Ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka sida laxiriirta khalkhalka dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah iyo isticmaalka sawir-xumada dhibaatada leh - Daraasad horay loo diiwaan geliyay oo ku saleysan muunad wakiil qaran oo Poland ah (2022)
aan la taaban karin
Background
Qaabka laqabsiga ee khalkhalka dhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah (CSBD) iyo isticmaalka sawir-qaadista ee dhibaatada leh (PPU) ayaa saadaaliyay jiritaanka calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka kordhinta dareenka galmada ee phenotype. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, caddaymo cad oo cad oo taageeraya sheegashadan ayaa inta badan ka maqan.
Dariiqooyinka
Sahankii hore loo diwaangeliyay, wakiil qarann = 1,541, 51.2% dumarka, da'da: M = 42.99, SD = 14.38), waxaanu baarnay doorka is-sheegida calaamadaha ka noqoshada iyo dulqaadka marka loo eego darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU.
Natiijooyinka
Ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka labaduba waxay si weyn ula xiriireen darnaanta CSBD (β = 0.34; P <0.001 iyo β = 0.38; P <0.001, siday u kala horreeyaan) iyo PPU (β = 0.24; P <0.001 iyo β = 0.27; P <0.001, siday u kala horreeyaan). 21 ka mid ah noocyada calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee la baaray, calaamadaha inta badan la soo sheegay waxay ahaayeen fikrado galmo oo soo noqnoqda oo ay adagtahay in la joojiyo (ka qaybgalayaasha leh CSBD: 65.2% iyo PPU: 43.3%), korodhka guud ee dareenka (37.9%; 29.2%), adag. si loo xakameeyo heerka rabitaanka galmada (57.6%; 31.0%), xanaaq (37.9%; 25.4%), isbeddellada niyadda ee soo noqnoqda (33.3%; 22.6%), iyo dhibaatooyinka hurdada (36.4%; 24.5%).
Gabagabada
Isbeddellada la xidhiidha niyadda iyo kacsiga guud ee lagu xusay daraasaddan hadda waxay la mid yihiin kooxda calaamadaha xanuunka ka-noqoshada ee loo soo jeediyay cilladda khamaarka iyo cilladda ciyaaraha internetka ee DSM-5. Daraasadu waxay bixinaysaa caddayn horudhac ah oo ku saabsan mawduuc aan la baran, natiijooyinka hadda jira waxay yeelan karaan saameyn la taaban karo oo ku saabsan fahamka etiology iyo kala soocida CSBD iyo PPU. Isla mar ahaantaana, samaynta gabagabada ku saabsan muhiimada kiliinikada, isticmaalka ogaanshaha iyo sifooyinka faahfaahsan ee calaamadaha ka noqoshada iyo dulqaadka sida qayb ka mid ah CSBD iyo PPU, iyo sidoo kale qabatinka kale ee dabeecadda, waxay u baahan tahay dadaalo cilmi baaris oo dheeraad ah.
Hordhac
Ciladda habdhaqanka galmada ee qasabka ah (CSBD) sida lagu soo bandhigay Kala-saarista Caalamiga ah ee Cudurrada, dib-u-eegistii 11aad (ICD-11; Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka [WHO], 2020) waxaa horumariya oo ay sii wadaan qaab udub dhexaad u ah dhibaatooyinka lagu xakameynayo qofka dabeecadiisa, fikirkiisa, shucuurtiisa iyo dareenkiisa qaybta galmada, taasoo dhalinaysa cawaaqib xumo la xidhiidha shaqaynta daciifka ah ee qaybaha kale ee nolosha. Dhaqan ahaan, cilmi-baarayaashu waxay ku qeexeen hab-dhaqanka CSBD-sida marka la eego moodooyinka qabatinka galmada ("dhaqanka dabeecadda"), qasabka galmada iyo dareenka galmada, oo leh qaabka mukhaadaraadka oo ah kan ugu da'da weyn oo lagu doodi karo kan ugu ballaaran ee looga hadlay suugaanta (dib u eegis moodooyinka waxay arkayaan: Bancroft & Vukadinovic, 2004; Kafka, 2010; Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). In kasta oo CSBD lagu daray ICD-11 sida khalkhalka kontoroolka degdega ah, qorayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in si ka sii wanaagsan loogu kala saari karo qabatinka, oo la mid ah cilladda khamaarka, kaas oo lagu daray habdhaqan / maandooriye la'aan gudaha DSM-5 iyo ICD -11Ururka cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka (APA), 2013; Potenza, Gola, Voon, Kor, & Kraus, 2017; WHO, 2020). Dib-u-soocidda suurtagalka ah ee CSBD ee noocyada mustaqbalka ee kala soocida ICD iyo DSM ayaa weli ku socota dood firfircoon (Brand et al., 2020; Gola et al., 2020; Sassover & Weinstein, 2020). Qaabka mukhaadaraadka wuxuu noqon karaa, oo inta badan, lagu dabaqaa isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee dhibaatada leh (PPU), oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo inay la kulmaan xakameyn xumo, cidhiidhi iyo / ama cawaaqib xun oo la xidhiidha isticmaalka sawir-qaadka (PPU).de Alarcón, de la Iglesia, Casado, & Montejo, 2019; Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016).
Qaabka laqabsiga ee CSBD iyo PPU
Qaabka laqabsiga ee CSBD waxa uu dhigayaa in cilad-xumadu ku haboon tahay sifooyinka "qabatinka dabeecadda" (Potenza et al., 2017). Qaab dhismeedka qabatinka akhlaaqda waxa uu soo jeedinayaa in ku lug lahaanshaha dabeecadaha qaarkood, sida khamaarka, laga yaabo in ay dhaliso farxad sidaas darteedna ay kor u qaaddo rabitaan xoog leh oo ku saabsan ka-qaybgalka soo noqnoqda, ugu dambayntiina horseedaya dabeecad sii socota inkasta oo cawaaqib xun ay jirto. Dhaqanka waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu soo celiyo si isdaba joog ah sababtoo ah dulqaadka iyo ka-qaybgalka habdhaqanka ee ka hortagaya calaamadaha ka-noqoshada, oo leh kontorool dabeecad xumo (tusaale, Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Potenza et al., 2017). Xogta taageerta CSBD sida cillad la qabatimo waxay ka timaadaa meelo badan oo ay ku jiraan daraasado neuroimaging oo muujinaya qaabdhismeedka maskaxda iyo / ama isku midka ah ee u dhexeeya CSBD iyo walxaha iyo dabeecadaha dabeecaddaGola & Draps, 2018; Kowalewska et al., 2018; Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Magac, & Strahler, 2018). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadihii hore weli ma bixin caddayn xooggan oo lagu taageerayo soocidda noocan oo kale ah inay jirto (tusaale, Macdan qode, Raymond, Mueller, Lloyd, & Lim, 2009; Sassover & Weinstein, 2020). Markaa, dadaallo dheeri ah waa in la baaro saadaasha qaabka qabatinka, oo ay ku jiraan calaamadaha ka noqoshada iyo dulqaadka (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016).
