Ku Xadgudubka Galmo ee Haweenka: Saamaynta Cilmiga Filimka iyo Naqshadda narcissistic iyo Calaamadaha Shakhsiyaadka Taariikhda ee Taariikhda (2019)

Faallooyin: Kaliya maahan ragga ay saameeyeen isticmaalka sigaarku. Daraasad cusub oo ku saabsan haweenka ayaa isku xirta isticmaalka sigaarka & qabatinka galmada ee qasabka galmada, sida isku dayga inaad lammaane sakhraansan tahay ama ka faa'iideysiga shaqsi sakhraansan, dhunkashada joogtada ah iyo taabashada, khalkhal galinta shucuurta / khiyaanada galmada, iwm.

Xusuusin: weedha ah "dadaalka lagu hawlan yahay" waxay muujineysaa qabatinka filimada.

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Arch Sex Behav. 2019 Oct 7. doi: 10.1007 / s10508-019-01538-4.

Hughes A1, Brewer G2, Khan R3.

aan la taaban karin

Si weyn ayaa looga indha tiray suugaanta, daraasadani waxay baartey arrimo saameynaya isticmaalka haweenka ee qasabka galmada. Gaar ahaan, isticmaalka filimada qaawan iyo dabeecadaha cilladaha shakhsiyadeed ee kuxiran xakamaynta kicinta liidata, qawaaniinta shucuurta, iyo dareenka sare ee rabitaanka galmada ayaa la tixgeliyey. Haweenka (N = 142) da'doodu tahay 16-53 sano (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06) waxaa laga qortay bulshada iyo ardayda. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay dhameystireen qormooyinka Narcissistic iyo Histrionic ee Shakhsiyaadka Su'aalaha Diagnostic-4, marka lagu daro Isticmaalka Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory' si ay u sahamiyaan saameynta isticmaalkooda qaawan (xiisaha, dadaalka loogu jiro kaqeyb galinta, iyo qasab) isticmaalkooda qasabka galmada . Tan waxaa lagu cabiray iyadoo la adeegsanayo afar hoosaad oo ah Qiyaasta Joogtaynta Jinsiga ee Postrefusal: kacsiga galmada aan hadalka lahayn, khalkhal galinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada, ka faa'iideysiga dadka sakhraansan, iyo isticmaalka xoog jireed ama hanjabaad. Baadhitaanno fara badan ayaa muujisay in adeegsiga sinada, astaamaha narcissistic, iyo astaamaha taariikhiga ah ay si weyn u saadaalinayeen isticmaalka galmada hadal aan toos ahayn, khalkhal galinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada, iyo ka faa'ideysiga maandooriyaha. Isku dayga lagula tacaamulo sinada waxay ahayd saadaalin shaqsi muhiim ah oo ku saabsan kacsi galmo aan hadal ahayn iyo kadeedis shucuur iyo khiyaano, halka astaamaha taariikhdu ay ahaayeen saadaalin shaqsi muhiim ah oo ka faa'ideysiga khamriga. Raadinta ayaa laga wada hadlay oo laxiriirta suugaanta khasabka ah ee jira iyo cilmi baarista mustaqbalka.

FADLAN: Faraxumayn dheddig ah; Sifooyinka shakhsiyada taariikhiga ah; Sifooyinka dabeecadaha narcissistic; Waxyaabaha galmada qeexan

PMID: 31591667

DOI: 10.1007/s10508-019-01538-4

Hordhac

Daraasad ku saabsan xadgudubka galmada ayaa taariikh ahaan diiradda saarey xadgudubka lab iyo dheddig. Qaabkani wuxuu u egyahay inuu ka tarjumayo faafitaanka adduunka ee rabshadaha galmada ee ragga iyo aragtida haweenku u leeyihiin inay yihiin galmo (Denov, ; Krahé & Berger, ). Si kastaba ha noqotee, dheddigga sidoo kale waxay ku kacaan galmo ka dhan ah lammaaneyaasha aan dooneynin (Erulkar, ; Hines, ) iyo cilmi baarayaashu waxay sii kordhiyeen qirashada nuunada sida tan loo muujin karo (tusaale ahaan, dhibaateyn, xadgudub, iyo qasab) (Grayston & De Luca, ; Ménard, Hall, Phung, Ghebrial, & Martin, ). Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, iyo cawaaqib xumada jireed iyo mid nafsiyeed ee ay soo mareen dhibbanayaasha labka ah (Visser, Smith, Rissel, Richters, & Grulich, ), aragtida guud ee jinsiga ayaa dhalisay xog yar oo xog ah oo ku saabsan waxyaabaha sharxi kara xadgudubka galmada ee dumarka (Campbell & Kohut, ; Denov, ). Aaggan waa mid mudan in la baaro maadaama dariiqyada loo maro gardarrada galmada ay ku kala duwan yihiin ragga iyo dumarka (Krahé & Berger, ), iyo qodobada laxiriira kufsi galmada ee raga waxaa lagayaabaa ineysan guud ahaaneynin dhadigyaasha galmada. Runtii, Schatzel-Murphy, Harris, Knight, iyo Milburn () Waxaa la ogaaday in halka ragga iyo dumarka dabeecadaha khasabka ah ee galmadu ay la mid noqon karaan, qodobbada calaamadaha isticmaalkoodu kala duwanaan karaan, oo isu-galmo galmo ah (tusaale ahaan, dhibaato ka haysashada xakameynta galmada) ayaa la muujiyey inay saameyn firfircoon ku tahay haweenka. Daraasaddeena, ayaa sidaas darteed, loogu talagalay in lagu baaro qodobbada la xiriira isu-galmoodka galmada ee haweenka ee sharxi kara sida ay u isticmaalaan dabeecadda khasabka ah ee galmada. Gaar ahaan, saameynta sedexda cunsur ee loo adeegsado adeegsiga qaawan (xiisaha, dadaalada lagula tacaalayo qaawinta, iyo isu imaatinka) iyo astaamaha taariikhiga iyo astaamaha taariikh nololeedkooda ayaa la baaray iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay ururada ku jira buugaagta oo leh xeelado galmo qasab ah si ay u helaan xiriir dhow.

