Dib-u-dhigga dhiirrigelinta galmada ee sawirka: Muuqaalka galmada iyo ka shaqeynta abaalmarinta, iyo isku xirnaanta isticmaalka sigaarka dhibaatada leh iyo dhiirigelinta galmada (2021)

Kala-goysyada

Isticmaalka sawir-gacmeedka qaawan ee internetka waa dabeecad aad ugu baahsan bulshada guud (Blais-Lecours, Vaillancourt-Morel, Sabourin, & Godbout, 2016; Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020; Martyniuk, Okolski, & Dekker, 2019). In kasta oo aqlabiyadda badani muujineyso adeegsiga sawir-gacmeedyada aan ficil-celinta lahayn, haddana shakhsiyaad yar ayaa waxaa weheliya cidhiidhi, xakameyn la'aan la dareemay, iyo karti-darrida in la yareeyo dabeecadda in kasta oo cawaaqib xumo ay leedahay (qiyaastii 8%, iyadoo ku xiran shuruudaha la adeegsaday; Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Isticmaalka sawir-gacmeedka oo ay weheliso siigaysigu waa dabeecadda ugu caansan ee dhibaatooyinka shakhsiyaadka leh dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Reid et al., 2012; Wordecha et al., 2018). Markii ugu horreysay, ayaa Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) waxay ku qeexday astaamo gaar ah oo lagu ogaanayo calaamadaha astaamaha daabacaadda 11-aad ee Qeybinta Dhibaatooyinka Caalamiga ah (ICD-11) muddada ereyga Dhibaatada Dabeecadda Isku-Dhaqanka ee Isku-jira (CSBD, Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018). Si loo fahmo fahamka wanaagsan ee isticmaalka madadaalada iyo cilad-darrada labadaba, aasaaskeeda neerfaha ayaa hoos loo dhigayaa.

In kasta oo kala soocista saxda ah ee isticmaalka filimada qaawan ay tahay mowduuc muran badan ka taagan yahay, haddana natiijooyinka cilmu-nafsiga waxay soo jeedinayaan dhawaanshaha dhibaatooyinka balwadaha (Jacayl, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Magac, & Strahler, 2018). Robinson iyo Berridge waxay ku sharraxeen Aragtigooda Dareenka Dhiirrigelinta ee loogu talagalay horumarinta waxyaabaha la qabatimay sida soo noqnoqodka daroogada ay u horseedayso isbeddellada neerfaha ee wareegyada abaalmarintaRobinson & Berridge, 1993, 2008). Inta lagu jiro horumarinta balwadda, jawaabta tilmaamaha ("doonaya") way sii kordheysaa halka saameynta la rabo ee qaadashada daroogada ("liking") ay xitaa sii yaraan karto. Sidaa darteed, falcelinta 'cue reactivity' oo koobeysa shucuurta, habdhaqanka, jir ahaaneed iyo jawaabta garashada ee ku saabsan kicinta la xiriirta balwadaha (Berridge & Robinson, 2016; Tiffany & Wray, 2012) waa fikrad muhiim ah oo lagu sharxayo ka-guurista mar mar isticmaalka daroogada ilaa isticmaalka balwadaha (Brand et al., 2019; Koob & Volkow, 2010; Volkow, Koob, & McLellan, 2016).

Daraasado ku saabsan bukaanada qaba xanuuno kala duwan oo la xiriira walxaha ayaa laga helay falcelin ku soo korortay marinka 'ventral striatum', 'dorsal striatum', kiliyaha hore ee xirmada (ACC), kiliyaha orbitofrontal (OFC), insula iyo amygdala ee tilmaamaha la xiriira waxyaabaha (Jasinska, Stein, Kaiser, Naumer, & Yalachkov, 2014; Kühn & Gallinat, 2011a; Stippekohl et al., 2010; Zilverstand, Huang, Alia-Klein, & Goldstein, 2018). Marka la eego mukhaadaraadka akhlaaqda, waxaa jira dhowr dib u eegis oo muujinaya waxqabad kordhay ee gobollada la xiriira abaalmarinta tilmaamaha la xiriira balwadda (Antons, Brand, & Potenza, 2020; Fauth-Bühler, Mann, & Potenza, 2017; Starcke, Antons, Trotzke, & Brand, 2018; Van Holst, van den Brink, Veltman, & Goudriaan, 2010). Haddii geeddi-socodka ku lug leh CSBD uu u eg yahay kuwa dhibaatooyinka isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo ku-takooridda akhlaaqda weli waa arrin dood cilmiyeed ah.

Dhowr dib-u-eegis ayaa muujinaya waxqabadka kordhay ee marinka mareenka iyo marinka dhabarka, OFC, ACC, insula, caudate nucleus, putamen, amygdala, thalamus, iyo hypothalamus ee kaqeybgalayaasha caafimaadka qaba markay fiirinayaan dareenka muuqaalka galmada (VSS) marka la barbar dhigo dareenka dhexdhexaadka ah (Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012; Poeppl, Langguth, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2014; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012). Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira daraasado ku saabsan jawaabaha neerfaha ee tilmaamaha saadaaliya VSS laakiin aan ku jirin wax galmo ah (tusaale, Banca iyo al., 2016: qaabab midab leh; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016: laba jibbaarane midab leh; Stark et al., 2019: shuruudaha qeexaya qaybta). Jawaabaha maskaxda ee tilmaamahan ka horeeya VSS (Banca iyo al., 2016; Klucken iyo al., 2016; Stark iyo al., 2019) waxay la mid ahaayeen jawaabaha VSS (ventral striatum, OFC, kiliyaha occipital, insula, putamen, thalamus). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, dadka leh dhibaatooyinka filimada xun (PPU) marka la barbardhigo kaqeybgalayaasha xakamaynta waxay muujiyeen falcelin amygdala oo kordhaysa tirooyinka joomatari ee laxiriira VSS (Klucken et al., 2016). U adeegsiga VSS tilmaamo ahaan, Voon vd. (2014) waxay ka heleen jawaabo sare xuubka gadaashiisa, marinka mareenka iyo amygdala ee dadka qaba PPU. Natiijooyinkaan ka soo baxay falcelinta sii kordheysa ee ku saabsan tilmaamaha saadaalinta VSS ee dadka qaba PPU waxay la jaan qaadayaan rajooyinka laga soo qaatay aragtida Dareenka Dhiirrigelinta.