Calaamadaha leexashada
Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada (sidoo kale loo yaqaanno ka-noqoshada xanuunka) waxay ka kooban yihiin dareemo xun ama jawaab-celin jireed oo dhaca marka laga fogaado ama xaddido ka qayb qaadashada isticmaalka muqaadaraadka ama dabeecadaha la qabatimay ka dib ka-qaybgal waqti dheer, joogto ah ama caadi ah. Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ayaa laga yaabaa inay u muuqdaan kuwo badan haddii aysan ahayn dhammaan walxaha xadgudubka (tusaale, Bayard, McIntyre, Hill, & Woodside, 2004; Kosten & O'Connor, 2003; Vandrey, Budney, Hughes, & Liguori, 2008laakiin sidoo kale loogu talagalay qabatinka akhlaaqda (tusaale, khalkhalka khamaarka iyo khalkhalka ciyaaraha internetka)Blaszczynski, Walker, Sharpe, & Nower, 2008; Griffiths & Smeaton, 2002; Kaptsis, King, Delfabbro, & Gradisar, 2016; King, Kaptsis, Delfabbro, & Gradisar, 2016; Lee, Tse, Blaszczynski, & Tsang, 2020; Rosenthal & Lesieur, 1992). Ciladda ciyaaraha internetka iyo balwadaha kale ee akhlaaqda, xanuunka ka-noqoshada waxaa ka mid noqon kara xanaaqa, niyadda dysphoric, shaqeynta garashada liidata iyo diiradda, degenaansho la'aanta iyo heerarka sare ee hamiga kuwaas oo dhaca inta lagu jiro degdegga ama ka-hortagga (2016). Dhab ahaantii, calaamadaha ka-noqoshada waxay ka muuqdaan shuruudo rasmi ah oo loogu talagalay cilladda ciyaaraha internetka (APA, 2013). Marka loo eego DSM-5, xanuunka ka-noqoshada waxaa loo aqoonsan karaa sida: "Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada marka ciyaaraha internetka laga saaro (calamadahan waxaa sida caadiga ah lagu tilmaamaa xanaaq, walaac, ama murugo, laakiin ma jiraan calaamado jireed oo ka-noqosho farmashiye ah."APA, 2013)). Sidoo kale, calaamadaha ka-noqoshada waxaa lagu sifeeyaa shuruudaha rasmiga ah ee cilladda khamaarka. Iyadoo la raacayo qeexitaankan, calaamadaha ka-noqoshada waxaa ka mid ah degenaansho la'aan ama xanaaq marka la isku dayayo in la joojiyo ama la yareeyo khamaarka (APA, 2013). Waxaa xusid mudan in labadaba qeexitaannadan ay tilmaamayaan isbeddello saameyn leh oo isku mid ah (oo aan ahayn calaamado jireed). In ICD-11's (WHO, 2020) fikradda ciyaaraha iyo khalkhalka khamaarka (labadaba ka tirsan "Dhibaatada ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay") calaamadaha ka noqoshada looma aqoonsanin inay yihiin shuruudo rasmi ah.
Sida ugu fiican ee aqoontayada, hal daraasad oo keliya ayaa tiro ahaan u baadhay calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee dabeecadda CSBD-sida (1997). Inta lagu guda jiro wareysiga ogaanshaha, 52 ka mid ah 53 kaqeybgalayaasha (98%) qaba qabatinka galmada ayaa sheegay seddex ama in ka badan oo calaamado ah oo la kulmay sababtoo ah ka-noqoshada hawlaha galmada, oo leh noocyada ugu badan ee calaamadaha ay yihiin niyad-jab, xanaaq, walaac, hurdo la'aan, iyo daal. Dhawaan, Fernandez, Kuss, iyo Griffiths (2021) ayaa sameeyay falanqayn tayo leh oo ku saabsan sawirada qaawan iyo warbixinada ka fogaanshaha siigaysashada ee laga soo qaatay gole online ah oo loo qoondeeyay mawduucan. Qayb hoose oo ka mid ah warbixinnada la lafa-guray waxay xuseen dhacdooyinka dareenka xun iyo xaaladaha garashada, kuwaas oo loo aanayn karo saamaynta ka-noqoshada; si kastaba ha ahaatee, habab kale ayaa waliba ciyaarta ku jiri kara (tusaale, si ka sii daran ula qabsiga xaaladaha xun xun marka habdhaqanka galmada aan loo isticmaali karin hab laqabsigaFernandez iyo al., 2021)).
Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ayaa ah kuwo si liidata loo qiimeeyo inta badan daraasadaha lagu baarayo PPU iyo CSBD ee muunadaha bukaan-socodka iyo kuwa aan bukaan-socodka ahayn iyo inta badan aaladaha la jaan-qaadaya ma qiimeeyaan dhacdadan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Miisaanka Isticmaalka Sawirka Galmada ee Dhibaatada leh (Bőthe et al., 2018) waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr shay oo la xidhiidha calaamadaha ka-noqoshada isticmaalka sawirada qaawan, kuwaas oo loo arko inay yihiin qaybaha PPU, iyo, iyada oo ku saleysan kalsoonida iyo tusmooyinka ansaxnimada, walxahan waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin qayb isku xiran oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dhismaha lagu qiimeeyay su'aal-ururinta (Bőthe et al., 2018). Su'aalo-ururinta waxay u hawlgelisaa ka-noqoshada sida (1) kicinta, (2) cadaadis saaraya, iyo (3) sawir-xumo la waayay marka qofku aanu daawan karin. Iyadoo ay muhiim tahay, falanqayn ballaaran oo kakan oo ku saabsan calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ayaa inta badan ka maqan suugaanta. Aqoontayada, ma jiro cabbir kale oo la habeeyey oo PPU/CSBD ah oo ay ku jiraan walxaha si toos ah u qiimeeya ka bixitaanka.
Tolerance
Dulqaadku wuxuu ka tarjumayaa dareenka hoos u dhaca ee walax gaar ah ama dabeecad, taas oo keenta baahida loo qabo in la qaato qiyaaso sare oo walax ah (ama si joogto ah ugu lug yeeshaan dabeecad ama qaabab aad u daran) si loo gaaro isla heerka jawaabta (ama in isla heerka ka-qaybgalku uu keeno jawaab-celin daciif ah). Si la mid ah joogitaanka calaamadaha ka-noqoshada, dulqaadka kordhay inta lagu jiro muddada qabatinka ayaa lagu muujiyay inta badan walxaha xadgudubka (tusaale, Colizzi & Bhattacharyya, 2018; Perkins, 2002). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xogta ku saabsan dulqaadka iyo CSBD waa mid xadidan oo aan toos ahayn tusaale ahaan, taariikhda dheer ee isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee la xidhiidha jawaabaha putaminal ee bidix ee hoose ee sawirada galmadaKühn & Gallinat, 2014). Marka la eego muhiimada suurtagalka ah ee dulqaadku u leeyahay kala soocida CSBD sida cillad la qabatimo, arrintu waxay u qalantaa dadaallo cilmi baaris oo dheeraad ah. Iyadoo la raacayo qaabka mukhaadaraadka ee CSBD, dulqaadku wuxuu u muuqan karaa ugu yaraan laba siyaabood: (1) soo noqnoqoshada sare ama waqti dheeraad ah oo loo qoondeeyey habdhaqanka galmada si loo gaaro heer isku mid ah oo kacsi ah, iyo (2) isticmaalka waxyaabo xiiso leh oo qaawan, ku lug leh noocyo cusub oo hab-dhaqan galmo ah, marka qofku noqdo mid aan dareemin oo uu raadiyo kicinta kicinta badan si loo gaaro heer isku mid ah oo kicinta galmada. Sida lagu xusay Wines (1997), 39 ka mid ah 53 shakhsiyaadka qaba qabatinka galmada ee is-aqoonsaday (74%) ayaa sheegay in ay ku hawlan yihiin habdhaqanka qabatinka marar badan si loo gaaro jawaab isku mid ah. Sidaa darteed, daraasadda, dulqaadka ayaa la soo sheegay in ka yar marka loo eego calaamadaha ka-noqoshada (74% vs 98% muunadda). Baadhitaano cusub oo dhowaan la sameeyay, 46% ardayda isticmaalaysa filimada xunxun waxay sheegeen inay u beddeleen noocyo cusub oo sawir-qaadis ah, 32% kooxdani waxay sheegeen inay u baahan yihiin daawasho aad u daran (tusaale, rabshado)Dwulit & Rzymski, 2019). Inkasta oo isbeddelladan oo kale laga yaabo inay ka tarjumayaan dulqaadka kicinta galmada, arrintu waxay u baahan tahay baaritaan dheeraad ah oo lagu sameeyo muunado caafimaad oo waaweyn iyo kuwa aan bukaan ahayn.
In kasta oo inta badan aaladaha lagu qiimeeyo PPU iyo CSBD aysan ku jirin qiimeynta dulqaadka, horay loo sheegay Miisaanka Isticmaalka Sawirrada Galmada ee Dhibka leh ayaa fikrad ka dhigaya oo qiimeeya dulqaadka isticmaalka sawirada qaawan sida qayb muhiim ah PPUBőthe et al., 2018). Si la mid ah calaamadaha ka noqoshada, dulqaadku sidoo kale waa qayb ka mid ah shuruudaha rasmiga ah ee khalkhalka khamaarka ee lagu soo bandhigay DSM-5 (APA, 2013). Iyada oo la raacayo fikraddan, dulqaadku waxa uu ka muuqdaa baahida loo qabo in lagu khamaro tiro lacag ah oo sii kordheysa si loo gaaro farxadda la rabo (APA, 2013). Dulqaadku, si kastaba ha ahaatee, laguma darin sida sharuudaha rasmiga ah ee fikradda ICD-11 ee khamaarka iyo cilladaha ciyaarta (WHO, 2020).
Ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka sida qaybaha habdhaqanka balwadaha: Aragti muhiim ah
Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in meesha iyo saliimka calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo u-dulqaadashada qaab-dhismeedka ogaanshaha ee balwadaha akhlaaqdu ay weli tahay mid aan degganayn. Marka hore, sida qaar ka mid ah cilmi-baarayaasha balwadda ay ku doodaan, dulqaadka iyo ka-noqoshada waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan ahayn qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah maandooriyaha maandooriyaha, sidaa darteed waa inaan loo baahnayn qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah soocidda calaamadaha balwadda dhaqanka (Starcevic, 2016). Tan la xidhiidha, daraasadaha qaar - oo diiradda saaraya inta badan khalkhalka ciyaaraha internetka - waxay muujinayaan in dulqaadka iyo calaamadaha ka-noqoshada laga yaabo inaysan faa'iido weyn u yeelanayn si loo kala saaro isticmaalayaasha dhibaatada leh iyo isticmaalayaasha aan dhibaatada lahayn (tusaale, Billieux, Flayelle, Rumpf, & Stein, 2019; Castro-Calvo iyo al., 2021). Waxaa intaa dheer, korodhka soo noqnoqda ee ka-qaybgalka gaar ahaan, dabeecadda suurtagalka ah ee la qabatimo (oo ay ku jiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada ama isticmaalka sawirada qaawan) lagama yaabo inay ka tarjumayso heerarka dulqaadka ee sii kordhaya. Taa baddalkeeda, kordhinta wakhtiga loo huray dhaqdhaqaaqyada galmada iyo/ama ka-qaybgalka qaababka cusub ee dabeecadahaan waxaa loo nisbayn karaa ujeeddooyin kale, oo ay ku jiraan xiisaha galmada iyo ujeedooyinka sahaminta ama buuxinta baahida xiriirka nafsiga ah ee dhaqanka galmada (eeg: Billieux, Schimmenti, Khazaal, Maurage, & Heeren, 2015; Blaszczynski iyo al., 2008; Starcevic, 2016). Isla sidaas oo kale ayay noqon kartaa calaamadaha ka-noqoshada, waayo-aragnimada ka-noqoshada-u eg waxay ka tarjumaysaa fal-celin nafsiyeed oo xun oo ku aaddan habka uu qofku u nafiso xiisadda galmada iyo la kulma raaxada, iyo sidoo kale isu-dhowaanshaha galmada iyo dareenka oo la xaddiday (eeg: Grant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010; Kaptsis iyo al., 2016). Waxaa intaa dheer, waxaa xusid mudan in doodda hadda jirta ay ku saleysan tahay inta badan xogta gaarka ah ee daraasadaha ku saabsan ciyaaraha internetka iyo cilladaha khamaarka (tusaale, Blaszczynski iyo al., 2008; Castro-Calvo iyo al., 2021; sidaas darteed, gabagabada laga soo qaatay daraasadaha noocan oo kale ah waxaa laga yaabaa in aan loo wareejin CSBD iyo PPU (iyo sidoo kale dabeecadaha kale ee dabeecadda), sidaas awgeed shaqo dheeraad ah ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo baaro doorka ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka gudaha qaabka ogaanshaha ee PPU iyo CSBD.
Daraasadda iminka
Marka la eego heerka aqoonta ee hadda jirta iyo suugaanta la heli karo ee kor lagu eegay, waxaanu qaabaynnay oo aanu sii diiwaan-gelinay daraasad lagu baadhayo CSBD iyo PPU iyo ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka. Iyadoo la raacayo fikradaha hore looga hadlay, daraasadda hadda jirta, waxaan ku qeexnay ka-noqoshada marka la eego dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada inay tahay isbeddel garasho xun, shucuureed iyo/ama jireed oo ku dhaca natiijada tooska ah ee ka fogaanshaha ama xaddididda ka-qaybgalka qaab hore loo caadaystay. habdhaqanka galmada, ee ku dhaca natiijada nafsiga iyo ku tiirsanaanta nafsiyeed ee hawshan. Dulqaadka ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada waxaa lagu qeexaa hoos u dhigida dareenka habdhaqanka galmada iyo kicinta waqti ka dib, taasoo keentay baahida loo qabo in lagu lug yeesho qaabab kicin badan / degdeg ah oo dabeecadda ama kordhinta inta jeer ee dabeecadda, si loo gaaro isla heerka kicinta ( qeexitaannada la xidhiidha, eeg, tusaale, Bőthe et al., 2018; Kaptsis iyo al., 2016; King et al., 2016, 2017). Daraasadda hadda jirta, waxaan raadinay inaan aruurinno macluumaadka sifooyinka gaarka ah ee wejiyada dulqaadka iyo dulqaadka, oo ay ku jiraan inta jeer iyo xooggooda shaqsiyaadka leh iyo kuwa aan lahayn CSBD iyo PPU. Waxaa intaa dheer, sifooyinka bulsho-bulsheed ee muhiimka ah oo ay ku jiraan da'da iyo jinsiga ayaa u muuqda inay si weyn ula xiriiraan dhaqanka galmada ee dhibaatada leh (Kowalewska, Gola, Kraus, & Lew-Starowicz, 2020; Kürbitz & Briken, 2021; Lewczuk, Szmyd, Skorko, & Gola, 2017; Studer, Marmet, Wicki, & Gmel, 2019), sidaas awgeed waxaan sidoo kale qorsheynay inaan ku darno tilmaamayaashan arrimo la hagaajiyay falanqaynteena. Intaa waxaa dheer, daraasado hore ayaa sidoo kale muujiyay in dabeecadaha galmada ee dhibaatada leh ay si weyn u saameyn karaan xiriirka hoose (Kumar iyo al., 2021; Lewczuk, Wizła, & Gola, 2022), iyo inta jeer ee dhaqanka galmada sare, oo ay ku jiraan isticmaalka sare ee sawirada qaawan ayaa lala xiriiriyay PPU sare iyo darnaanta calaamadaha CSBD (Chen iyo al., 2022; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Lewczuk, Glica, Nowakowska, Gola, & Grubbs, 2020; Lewczuk, Lesniak, Lew-Starowicz, & Gola, 2021; sidoo kale eeg: Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020), waxa kale oo aanu ku darnay arrimahan dheeraadka ah ee falanqayntayada. Tani waxay noo ogolaatay inaan baarno haddii xiriirka ka dhexeeya calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka dhinac ka mid ah, iyo CSBD iyo calaamadaha PPU ee dhinaca kale, aan lagu xisaabtamin xiriirka calaamadaha dabeecadda galmada ee dhibaatada leh ay la leeyihiin arrimahan. Tusaale ahaan, balaadhinta falanqaynta habkan ayaa noo suurtagelisay inaan baarno haddii xiriirka ka dhexeeya dulqaadka iyo calaamadaha PPU uusan hoosta ka xariiqin xiriirka ay PPU yeelan karto inta jeer ee aasaasiga ah iyo muddada isticmaalka sawirada qaawan (sida caadooyinka isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku xiran yihiin labadaba dulqaad iyo PPU). Sababtan awgeed, waxaan ku darnay da'da, jinsiga, heerka xiriirka iyo sidoo kale inta jeer iyo muddada isticmaalka sawirada qaawan sida doorsoomayaal la hagaajiyay ee falanqayntayada. Maaddaama muunaddeenu ay wakiil ka tahay dadka qaangaarka ah ee guud ee Polish, waxaan sidoo kale raadinay inaan baarno baahsanaanta CSBD iyo PPU.