Ku qasbida galmada waxay ku tiirsan tahay sii socoshada xadgudubka galmada waxaana lagu qeexaa "ficilka isticmaalka cadaadiska, aalkolada ama daroogada, ama ku qasbida inaad xiriir galmo la yeelatid qof iyada oo aan raali ka aheyn" (Struckman-Johnson, Struckman-Johnson, & Anderson, , p.76). Xadgudubka galmada waxaa ka mid noqon kara dabeecado fara badan oo loo kala saari karo afar qaybood oo ah dhiig-miirashada sii kordheysa: (1) kicinta galmada (tusaale ahaan, dhunkashada joogtada ah iyo taabashada), (2) khalkhal galinta shucuurta (tusaale ahaan, is-weydaarsiga, weydiinta, ama adeegsiga awoodda), (3) khamriga iyo maan dooriyaha (tusaale ahaan, ula kac ah inaad qof khamri cabto ama aad ka faa'iideysato adigoo sakhraansan), iyo (4) xoog jireed ama hanjabaad (tusaale ahaan, adigoo adeegsanaya waxyeelo jireed). Maaddaama hay'ad ballaaran oo cilmi-baaris ah ay ogaatay in ragga ay aad ugu dhow yihiin dumarka inay ku kacaan kufsi (eeg Krahé et al., ), tani waxay hadheysay caddeyn muujineysa in tiro haween ah ay sidoo kale soo sheegaan iyagoo adeegsanaya noocyo kala duwan oo qasab galmo ah (tusaale, Hoffmann & Verona, ; Krahé, Waizenhöfer, & Möller, ; Ménard et al., ; Muñoz, Khan, & Cordwell, ; Russell & Oswald, , ; Struckman-Johnson et al., ). In kasta oo daraasadaha keli ah ay heleen heerarka xadgudubka dumarka sida 26% (marka la barbar dhigo 43% ragga) (eeg Struckman-Johnson et al., ), guudmar guud ee suugaanta, Hines () qiimayaal lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa 10 iyo 20% galmood afka ah, iyo 1 iyo 3% galmada qasabka ah.

Sababta oo ah heerarka sare ee kufsiga ee labka ah, maahan wax la yaab leh in daraasado yar ay diiradda saaraan isku xidhka dhaqanka galmada ee haweenka. Daraasadaha ayaa sheegay in waxyaabaha saameynta ku leh dumarka ay ka mid yihiin cadaadiska asaaga ah ee galmada (tusaale ahaan, Krahé et al., ), galmo galmo (Schatzel-Murphy et al., ), fikradaha ka soo horjeedka xiriirka galmada (tusaale ahaan, Anderson, ; Christopher, Madura, & Weaver, ; Yost & Zurbriggen, ), iyo khibradaha dhibaataynta galmada (tusaale ahaan, Anderson, ; Krahé et al., ; Russell & Oswald, ). Daraasado dheeri ah ayaa diiwaangeliyay saameynta shaqsiyaadka cadaawada leh ee leh qaab dhismeedka shaqsiyadeed ee ugu weyn (Ménard et al., ) qaab isdaba marin, ciyaar ciyaar si loo sameeyo xiriir dhow (Russell & Oswald, , ), iyo isticmaalka filimada (sida, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) iyadoo la siinayo macnaha daraasaddan.

Adeegsiga Haweenka ee Filimada

Pornography waxaa loola jeedaa waxyaabo jinsi ahaan cad oo loo soo saaray loona isticmaalay si loo kiciyo kacsiga galmada, oo lagu heli karo qaabab badan (tusaale, sawirro iyo fiidiyowyo) oo badanaa laga helo internetka (Campbell & Kohut, ). Cilmi-baaristu waxay taariikh ahaan diiradda saartay qaabka soo-gaadhista waxyaabaha qaawan ay saameyn ugu yeelato dabeecadaha iyo hab-dhaqanka galmada ragga. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa lagu doodaa in isticmaalka ragga ee filimada sawirku ay la xiriirto ujeedo galmo la-hawlgalayaasha (Tylka, & Kroon Van Diest, iyo dhaqan galmo khasab ah (Stanley et al., ). Isticmaalka qasabka ah ee walxaha qaawan, gaar ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu xiriir dhow la leeyahay dabeecadaha xadgudubka galmada ee ragga (Gonsalves, Hodges, & Scalora, ). Cilmi baaris ayaa muujineysa in haweenku sidoo kale ku lug yeeshaan filimada, inkasta oo ay ka yar yihiin ragga (Ashton, McDonald, & Kirkman, ; Rissel, Richters, de Visser, McKee, Yeung, & Caruana, ). Kala duwanaanshaha habka, qiyaasaha isticmaalka filimada qaawan ee haweenka ayaa si weyn ugu kala duwan daraasadaha, laga bilaabo 1 ilaa 88% iyadoo kuxiran tusaalaha iyo qeexitaanka howlgalka ee filimada (Campbell & Kohut, ). Dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay tirakoobkooda sannadlaha ah, Pornhub, oo ah shabakad ballaaran oo internetka ku takhasusay qaawanaanta internetka, ayaa soo warisay in rubuc ka mid ah dadka soo booqda ay ahaayeen haween iyo in hamigooda ugu sarreeya1 raadinta 2017 oo dhami waxay ahayd "porn for dumarka," oo ka dhigan kororka 1400% (Pornhub Insights, ). In kasta oo daraasadaha qaarkood ay soo sheegaan in haweenku ay u badan tahay inay la dhaqmaan lamaanaha (sida, pornographyevčíková & Daneback, ), Daraasado kale ayaa lagu ogaaday in adeegsiga sawir-gacmeedka ay u badan tahay oo ka badan tahay marka la keli yahay lammaanaha (Fisher, Kohut, & Campbell, ).