Si loo barto horumarinta mukhaadaraadka, Hawsha Daahfurka Lacagta (MIDT) waa qalab la aasaasay oo lagu baaro jawaabaha neerfaha ee la beddelay ee tilmaamaha iyo kicinta (Balodis & Potenza, 2015). MIDT waxay kubilaabmeysaa weji udiyaar garoob ah kaas oo tilmaamuhu tilmaamayaan in guul lacageed ama lumis ay suurta gal tahay inta lagu gudajiro wajiga gaarsiinta. Asal ahaan, hawshan waxaa loo adeegsaday in lagu qiimeeyo dareenka guud ee abaalmarinta xasaasiga ah ee qabatinka iyadoo, si kastaba ha noqotee, natiijooyin aan is-waafaqsaneyn oo ku saabsan rajada iyo wajiga dhalmada (Balodis & Potenza, 2015; Beck et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2014; Jia et al., 2011; Nestor, Hester, & Garavan, 2010). Si loo baaro fal-celinta fal-dambiyeedka PPU, oo ah nooc wax laga beddelay oo ah MIDT-da la aasaasay (Knutson, Fong, Adams, Varner, & Hommer, 2001; Knutson, Westdorp, Kaiser, & Hommer, 2000) ayaa la soo jeediyay: Hawsha Daahfurka Dhiirrigelinta Galmada (SIDT) iyadoo la adeegsanayo tilmaamaha galmada iyo abaalmarinta. Saddex daraasadood ayaa u shaqeeyay hawlo dhiirigelin dhiirigelin leh tilmaamo jinsi iyo abaalmarin illaa iyo hadda (Gola et al., 2017; Sescousse, Li, & Dreher, 2015; Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher, 2010). Sescousse iyo asxaabtu waxay baari jireen qaababka dhaqdhaqaaqa kaladuwan ee ku saabsan abaalmarinta erotic iyo lacagta ee dadka waaweyn ee caafimaadka qaba waxayna aqoonsadeen qaybta dambe ee OFC iyo amygdala inay yihiin gobollo si gaar ah loogu hawlgeliyey abaalmarinno erotic ah (Sescousse et al., 2010). Gola iyo asxaabta (2017) marka la barbardhigo ragga PPU iyo ragga xakameeya marka loo eego waxqabadkooda maskaxeed ee MIDT / SIDT isku dhafan. Halka kaqeybgalayaasha PPU ay muujiyeen waxqabad koror ku yimid qeybta ventral striatum ee baaqyada saadaalinta abaalmarinta galmada, kama aysan kala duwanaanin koontaroolada la xiriira waxqabadka maskaxda ilaa abaalmarinta galmada. Iyadoo la waafajinayo Aragtida Dareenka Dhiirrigelinta, qorayaashu waxay ku doodeen kordhinta "rabitaanka" abaalmarinta galmada ee kaqeybgalayaasha PPU halka "jeclaanta" dhiirrigelinta galmada ay tahay mid aan saameyn ku yeelan.

In kasta oo daraasadihii hore ee la adeegsaday SIDT ay yihiin kuwo rajo sare leh oo ku saabsan baaritaanka falcelinta falcelinta ee ku saabsan tilmaamaha galmada iyo abaalmarinta dadka caafimaadka qaba iyo dadka qaba PPU, waxaa jira dhinacyo habraac oo ay tahay in laga wada hadlo. Marka laga hadlayo ansaxnimada dibadda, daraasadihii hore waxay isticmaaleen sawirro muuqaal ah halkii fiidiyowyo, in kasta oo kan dambe uu yahay nooca ugu ballaaran ee loo isticmaalo filimada (Solano, Eaton, & O'Leary, 2020). Marka laga hadlayo xaaladda xakamaynta, daraasadihii hore waxay u adeegsadeen noocyo kaladuwan oo VSS ah xaaladaha xakamaynta (Gola iyo al., 2017; Sescusse iyo al., 2010, 2015). Sidaa awgeed, xaaladaha tijaabada iyo xakamaynta waxay ku kala duwanaayeen dhowr dabeecadood (dejinta dabiiciga ah iyo qaababka aan la taaban karin, xallinta sawirka, muuqaalka aadanaha iyo sawir aan dad ahayn). Waxaa isweydiin mudan haddii kicintaani ay matalaan kicinta xakamaynta ugu wanaagsan. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay u adeegsadeen sawir-gacmeedka haweenka qaawan inay yihiin tilmaamo. Sidan oo kale tilmaamuhu ma yeelan karaan oo keliya qiime saadaalin, laakiin sidoo kale waxay metelaan waxyaabaha galmada ku saabsan. Dheeraad ah, way ku caawin laheyd in la baaro saameynta astaamaha halista ee horumarinta CSBD, halkaasoo waxyaabaha soo socda ay u muuqdaan kuwa ugu habboon: dhibaatooyinka is-sheegashada ah ee ku saabsan isticmaalka filimada (Nooc, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013), Waqti ku qaatay daawashada filimada (Kühn & Gallinat, 2014) iyo dhiirigelinta galmada (Baranowski, Vogl, & Stark, 2019; Kagerer et al., 2014; Klucken et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2018; Strahler, Kruse, Wehrum-Osinsky, Klucken, & Stark, 2018).

Sidaa darteed, ujeeddooyinka daraasaddan la joogo waxay ahaayeen kuwa soo socda: (1) Waxaan dooneynay inaan dhisno SIDT la habeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo barnaamijyo filim ah halkii laga heli lahaa sawirro taagan. Waxaan fileynay qaababka waxqabadka inta lagu gudajiray wajiga rajada iyo gaarsiinta wajiga inay la mid noqoto natiijooyinka daraasadihii hore ee muujinayay ka qeyb qaadashada ACC, OFC, thalamus, insula, amygdala, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate, iyo putamen. (2) Waxaan dooneynay inaan baarinno ilaa heerka ay sababaha halista u yihiin CSBD (is-sheegid PPU, waqti lagu qaatay isticmaalka filimada qaawan, iyo dhiirigelinta galmada) waxay kuxirantahay dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha inta lagu gudajiro wajiga rajada iyo gaarsiinta wajiga ee xarun caafimaad. muunad Sida ku cad Aragtida Dareenka Dareenka ee Robinson iyo Berridge (1993), waxaan fileynay waxqabadka neerfaha ee gobolada maskaxda ee aan kor kusoo xusnay inta lagu gudajiray wajiga rajada ee SIDT in si wanaagsan loola xiriiro qodobadan halista ah. Iyadoo la raacayo daraasadda Gola iyo al. (2017), waxaan fileynay waxqabadka neerfaha ee gobolada aan kor kusoo xusnay inta lagu gudajiray wajiga dhalmada in uusan laxiriirin arimahan halista ah.

