha ah. Isku halaynta gudaha (Cronbach's alpha) ee Iskeelka Miisaaniyadda UCLA muunadda hadda la qaaday waxay ahayd 0.91 (95% CI = 0.89-0.93).
2.3 Istaraatiijiyadda falanqaynta xogta
Kooxda R (R Core Team, 2013) Xirmooyinka Lavaan (Rosseel, 2012) waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu xisaabiyo mashiinka iyo qiyaasta qiyaasta. Qaabdhismeedka qaab dhismeedka ugu dambeeya waxaa lagu go'aamiyay qaab tallaabo ah. Tallaabada ugu horreysa, ururrada tooska ah ee OSA iyo adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs ayaa loo qaddariyo si loo go'aamiyo hawlihii la xiriira adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSA-da sidaa darteedna waxay u sharraxeen murashaxiinta baaritaanka falanqaynta kala-guurka ah ee dhowrka ah ee soo socda si ay u tijaabiyaan moodellada la soo dhejiyay. Qaabka ururada loo cayimay nooca la soo jeediyay (Jaantus 1) waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyada oo loo marayo falanqaynta dariiqa iyadoo la adeegsanayo hal dhibic oo la arkay oo loogu talagalay doorsoome kasta oo lagu baaray qaabka. Xuduudaha halbeegga ah ayaa lagu qiyaasey iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka ugu macquulsan ee ugu badan (Satorra & Bentler, 1988). Si loo qiimeeyo guud ahaan wanaagga tusaalaha, waan tixgelinnay R2 ee doorsoomayaal kasta oo isugeyn ah iyo isugeynta go'aan qaadashada (TCD; Bollen, 1989; Joreskog & Sorbom, 1996). TCD-gu wuxuu muujinayaa saameynta guud ee doorsoomayaasha madaxa-bannaan ee doorsoomayaasha ku tiirsan, iyadoo TCD ka sareysa ay muujineyso kala duwanaansho dheeri ah oo lagu sharaxay moodalka la soo jeediyay (adeegsiga TCD-ka hore, eeg Canale et al., 2016, 2019).
3 DIIWAANKA
3.1 Falanqaynta sharraxaadda hore
Waxaa lagu soo warbixiyay Jadwalka 2 waa dhibcaha celceliska SDs, cufnaanta, iyo kurtosis galmada ‐ IAT ‐ (qiimeynta astaamaha adeegsiga dhibka leh ee OSAs), LSAS (qiimeynta cabsida iyo ka fogaanshaha xaaladaha bulshada iyo waxqabadka), RSE (qiimeynta isku-kalsoonida), iyo kelinimada UCLA. Iskeelka (qiimeynta dareenka cidlanimada iyo go'doominta bulshada).
| Su'aalo-waydiin | M (SD; tiro) | Xasaasiyadda | Kurtosis |
|---|---|---|---|
| s AT IAT ‐ galmada | 2.02 (0.70; 1-5) | 0.90 | 0.45 |
| LSAS | 1.89 (0.54; 1-4) | 0.73 | 0.12 |
| RSE | 1.91 (0.63; 1-4) | 0.67 | -0.18 |
| Qiyaasta kalinimada UCLA | 2.09 (0.58; 1-4) | 0.76 | -0.11 |
- Soo gaabinta: LSAS, Miisaaniyada Walwalka Bulsho ee Liebowitz; Qiyaasta RSE, Rosenberg ‐ Esteem cabbirka; s AT IAT ‐ galmo, Tijaabinta Internetka ee Qabatinka Internetka ee ku habboon howlaha galmada.
Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay dhameeyeen shey laxiriira nooca OSAs ee la adeegsaday (eeg Jaantuska 2). Heerarka ka-hortagga ayaa la go'aamiyay iyada oo lagu saleynayo aasaaska OSA-yada oo kaqeybgale ku lug lahaan ugu yaraan hal jeer 6dii bilood ee lasoo dhaafay. Nidaamka ugu caansan ee OSA wuxuu ahaa "daawashada qaawan" (96.7%) oo ay ku xigto "raadinta talo ku saabsan galmada internetka" (59.3%) iyo "raadinta macluumaadka galmada" (56.5%).