Iyadoo la raacayo daraasadaha ku saabsan isticmaalka filimada xunxun ee ragga, cilmi baaris ayaa lagu ogaaday in haweenka u isticmaalaan filimada qaawan inay la xiriiraan dabeecadaha ku saabsan galmada, dhaqanka galmada, iyo howlaha galmada (tusaale, tirada lamaanayaasha galmada) (Wright, Bae, & Funk, ). Tan waxaa sii taageeraya falanqayn meta ah oo dhowaan la helay, oo la mid ah ragga, isticmaalka filimada dumarka ayaa lala xiriiriyay xadgudubka galmada, labadaba hadal ahaan (ie, "hadal ku qasbaya laakiin aan u hanjabin xiriir wada hadal si loo helo galmo, iyo dhibaatayn galmo") iyo jir ahaan (yacni, "adeegsiga ama hanjabaadda xoog jireed si loo helo galmo") (Wright, Tokunaga, & Kraus, , p.191). Tirada yar ee daraasadaha ka jira aaggan ayaa micnaheedu yahay xaddiga isticmaalka dumarka ee filimada qaawan uu saameyn ku yeelanayo dhaqankooda kufsiga ah ee galmada ayaan wali caddeyn. Mid ka mid ah daraasaddan oo kale, waxaa lagu ogaaday in sawir-gacmeedka loo adeegsado saadaalinta dhammaan noocyada xadgudubka galmada ee haweenka (ie, baadda, khiyaanada, waajibaadka, iyo khalkhalgelinta shucuurta) marka laga reebo rabshad jireed iyo cabsi gelin (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Cilmiga suugaanta ee jira ayaa muujinaya inay jirto baaxad si loo baaro arintan, sidaa darteed waxaan tixgelinaynaa seddex waxyaabood oo loo adeegsado dumarka qaawan, taasi waa (1) xiisaha qaawan, (2) dadaalada lagula tacaalayo qaawan, si dheeraad ah (3) iskudhiska qulqulka , taas oo si weyn loo indho indheyn karo inkasta oo ay xiriir la leedahay xadgudubka galmada ee ragga (tusaale ahaan, Gonsalves et al., ).

Narcissistic iyo Taariikho Cudurrada Shaqsiyadeed ee Taariikhda

Sifooyinka shakhsiyadeed sidoo kale waxay saameyn ku yeelan karaan suuragalnimada dhaqanka galmada dagaal ee haweenka (Krahé et al., ; Russell, Doan, & King, ). Astaamaha ciladaha shakhsiyadeed ee kooxda, ee shucuurta, iyo qalalaasaha shakhsiga ah (oo laxiriira xakamaynta xumaanta, qawaaniinta shucuurta, iyo xanaaqa) ayaa si gaar ah saameyn ugu yeelan kara xadgudubka galmada (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Tusaale ahaan, dabeecadda narcissistic shakhsiyadeed (NPD), oo laga helay labadaba ragga (7.7%) iyo dumarka (4.8%) iyo guud ahaan 6.2% tirada guud ee dadka (Stinson et al., ), waxaa lagu gartaa dareenka weyn ee nafta, xaq u yeelashada, iyo hoos udhaca dadka kale (Emmons, ). Ragga, dabeecadaha shakhsiyadeed ee narcissistic waxay si wanaagsan ula xiriiraan aaminaadaha taageerada kufsiga iyo si xun ula xiriirta u damqashada dhibbanayaasha kufsiga (Bushman, Bonacci, van Dijk, & Baumeister, ), halka NPD ay laxiriira sii wadida xadgudubka galmada (Mouilso & Calhoun, ). Haweenka leh heerarka sare ee narcissism waxay muujinayaan isgaarsiinta xiriirka xun (Lamkin, Lavner, & Shaffer, ) waxayna u badan tahay inay ku kacaan xadgudub galmo (Zeigler-Hill, Besser, Morag, & Campbell, ). Si ku-meel-gaadh ah, narcissism waxay la xiriirtaa ku-dhaqanka haweenka ee ku-qasbidda galmada (Kjellgren, Priebe, Svedin, Mossige, & Långström, ; Logan, ), oo leh cabirka xaq u yeelashada / ka faa'iideysiga ee la ogaaday inuu yahay kan ugu saameynta badan (Blinkhorn, Lyons, & Almond, ; Ryan, Weikel, & Sprechini, ). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, haweenka dheddigga ah ee narcissism-ka ayaa la ogaaday inay u egtahay sida labadooda oo kale inay ka falceliyaan is adkeyn iyo xeelado khasab ah oo galmo ah ka dib markii loo diiday inta lagu gudajiray inay horay ugu sii gudbeen (Blinkhorn et al., ). Qayb ahaan, dhaqankan ayaa laga yaabaa inuu muujiyo u janjeerida shaqsiyaadka narcissistic-ka ah ee galmada si ay u gutaan baahidooda is-xaqiijinta (Gewirtz-Meydan, ).

Waxaa lagu aasaasay 1 – 3% tirada guud ee dadka (Torgersen et al., ) oo lagu soo warramey laba jeer dumarka ka badan ragga (Torgersen, Kringlen, & Cramer, ), astaamaha la xiriira cilad-darrada shaqsiyeed taariikh ahaaneed (HPD) ayaa aad uga yar sahaminta NPD marka loo eego ku khasabnimada galmada. Tani waa waxoogaa la yaab leh madaama qeexida astaamaha HPD ay ka mid yihiin shucuur xad dhaaf ah, kalgacal badan, taxadarka raadinta dabeecadda, iyo dhaqanka aan habooneyn ama ku tartama galmada (APA, ; Dorfman, ; Dhagax, ). Dareen ahaan shucuur ahaan iyo dulqaad la'aan raallinimo raagtay (Bornstein & Malka, ; Dhagax, ), haweenka qaba cudurka HPD waxay ka dalbadaan xaqiijin iyo fiiro gaar ah shuraakada saaxiibada ah (AlaviHejazi, Fatehizade, Bahrami, & Etemadi, ). Daraasad la barbardhigay haweenka qaba HPD koox isku-dhafan oo isku-dhafan iyada oo aan lahayn cilladaha shakhsiyadda ayaa lagu ogaaday inay u badan tahay inay ahaayeen galmo aan daacad ahayn oo soo sheegaan mashquul galmo iyo caajis galmo oo leh heerar hoose oo kufsi iyo ku qanacsanaanta xiriirka (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, Apt iyo Hurlbert waxay tixgeliyeen in astaamaha habdhaqanka ee HPD ay calaamad u yihiin nacaybka galmada, halka Widiger iyo Trull () wuxuu xusay in sifooyinka HPD iyo NPD ay u badan tahay inay isla dhacaan. Dabeecadaha ugu weyn, ku takrifalka, iyo galmada ee dabeecadaha dabeecadaha ah ee laga helo daraasadahaan haweenka ee leh NPD iyo HPD ayaa ahmiyad gaar ah leh maadaama ay la jaan qaadayaan daraasadaha dheeraadka ah ee ka warbixinaya sababaha salka ku haya kufsiga dumarka ee qasabka galmada (tusaale, Russell & Oswald, , ; Schatzel-Murphy et al., ) iyo adeegsiga qaawan (tusaale ahaan, Wright et al., , ). Sidaa daraadeed, cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo baaro saameynta labada astaamo ee HPD iyo NPD iyo adeegsiga qaawan ee loo adeegsado dumarka rabshadaha galmada.