Saadaasha ugu muhiimsanSida lagu sheegay foomka is-diiwaangelinta (https://osf.io/5jd94), waxaanu saadaaliyay in calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadku ay noqon doonaan saadaalin tirakoob oo muhiim ah oo togan ee darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU, sidoo kale marka la isku hagaajinayo arrimaha bulsho-bulsheed (tusaale, jinsiga, da'da), qaababka isticmaalka sawirada qaawan (soo noqnoqda iyo muddada isticmaalka), iyo heerka xiriirka. Waxaan sidoo kale qiyaasnay in inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ay xiriir adag la yeelan doonto CSBD iyo PPU. Sida daraasadihii hore lagu sheegay (Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, & Reid, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, iyo al., 2020; Lewczuk, Nowakowska, Lewandowska, Potenza, & Gola, 2021), waxaanu qiyaasnay in jinsiga lab, da'da yar (da'da aan fileyno kaliya xiriir daciif ah), iyo isticmaalka sawirada qaawan (labadaba muddada iyo inta jeer) waxay la xiriiri doonaan sare ee CSBD iyo PPU calaamadaha darnaanta.
Dariiqooyinka
Habka iyo muunada
Xogta sahanka waxaa lagu soo aruuriyay goob cilmi baaris oo onlayn ah, Pollster (https://pollster.pl/). Ka qaybgalayaasha (n = 1,541) ayaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay inay matalaan guud ahaan Polish, dadka qaangaarka ah, da'doodu tahay 18-69 sano. Wakiilnimada waxaa lagu bartilmaameedsaday si waafaqsan xeerarka rasmiga ah ee ay bixiso Statistics Poland (2018 xeerarka jinsiga iyo da'da; 2017 xeerarka waxbarashada, gobolka waddanka, cabbirka meesha la deggan yahay). Xeerarkaas waxaa horey u isticmaalay kooxdayada cilmi-baarista ujeedooyin la mid ah (Lewczuk et al., 2022).
Waxaan dalbanay cabbir muunad ah n = 1,500 oo ka socda Pollster, sida lagu sheegay warbixinta isdiiwaan gelinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Pollster waxa ay soo ururisay 41 qof oo dheeraad ah mana aragno sabab looga saaro falanqaynta - sidaas awgeed muunada kama dambaysta ah waxay ka kooban tahay 1,541 qof.
Muunadda ayaa ka koobnayd 51.2% haween (n = 789) iyo 48.8% rag ah (n = 752) da'doodu u dhaxayso 18 iyo 69 sanoM da'da= 42.99; SD = 14.38). Tilmaamaha Tusaalaha, cabbiraadaha la isticmaalay, iyo ujeedooyinka iyo qorshayaasha falanqaynta hadda jirta ayaa si hordhac ah loogu diiwaan geliyay Qaabdhismeedka Sayniska Furan https://osf.io/5jd94. Xogta ay ku saleysan yihiin falanqaynta hadda ayaa laga heli karaa https://osf.io/bdskw/ waxayna u furan yihiin inay isticmaalaan cilmi-baarayaasha kale. Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan waxbarashada ka qaybgalayaasha iyo baaxadda meesha ay deggan yihiin ayaa lagu bixiyaa Lifaaqa.
Cabbiraadaha
Ka dib daraasado kale (tusaale, Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019), bilawgii sahanka, qeexitaanka sawirada qaawan ayaa la bixiyay ("filim kasta oo galmo qaas ah, muuqaalo ama sawiro muujinaya meelaha xubinta taranka ee la rabo in lagu kiciyo daawadayaasha [tani waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu arko internetka, joornaalka, buug, ama telefiishanka)").
Isbeddellada lagu baaray falanqaynta hadda jirta, iyo hawlgelintoodu waa sidan soo socota:
Dhibaatada dabeecadda galmada ee qasabka ah darnaanta waxaa lagu cabiray cabirka CSBD-19 (Bőthe, Potenza, iyo al., 2020). Ikhtiyaarada jawaabta waxay ahaayeen inta u dhaxaysa 1 (gabi ahaanba waan diidanahay) iyo 4 (gebi ahaanba oggolaadaan). Su'aal-ururinta waxa ay martay habsocodyada turjumaada caadiga ah iyo dib u tarjumida, iyo nooca ugu dambeeya waxaa ansixiyay qoraaga ugu muhiimsan ee qalabka asalka ah. Falanqaynta, waxaanu isticmaalnay dhibcaha guud ee laga helay CSBD-19 (19 walxood; α = 0.93) iyo dhibcaha ogaanshaha ee 50 dhibcood oo lagu soo jeediyay nooca asalka ah (Bőthe, Potenza, iyo al., 2020).
Adeegsiga cilad-xumeynta dhibaatooyinka leh waxaa lagu cabiray iyadoo la isticmaalayo 5-shay (α = 0.84) Shaashad sawir qaawan oo kooban (Kraus et al., 2020). Ikhtiyaarada jawaabta: 0 (marna), 1 (mararka qaarkood), 2 (had iyo jeer). Falanqaynta, waxaanu isticmaalnay dhibcaha goynta ogaanshaha ee afar dhibcood (Kraus et al., 2020).
Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada dabeecadda galmada Waxaa lagu qiimeeyay annaga, liiska cusub ee la abuuray ee calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee suurtogalka ah, iyadoo lagu salaynayo tallaabooyin hore loo isticmaalay si loo qiimeeyo cilladda ka-noqoshada ee balwadaha kale ee dabeecadda, iyo dib u eegista suugaanta. Si loo abuuro su'aalo-ururinta, waxaanu sidoo kale isu geynay noocyada calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee lagu soo sheegay daraasadihii hore ee balwadaha dhaqanka (Blaszczynski iyo al., 2008; Griffiths & Smeaton, 2002; Kaptsis iyo al., 2016; King et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2020; Rosenthal & Lesieur, 1992), oo ay ku jiraan calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee ay soo sheegaan shakhsiyaadka qaba qabatinka galmada ee iskood u sheegay (Wines, 1997) oo laga saaray nuqullo ama alaab aad la xidhiidha. Xog-ururinta ka dhalatayα = 0.94) waa cabbir ballaaran oo ka kooban 21 nooc oo suurtagal ah oo calaamado ka-noqosho ah waxaana ku jira qiimeynta suurtagalka ah ee ka bixitaanka cilladaha garashada, shucuurta, iyo qaybaha jireed (muunado u dhigma calaamado gaar ah oo ka-noqosho ah waxaa ka mid ah "Fikradaha galmada oo soo noqnoqda kuwaas oo ay adag tahay in la joojiyo "," "Xanaaq" ama "isbedelka niyadda ee soo noqnoqda"). Ikhtiyaarada jawaabta waxaa ka mid ahaa 1 (marna), 2 (mararka qaarkood), 3 (inta badan), iyo 4 (marar badan).
Tolerance waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo su'aalo-waydiimaha 5-shay ee dhawaan la abuuray (α = 0.80) oo ku salaysan cabbirada dulqaadka ee loo isticmaalo daraasadihii hore ee PPU (Bőthe et al., 2018) iyo sidoo kale dib u eegista suugaanta ee cilmi baarista ku saabsan dulqaadka balwadaha kale ee akhlaaqda (tusaale, Blaszczynski iyo al., 2008; King, Adhiga, & Delfabbro, 2017). Shanta shay (Miisaanka jawaabta: 1- hubaal maya, 5 - hubaal haa) ayaa ka tarjumaysa shan siyaabood oo suurtagal ah oo dulqaadka kicinta galmadu ay isu muujin karto ( shayga tusaalaha ah: "Waxaan daawadaa noocyo badan oo muuqaallo qaawan ah oo ka duwan kuwii hore sababtoo ah waxay aad u kicinayaan").
Nuxurka buuxa ee miisaanku waa la sii diiwaan geliyay oo, oo ay la socoto tilmaamaha ku habboon, ayaa lagu bixiyaa Lifaaqa (Alaabada oo dhan ayaa lagu daray Shaxan 3 iyo 4).
Inta jeer ee dhaqanka galmada Ka dib daraasado hore (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, iyo al., 2020; Lewczuk, Nowakowska, iyo al., 2021), waxaanu qiimaynay inta jeer ee fal galmo ah anagoo waydiinay ka qaybgalayaasha inta jeer ee ay (1) daawadaan sawirada qaawan, (2) siigaysa, iyo (3) ay galmo la sameeyeen lammaane 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay (qiyaasta jawaabaha 8 dhibcood u dhexeeya marna iyo hal mar maalintii ama in ka badan).
Muddada isticmaalka filimada Ka dib daraasado hore (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, iyo al., 2020; Lewczuk, Nowakowska, iyo al., 2021) sida sharaxaad dheeri ah ee qaababka isticmaalka akhlaaqda xun, waxaan waydiinay ka qaybgalayaasha inta daqiiqo ee ay daawadaan sawirada qaawan celcelis ahaan, toddobaadle.