3.2 Tallaabada 1: OSAs oo ku xiran adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs
Ma jiraan arrimo arrimo badan oo badan lagu ogaadey falanqaynta iskudarsanaanta noocyada badan. Dhammaan doorsoomayaasha madaxbannaan waxay leeyihiin qiimayaasha dulqaadka ugu yaraan 0.54 iyo qiimaha sicir bararka sicir bararka (VIF) ee ka hooseeya 2.27. Qiimaha dulqaadka ee ka sarreeya 0.02 iyo ka hooseeya 2.5 ee VIFs ayaa guud ahaan loo tixgeliyaa dhibco gooyn lagu kalsoonaan karo maqnaanshaha multicollinearity (Craney & Surles, 2002). Waxaan sidoo kale ku tiirsaneyn masaafada Cook si aan u qiimeyno saameynta shaqsiyaadka fiirsashada ee qaabka dib-u-celinta ee dhibaatada dhibaatada leh ee OSAs. Masaafada Cook wuxuu ka yaraa 1 (Cook & Weisberg, 1982), sidaa darteed midkoodna kaqeybgalayaashu ma buuxinin shuruudaha banaanka sida lagu qiimeeyay masaafada Cook. Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen in isticmaalka sare ee filimada (beta = 0.21, p = .002) iyo raadinta soo noqnoqda ee xiriirka galmo ee internetka (beta = 0.24, p = .01) waxay si togan ulaxiriiraan darnaanta OSA. Marka la eego natiijooyinkaan, sawiro qaawan iyo raadinta xiriir galmo oo internetka ah ayaa loo hayey sidii murashaxiinta looga hirgalin lahaa moodalka la soo koobay.
3.3 Tilaabada 2: Tijaabinta moodalka loo yaqaan 'hypothesized'
Dhamaan isku xirnaanta labada isweydaarsiga ee doorsoomayaasha moodellada waxay ku jireen jihada laga filayo (arag Shaxanka S1). Natiijooyinka laga soo helay falanqaynta dariiqa ayaa ansaxiyay nooca hypothesized. Is-tixgelinta hoose ee qofka waxay la xiriirtay heerar sare oo cidlo iyo walwal bulsho oo sarreeya. Heer sare oo walaac bulsheed ayaa la xiriiray heerar sare oo cidla ah, taas oo iyaduna ku xirneyd ku lug lahaansho dheeraad ah ee labada OSA ee loo arko (qaawan iyo raadinta xiriirka galmada ee internetka). Heerar sare oo ka mid ah OSA-yada ayaa la xidhiidha isticmaalka OSA ee dhibaatada leh, taas oo iyaduna ahayd mid la xidhiidhay hoos u dhaca kalsoonida. Xeerar badan oo isku dheelitiran ayaa muujiyey in moodelku uu qayb muhiim ah ka yahay kaladuwanaanshaha daraasadaha, taasi waa, 18% kala duwanaanshaha walwalka bulshada, 45% kalinimada, 3% qaawan, iyo 4% raadinta xiriirka galmada ee internetka. , iyo 24% adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs. Isugeynta tirada kala duwanaanta ee uu sharraxay moodelka (TCD = 0.36) waxay muujisay inay ku habboon tahay xogta la arkay. Marka la eego cabirka saamaynta, TCD = 0.36 waxay u dhigantaa xidhiidhka r = .60. Sida laga soo xigtay Cohen's (1988) aasaaska dhaqanka, tani waa cabir weyn oo aad u weyn. Marka lagu daro saameynta tooska ah ee lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 2, is-qadarinta ayaa sidoo kale xiriir aan toos ahayn la leh kalinimada iyada oo la adeegsanayo saameynta walaaca bulshada (beta = 0.19, p <.001). Nooca labaad ee moodeelka ayaa la qiimeeyay si loo tixgeliyo heerka xiriirka (eeg Jaantuska S1). Qaabkan, saamaynta kaliya ee xaalada xidhiidhka raadinta xiriir galmo oo toos ah waa la tixgeliyey, maxaa yeelay farqi ayaa u jiray marka loo eego raadinta xiriir galmo oo toos ah u dhexeeya kooxaha (hal vs. xiriir; arag Shaxanka S1).