Ujeeddooyinka Cilmi-baarista

Daraasadani waxay baartey saameynta isticmaalka filimada iyo sifooyinka shakhsiyadeed ee narcissistic iyo shakhsiyadeed ee afar nooc oo qasab galmo ah. Iyadoo la raacayo cilmi-baaristii hore, waxaan saadaalinay in filimada sawir-qaadashada ah (tusaale, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; Wright et al., ) iyo dabeecadaha shakhsiyadeed ee narcissistic iyo taariikh-ahaaneed (tusaale, Apt & Hurlbert, ; Blinkhorn et al., ; Kjellgren et al., ; Logan, ; Ryan et al., ) si weyn ayaa loola xiriirin doonaa dhacdooyinka weyn ee sedex nooc oo khasab ah oo galmo ah (tusaale, kacsi galmo aan hadal aheyn, kadeedis shucuureed iyo khiyaano, iyo ka faa iideysiga maandooriyaha). Waxaan sidoo kale saadaalinay in isticmaalka qaawan iyo astaamaha shakhsiyadeed aan lala xiriirin doonin isticmaalka afaraad ee khasabka galmada (tusaale ahaan, xoog jireed ama hanjabaad) maaddaama aan lagu soo sheegin cilmi baaristii hore.

Habka

Ka qaybgalayaasha iyo Nidaamka

Wadar ahaan 142 haween ah, oo da'doodu tahay 16-53 sano (M = 24.23, SD = 7.06), ayaa kaqeyb qaatay daraasaddan. Haweenku waxay caadi ahaan ku jireen xiriir muddo dheer ah, oo ugu yaraan 6 bilood soconaya (n = 53.5%). Kaqeybgalayaasha haray waxay ahaayeen hal ama furay (n = 24.7%), xiriir muddo-gaaban ah (n = 11.3%), ama guursaday (n = 10.6%). Inta badan kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ahaayeen heterosexual (n = 85.2%), oo tiro yar oo ka mid ah bisexual (n = 11.3%) iyo khaniis (n = 3.5%) dumarka la shaqaaleysiiyay. Nus ka yar (n = 43%) haweenkan ayaa soo sheegay inay hada isticmaalaan filimada qaawan. Lama soo uruurin xog kale oo ku saabsan tirada dadka. Laba qaab oo tijaabo ah ayaa loo isticmaalay in laga soo uruuriyo macluumaadka noocyo kala duwan oo haween ah oo da'doodu ka weyn tahay 16 sano, arday iyo bulsho ahaanba, iyada oo aan la ogeyn taariikhda gefka. Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay si iskood ah u tabaruceen si ay u dhameystiraan midkoodna warqad ama su'aalo-weydiin qadka ah, oo lagu qiyaasay inay qaadaneyso 15 daqiiqo. Lama siinin wax lacag ah kaqeybgalka daraasaddan.

Kaqeybgalayaashu waxaa laga shaqaaleysiiyay iyada oo loo sii marayo shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda iyo fasalada dibloomada oo ay weheliso goobo madadaalo oo ku yaal jaamacad weyn oo ku taal England, iyo sidoo kale bulshada deegaanka, xarumaha wax gadashadan = 37). Qoraagii ugu horeeyay wuxuu u qeybiyay buugaag yar yar oo xogwaraysi ah kaqeybgalayaasha suurtagalka ah ee lagu meeleeyay baqshad iskeed loogu hadlay, si loo hubiyo soo noqoshada qarsoodiga ah iyo qarsoodiga. Si loo helo ogolaansho la wargaliyay, kaqeybgaleyaasha kaqeybgalalka ah waxaa laguhadlay afka hadal ahaanshaha aan la garanaynin iyo ikhtiyaariga ah ee su'aalaha, kaas oo laguceliyay xaashi kooban oo ku lifaaqan su'aalaha. Xaashidan kooban waxay kaloo si cad u qeexday in su'aalaha la buuxiyo kaligood iyo soo celinta su'aalaha waxay muujisay ogolaanshaha macluumaadka la isticmaali karo. On campus, kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa loo sheegay inay dhigi karaan su'aalaha oo dhameystiran baqshadaha si ay ugulaabtaan cilmibaaraha gacanta ama sanduuq aamin ah oo lagu rido qolka ilaha ardayda. Kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa sidoo kale lagu qortay hababka kubbadda barafka iyagoo adeegsanaya qoraallada warbaahinta bulshada ee Facebook iyo Twittern = 108). Mawduucyadani waxay faahfaahiyeen ujeedooyinka daraasadda waxayna ku martiqaadeen haweenka inay kaqeybqaataan adoo gujinaya xiriir xiriiriye ah oo u wareejiyay si ay u eegaan su'aalaha khadka tooska ah, sidaas darteed waxaa lagu dhammaystiri karaa si ammaan ah oo fog.

Cabbiraadaha

Xadgudubka Galmoodka: Iskeelka Isugeynta Jinsiga Jinsiga ee Jiilaalka Kadib (PSP Miisaaniyada, Struckman-Johnson et al., )

Qiyaasta PSP waa qiyaas 19-shey oo ah adkeysiga galmada postrefused, oo lagu qeexay inay la socoto xiriir galmo lala yeesho lammaane markii ay markii hore diideen. Qiyaasta ayaa loo kala qaaday afar qaybood oo ka tarjumaya heerar kala duwan oo dhiig-miirashada galmada ah: (1) xeeladaha kicinta galmada ee aan hadalka lahayn (saddex shey, tusaale, "Dhunkashada joogtada ah iyo taabashada"); (2) istiraatiijiyad isdaba marin maskaxeed iyo xeelado khiyaano ah (siddeed shey, tusaale, "Hanjabaad ah in la kala tago"); (3) ka faa'iidaysiga dadka sakhraansan (laba shay, tusaale ahaan, "Si ula kac ah u sakhraamiya iyaga"), iyo (4) adeegsiga xoog jireed ama hanjabaad (lix shey, tusaale, "Isku xira") Waxyaabaha ayaa la dhaliyay 1 (haa) ama 0 (maya), oo leh dhibco ka sareeya oo muujinaya isticmaalka badan ee qasabka galmada. Isku halaynta gudaha ee hoose kasta ayaa lagu qasay daraasadihii hore (tusaale ahaan, Khan, Brewer, Kim, & Centifanti, ), kaas oo ka soo muuqday daraasaddan: kacsi galmo aan hadal ahayn (α = .81); khalkhalgelinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada (α = .39); dhiig-miirashada sakhraansan (α = .38); iyo adeegsiga xoog jireed ama hanjabaad (α = .00).