Dariiqooyinka

Cabbiraadaha

Hawsha Daahitaanka Dhiirrigelinta Galmada

Waxaan adeegsanay SIDT laga soosaaray MIDT (Knutson et al., 2001). Abaalmarinta lacageed ayaa lagu beddelay daraasaddan lix-ilbiriqsi oo filim dherer ah oo la soo bandhigay iyada oo aan dhawaaq lahayn oo ay muujiyeen VSS (Muuqaalka VSS), fiidiyowyo duugis ah oo aan galmo ahayn (xakamaynta clip) ama shaashad madow (ma jiro). Isticmaalka fiidiyowyada duugista ah waxay xaqiijiyeen isbarbardhigga dhinacyada muuqaalka (isdhexgalka bulshada, qaawanaanta qayb ahaan, dhaqdhaqaaqyada laxanka, iwm.) Ee ku duubaya filimyada muujinaya VSS. Daraasad horudhac ah, dhamaan goos gooska filimka ayaa lagu qiimeeyay wanaagga (laga bilaabo "1" = "aad u xun" ilaa "9" = "aad u fiican") iyo kacsiga galmada (laga bilaabo "1" = "galmo kacsi ma leh gabi ahaanba" ilaa "9" = "kacsi galmo aad u kacsan") oo ah muunad madax banaan oo ah 58 rag aan khaniis aheyn. Qiimayaasha ka sarreeya 5 ayaa loo fasirtay inay aad u sarreeyaan. 21-ka fiidiyow ee loo yaqaan 'VSS clips' ee loo adeegsaday daraasadda dhabta ah waxay gaareen isku celcelis dhibco sare lehM = 6.20, SD = 1.12) iyo kacsi galmo sare (M = 6.29, SD = 1.34 daraasadda kahor, halka dhexdhexaad ama dhibco sare loogu tala galay valence (M = 5.44, SD = 0.97) iyo dhibco hooseeya kacsiga galmada (M = 1.86, SD = 0.81) ayaa looga warbixiyay 21ka kilib ee xakamaynta. Filim kasta oo filim ah ayaa la soo bandhigay hal jeer intii lagu jiray hawsha. Tijaabada waxaa lagu xaqiijiyey xirmada softiweerka bandhigga (Nooca 17.0, Nidaamyada neerfaha, Inc, USA) wuxuuna socday ilaa 20 min. SIDT waxaa kujiray 63 tijaabooyin oo kakooban wajiga rajada iyo gaarsiinta wajiga oo leh sedex xaaladood (21 × VSS, 21 × xakamayn, 21 × ma jiro).

Intii lagu gudajiray wajiga rajada, seddex tirooyin joomatari oo kaladuwan, ayaa loosoo bandhigay sida tilmaamo lagu shaacinayo midkoodna VSS clip (Cue_VSS), clip xakamaynta (Cue_Control) ama shaashad madow (Cue_None, sidoo kale fiiri Berdihii. 1). Meeleynta tirooyinka joomatari ee natiijooyinka ka dhalan kara (VSS clip, clip clip, no one) ayaa lagu kala saaray kaqeybgalayaasha. Waxaan u adeegsanay tirooyinka joomatari ahaan baaqyo si loo hubiyo inaysan jirin ururo hore oo udhaxeeyay tilmaamahan iyo VSS. Kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa lagu wargaliyay ururada udhaxeeya tilmaamaha iyo fiidiyowyada kahor tijaabada fMRI. Ururadan waxaa lagu tababaray 21 tijaabo oo jimicsi ah oo ka baxsan sawirka. Ka dib markii mid ka mid ah tilmaamaha la arki karay 4 ilbiriqsi, iskutallaab isku xir ah ayaa loo raacay isdhaafsiga u dhexeeya interstimulus ee 1-3 s. Kadibna kicinta bartilmaameedka (laba jibbaaran cad, 200 × 200 pixel) ayaa la muujiyay inta udhaxeysa 16 ms (uguyar) iyo 750 ms (ugu badnaan). Iyadoo aan loo eegin tilmaamtii hore loo soo bandhigay, tilmaamtu waxay ahayd in looga jawaabo bartilmaameedka sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suurtogalka ah iyadoo la riixayo badhan. Haddii Cue_VSS ama Cue_Control ayaa soo muuqday kaqeybgalayaashuna waxay riixeen badhanka halka kicinta bartilmaameedka ay muuqatay, kaqeybgalayaashu "wey guuleysteen" goos gooska filimka. Bartilmaameedka waxaa xigay soo bandhigida iskutallaab kale oo hagaajin ah oo loogu talagalay isbeddelada udhaxeeya isdhaafsiga 0-2 s. Ka dib, kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa la tusay clip VSS, xakameyn xakameyn ah ama shaashad madow muddo dhan 6 s. Tijaabooyinka jimicsiga ka hor iskaanka ayaa sidoo kale u adeegay xisaabinta celceliska celceliska shaqsiyeed celcelis ahaan (celcelis ahaan_RT) iyo leexashada heerka (SD_RT) si loo go'aamiyo waqtiyada bandhigga ee kicinta bartilmaameedka (guuleysta: celceliska_RT+2 × SD_RT; guul maleh: Micnaheedu_RT–2 × SD_RT). Guulihii ayaa loo qorsheeyay ku dhowaad 71% ee VSS iyo tijaabooyinka xakamaynta (15 ka mid ah 21 tijaabooyin), halka wax tijaabooyin ah aan waligood lagu darin guul. Saddexda tijaabo ee hore waxay soo bandhigeen Cue_Control, Cue_VSS, iyo Cue_None si nidaamsan. Cue Kuwan_Control iyo Cue_VSS tijaabooyinka marwalba waxaa loo qorsheyn jiray sidii tijaabooyin guuleysta Kadib seddexdii tijaabo ee ugu horeysay, isbaarooyinka 6 tijaabooyin kasta ayaa la sameeyay (2 × Cue_Xakamaynta, 2 × Cue_VSS iyo 2 × Cue_None). Inta udhaxeysa tijaabooyinka guuleysta (tijaabooyinka VSS ee guuleysta ama xakameynta tijaabooyinka guuleysta) wax aan ka badneyn 5 tijaabooyin kale (tijaabooyin kale oo guuleysta ama tijaabooyin midna) lama oggola. Isla xaaladdan ayaa la soo bandhigi karaa ugu badnaan 2 jeer oo isku xigta. Soo bandhigida kicinta bartilmaameedka waxaa lagu hagaajiyay khadka tooska ah ama ku darista 20 ms midkiiba haddii kaqeybgalayaashu ay ku guuleystaan ​​tijaabooyin aan qorsheysneyn ama aysan ku guuleysan tijaabooyinka la qorsheeyay si loo hubiyo heerka xoojinta ee tijaabooyinka mustaqbalka. Tijaabooyinka VSS iyo tijaabooyinka xakamaynta, taas oo aan ku soo bixin natiijooyin sidii loo qorsheeyay, ayaa lagu soo celiyay tijaabooyin la qorsheeyay oo leh muddada cusub ee soo bandhigista bartilmaameedka