Astaamaha bulshada oo ay ku jiraan da'da (sanadaha), jinsiga (0 - naag; 1 - nin), waxbarashada, baaxadda meesha la deggan yahay, gobolka waddanka iyo dakhliga (fiiri Habka iyo muunada sifooyin hoosaadka) ayaa la qiimeeyay si loo hubiyo matalaadda muunada. Intaa waxaa dheer, da'da, jinsiga, iyo xaaladda xiriirka (1 - xiriirka jaceylka [rasmiga ah ama aan rasmiga ahayn], 2 - hal) ayaa horey loo diiwaan geliyay oo loo adeegsaday sidii doorsoomayaal la hagaajiyay oo saadaaliyay calaamadaha CSBD iyo PPU ee falanqaynta.
Falanqaynta tirakoobka
Talaabadii kowaad, waxaanu ku falanqeynay xidhiidhka laba-geesoodka ah ee ka dhexeeya dhammaan doorsoomayaasha la falanqeeyay. Marka labaad, waxaanu baarnay faafitaanka calaamad kasta oo gaar ah oo muunad kasta ah waxaanan barbar dhignay inta u dhaxaysa kooxaha ka sarreeya iyo kuwa ka hooseeya heerka ogaanshaha ee CSBD iyo PPU. Falanqaynta u dhiganta ayaa lagu soo celceliyay shayada ka tarjumaysa dulqaad. Isbarbardhigga baahsanaanta, waxaan isticmaalnay a χ2 (chi-square), oo leh Cramer's u dhigma V qiyaasta qiyaasta saamaynta. Iyadoo la raacayo daraasadihii hore, waxaan tixgelineynaa qiimaha V = 0.10 sida cabbir yar oo saameyn ah, 0.30 dhexdhexaad ah, iyo 0.50 oo ah cabbir saameyn weyn ah (Cohen, 1988). Intaa waxaa dheer, isbarbardhigga kooxaha ka sarreeya iyo kuwa ka hooseeya heerka ogaanshaha ee CSBD iyo PPU waxaan sidoo kale sameynay Mann-Whitney U imtixaan Waxaan dooranay baaritaankaan sababtoo ah waxaan helnay heerar sare oo kurtosis ah (2.33 [Qaladaadka caadiga ah = 0.137]) iyo sidoo kale qallooc xoogaa sare u kacay (1.33 [0.068]) (tusaale, Timaha iyo al., 2021) calaamadaha ka noqoshada. Oo ay la socdaan natiijada Mann-Whitney ah U imtixaan, waxaanu sidoo kale soo sheegnay Cohen's d qiyaasta qiyaasta saamaynta. Sida lagu qeexay Cohen (1988), qiimaha d = 0.2 waxaa loo tixgelin karaa cabbir yar oo saameyn ah, d = 0.5 cabbir saameyn dhexdhexaad ah iyo d = 0.8 cabbir saameyn weyn leh. Tallaabadii ugu dambaysay ee falanqaynta, waxaanu samaynay dib-u-dhac toosan kaas oo calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka (iyo sidoo kale doorsoomayaasha la xakameeyey: jinsiga, da'da, heerka xidhiidhka) loo tixgeliyey inay yihiin saadaaliyayaal xisaabeed (oo u adeegaya doorsoomayaal madaxbannaan) ee CSBD iyo PPU darnaanta (doorsoomayaasha ku tiirsan) . Sida aan ku qorshaynay warbixinta is-diiwaangelinta, darnaanta calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka ayaa lagu baadhay kaliya dadka soo sheegay inay ku hawlan yihiin fal galmo ah (isticmaalka sawir-qaadka, siigeysiga iyo/ama galmada dyada) bishiiba mar ama marar badan (n = 1,277 ka mid ah 1,541 shaqsi). Maanu arag sabab adag oo lagu baadho ka bixida suurtogalka ah ee dadka ku hawlan hawlaha galmada in ka yar bishii. Dhammaan falanqaynta waxaa lagu sameeyay jawiga tirakoobka R (Kooxda 'Core Team', 2013).
Ethics
Nidaamyada waxbarasho waxaa loo fuliyay si waafaqsan Baaqa Helsinki. Guddiga dib u eegista hay'adaha ee Jaamacadda Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński ee Warsaw ayaa ansixiyay daraasadda. Dhammaan maadooyinka ayaa lagu wargeliyay daraasadda oo dhammaan waxay bixiyeen oggolaansho xog ogaal ah.
Natiijooyinka
Talaabada kowaad, waxaanu ku soo bandhigaynaa xidhiidhka laba-geesoodka ah ee u dhexeeya dhammaan doorsoomayaasha la falanqeeyay (Shaxda 1). Darnaanta calaamadaha ka-noqoshada la soo sheegay waxay si togan ula xiriirtay darnaanta CSBD ee lagu qiyaasay CSBD-19 (r = 0.50; P <0.001) iyo darnaanta PPU oo ay qiimeeyeen BPS (r = 0.41; P <0.001). Dulqaadku wuxuu kaloo si togan ula xidhiidhay CSBD (r = 0.53; P <0.001) iyo darnaanta PPU (r = 0.46; P <0.001). Intaa waxaa dheer, labadaba ka-noqoshada (r = 0.22; P <0.001) iyo dulqaad (r = 0.34; P <0.001) ayaa si togan ula xidhiidha inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawir-qaadkaShaxda 1).
Shaxda 1.
Tirakoobka qeexan iyo tusmooyinka isku xidhka (Pearson's r) qiyaasidda awoodaha xiriirka ka dhexeeya doorsoomayaasha
| M (SD) | Range | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| 1. Da ' | 42.99 (14.38) | 18.00-69.00 | - | ||||||
| 2. Soo noqnoqoshada isticmaalka qaawan | 3.42 (2.34) | 1.00-8.00 | -0.20** | - | |||||
| 3. Muddada isticmaalka sawir-qaadka (min./usbuuc) | 45.56 (141.41) | 0.00-2790.00 | -0.08* | 0.31** | - | ||||
| 4. darnaanta CSBD (CSBD-19 Dhibcaha Guud) | 32.71 (9.59) | 19.00-76.00 | -0.07* | 0.32** | 0.15** | - | |||
| 5. darnaanta PPU (Dhibcaha Guud ee DDB) | 1.81 (2.38) | 0.00-10.00 | -0.12** | 0.49** | 0.26** | 0.50** | - | ||
| 6. Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada | 30.93 (9.37) | 21.0-84.00 | -0.14** | 0.22** | 0.14** | 0.50** | 0.41** | - | |
| 7. Dulqaadasho | 10.91 (4.56) | 5.00-25.00 | 0.01 | 0.34** | 0.15** | 0.53** | 0.46** | 0.37** | - |
* P <0.05; ** P <0.001.
Qiyaasaha baahsanaanta ee CSBD waxay ahaayeen 4.67% dhammaan ka qaybgalayaashan = 72 ee n = 1,541), oo ay ku jiraan 6.25% ragga (n = 47 ee n = 752) iyo 3.17% haweenka (n = 25 ee n = 789). Qiyaasta baahsanaanta ee PPU waxay ahayd 22.84% dhammaan ka qaybgalayaashan = 352 ee n = 1,541), 33.24% ragga (n = 250 ee n = 752) iyo 12.93% dumarka (n = 102 ee n = 789).
Shakhsiyaadka soo sheegay isticmaalka sawirada qaawan (ka qaybqaatayaasha soo sheegay inay isticmaaleen sawirada qaawan ugu yaraan hal mar sannadkii hore, n = 1,014 ka mid ah n = 1,541) baahsanaanta CSBD waxay ahayd 5.62% (6.40% ragga iyo 4.37% dumarka). Baahsanaanta PPU waxay ahayd 32.35% (38.24% ragga iyo 22.88% dumarka) ee isla kooxda.