Pornography Use: Cyber-Pornography Use Inventory (CPUI, Grubbs, Sessoms, Wheeler, & Volk, )

Seddex qaybood oo hooseeya oo loo yaqaan 'CPUI' ayaa loo shaqeeyay: dulsaar (laba shay, tusaale, "Waxaan hayaa bogag anshax xumo ah oo qaarkood la calaamadeeyay" iyo "Waxaan ku qaataa wax ka badan 5 h usbuucii anigoo adeegsanaya sawirro qaawan"), dadaal loogu jiro kaqeyb galinta () dib u habeyn ku sameeyay jadwalkayga si aan u daawado qaawan ee khadka tooska ah ee internetka aniga oo aan qasneyn "iyo" Waxaan diiday in aan la baxo asxaabteyda ama aan xaadiro howlaha bulshada qaarkood si aan fursad ugu yeesho in aan u daawado qaawan "), iyo qasab (11 shay, tusaale, "Markii aanan awoodin inaan ka helo qaawan qaawan khadka tooska ah, waxaan dareemaa walwal, xanaaq, ama niyad jab" iyo "Waxaan dareemayaa inaan awoodi karin inaan joojiyo adeegsiga filimada". Hal shay oo kama dambeys ah "Waxaan rumeysanahay inaan la qabatimay filimada qaawan ee internetka" laguma darin sababo la xiriira dabeecadda muranka leh ee ereyada "qabatinka galmada" iyo "qabatinka sawirada" (Schneider, ). Dhinaca dulsaarka iyo dadaalka hoos u dhaca, kaqeybgalayaashu waxay tilmaameen jawaabaha inay yihiin "run" (dhaliyay 2) ama "been" (oo dhalisay 1), halka isugeynta isugeynta, jawaabaha lagu duubay qiyaasta 7-dhibic (1 = si xoogan u diiddan 7 = si adag ayaan u raacsanahay), oo leh dhibco sare oo muujinaya darajo sare oo xiisaha qumman, dadaal, iyo khasab. Ku tiirsanaanta waxay ahaayeen: dulsaar α = .40; dadaal α = .58; iyo qasab α = .75.

Narcissistic iyo Taariikhiyada Khilaafaadka Shakhsiyadda Taariikhda: Su'aalaha Baadhitaanka Shakhsiga, 4th Edition (PDQ-4: Hyler, )

Waxyaabaha ku jira PDQ-4 Narcissistic iyo subscales taariikhi ah waxay ku saleysan yihiin shuruudaha baarista ee DSM-IV ee loogu talagalay ciladaha Axis II waxaana loo adeegsaday daraasado isbarbar dhiga si loo baaro sifooyinka dabeecad xumida iyo adeegsiga ku-qasbid galmo ee haweenka (tusaale ahaan, Khan et al., ; Muñoz et al., ). Dhibcaha isugeynta Narcissistic (sagaal shay, tusaale ahaan, "Dadka qaar waxay moodayaan inaan ka faa'ideysto kuwa kale") iyo isugeynta taariikhiga ah (sideed waxyaabo, tusaale ahaan, "Waxaan ahay qof waxxiisayaal ah") ayaa lagu helay isku darka "been" (dhaliyay 0 ) ama “run” (dhaliyay 1) jawaabaha, oo leh dhibco sare oo muujinaya heer sare oo sifooyin laxiriira sheeko xariir iyo taariikh nololeed. Ku tiirsanaanta ayaa ahayd: narcissisticistic α = .63 iyo taariikh ahaan α = .47.

Natiijooyinka

Xadgudubka galmada ee aan tooska ahayn (35.2%) wuxuu ahaa nooca ugu caansan ee lagu qasbo galmada, waxaana ku xigta adeegsiga khalkhal galinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada (15.5%), iyo ka faa iideysiga sarkhaansan (4.9%). Sida kaliya hal haween ahi ay soo sheegtay iyada oo adeegsanaya awood jireed ama hanjabaad, is-hoosaysiintaan kuma jiraan falanqaynta xigta. Falanqaynta asluubta (Shaxda 1) waxay muujiyeen jaaliyado wanaagsan oo udhaxeeya qaab aan qasab aheyn oo galmo ah oo qasab ah, labadaba xiisaha sawirka iyo dadaalka, iyo astaamaha HPD. Labada adeegsi ee khalkhal galinta shucuureed iyo khiyaanada si loogu qasbo rafiiqa iyo ka faa'ideysiga maandooriyaha ayaa si wanaagsan xiriir ugu leh labadaba dadaalka batroolka iyo isku-tagga, iyo astaamaha HPD. Xeerar dheeri ah ayaa lagu gartaa inta u dhaxaysa doorsoomayaasha iyo qaababka dhaqanka khasabka ah ee galmoodka.

Shaxda 1

Xeerarka u dhexeeya danta qaawan, dadaalka, iyo isku-duubnaanta, narcissistic iyo dabeecadda cilad-xumida taariikh-xumada, iyo ku-qasbid galmo

POI

POE

POC

NPD

HPD

NVA

EMD

EXI

POI

POE

.36 **

POC

.13

.38 **

NPD

.01

.15

-.05

HPD

.04

.28 **

.18 *

.45 **

NVA

.17 *

.27 **

.06

.09

.22 **

EMD

.14

.38 **

.24 **

.12

.25 **

.34 **

EXI

.11

.22 **

.20 *

-.02

.29 **

.33 **

.27 **

M

2.04

5.29

17.01

1.75

2.49

.58

.21

.06

SD

.18

.70

5.39

1.72

1.61

.93

.54

.26

Range

2-4

5-10

11-77

0-9

0-8

0-3

0-8

0-2

POI xiisaha qaawan, POE dadaal galmo qaawan, POC shucuureed qaawan, NPD astaamaha naaqusnimada dabeecadaha narcissistic, HPD astaamaha jahwareerka shaqsiyeed taariikh, NVA kacsi galmo aan hadal aheyn, EMD kadeedis shucuureed iyo khiyaano, EXI dhiigmiirashada maandooriyaha