• Soo dejiso Sawirka
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Hawsha Daahitaanka Dhiirrigelinta Galmada. Intii lagu jiray wajiga rajada, kaqeybgalayaashu waxay arkeen cue (joomatari jaantus). Ka dib kala-beddelka waqtiga isbeddelka, bartilmaameed ayaa la soo bandhigay muddo gaaban, taas oo ka-qaybgalayaasha laga codsaday inay sida ugu dhakhsaha badan uga jawaabaan iyagoo riixaya badhanka. Haddii tilmaanta wejiga rajadu uu ahaa Cue_VSS ama Cue_Control, Fiidiyow u dhigma ayaa lagu heli karaa iyadoo si deg deg ah looga fal celiyo bartilmaameedka (eeg sidoo kale Klein et al., 2020)

Sharax: Joornaalka Daroogada Habdhaqanka JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018

Qiimaynta xogta nafsaaniga ah

SIDT-ga ka dib, kaqeybgalayaashu waxay ku qiimeeyeen heerkooda kacsiga galmada 9-dhibic Likert-inta ay wali ku dhexjiraan sawirka. Mashiinka filimka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo qiyaasta Is-Qiimeynta-Manikin (Bradley & Lang, 1994) valence (laga bilaabo 1 = mid aad u xun ilaa 9 = aad u macaan) iyo kacsiga galmada (laga bilaabo 1 = kacsi kuma kicinayo 9 = kacsi galmo aad u badan) ka dib markii uu ka tago qalabka iskaanka qol gooni ah.

Waqtiga lagu qaatay daawashada VSS ee nolol maalmeedka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay sheyga "Immisa waqti ayaad ku qaadatay inaad cunto filimada qaawan, adoo salka ku haya jawaabtaada bishii ugu dambeysay?". Kaqeybgalayaashu waxay awoodaan inay doortaan saacado iyo daqiiqado "bishiiba", "usbuucii" ama "maalin kasta" si loo cadeeyo jawaabahooda. Falanqaynta kahor, qaababka jawaabaha ee kaladuwan ayaa loo badalay "saacadood bishii".

PPU waxaa lagu cabiray noocyada Jarmalka ee Imtixaanka Maandooriyaha Internetka ee gaaban (s-IAT) (Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich, & Brand, 2013) wax looga beddelay cybersex (s-IAT_galmada; Laier et al., 2013) iyo soosaarida Habdhaqanka Habdhaqanka 'Hypersexual Behavior Inventory' (HBI; Reid, Garos, & Nijaarka, 2011). Isku halaynta gudaha ee xogta su'aalaha la ururiyey ayaa loo xisaabiyay muunadda hadda jirta. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah laba iyo tobanka shey ee s-IAT_galmada waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa miisaanka 5-dhibcood ee Likert oo udhaxeeya 1 (marna) ilaa 5 (marar badan). Wadarta dhibcaha (s-IAT)_galmada isugeyn, 12 Shey, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.90) wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 12 ilaa 60. Laba miisaaniyadood ayaa lagu dari karaa intaa dheer: luminta xakamaynta (6 walxo, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89) iyo damac (6 shay, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.73). HBI wuxuu ka kooban yahay 19 shay oo laga qiimeeyay 1 (marna) ilaa 5 (marar badan) oo wadarta wadarta dhibcaha (HBI_wadarta, 19 shey, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89) oo u dhexeysa 19 ilaa 95. Seddex miisaaniyadood ayaa la xisaabin karaa: xakameyn (8 walxood, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89), la qabsiga (7 shay, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.84) iyo cawaaqibta (4 shay, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.76). Iswaafajinta gudaha waxay ahayd mid la aqbali karo kala duwanaanshaha wanaagsan ee daraasaddan (eeg macluumaadka kor ku xusan).

Dhiirigelinta jinsiga ee khiyaanada leh waxaa lagu cabiray Su'aalaha Dhiirrigelinta Galmada ee Rabitaanka (TSMQ; Stark et al., 2015). TSMQ wuxuu ka kooban yahay 35 shey oo ku raraya 4 waxyaalood oo hoose: jinsi keli ah (10 walxo, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.77), muhiimada galmada (15 shay, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89), raadinta kulanno galmo (4 shay, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.92), iyo isbarbardhiga kuwa kale (6 walxo, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.86). Dheeraad ah, tusmo guud oo loogu talagalay dhiirigelinta galmada (TSMQ_{macneheedu waa}) waxaa loo xisaabin karaa inuu yahay celceliska dhammaan 35 shey (Cronbach's ɑ = 0.91). Shay kasta waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa miisaanka 6-dhibcood ee Likert oo u dhexeeya 0 (ma ahan) ilaa 5 (aad u badan). Ka qaybgalayaasha waxaa la farayaa inay la xiriiraan qoraalkooda shantii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Ereyga "dhiirigelin galmo" oo loo isticmaalay cabirkan waxaa ka mid ah waxqabadyo galmo oo lala yeesho lammaane iyo sidoo kale hawlo jinsi keli ah Qiimaha sare wuxuu muujinayaa dhiirigelinta galmada sare.