Marka xigta, waxaan soo bandhigaynaa macnaha iyo jaangooyooyinka caadiga ah ee doorsoomayaasha la falanqeeyay: ka-noqoshada, dulqaadka, inta jeer iyo muddada isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee muunadda oo dhan, iyo sidoo kale loo qaybiyay kooxo hoos iyo ka sarreeya heerarka CSBD iyo PPU (Shaxda 2). Isbarbardhigga kooxuhu waxay muujiyeen in ka qaybgalayaasha dhaliyay dhibcaha ka sarreeya heerka CSBD ay lahaayeen heerar sare oo ka-noqosho ah (M kor ku xusan= 43.36; SD kor ku xusan = 12.83; M hoose= 30.26; SD hoose= 8.65, U = 8.49; P <0.001; d = 1.20) iyo dulqaad (M kor ku xusan= 16.24; SD kor ku xusan = 4.95; M hoose= 11.10; SD hoose= 4.43, U = 7.89; P <0.001; d = 1.10) marka loo eego kuwa dhaliyay ka hooseeya heerka. Sidoo kale, ka qaybgalayaasha dhaliyay dhibcaha ka sarreeya heerka PPU sidoo kale waxay lahaayeen heerar sare oo calaamado ka-noqosho ah (M kor ku xusan= 36.80; SD kor ku xusan = 9.76; M hoose= 28.98; SD hoose= 8.36, U = 13.37; P <0.001; d = 0.86) iyo dulqaad (M kor ku xusan= 14.37; SD kor ku xusan = 4.63; M hoose= 10.36; SD hoose= 4.13, U = 14.20; P <0.001; d = 0.91; arag Shaxda 2).
Shaxda 2.
Macnaha ( weecsanaanta caadiga ah) iyo isbarbardhigga kooxaha (iyadoo la adeegsanayo Mann-Whitney U tijaabi, qiimaha la jaanqaadaya, oo leh qiyaasta saamaynta Cohen ee u dhiganta) ee kooxaha leh iyo kuwa aan lahayn CSBD iyo PPU
| CSBD | Mann-Whitney U | Cohen's d | UPP | Mann-Whitney U | Cohen's d | |||
| Meesha sare (n = 66) | Ka hooseeya heerka (n = 1,211) | Meesha sare (n = 319) | Ka hooseeya heerka (n = 958) | |||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| Ka laabashada | 43.36 (12.83) | 30.26 (8.65) | 8.49** | 1.20 | 36.80 (9.76) | 28.98 (8.36) | 13.37** | 0.86 |
| Tolerance | 16.24 (4.95) | 11.10 (4.43) | 7.89** | 1.10 | 14.37 (4.63) | 10.36 (4.13) | 14.20** | 0.91 |
| Isticmaalka marxaladda filimmada | 5.12 (2.52) | 3.75 (2.32) | 4.74** | 0.57 | 5.45 (1.82) | 3.28 (2.25) | 15.63** | 1.06 |
** P <0.001.
Dheeraad ah, waxaanu soo bandhigaynaa buundooyinka la helay mid kasta oo ka mid ah 21-kii la bartay ee suurtogalka ah ee calaamadaha ka-noqoshada. Shaxda 3 waxay soo bandhigaysaa macnaha iyo jaangooyooyinka caadiga ah ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah fasallada calaamadaha iyo sidoo kale boqolleyda dadka ka warbixinaya inay la kulmaan calaamad kasta (tusaale ahaan muunadda oo dhan, iyo sidoo kale kuwa ka hooseeya iyo ka sarreeya heerarka CSBD iyo PPU). tusmooyinka boqolkiiba ee lagu sawiray Shaxda 3 ka tarjumaysa buundooyinka isku dhafan ee "badanaa" iyo "badanaa" jawaabaha taageeraya joogitaanka calaamad gaar ah. Muunadda oo dhan, 56.9% kaqeybgalayaashu ma aysan soo sheegin inay la kulmeen wax calaamado ah oo ka-noqosho ah, 15.7% ayaa sheegay jiritaanka shan ama in ka badan calaamado iyo 4.6% ayaa sheegay 10 ama calaamado ka badan. Calaamadaha ugu badan ee la soo sheegay waxay ahaayeen fikrado galmo oo soo noqnoqda oo ay adagtahay in la joojiyo (ka qaybgalayaasha kuwaas oo dhaliyay meel ka sarreysa heerka CSBD: CSBDGUJI = 65.2%; oo ka sarreeya marinka PPU: PPUGUJI = 43.3%), kacsiga guud oo kordhay (CSBDGUJI = 37.9%; PPUGUJI = 29.2%), ay adagtahay in la xakameeyo heerka rabitaanka galmada (CSBDGUJI = 57.6%; PPUGUJI = 31.0%), xanaaq (CSBDGUJI = 37.9%; PPUGUJI = 25.4%), isbeddellada niyadda ee soo noqnoqda (CSBDGUJI = 33.3%; PPUGUJI = 22.6%), iyo dhibaatooyinka hurdada (CSBDGUJI = 36.4%; PPUGUJI = 24.5%). Calaamadaha jireed ayaa la soo sheegay ugu yaraan si joogto ah: lallabbo (CSBDGUJI = 6.1%; PPUGUJI = 3.1%), calool xanuun (CSBDGUJI = 13.6%; PPUGUJI = 6.0%), murqo xanuun (CSBDGUJI = 16.7%; PPUGUJI = 7.5%), xanuunka qaybaha kale ee jidhka (CSBDGUJI = 18.2%; PPUGUJI = 8.2%), iyo calaamado kale (CSBDGUJI = 4.5%; PPUGUJI = 3.1%) (Shaxda 3).
Shaxda 3.
Boqolkiiba, macneheedu waa (isbeddelka caadiga ah) ee la falanqeeyay calaamadaha ka-noqoshada gaarka ah ee muunadda la falanqeeyay oo dhan, iyo sidoo kale kooxaha leh iyo kuwa aan lahayn CSBD iyo PPU, oo ay weheliso isbarbardhigga kooxaha (iyadoo la adeegsanayo Mann-Whitney U Tijaabi, qiimaha caadiga ah, iyo sidoo kale χ 2 Tijaabi qiyaasta qiyaasta saamaynta u dhiganta: Cohen's d iyo Cramér's V)
| CSBD | Mann-Whitney U | Cohen's d | χ 2| Cramer's V | UPP | Mann-Whitney U | Cohen's d | χ 2| Cramer's V | ||||
| Dhammaan (n = 1,277) | Meesha sare (n = 66) | Ka hooseeya heerka (n = 1,211) | Meesha sare (n = 319) | Ka hooseeya heerka (n = 958) | |||||
| % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | |||||
| Fikrado galmo oo soo noqnoqda oo ay adagtahay in la joojiyo | 19.4% | 1.83 (0.86) | 65.2% | 2.79 (0.87) | 16.9% | 1.77 (0.82) | 8.56** | 1.20 | 93.01** | 0.27 | 43.3% | 2.39 (0.93) | 11.5% | 1.64 (0.74) | 13.01** | 0.90 | 154.43** | 0.35 |
| Kacsiga oo kordhay | 17.6% | 1.81 (0.77) | 37.9% | 2.29 (0.91) | 16.5% | 1.79 (0.76) | 4.54** | 0.60 | 19.68** | 0.12 | 29.2% | 2.14 (0.77) | 13.8% | 1.70 (0.74) | 8.91** | 0.58 | 38.97** | 0.18 |