*p <.05, **p <.01

Waxaa la sameeyay taxaneyaal badan oo toosan si loo go'aamiyo in xiisaha qaawan, dadaalka, iyo isu imaatinka iyo sidoo kale NPD iyo astaamaha HPD ay saadaalinayaan qasab galmo (kicinta galmada aan tooska aheyn, kicinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada, iyo ka faa'ideysiga cabbitaanka) 2). Qaabka cabudhintu wuxuu saadaalin muhiim ah ka bixinayay galmada aan tooska ahayn, F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008, oo sharxaya 10.8% isbeddelka qasabka galmada (R2 = .11, Adj R2 = .08) Dadaalka sawir-gacmeedka ayaa ahaa shakhsiga kaliya ee saadaalin weyn ku leh qaabkan qasabka galmada (Β = .22, t = 2.29, p = .024). Cabsi labaad ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in moodelku uu ahaa saadaalin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan khalkhal maskaxeed iyo khiyaano, F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001, oo sharxaya 17.6%% faraqsanaanta qasabka galmada (R2 = .18, Adj R2 = .15) Dadaalka sawir-gacmeedku waa shakhsiga kaliya ee shakhsiyadeed ee saadaalinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada (Β = .29, t = 3.14, p = .002). Ugu dambayntiina, caburin sedexaad ayaa muujisay in qaabkani yahay saadaalin muhiim ah oo laga faa'idaysto khamriga. F(5,136) = 4.47, p = .001, oo sharxaya 14.1% isbeddelka qasabka galmada (R2 = .14, Adj R2 = .11). Astaamaha HPD waxay ahaayeen saadaaliyaha kaliya ee shakhsiga ah (Β = .32, t = 3.45, p = .001).

Shaxda 2

Natiijooyin qulqulatooyin badan oo laxiriira xiisaha galmada, dadaalka, iyo isku duubnaanta, narcissistic iyo dabeecadaha khalkhalka taariikhiga ah, iyo khasab galmo

Dhaqanka khasabka ah

ANOVA

R 2

Adji R2

Saadaalin shaqsiyeed

Β

t

p

Kacsi galmo aan hadal ahayn

F(5, 136) = 3.28, p = .008

.11

.08

Interest

.09

1.05

.295

dadaal

.22

2.29

.024

Wareegid

- .07

- .81

.421

Narcissistic

- .03

- .29

.776

Taariikh

.18

1.87

.063

Xadgudubka shucuurta iyo khiyaanada

F(5, 136) = 5.83, p <.001

.18

.15

Interest

.01

.17

.869

dadaal

.29

3.14

.002

Wareegid

.11

1.24

.217

Narcissistic

.01

.14

.888

Taariikh

.15

1.61

.111

Ka faa’iideysiga maandooriyaha

F(5, 136) = 4.47, p = .001

.14

.11

Interest

.05

.53

.596

dadaal

.11

1.15

.253

Wareegid

.08

.96

.337

Narcissistic

- .17

- 1.93

.056

Taariikh

.32

3.45

.001

Dood

Xaqiijinta rajooyinka, dadaalka filimada ayaa lala xiriiriyay isticmaalka haweenka ee kicinta galmada aan tooska ahayn iyo khalkhalgelinta shucuurta iyo qaababka khiyaanada ee qasabka galmada. Raadintani waxay si guud u waafaqsan tahay cilmi-baaristii hore ee iskuxireysa isticmaalka filimada dumarka ee loo adeegsado dabeecado badan oo qasab galmo ah, sida dhibaateyn, qasbid hadal, shucuur shucuur, iyo khiyaano (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ; Wright et al., ), in kasta oo cilmi baaris dheeraad ah looga baahan yahay in la tixgeliyo sababta xiisaha qaayaha iyo isu-imaatinku aysan ula xiriirin dhaqan galmo khasab ah. Maaddaama ay yar tahay marka loo eego baarista isbarbar dhigga ah, sharraxaadda natiijooyinkaan waxaa si taxaddar leh loo soo jeedinayaa. Tusaale ahaan, sidii cilmibaadhistii hore ee lala yeeshay kaqeyb galayaasha ragga ah lagu ogaadey adeegsiga qaawan ee khasabka ah inuu xiriir la leeyahay isticmaalka qasabka galmada (tusaale ahaan, Gonsalves et al., ), kala duwanaanshahaani wuxuu muujin karaa kala duwanaanshaha galmada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, isku-duwayaasha alfa ee qiyaasaha isu-galmoodka ee galmada ee loo adeegsaday daraasaddooda way hooseeyeen, dadaallo isku dhafan oo isbarbardhigaya natiijooyinka. Maaddaama aaggan uu mudan yahay sahamin dheeraad ah, waxay caqli u lahaan doontaa daraasadaha mustaqbalka si loo baaro waxyaabo kala geddisan oo loo adeegsado sawirrada iyo kala duwanaanshaha galmada.

Daraasaddeenu waxay sidoo kale ogaatay in astaamaha HPD ay si weyn ula xiriiraan dhiig-miirashada, taas oo suugaanta ay muujineyso laga yaabo inay ka turjunto shucuurta xad-dhaafka ah, dalbashada feejignaan, iyo adeegsiga dabeecadda kicinta si ay u ugaarsato dadka kale (tusaale ahaan, AlaviHejazi et al., ; Bornstein & Malka, ; Dorfman, ; Dhagax, ). Runtii, haweenku waxay u badan tahay inay qasbaan lammaane markay dareemaan diidmo (Wright, Norton, & Matusek, ). Si ka duwan ragga (oo loo soo sheegay inay aad uga badan yihiin dumarka inay awood kiciyaan), haweenka qasabka ah ee galmada ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay ku dhiirrigelinayaan isku xirnaansho-saaxiibtinimo (Zurbriggen, ), taas oo laga buun buunin karo dumarka leh astaamaha HPD kuwaas oo muujiya mashquulka galmada (Apt & Hurlbert, ). Adeegsiga habdhaqanka qasabka ah ee galmada looga faa’iideysto khamriga ayaa ka tarjumeysa heerarka hoose ee ku adkaysiga galmada ee laga soo sheegay haweenka qaba HPD (eeg Apt & Hurlbert, ), iyadoo la joojinayo adeegsiga qaabab kale oo khasab ah oo galmo ah oo u baahan xoog xoog xoog ah. Annagu maanaan arkin saamaynta la filayo ee sifooyinka NPD ee ku saabsan qasabka galmada. Tan waxaa la saadaaliyay iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay ururradii horay loo soo sheegay ee u dhexeeya narcissism, kadeedka galmada (Zeigler-Hill et al., ), iyo khasab (Blinkhorn et al., ). Raadintani waxay sidoo kale noqon kartaa mid muujineysa isku ekaanshaha NPD iyo astaamaha HPD (sida uu xusay Apt & Hurlbert, ; Widiger & Trull, ); sidaas darteed, waxay faa'iido u lahaan doontaa baaritaannada mustaqbalka si looga baarto arrintan si cad.