Macluumaadka akhlaaqda

Waqtiga falcelinta waxaa lagu qeexay waqtiga udhaxeeya bilowga bartilmaameedka iyo bilowga jawaabta. Xogta waqtiga falcelinta waxaa lagu baarey banaanka iyadoo laga reebay xogta ka hooseysa 100 ms ama ka sareyso celcelis ahaan + 1.5 × SD xaalad kasta iyadoo lagu saleynayo qiimaha qiyaasta tirakoobka. Marka tan la eego, waxaa jiray seddex shey oo ku jira sambalka oo dhan (mid xaaladdiiba). Tirakoobka sharraxaadda ayaa la xisaabiyay marka laga reebo kuwa ka baxsan iyo qiimaha ka maqan xogta. Qiimayaasha la waayey waxay ka koobnaayeen falcelinno soo daahay ama aan lahayn falcelin ku saabsan iskutallaabta hagaajinta. Farqiga u dhexeeya dhexdhexaadka xilliyada falcelinta ee tijaabooyinka guuleysta waxaa lagu falanqeeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo tijaabada Kruskal-Wallis iyo tijaabooyinka Dunn-Bonferroni. Ugu dambeyntiina, isku xirnaanshaha Pearson ee u dhexeeya waqtiyada falcelinta ee saddexda xaaladood iyo arrimaha halista u ah CSBD ayaa la xisaabiyay.

Natiijooyinka

Tusaalooyin sireed

Shaxda 1 wuxuu soo koobayaa tirakoobka sharraxaadda. Isku xirnaanta noocyada udhaxeeya su'aalaha qaab dhismeedka waxay keeneen isku xirnaan dhexdhexaad ah oo xoogan oo muujinaya labadaba iskudhafyada iyo saamiyada kordhinta dhismooyinka kaladuwan Berdihii. 2).

Jadwalka 1.Cabbiraadaha cilmi nafsiga iyo qiimeynta galmada iyo xakameynta fiidiyowyada loo adeegsaday howlaha dib udhaca dhiirigelinta galmada (N = 73)

		Mean (SD)	Range
s-IATgalmada	Xakamaynta luminta	10.56 (4.66)	6.00-30.00
	damacsanaayeen	9.60 (3.44)	6.00-26.00
	s-IATgalmada dhibcaha guud	20.16 (7.74)	12.00-56.00
HBI	Control	14.86 (6.28)	8.00-39.00
	Laqabsashada	17.92 (5.48)	7.00-32.00
	Cawaaqibta	6.71 (2.81)	4.00-20.00
	HBIwadarta	39.49 (11.48)	20.00-90.00
TimePU [h / bishii]		6.49 (7.21)	0.00-42.00
TSMQ	Galmada keli ah	3.74 (0.68)	1.80-5,00
	Ahmiyada galmada	3.82 (0.74)	1.27-5.00
	Raadinta la kulanka galmada	1.50 (1.40)	0.00-4.75
	Isbarbardhiga dadka kale	1.73 (1.10)	0.00-4.33
	TSMQmacneheedu waa	2.70 (0.69)	1.05-4.35
Qiimeynta dareenka galmada	Valencia	6.35 (1.17)	2.14-8.67
	Kacaawinta galmada	6.63 (1.16)	2.14-8.62
Qiimeynta kicinta xakamaynta	Valencia	5.51 (1.27)	2.95-8.86
	Kacaawinta galmada	2.01 (0.97)	1.00-5.00

Fiiro gaar ah: s-IAT_galmada = Nooca gaaban ee Imtixaanka Maandooriyaha ee Internetka oo loo beddelay cybersex (Laier et al., 2013), HBI = Soosaarka Habdhaqanka Habdhaqanka 'Hypersexual Behavior'Reid et al., 2011), Waqti_PU = Waqtiga lagu qaato isticmaalka filimada qaawan; TSMQ = Su'aalo Ku Saabsan Dhiirigelinta GalmadaStark et al., 2015).

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Isdhaxgalka astaamaha balwadaha la xiriira (N = 73): s-IAT_galmada iyo HBI = wadarta dhibcaha isticmaalka qaawan ee dhibaatada leh, Waqti_PU = Waqtiga lagu qaatay sawirada qaawan ee h / bishii; TSMQ = macnaha qiimaha loogu talagalay dhiirigelinta galmada

Sharax: Joornaalka Daroogada Habdhaqanka JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018

Tijaabada Kruskal – Wallis ayaa muujisay kala duwanaansho weyn oo udhaxeeya waqtiyada falcelinta dhexdhexaadka iyadoo laga jawaabayo bartilmaameedka saddexda xaaladood (Cue_None, Cue_Control, Cue_VSS; Χ²(2) = 12.05, P <0.01). Shaxda 2 wuxuu soo koobayaa tirakoobka sharraxaad ee waqtiyada falcelinta inta lagu jiro SIDT. Tijaabooyinka dambe ee dambe (Dunn – Bonferroni tests) ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in waqtiga falcelinta bartilmaameedka xaalad Cue_VSS ayaa si weyn uga dhakhso badnaa waqtiga falcelinta ee xaaladda Cue_Control (z = 2.68, P <0.05, Cohen's d = -0.65) iyo xaalad Cue_None (z = 3.35, P <0.01, Cohen's d = -0.82). Taa bedelkeeda, waqtiyada jawaab celinta ee kicinta bartilmaameedka xaaladaha Cue_Control iyo Cue_None si weyn ugama duwanaan midba midka kale (z = 0.59, P = 0.56). Lama helin xiriirro muhiim ah inta udhaxeysa waqtiyada falcelinta ee saddexda xaaladood iyo sababaha halista u ah CSBD (dhammaantood) r <0.1, P > 0.10) Cue_None waxaa ku xigay 75 (4.89%) jawaabo maqan, Cue_Control waxaa ku xigay 51 (3.33%) jawaabo maqan, iyo Cue_VSS waxaa ku xigay 17 (1.11%) jawaabo ka maqnaa dhammaan kaqeybgalayaasha.