| Xasillooni la'aan | 14.4% | 1.71 (0.77) | 37.9% | 2.30 (0.93) | 13.1% | 1.68 (0.75) | 5.63** | 0.74 | 31.09** | 0.16 | 25.4% | 2.04 (0.79) | 10.8% | 1.61 (0.74) | 9.12** | 0.57 | 41.59** | 0.18 |
| Isbeddelka niyadda ee soo noqnoqda | 13.2% | 1.66 (0.75) | 33.3% | 2.27 (0.87) | 12.1% | 1.63 (0.73) | 6.21** | 0.80 | 24.80** | 0.14 | 22.6% | 1.98 (0.76) | 10.0% | 1.56 (0.72) | 9.34** | 0.58 | 32.99** | 0.16 |
| Way adag tahay in la xakameeyo heerka rabitaanka galmada | 13.0% | 1.61 (0.79) | 57.6% | 2.73 (0.90) | 10.6% | 1.55 (0.74) | 10.10** | 1.43 | 122.28** | 0.31 | 31.0% | 2.12 (0.91) | 7.0% | 1.44 (0.67) | 12.84** | 0.85 | 122.30** | 0.31 |
| Kordhinta cadaadiska | 12.0% | 1.61 (0.75) | 39.4% | 2.27 (0.97) | 10.5% | 1.57 (0.72) | 6.27** | 0.82 | 49.59** | 0.20 | 23.5% | 1.92 (0.85) | 8.1% | 1.51 (0.68) | 8.05** | 0.53 | 53.60** | 0.21 |
| Dhibaatooyinka hurdada | 11.8% | 1.57 (0.77) | 36.4% | 2.15 (1.03) | 10.5% | 1.54 (0.74) | 5.30** | 0.69 | 40.20** | 0.18 | 24.5% | 1.95 (0.89) | 7.6% | 1.44 (0.68) | 9.96** | 0.64 | 65.02** | 0.23 |
| Nasasho la'aan | 9.5% | 1.66 (0.68) | 36.4% | 2.33 (0.88) | 8.0% | 1.63 (0.65) | 6.74** | 0.91 | 58.66** | 0.21 | 18.2% | 1.99 (0.71) | 6.6% | 1.56 (0.64) | 9.76** | 0.64 | 37.58** | 0.17 |
| daansan | 8.2% | 1.43 (0.71) | 30.3% | 2.06 (0.99) | 7.0% | 1.39 (0.67) | 6.60** | 0.79 | 44.97** | 0.19 | 17.9% | 1.76 (0.86) | 5.0% | 1.32 (0.61) | 9.75** | 0.60 | 52.43** | 0.20 |
| Dhibaatooyinka ka -fiirsashada | 8.1% | 1.51 (0.70) | 37.9% | 2.24 (0.95) | 6.5% | 1.47 (0.66) | 7.40** | 0.95 | 82.26** | 0.25 | 16.9% | 1.85 (0.78) | 5.2% | 1.39 (0.63) | 10.38** | 0.64 | 43.86** | 0.19 |
| niyad jab | 7.7% | 1.45 (0.68) | 27.3% | 2.06 (0.93) | 6.6% | 1.41 (0.65) | 6.66** | 0.81 | 37.73** | 0.17 | 15.4% | 1.74 (0.79) | 5.1% | 1.35 (0.61) | 8.99** | 0.55 | 35.46 | 0.17** |
| Dambi ama ceeb | 7.6% | 1.41 (0.67) | 31.8% | 2.12 (0.97) | 6.3% | 1.37 (0.63) | 7.52** | 0.91 | 58.18** | 0.21 | 17.6% | 1.72 (0.84) | 4.3% | 1.31 (0.57) | 8.73** | 0.56 | 60.09** | 0.22 |
| Dhibaatooyinka go'aan qaadashada | 6.9% | 1.42 (0.66) | 33.3% | 2.18 (0.94) | 5.5% | 1.37 (0.62) | 8.26** | 1.02 | 75.84** | 0.24 | 14.7% | 1.71 (0.77) | 4.3% | 1.32 (0.59) | 9.56** | 0.58 | 40.76** | 0.18 |
| Madax | 6.5% | 1.38 (0.66) | 27.3% | 1.94 (0.99) | 5.4% | 1.35 (0.62) | 5.91** | 0.72 | 49.42** | 0.20 | 12.5% | 1.56 (0.77) | 4.5% | 1.31 (0.60) | 5.80** | 0.36 | 25.52** | 0.14 |
| garaaca wadnaha oo xoogan | 5.2% | 1.36 (0.61) | 19.7% | 1.88 (0.90) | 4.5% | 1.33 (0.58) | 6.18** | 0.73 | 29.23** | 0.15 | 10.0% | 1.58 (0.71) | 3.7% | 1.28 (0.55) | 7.73** | 0.46 | 19.58** | 0.12 |
| Dhibaatooyinka iyo xalinta dhibaatooyinka | 4.6% | 1.39 (0.62) | 25.8% | 2.00 (0.91) | 3.5% | 1.36 (0.58) | 6.86** | 0.84 | 70.56** | 0.24 | 9.4% | 1.69 (0.70) | 3.0% | 1.29 (0.55) | 10.75** | 0.64 | 22.09** | 0.13 |
| Muruq xanuun, qallafsanaan, ama muruq xanuun | 4.5% | 1.36 (0.61) | 16.7% | 1.79 (0.97) | 3.8% | 1.34 (0.58) | 4.36** | 0.56 | 24.30** | 0.14 | 7.5% | 1.50 (0.72) | 3.4% | 1.32 (0.57) | 4.20** | 0.27 | 9.34* | 0.09 |
| Xanuunka qaybaha kale ee jidhka (tusaale, gacmaha, lugaha, laabta, dhabarka) | 4.0% | 1.29 (0.58) | 18.2% | 1.67 (0.85) | 3.2% | 1.27 (0.55) | 4.78** | 0.56 | 36.54** | 0.17 | 8.2% | 1.43 (0.71) | 2.6% | 1.24 (0.52) | 4.88** | 0.31 | 19.16** | 0.12 |
| Calool xanuun | 3.8% | 1.29 (0.57) | 13.6% | 1.61 (0.88) | 3.2% | 1.27 (0.54) | 3.60** | 0.46 | 18.77** | 0.12 | 6.0% | 1.40 (0.65) | 3.0% | 1.25 (0.53) | 4.13** | 0.25 | 5.68** | 0.07 |
| Lalabbo | 1.6% | 1.13 (0.41) | 6.1% | 1.45 (0.75) | 1.4% | 1.11 (0.38) | 6.53** | 0.58 | 8.39* | 0.08 | 3.1% | 1.21 (0.50) | 1.1% | 1.10 (0.38) | 4.36** | 0.24 | 5.84* | 0.07 |
| Calaamadaha kale | 1.6% | 1.07 (0.36) | 4.5% | 1.23 (0.63) | 1.5% | 1.06 (0.34) | 4.05** | 0.32 | 3.62 | 0.05 | 3.1% | 1.13 (0.48) | 1.1% | 1.05 (0.31) | 3.87** | 0.20 | 5.84* | 0.07 |
* P <0.05; ** P <0.001.
Isbarbardhigga darajo kooxeed dheeri ah (Mann-Whitney U imtixaan) inta u dhaxaysa kooxaha ka hooseeya vs. heerarka sare ee CSBD iyo PPU waxay muujiyeen in fasal kasta oo calaamado ah iyo labadaba CSBD iyo PPU, kooxda dhibcaha ka sareysa heerka ogaanshaha waxay sidoo kale soo sheegeen natiijooyin sare ee calaamad kasta oo ka bixitaan ah (P <0.001; eeg Shaxda 3). 16 ka mid ah 21kii calamadaha ka noqoshada, waxaanu u muujinay ugu yaraan qiyaasaha saamaynta dhexdhexaadka ah (Cohen's) d > 0.5) isbarbardhigga kuwan labada CSBD iyo PPU (Shaxda 3). Ugu dambeyntii, u dhiganta χ 2Tijaabooyin lagu sameeyay kooxaha ka hooseeya marka loo eego kuwa ka sarreeya heerarka ogaanshaha ee CSBD iyo PPU waxay sidoo kale keeneen natiijooyin la taaban karo calaamad kasta, marka laga reebo "calaamadaha kale" kooxda - cabbirrada saamaynta yar iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah ayaa la helay isbarbardhiggan (Cramer's V inta u dhaxaysa 0.05 iyo 0.35; eeg Shaxda 4).
Shaxda 4.