Maaddaama cilmi baarista ballaaran ay tahay mid lafdhabar ah oo natiijooyinka la isku daray, ma sameyn saadaalin ku saabsan adeegsiga xoogga jireed ama loogu hanjabo in lagu khasbo lammaane, ugu dambeyntiina, maadaama hal kaqeybgale kaliya uu soo sheegay tan, hoosaadkan ayaa laga saaray falanqaynta. Daraasadaha aan lagu soo qaadin adeegsiga qaawan ee loo adeegsado fal gal ahaan ayaa sheegaya in dumarka ay aad ugu dhowdahay inay u isticmaalaan xoog jireed ama hanjabaado ka badan kuwa ay isticmaalaan dhaqanka kale ee qasabka ah ee galmada, sida cadaadiska afka ah (Krahé et al., ), oo laga yaabo inay muujiso taxaddar weyn ama cabsi laga qabo aargudasho. Xaqiiqdii, haweenka kufsiga kufsiga qasabka galmada waxay la kulmaan jawaab celin diidmo iyo iska caabin dhibanayaal marka loo eego ragga dambiilayaasha ah (O'Sullivan, Byers, & Finkelman, ). Si kastaba ha noqotee, si loo sii adkeeyo tan tan, daraasadaha baaraysa saameynta ay adeegsaneyso qaawan ee sawir-qaadka ku-saleysan qasabka galmada ayaa soo sheega natiijooyinka ka soo horjeedda. Tusaale ahaan, falanqaynta meta-daraasad ee daraasadaha 22 waxay ogaatay in isticmaalka sawirada dumarka ay saadaaliyeen dhammaan noocyada khasabka ah ee galmada, oo ay kujirto xoog jireed iyo hanjabaad (tusaale, Wright et al., ), halka daraasad kale laga helay, liddi ku ah, in isticmaalka filimada qaawan ee dumarka aysan la xiriirin cabsi gelin iyo xoog (sida, Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ). Cilmi baarista mustaqbalku waxay baari kartaa xubnahan si wada jir ah si ay uga fiirsato bal in isticmaalka qaawinta uu saameyn ku yeesho haweenka inay adeegsadaan xoog jireed ama hanjabaad kaliya marka qaabab kale oo qasab ah oo galmo ah ay fashilmaan, ama haddii ay jiraan arrimo gaar ah oo sharxaya isticmaalka xoogga jirka iyo dhaqanka hanjabaada.

Xadidaadaha iyo Tilmaamaha Daraasadda Dheeraadka ah

In kasta oo ay jiraan dadaallo lagu shaqaaleysiinayo kaqeyb galayaal badan, daraasaddan waxaa lagu xaddiday adeegsiga muunad yar, oo aan suurtagal ahayn; sidaas darteed, guud ahaanta ayaa xadidan. Sida lagu xusay daraasadaha kale, adeegsiga cabbiraadaha su'aalaha-is-weydiinta si loo baaro mowduuca xasaasiga ah ee xadgudubka galmada (tusaale ahaan, Gonsalves et al., ) iyo dabeecadaha khalkhalka shakhsiyadda (Hoffmann & Verona, ; Khan et al., ; Muñoz et al., ) waxaa laga yaabaa inay dhalisay rabitaan bulsheed ama dib u xusuusasho eex. Dheeraad ah, alphas-ka 'Cronbach' ee hoos-u-dhaca qaarkood ayaa hooseeyay. Qeyb ahaan, tani waxay ka tarjumaysaa nooca cabirka. (Ka-faa'iideysiga khamriga dulsaarka ah ee sarkhaansan iyo filimada sawirku wuxuu ka kooban yahay midkiiba laba shey.) Gaar ahaan, waxay ahayd kormeer in la iska indhatiro saamaynta ay ku yeelan karaan noocyada kala duwan ee walxaha anshax darrada ah, maadaama haweenku u nugul yihiin waxyaabo kala geddisan oo galmo ah, oo ay ka mid yihiin rabshadaha ka soo horjeedka qaawan (Mattebo, Tyden, Haggstrom-Nordin, Nilsson, & Larsson, ). Pornography waxaa ku jiri kara muuqaalo rabshad leh ama sharaf dhac ah (Romito & Beltramini, ) ama sawirro khaldan oo dheddigga ah (Zhou & Bryant, ), oo haweenka sida la sheegay ay ka yar yihiin ragga sida ay sheegeen (Glascock, ). Kala duwanaansho muhiim ah ayaa sidoo kale ka dhex dhici kara hiwaayadda hiwaayadda iyo filimada qaawan, marka loo eego heerka sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga ee la soo bandhigay (Klaassen & Peter, ). Maaddaama kala duwanaanta galmada ee muhiimka ahi ay dhici karto marka loo eego inta jeer iyo qaabka isticmaalka filimada (Bohm, Franz, Dekker, & Matthiesen, ; Hald & Stulhofer, ), waxay waxtar u lahaan doontaa daraasadaha mustaqbalka in si toos ah loo baadho saamaynta noocyada kaladuwan ee sawiro qaawan ee ay haweenku u isticmaalaan dhaqankooda khasabka ah ee galmoodka, halkii laga sii saari lahaa cilmi baarista ku saleysan lab.