4 WAAJIBAAD
Faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan qodobbada nafsiyeed ee ku lug leh horumarinta iyo dayactirka adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs ayaa loo baahan yahay, marka loo eego baaxadda adeegsiga OSAs ee dadweynaha guud ahaan. In kasta oo dadaallada lagu sameeyay jihadaas iyo daraasadihii badnaa ee lagu sameeyay sannadihii la soo dhaafay, suugaanta hadda jirta ee maadadan lagu soo bandhigay waxay soo bandhigtay xadadyo muhiim ah. Sidaas awgeed, ujeeddada daraasadda hadda la sameeyay waxay ahayd in la tijaabiyo moodel ku saleysan isku-kalsoonaan, welwel bulsho, iyo kelinnimo nooc ka mid ah OSAs ay qabatay iyo astaamaha adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs.
Taageerida fikradaheenna, natiijooyinka hada jira waxay cadeeyeen tusaale dhexdhexaadin ah oo is-ixtiraamid hooseysa ay la xiriirto kalinimo iyo walwal bulsho oo sarreeya, iyo xiriirka ka dhexeeya is-ixtiraamka iyo kelinimada ayaa dhexdhexaadinaysa walwal bulsho. Arrimahan waxay isu rogayaan adeegsiga sawirada qaawan iyo raadinta xiriirka galmada ee internetka, iyo sidoo kale astaamaha isticmaalka dhibaatada. Natiijooyinkaas waxay la mid yihiin kuwa daraasadihii hore oo muujinaya in is-ixtiraamid hoose ay la xiriirto kalinimo (Panayiotou et al., 2016) iyo walaac bulsheed oo sareeya (de Jong, 2002; Cubeyd iyo al., 2013), in xiriirka ka dhexeeya is-ixtiraamka iyo kalinimada uu ku dhexdhexaadinayo walaac bulsho (Ma et al., 2014), iyo dhibkaas dhibka badan ee loo adeegsaday sawirada qaawan wuxuu la xiriiraa isku kalsoonida hoose (Barrada et al., 2019; Brown et al., 2017; Kor et al., 2014), kalinimada (Bőthe et al., 2018; Butler iyo al., 2018; Yoder iyo al., 2005), iyo astaamaha walaaca bulshada (Kor et al., 2014; Kraus et al., 2015). Ilaa hadda, arrimahan ayaa si gaar ah loo bartay si gaar ah oo dhif ah marka loo eego macnaha OSAs. Natiijooyinka daraasadda hadda jirta ayaa sidaas ku bixinaysa faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan cilaaqaadka adag ee ka dhexeeya doorsoomayaashaan. Natiijooyinkayaga, in kasta oo qayb ahaan loo adeegsado, waxay la jaan qaadayaan aragtida ah in is-ixtiraamid hoose la yeesho ay u horseedi karto halis u horseedda welwel bulsho iyo kelinimo. Xaaladahan oo kale, iyo iyadoo la raacayo adeegsiga magdhowga ee nooca internetka (Kardefelt ‐ Winther, 2014a), shaqsiyaadka waxay u nugul yihiin inay soo bandhigaan doorbidida galmada khadka tooska ah iyo khibradda isticmaalka balwada.
Intaa waxaa sii dheer, ka mid ah OSA-yada lagu qiimeeyay daraasadda hadda jirta, laba kaliya ayaa u muuqday inay xiriir la leeyihiin adeegsiga dhibaatada leh: daawashada qaawan iyo raadinta xiriirka galmada ee internetka. Natiijooyinkaani waxay waafaqsan yihiin kuwii hore daraasadihii la soo saaray ee muujiyey in sawir-qaaduhu yahay tan ugu dhibaatada badan OSA ragga (Ross et al., 2012; Wéry & Billieux, 2016). Intaa waxaa dheer, dhowr daraasadood oo hore ayaa carabka ku adkeeyay in xiriirka galmada ee khadka tooska ah ee lala yeesho isticmaaleyaasha kale ay sidoo kale tahay waxqabad joogto ah oo ragga ah iyo in OSA-kani uu awood u leeyahay inuu noqdo mid dhibaato leh oo keena cawaaqib xumo xun (Daneback, Cooper, & Månsson, 2005; Döring, Daneback, Shaughnessy, Grov, & Byers,2017; Goodson, McCormick, & Evans, 2001; Wéry & Billieux, 2016). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, natiijooyinka hadda jira waxay sidoo kale soo jeedinayaan in heerka xiriirka uu door ka ciyaaro nooca isticmaalka OSA. Xaaladda xiriirka lama helin inay saameyn ku yeelato adeegsiga qaawan laakiin waxay u muuqatay inay saameyn ku yeelaneyso raadinta xiriirka galmada ee khadka tooska ah, kaas oo la jaan qaada natiijooyinka laga helay daraasad hore oo uu sameeyay Ballester ‐ Arnal et al. (2014). Natiijadan waxay u badan tahay inay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda in qaar ka mid ah OSAs - gaar ahaan raadinta lammaaneyaasha galmada ee internetka - loo arko inay yihiin caddeyn gaalnimo sidaas darteedna ay ku dhaqmayaan in dadku ku jiraan xiriir jaceyl (Ballester ‐ Arnal et al., 2014; Caddaan, 2003). Waxyaabaha aan helnay waxay soo jeedinayaan in isticmaalka internetka ee loogu talagalay ujeedooyinka galmada ay tahay mid badan oo la go'aamiyay oo ay muhiim tahay in baaritaan dheeri ah lagu sameeyo si taxaddar leh u tixgalinta howlaha galmada gaarka ah ee lagu isticmaalo internetka (aragtida doodaha la midka ah, sidoo kale arag Barrada et al., 2019; Shaughnessy, Fudge, & Byers, 2017). Natiijooyinka imminka jira waxay sidoo kale muujinayaan muhiimadda ay leedahay in baaritaan lagu sameeyo OSAs-yada kala duwan ee ka baxsan tixgelinta kaliya ee qaawan ee qaawan ee internetka, sida had iyo jeer ka dhacda goobtan cilmi baarista.
Waxaa xusid mudan, labada waxqabad ee lagu hayey qaabkeenna (daawashada filimada qaawan iyo raadinta xiriirka galmada ee internetka) waxay sii taageertaa aragtida ah in astaamaha qaabdhismeedka OSAs ay muhiim u yihiin sharraxaadda adeegsiga dhibaatada leh. Xaqiiqdii, aqoonsi la'aanta ay bixiso internetka ayaa ka dhigeysa meel mudnaan leh oo lagu baaro galmada ka baxsan xukunka bulshada (Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999). Isla jaangooyooyinkan, natiijooyinkeenna waxaa sharxi kara ifafaafka internetka ee reebitaanka, taas oo ah, hoos u dhaca welwelka ku saabsan soo-bandhigidda naftaada iyo xukunka kuwa kale (Suler, 2004). Isku soo wada duuboo, masaafada jireed iyo qarsoon ee ay bixiso internetka waxay abuurtaa dareen amni oo kordhisa raaxada inta lagu guda jiro galmada dhabta ah ee lala yeelanayo lamaanayaasha mustaqbalka (Daneback, 2006). Runtii, daraasado dhowr ah ayaa sheegay in shakhsiyaadka leh astaamahan ay doorbidaan inay ka doorbidaan isdhaxgalka bulsheed ee khadka tooska ah (Caplan, 2007; Lee & Cheung, 2014; Steinfield, Ellisonthose, & Lampe, 2008; Valkenburg & Peter, 2007). Natiijooyinkan hore waxay la jaan qaadayaan fikirka magdhowga bulshada (Kardefelt ‐ Winther, 2014a), oo soo jeedinaysa in dadka leh xirfadaha bulsheed ee liita ay si gaar ah ugu nugul yihiin inay horumariyaan doorbidaadda isdhaafsiga internetka; Daraasadda hadda jirta waxay soo jeedinaysaa in tani ay sidoo kale ansax noqon karto arrimaha galmada. Waxaa markaa suuragal ah in la maleeyo in marxaladaha hore, adeegsiga OSAs ay si habsami leh u kordhinayso isku-kalsoonida waxayna yareyn doontaa welwelka bulshada iyo kalinimada. Saamaynta noocan oo kale ah, tusaale ahaan, waxaa soo jeediyey Shaw iyo Gant (2002), kaasoo helay in ku lug lahaanshaha wada sheekaysiga khadka tooska ahi uu horseedo hoos u dhaca kelinimada iyo astaamaha niyadjabka iyo kororka kalsoonida qofka iyo taageerada bulshada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, iyada oo la joogo waqtiga iyo dayactirka suurtagalka ah ee dabeecadda, waxaa suurtagal ah in la filan karo in isticmaalka OSAs uu noqon karo mid lama huraan ah oo u horseedda cawaaqib xumo (Caplan, 2007), taasoo dhalisay is-ixtiraamid is-ixtiraam iyo kororka iyo walaaca bulshada. Muhiimad ahaan, sii wadashada isticmaalka Internetka habdhaqanka galmada waxay ka dhigan tahay ka fogaanshaha xaaladaha nolosha dhabta ah ee lamaanaha, taas oo u badan inay sii xoojiso ifafaalaha ka fogaanshaha galmada.