Jadwalka 2.Tirakoobka sharraxaadda ee xilliyada falcelinta ee hawsha dhiirrigelinta dhiirrigelinta galmada (N = 73)

	Midiyaan (SD)
CueVSS	235.11 (60.94)
CueControl	296.63 (135.01)
CueNone	314.42 (158.64)

Fiiro gaar ah: Cue_Vss = muujinta muuqaalka fiidiyowga qaawan, Cue_Control = tilmaam ku dhawaaqida fiidiyow duugis ah, Cue_None = tilmaam ku dhawaaqid la'aan fiidiyow.

Jawaabaha Hemodynamic

Astaamaha tilmaamaya VSS marka la barbardhigo tilmaamaha tilmaamaha muujinta kumbuyuutarku waxay keeneen jawaab-celin heerkeedu sarreeyo ee dhiigga-oksijiinta (BOLD) ee NAcc, caudate, putamen, iyo insula (dhammaan labada dhinac), iyo sidoo kale dACC iyo thalamus saxda ah. Jawaab aad u sareysa oo BOLD ah ayaa sidoo kale laga helay bidixda NAcc iyo OFC, labada caudate, putamen, dACC, insula, amygdala, iyo thalamus inta lagu gudajiray bixinta fiidiyowga VSS marka la barbar dhigo xakamaynta xakamaynta (dhammaan natiijooyinka eeg Shaxda 3 iyo Berdihii. 3).

Jadwalka 3.Natiijooyinka ROI ee farqiga u ah Cue_VSS–Ceeb_Control iyo Gaarsiin_VSSGaarsiinta_Control (Hal Sample) t-dibadbaxyo) leh cabirka kutlada (k) iyo tirakoobka (FWE-saxay; N = 73)

la barbardhigo	Qaabdhismeedka	Side	x	y	z	k	Tmax	Psax
CueVSS–CeebControl	NAcc	L	-6	8	-4	77	8.71
		R	8	10	-4	65	7.50
	coodsi	L	-8	10	2	449	9.66
		R	10	14	4	476	8.18
	putamen	L	-16	8	-2	774	6.72
		R	24	2	4	766	7.42
	DACC	R	12	16	36	1,697	10.77
	jasiirad	L	-34	14	6	592	9.43
		R	38	14	4	604	8.65
	thalamus	R	8	-2	0	2,164	8.91
DeliveryVSSGaarsiintaControl	NAcc	L	-8	14	-8	69	9.49
	coodsi	L	-12	-6	18	56	4.24
		R	16	-16	22	71	5.32
	putamen	L	-18	12	-10	314	6.58
		R	32	-12	-10	63	7.28
	DACC	L	-2	20	28	953	5.43
		R	4	4	32	953	9.19
	amygdala	L	-22	-4	-16	232	10.71
		R	20	-4	-14	280	12.20
	jasiirad	L	-36	-4	14	517	9.52
		R	38	2	-16	476	9.19
	OFC	L	-6	44	-18	2,825	17.45
	thalamus	L	-20	-30	-2	1,747	25.67
		R	20	-28	0	1,747	24.08

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Waxqabadka ROI ee ka soo horjeedka Cue_VSS–Ceeb_Control (A) iyo Gaarsiin_VSSGaarsiinta_Control (B). Khadadka ku yaal jeexitaanka sagittal ee dhinaca midig waxay muujinayaan jeexjeexa wadnaha ee lagu sawiray dhinaca bidix. Astaamaha tilmaamaya VSS (Cue_VSS) marka loo eego tilmaamaha tilmaamaya agabyada duugista ah (Cue_Control) waxay ka jawaab celisay BOLD sare ee putamen, NAcc, caudate, iyo insula. Xirmooyinka VSS (Gaarsiinta_VSS) marka la barbar dhigo duubista duugista (Gaarsiinta_Control) waxay ka jawaab celisay BOLD sare thalamus, insula, amygdala, putamen, iyo OFC. Muujiyay t-waxaa laga helayaa qiimaha t <5

Sharax: Joornaalka Daroogada Habdhaqanka JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018

Falanqaynta maskaxda oo dhan ayaa muujisay jawaabaha hemodynamic sare ee kutlada isdaba-joog ah oo ay ku jiraan qaybo badan oo maskaxda ah oo loo yaqaan 'Cue'_VSS marka la barbar dhigo Cue_Control (Xadka kooxda k = 174,054 voxel) iyo markale isdhaafsiga Gaarsiinta_VSS marka la barbar dhigo Gaarsiinta_Control (k = 134,654)

Waxyaabaha halista u ah CSBD iyo jawaabaha hemodynamic

Midkoodna dib-u-eegis laguma falanqeynayo xiriirka ka dhexeeya arrimaha halista u ah CSBD (is-sheegay PPU, waqti lagu qaatay isticmaalka filimada, iyo dhiirigelinta jinsiga) iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa neerfaha ee takoorka ee ROI kasta inta lagu jiro marxaladda la filayo (Cue_VSS–Ceeb_Control) ama wejiga dhalmada (Delivery_VSSGaarsiinta_Control) waxay keeneen wax saameyn ah oo muhiim ah. Jaantuska 4 wuxuu soo bandhigayaa ururada u dhexeeya arrimahan halista ah iyo nucleus bidix waxqabadka ugu sarreeya ee 'voxel'.