In kasta oo lagu dadaaley sidii loo qori lahaa kaqeybgalayaal kaladuwan, tirada alaabta dadka ee lagu soo bandhigay su'aalaha ayaa la xaddiday, qayb ahaanna waxaa ugu wacan tilmaamaha anshaxa ee adag; sidaa darteed, ma awoodno inaan baarnno kala duwanaanshaha jinsiyadeed ee la xiriira qasabka galmada. Tani waxay noqon kartaa mid xiiso leh in la baaro sida daraasad hore lagu ogaaday in ragga Aasiyaanka ah ay si aad ah uga hooseeyaan heerarka ku xadgudubka galmada ee lagu qasbay marka la barbardhigo dhiggooda Black, White, iyo Latino (eeg Faransiiska, Tilghman, & Malebranche, ). Waxyaabaha kale ee daraasadihii hore ay u soo gudbiyeen inay yihiin arrimo muhiim ah oo dhexdhexaadinta u ah kufsiga dumarka, oo ay u badan tahay inay soo saaraan natiijooyin qiimo leh cilmi baarista mustaqbalka, waxaa ka mid ah saameynta khamriga (Ménard et al., ) iyo taariikhda xadgudubka galmada (Anderson, ; Russell & Oswald, ; ). Isticmaalka aalkolada waxaa laga yaabaa inay muhiimad gaar ah leedahay marka la eego daraasaddan oo lagu ogaaday astaamaha HPD inay si weyn ula xiriiraan dhiig-miirashada galmada ee sarkhaansan. Si loo waafajiyo cilmi-baarisyada kale ee guud ee dadka, daraasaddan ayaa looga golleeyahay in lagu baaro dhaqanka qasabka ah ee galmo ee haweenka aan lagu soo oogin dambi galmo; in kasta oo ay kaqeybgaleyaan kaqeyb galayaasha bulshada iyo ardayda, godkan waxaa loo soo saari karaa oo kaliya maadaama su'aalaha si cad loo cabiro galmada taariikhda galmada. Sidaa daraadeed, daraasadaha mustaqbalka ee haweenka waxay si toos ah u cabbiraan kaqeybgalka ka qaybqaadashada dambiga ama waxay kaqeybgalayaan kaqeybgalayaasha taariikh nololeedyo gaboodfal ah oo ka socda xarumaha caafimaadka ama bulshada.

Guurka dumarka ee qasabka ah ee ragga waxaa had iyo jeer loo arkaa wax aan yareyn waxyeelada ay leedahay dadka guud ahaan marka loo eego dhib la mid ah tan ay raggu gaystaan ​​(Faransiiska et al., ; Huitema & Vanwesenbeeck, ; Struckman-Johnson et al., ; Studzinska & Hilton, ). Inkasta oo ragga dhibanayaasha ah ee qasabka galmada haweenku ay sidoo kale soo sheegi karaan jawaabaha wanaagsan ee ku qasabka galmada, daraasadaha qaarkood ayaa lagu soo warramey in 90% ragga ay sidoo kale soo sheegaan ugu yaraan hal jawaab oo diidmo ah oo lagu qasbay (Kernsmith & Kernsmith, ) iyo soo bandhigaan cillad nafsaani ah iyo dabeecado halis ah (Faransiis et al., ; Turchik, ; Walker, Qaansada, & Davis, ). Hase yeeshe cilmi baaris yar ayaa la heli karaa, si kastaba ha noqotee, si loo aqoonsado arrimaha saameynaya ujeedo eedda haweenka dambiilayaasha ah. Natiijooyinka ugu horreeya waxay muujinayaan in iyadoo ragga dambiilayaasha loo arko inay dagaal badan yihiin, haweenka dambiilayaasha ah waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin dhillo (Oswald & Russell, ). Daraasad dheeri ah ayaa noqon doonta mid waxtar leh si loo go'aamiyo qodobbada saameynta ku leh aragtida dhibbanaha, ka-warbixinta dhibbanaha ama isu-aqoonsashada dembiiluhu ama dhibbane. Baadhitaanka khasabka ah ee galmadu ay la kulmaan dumarka oo loo aqoonsado inay yihiin LGBTQ sidoo kale waa hab mudan oo loo maro baaritaan dheeraad ah, maadaama daraasadihii hore ay muujiyeen inay dhici karto inay jiraan laakiin la soo sheegay (tusaale, Turell, ; Waterman, Dawson, & Bologna, ). Ugu dambeyntiina, waxaa muhiim ah in la adkeeyo in daraasadda hadda socota ay baartay gaboodfalka dumarka ee ku dhaqanka qasabka galmada halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd dhaqanka ragga ka dib diidmadii ugu horreysay. Waxyaabo badan oo shaqsiyadeed iyo xaalado xaaladeed ah ayaa saadaalin kara jawaabaha dabeecadaha qasabka galmada sida ku qancinta in howlaha galmada la jecel yahay, u hoggaansanaanta galmada aan loo baahnayn, ama joojinta xiriirka (tusaale, Nurius & Norris, ). Xaddiga ay dabeecadaha qasabka galmada ee dumarku ku keenaan galmada weli ma cadda, hase yeeshe, cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka ayaa tixgelin karta, tusaale ahaan, haddii ragga ay la kulmaan qasab galmo ay markii dambe ku lug yeeshaan galmo iyo illaa iyo inta tan aan la rabin. Sidoo kale, daraasadda hadda jirta ma aysan qiimeynin jawaabaha haweenka ee diidmada lamaanahooda. In kasta oo la soo sheegay in haweenku ay la kulmaan diidmo diidmo galmo oo ka badan ragga (de Graaf & Sandfort, ), qodobbada saameynaya jawaab celinta diidmada ayaan weli caddeyn.

Si aan u soo gabagabeyno, waxaan baarnay qodobo laxiriira isticmaalka dumarka ee qasabka galmada. Natiijooyinka ayaa muujinaya in dadaalka haweenka ay u adeegsadaan adeegsiga qaawan ay si weyn ula xiriiraan labo nooc oo qasab galmo ah: galmada aan tooska aheyn iyo kicinta shucuurta iyo khiyaanada si loogu qasbo galmo, halka astaamaha HPD ay la xiriireen ka faa iideysiga khamriga. Cilmibaarista mustaqbalku waa inay sii baaraan saameynta dadaallada qaawan ee sawirrada iyo astaamaha HPD ee dabeecadda galmada ka-leexinta iyo illaa xadka ay ku wargelin karaan faragelinta mustaqbalka.

Qoraalada

  1. 1.

    “Casriyeynta” waxaa loola jeedaa mowduuc la kulma dad aad u badan oo caan ka ah muddo xaddidan, kaas oo ganacsiyada e-meheradda ay awood u yeelan karaan inay soo bandhigaan waxa haya xiisaha macaamiisha.

Notes

U hoggaansanaanta heerarka anshaxa

Isku dhaca xiisaha

Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen inaanay jirin khilaaf xiiso leh.

Bayaanka Akhlaaqda

Daraasaddan waxaa oggolaaday guddiga anshaxa ee Jaamacadda iyadoo la raacayo tilmaamaha bulshada cilmi-nafsi ee Ingiriiska.

Oggolaanshaha Ka Warqab

Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay awoodeen inay bixiyaan ogolaansho war ah si ay ugaqeyb qaataan daraasaddan.

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