Daraasadda hadda socota waxay soo bandhigayaan qaar xadidan. Marka hore, muunaddu waxay ahayd mid yar oo iyadu iskood u xushay, oo qaabkeeda iyo meteladeeda ayaa xaddidaya guud ahaan natiijooyinka. Si kastaba ha noqotee, cabirka saamiga (N = 209) waxaa loo qaadan karaa inay kufilan tahay falanqaynta dariiqa halkaan lagu adeegsaday, hubinta awooda tirakoob ee qancisa (Bentler & Chou, 1987; Kline, 2005; - Quintana & Maxwell, 1999). Marka labaad, kumaanaan darin cabbirada dabeecadaha galmada ee offline, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in tarjumaadda natiijooyinkayaga oo ku saleysan mala-awaalka diidmada internetka ay weli tahay mala awaal. Saddexaad, daraasaddan hadda jirta waxaa lagu sameeyay kaliya ragga, iyada oo la ogaanayo daraasadaha mustaqbalka ee sidoo kale ku lug leh haweenka ayaa loo baahan yahay. Xaqiiqdii, daraasadihii hore waxay xoojiyeen farqiga jinsiyeed ee OSAs adeegsiga dookhyada (tusaale ahaan, haweenku waxay doorbidaan OSA-yada isdhexgalka sida wadahadalka galmada halka ragga ay doorbidaan OSA-yada oo ay kujiraan waxyaabaha muuqaalka ah sida filimada qaawan, eeg Green, Carnes, Carnes, & Weinman, 2012; Cooper et al., 2003; Schneider, 2000). Daraasadaha mustaqbalka ee ku lug leh labada jinsi ayaa sidaas looga baahan yahay inay kordhiyaan natiijooyinka hadda jira. Tan afraad, waxay noqon kartaa in sharraxaadyo kale oo aan lagu xusin warqadda hadda jirta ay sharraxeen qaababka urur ee la helay. Tusaale ahaan, aragtida anshax xumo (Grubbs & Perry, 2019) waxay u maleeyaan qaar ka mid ah adeegsadayaasha inay u maleynayaan in OSAs ay khaldan yihiin (tusaale, heerar xagga diinta ama heerka anshaxeed), laakiin si kasta ha u fuliyaan, taas oo ugu dambeyntii dhiirrigelisa astaamaha shucuurta iyo yareynta isku-kalsoonaanta. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka waa in markaa la sameeyaa si loo tijaabiyo qaababka kale ee qaab dhismeedka aragtida. Tan shanaad, daraasaddeenna waxay ku saleysan tahay cabbirrada is-sheegidda waxaana laga yaabaa inay ku koobnaato jawaabta iyo dib-u-xusuusinta. Ugu dambeyntiina, daraasaddu waxay adeegsatay qaabeyn qayb-isweydaarsi ah oo noo oggolaan weyday inaan tijaabinno mooddalka waqtiga. Qodobkaan dambe waa muhiim maxaa yeelay waxay sidoo kale ahaan laheyd mid laga dheehan karo in la tijaabiyo aragtida ah in OSA-yada xad dhaafka ahi ay isticmaalaan saadaalinimo iyo isku kalsooni hoose. Daraasadaha muddada dheer waxaa loo baahan yahay si loo xaqiijiyo fikradaha laga soo saaray wadahadalkeenna iyo in la hubiyo doorka qodobbada daraasadda ee horumarinta iyo dayactirka adeegsiga dhibaatada leh ee OSAs.
In kasta oo ay xadidan tahay, daraasadani waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa aqoonta ku saabsan cilaaqaadka ka dhexeeya is-ixtiraamka, keli keli ahaanta, iyo welwelka bulsheed ee isticmaalka dhibaatooyinka ee OSAs ee ragga. Marka laga hadlayo natiijooyinkaas, isku-kalsoonaanta oo kordhay iyo astaamaha hoos u dhaca kelinimada iyo walwalka bulshada ayaa noqon kara bartilmaameedyo macquul ah oo wax ka qabashada wax-ka-qabashada maskaxda ee dadka la kulma dysfunctional iyo adeegsiga xun-xun ee qaawan ama raadinta xiriirrada galmada ee internetka.
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