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Isku xirnaanta udhaxeysa nucleus bidix waxay keentaa 'waxqabadka ugu sarreeya ee voxel iyo s-IATsex, HBI, waqtiga lagu qaatay isticmaalka qaawan ee h / bishii (Waqtiga_PU) iyo wadarta dhibcaha TSMQ inta lagu gudajiray wajiga rajada (safka kore, NAcc [-6 8 -4]) iyo wajiga bixinta (safka hoose, NAcc [-8 14 -8]) ee Hawsha Dhiirrigelinta Galmada (N = 73)

Sharax: Joornaalka Daroogada Habdhaqanka JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018

Dood

Ujeeddada ugu horreysa ee warbixintan waxay ahayd in la baaro waxqabadka maskaxda la xiriira abaalmarinta inta lagu gudajiro rajada iyo wajiga bixinta ee VSS muunad weyn oo aan caafimaad aheyn iyadoo la adeegsanayo SIDT. Waxaan ogaanay in soo bandhigida fiidiyowyada qaawan iyo sidoo kale soo bandhigida tilmaamaha kahoreeyay fiidiyowyada qaawan ay xiriir la leeyihiin waxqabadka maskaxda sare ee meelaha maskaxda abaalmarinta laxiriira (NAcc, amygdala, OFC, putamen, caudate nucleus, insula, thalamus, iyo dACC) marka la barbar dhigo soo bandhigida fiidiyowyada duugista ah ama tilmaamaha ka horreeya fiidiyowyada duugista, siday isugu xigaan. Natiijooyinkayagu waxay la jaan qaadayaan natiijooyinka Sescusse iyo al. (2015, 2010), oo isbarbardhigay jawaabta neerfaha ee VSS iyo kicinta aan VSS-ka ahayn (halkan lacag ahaan) kicinta muunad ka mid ah ragga caafimaadka qaba inta lagu jiro hawl dib u dhac dhiirigelin leh Marka laga hadlayo jawaabaha maskaxda ee tilmaamaha VSS, waxay ka heleen firfircooni sare qeybta 'ventral striatum' iyadoo la kordhinayo xoojinta abaalmarinta. Intii lagu jiray bixinta, waxay sidoo kale ka heleen waxqabadka maskaxda gaarka ah ee abaalmarinta VSS qayb ka mid ah OFC iyo sidoo kale amygdala laba geesood ah. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, waxay aqoonsadeen gobollo ku lug lahaa ka shaqeynta labada nooc ee abaalmarinta (ventral striatum, midbrain, ACC, insula anterior).

Xogta habdhaqanka ayaa muujisay in waqtiyada falcelintu ay si aad ah uga dhakhso badan tahay in lala bartilmaameedsado kicinta xaaladda soo bandhigeysa tilmaamyada qaawan marka loo eego xaaladaha tilmaamaha kantaroolka ah ama tilmaamaha aan ku dhawaaqin wax fiidiyow ah haba yaraatee. Tani waxay muujineysaa in rajada VSS ay dhaqaajineyso nidaamka mootada, taasoo hoosta ka xariiqeysa qiimaha dhiirrigelinta sare ee VSS.

Ujeeddada labaad waxay ahayd in la baaro xiriirka ka dhexeeya jawaabaha neerfaha ee VSS iyo sidoo kale tilmaamo iyo arrimo halis u ah CSBD. Waxyaabaha halista ah ee la cabiray waxay muujiyeen cilaaqaadyo isku-dheellitiran oo ah awood dhexdhexaad ah oo midba midka kale ka dhexeeyo, taasoo muujineysa isku ekaanshaha iyo sidoo kale qeybaha kororka dhismaha. Midkoodna su'aalaha lagu cabiro PPU (HBI iyo s-IAT)_galmada), ama qadarka waqtiga ee ku lumaya galmada, ama dhiirigelinta jinsiga (TSMQ) si weyn loola xiriiriyay nashaadaadka maskaxda ee meelaha maskaxda la xiriira abaalmarinta inta lagu gudajiray iyo rajada galmada.

Si ku habboon looga wada hadlo xiriirka ka maqan ee u dhexeeya arrimaha halista u ah CSBD iyo jawaabaha neerfaha ee VSS, waxaa waxtar leh in lala tashado suugaanta jirta ee daraasadaha oo isbarbardhigaya jawaabaha neerfaha ee CSBD ee kaqeybgalayaasha kantaroolka (habka isbarbardhigga kooxeed) ama falanqeeyaan isku xirnaanta arrimaha loogu talagalay CSBD oo leh jawaabaha NAcc ee VSS (habka isku xirnaanta). Ka dib habka isbarbardhiga kooxda, daraasadaha qaarkood waxay heleen jawaab celin neerfis oo aad u weyn oo ku wajahan VSS ee marinka mareenka iyo sidoo kale meelaha kale ee abaalmarinta la xiriira ee kaqeybgalayaasha ee PPU marka la barbar dhigo kaqeybgalayaasha xakamayntaGola et al., 2017; Seok & Sohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014). Natiijada muhiimka ah ee daraasadda by Gola iyo al. (2017) waxay ahayd tilmaamahaas saadaaliyay VSS inay la xiriiraan firfircoonaan firfircoon ee kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD marka loo eego maadooyinka caafimaadka qaba. Halka Gola iyo al. (2017) baaray muuqaal isku-dhafan oo isku-dhafan oo galmo ah iyo lacag-bixinno leh sawirro haween ah oo qaawan oo tilmaamo ah, Klucken iyo al. (2016) baaro qaab qaboojiyaha cunnada leh tilmaamo joomatari. Natiija ahaan, waxay heleen waxqabad amygdala ah inta lagu gudajiray qaboojinta CS + (cue saadaalinta VSS) oo ka soo horjeedda CS- (cue saadaalin waxba) ee kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD marka la barbar dhigo kaqeybgalayaasha xakamaynta, laakiin ma jiro kala duwanaansho ku saabsan marinka mareenka. Taas bedelkeeda, qaabka ku habboon ee rabitaanka cuntada ee Banca iyo al. (2016) ma jirin wax saameyn kooxeed ah oo udhaxeeya kaqeybgalayaasha CSBD iyo xakameynta kaqeybgalayaasha ee ku saabsan jawaabaha neerfaha ee tilmaamaha kala duwan (qaababka midabada leh ee saadaaliya VSS, abaalmarin lacageed ama waxba).

Daraasadaha ka dambeeya habka isku xirnaanta waxay muujiyeen natiijooyin aan iswaafaqsaneyn oo ku saabsan xiriirka ka dhexeeya arrimaha halista u ah CSBD iyo jawaabaha neerfaha ee VSS: Halka Kühn iyo Gallinat (2014) helay isku xirnaan xumo udhaxeysa waqtiga lagu qaatay filimada qaawan iyo waxqabadka qeybta bidix, Brand et al. (2016) ma soo sheegin wax xiriir ah oo muhiim ah oo ka dhexeeya jawaabaha ventral striatum iyo waqtiga caadiga ah ee lagu qaato filimmada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay ogaadeen in dhaqdhaqaaqa ventral striatum uu si wanaagsan ula xiriiray heerka is-qiimeynta PPU (oo lagu cabiray s-IAT_galmada). Intaa waxaa sii dheer, mid ka mid ah daraasaddeennii hore ma aanan helin wax saameyn ah oo muhiim ah oo waqtiga ku qaadashada sawir-gacmeedka ama ku dhiirrigelinta dhiirigelinta galmada ee jawaabta neerfaha ee VSS (Stark et al., 2019). Sidaa awgeed, cilmi-baarista hadda socota ee ku saabsan ka-shaqeynta VSS ee maadooyinka leh heerar kala duwan oo sababaha halista ah ee CSBD ayaa u muuqda kuwo aan is-waafaqsanayn. Hase yeeshe natiijooyinka isku midka ah ee daraasadaha ee adeegsanaya habka isbarbardhiga kooxda laakiin natiijooyinka aan iswaafaqsaneyn ee daraasadaha isku xirnaanta ayaa soo jeedin kara in habka neerfaha ee VSS ee CSBD uu si weyn uga duwan yahay tan shaybaarada hoose. Soo-jeedintan, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay daneyneysaa aragtida Aragtida Dareenka ee Robinson iyo Berridge (1993) taas oo soo jeedinaysa kordhinta jawaabaha neerfaha ee tilmaamaha inta lagu jiro horumarinta qabatinka. Illaa iyo hadda, weli ma cadda in aragtidu ay khuseyso CSBD iyo haddii ay sidaas tahay, haddii jawaabaha neerfaha ee sii kordhaya ee VSS ay si isku mid ah u beddelaan ama haddii heer xasaasi ah ee dabeecadaha balwadda leh ay tahay in la dhaafo.

Arrin xiiso leh, sidoo kale balwadaha la xiriira waxyaabaha la xiriira natiijooyinka ku saabsan Aragtida Dareenka Dhiirrigelintu waa kuwo aan iswaafaqsaneyn. Dhowr falanqeyn moodo ah ayaa muujiyay falcelin cufan oo kordhay nidaamka abaalmarinta (Chase, Eickhoff, Laird, & Hogarth, 2011; Kühn & Gallinat, 2011b; Schacht, Anton, & Myrick, 2012), laakiin daraasadaha qaarkood ma xaqiijin karaan natiijooyinkan (Engelmann et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2020; Zilberman, Lavidor, Yadid, & Rassovsky, 2019). Sidoo kale balwadaha akhlaaqda falcelin sare oo falcelin ah oo ku saabsan shabakadda abaalmarinta ee maadooyinka balwadda leh marka la barbardhigo maadooyinka caafimaadka qaba waxaa laga helay oo keliya tiro yar oo daraasadaha ah sida lagu soo koobay dib u eegistii ugu dambeysay Antons iyo al. (2020). Marka la soo koobo, gunaanadka waxaa lagu sawiri karaa in falcelinta falcelinta ee balwadda ay wax ka beddeleyso dhowr arrimood sida arrimo shaqsiyeed iyo arrimo gaar u ah daraasadda (Jasinska et al., 2014). Natiijooyinkayaga eber ee ku saabsan isku xirnaanta dhaqdhaqaaqa uur-ku-jirta iyo arrimaha halista ah ee CSBD ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in xitaa muunaddeena ballaaran aan tixgelin karno oo keliya xulasho yar oo ka mid ah sababaha saameynta ku yeelan kara. Daraasado ballaadhan oo dheeri ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si caddaalad loogu sameeyo arrimo badan. Marka la eego naqshadeynta, tusaale ahaan, habka dareenka dareenka ama tilmaamidda tilmaamaha ayaa muhiim noqon kara (Jasinska et al., 2014).

Marka loo eego cabbirkayaga muunad weyn (marka loo eego daraasadaha kale) uma badna in la'aanta awood tirakoob ay sababtay natiijooyinka null ee la xiriira isku xirnaanta arrimaha halista u ah CSBD iyo jawaabaha neerfaha ee VSS iyo tilmaamaha VSS. Waxay u badan tahay, isbeddelka loo yaqaan 'evolutionary-driven', guud ahaan qiimaha dhiirrigelinta ee VSS wuxuu kiciyaa aagagga maskaxda ee abaal-marinta la xiriira oo si isku mid ah uga tagaya meel yar oo yar oo loogu talagalay kala duwanaanshaha shakhsi ahaaneed (saameynta saqafka). Qiyaastaani waxaa taageeray daraasado muujinaya in ay adag tahay kala duwanaanshaha galmada ee la xiriira ka shaqeynta VSS ee shabakada abaalmarinta (Poepl iyo al., 2016; Stark iyo al., 2019; Wehrum iyo al., 2013). Si kastaba ha noqotee, sababaha iswaafaq la'aanta udhaxeysa daraasadaha waxay u baahan yihiin in lagu muujiyo daraasado dheeraad ah.

Gabagabada

Daraasaddeennu waxay baari jirtay habeynta tilmaamaha iyo kicinta VSS iyadoo la adeegsanayo SIDT muunad weyn oo aan caafimaad ahayn. Dheeraad ah, SIDT-kayaga wax laga badalay wuxuu SIDT-da hore ku hagaajinayaa adoo adeegsanaya boodhadhka filimada halkii laga isticmaali lahaa sawirro taagan, iyadoo la adeegsanayo fiidiyowyo duugis ah oo xaalad ahaan lagu xakameynayo halkii laga qaadi lahaa sawirro la duubay, iyo iyadoo la adeegsanayo tilmaamo aan ku jirin macluumaadka galmada. Waxaan awoodnay inaan soo celino natiijooyinka muujinaya kaqeybgalka nidaamka abaalmarinta inta lagu gudajiray howsha tilmaamaha iyo VSS. Ka soo horjeedda fikradahayada, ma aanan aqoonsan karin saameynta astaamaha shakhsiyadeed ee loo maleynayo inay yihiin arrimo halis u ah horumarinta CSBD ee ku saabsan jawaabaha neerfaha ee ROI kasta oo ku xiran nidaamka abaalmarinta. Cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka waa inay baaraan dhammaan noocyada astaamaha CSBD si ay si fiican u fahmaan sida isticmaalka filimada sawir-qaadista ahi ugu kobco habdhaqanka cudurada iyo arrimaha saadaalin kara horumarkan.