Boqolleyda, macneheedu waa (is-beddelka caadiga ah) ee shayada dulqaadka ee la falanqeeyay ee muunadda la falanqeeyay oo dhan, iyo sidoo kale kooxaha leh iyo kuwa aan lahayn CSBD iyo PPU, oo ay weheliso isbarbardhigga kooxaha (iyadoo la adeegsanayo Mann-Whitney U imtixaanka, qiimaha la jaanqaadaya, iyo sidoo kale χ 2 Tijaabi qiyaasta qiyaasta saamaynta u dhiganta: Cohen's d iyo Cramér's V)
| CSBD | Mann-Whitney U | Cohen's d | χ 2| Cramer's V | UPP | Mann-Whitney U | Cohen's d | χ 2| Cramer's V | ||||
| Dhammaan (n = 1,277) | Meesha sare (n = 66) | Ka hooseeya heerka (n = 1,211) | Meesha sare (n = 319) | Ka hooseeya heerka (n = 958) | |||||
| % |M(SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | % |M (SD) | |||||
| (1) Hadda waxaan u baahanahay dhaqdhaqaaqyada galmo si ay u noqdaan kuwo dhiirigelin leh si aan u gaaro heer kacsi la mid ah kii hore. | 30.5% | 2.69 (1.31) | 50.0% | 3.47 (1.23) | 29.5% | 2.65 (1.31) | 4.81** | 0.65 | 12.42** | 0.10 | 45.8% | 3.21 (1.23) | 25.5% | 2.52 (1.30) | 8.26** | 0.55 | 46.48** | 0.19 |
| (2) Waxaan daawadaa noocyo badan oo galmo ah oo aad u daran oo kala duwan marka loo eego kuwii hore sababtoo ah waxay aad u dhiirigeliyaan. | 15.8% | 2.00 (1.26) | 40.9% | 3.12 (1.45) | 14.5% | 1.94 (1.22) | 6.69** | 0.88 | 32.90** | 0.16 | 34.5% | 2.86 (1.35) | 9.6% | 1.72 (1.09) | 14.11** | 0.93 | 111.24** | 0.30 |
| (3) Waxaan ku qaataa waqti ka badan ku lug yeelashada nashaadaadka galmada marka loo eego kuwii hore. | 11.3% | 2.05 (1.12) | 45.5% | 3.26 (1.29) | 9.4% | 1.99 (1.08) | 7.67** | 1.07 | 81.26** | 0.25 | 21.0% | 2.56 (1.19) | 8.0% | 1.88 (1.05) | 9.37** | 0.61 | 40.21** | 0.18 |
| (4) Waqti ka dib, waxaan ogaaday inaan u baahanahay inaan galo noocyo cusub oo galmo ah si aan u helo kacsi isku mid ah ama aan u gaaro kacsi. | 17.2% | 2.19 (1.19) | 42.4% | 3.24 (1.30) | 15.9% | 2.13 (1.16) | 6.64** | 0.91 | 30.98** | 0.16 | 21.7% | 2.80 (1.22) | 12.4% | 1.98 (1.10) | 10.54** | 0.71 | 62.12** | 0.22 |
| (5) Guud ahaan, dhaq-dhaqaaqa galmadu inta badan waa iga qancin yar sidii ay ahaan jirtay waagii hore. | 22.7% | 2.43 (1.26) | 40.9% | 3.15 (1.30) | 21.7% | 2.39 (1.25) | 4.50** | 0.59 | 13.13** | 0.10 | 33.2% | 2.93 (1.21) | 19.2% | 2.27 (1.24) | 8.27** | 0.54 | 26.81** | 0.14 |
** P <0.001.
Marka xigta, waxaanu falanqaynay mid kasta oo ka mid ah walxaha ka tarjumaya dulqaadka guud ahaan muunada iyo sidoo kale kooxaha ka sarreeya heerka ogaanshaha ee CSBD ama PPU (eeg Shaxda 4). Qiimaha lagu soo bandhigay Shaxda 4 waxay matalaan boqolleyda ka qaybgalayaasha kuwaas oo bayaan kasta lagu calaamadeeyay inuu run yahay.
Baahida loo qabo in lagu lug yeesho dabeecad galmo oo sii kicinaysa si loo gaadho isla heerka kacsiga ayaa ahayd hadalka inta badan la taageero (CSBD)GUJI = 50.0%; PPUGUJI = 45.8%). Ka qaybqaatayaasha ayaa sidoo kale inta badan soo sheegay waqti kordhinta lagu bixiyo hawlaha galmada (CSBDGUJI = 45.5%; PPUGUJI = 21.0%). Waxaa intaa dheer, 42.4% kaqeybgalayaasha khatarta sare leh ee CSBD iyo 21.7% ee PPU ayaa sheegay inay u baahan yihiin inay galaan noocyo badan oo cusub oo waxqabadyo galmo ah si ay u gaaraan heer isku mid ah kacsi ama si ay u gaaraan kacsi. Dhaqdhaqaaqa galmadu waxa ay noqotay mid ka qancisa sidii hore 40.9% jawaab bixiyaasha oo ka sare maray heerka ogaanshaha ee CSBD iyo 33.3% ee PPU. Dheeraad ah, 34.5% jawaab bixiyaasha khatarta ugu jira PPU iyo 40.9% jawaab bixiyaasha khatarta ugu jira CSBD ayaa sheegay inay ku hawlan yihiin qaabab aad u daran oo kala duwan oo muuqaal galmo ah sababtoo ah aad ayay u kiciyaan. Isbarbardhigga darajo dheeri ah (Mann-Whitney U Tijaabada) inta u dhaxaysa kooxaha ka hooseeya marka loo eego. heerarka sare ee CSBD iyo PPU waxay muujiyeen in mid kasta oo ka mid ah shanta waji ee dulqaadka, kooxda dhibcaha ka sareysa heerka ogaanshaha ayaa sheegay natiijooyin aad u sarreeya (dhammaantood P's <0.001, qiyaasaha saamaynta dhexdhexaadka ama wayn, eeg Shaxda 4). Ugu dambayn, χ 2Tijaabooyinka loo sameeyay isla kooxaha ayaa sidoo kale keenay natiijooyin wax ku ool ah qayb kasta oo dulqaad ah, oo leh inta badan cabbirro yar yar (Cramer's V inta u dhaxaysa 0.10 iyo 0.30; Shaxda 4).
Tallaabadii ugu dambeysay ee falanqaynta, waxaan u tixgelinay calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka sida saadaalinta tirakoobka ee darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU, hagaajinta jinsiga, da'da, heerka xiriirka, inta jeer iyo muddada isticmaalka sawir-qaadkaShaxda 5). Labada calaamadood ee ka-noqoshadaβ = 0.34; P <0.001) iyo dulqaad (β = 0.38; P <0.001) ayaa si togan ula xidhiidha darnaanta CSBD. Isla sidaas oo kale ayaa ahayd xaaladda darnaanta PPU (ka-noqoshada: β = 0.24; P <0.001; dulqaad: β = 0.27; P <0.001). Inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ayaa sidoo kale si togan loola xiriiriyay PPU (β = 0.26; P <0.001) iyo darnaanta calaamadaha CSBD. Xoogga xiriirka ka dhexeeya CSBD iyo ka-noqoshada, iyo sidoo kale dulqaadka, waxay u muuqatay inay ka daciifsan tahay tan CSBD iyo inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan (β = 0.06; P <0.001). Muddada isticmaalka sawir-gacmeedka ayaa si togan ula xidhiidha PPU (β = 0.09; P <0.001), laakiin maaha CSBD. Intaa waxaa dheer, ragga waxay lahaayeen darnaan sare oo labadaba CSBD (β = 0.11; P <0.001) iyo PPU (β = 0.14; P <0.001). Da'du si aad ah loolama xidhiidhin darnaanta CSBD oo waxay lahayd oo kaliya wax aad u weyn, xidhiidh xun oo la leh calaamadaha PPUβ = −0.05; P = 0.043). Moodooyinkayagu waxay sharraxeen qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha darnaanta CSBD (40%) iyo PPU (41%, sida lagu cabbiray R 2ku dheji) (Shaxda 5).
Shaxda 5.
Falanqaynta dib u noqoshada kaas oo calaamadaha ka-noqoshada, dulqaadka iyo doorsoomayaasha la hagaajiyay ay tirakoob ahaan saadaaliyaan darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU
| CSBD | UPP | |
| β (P) | β (P) | |
| Ka laabashada | 0.34 (<0.001) | 0.24 (<0.001) |
| Tolerance | 0.38 (<0.001) | 0.27 (<0.001) |
| Isticmaalka marxaladda filimmada | 0.06 (<0.001) | 0.26 (<0.001) |
| Muddada isticmaalka sawir-qaadka (min./usbuuc) | 0.01 (0.764) | 0.09 (<0.001) |
| Sex | 0.11 (<0.001) | 0.14 (<0.001) |
| Age | -0.03 (0.288) | -0.05 (0.043) |
| Xaaladda xidhiidhka | -0.00 (0.879) | -0.03 (0.209) |
| F | 124.09 (<0.001) | 128.52 (<0.001) |
| R 2ku dheji | 0.403 | 0.412 |
Fiiro gaar ah. Galmada (0 - dheddig, 1 - lab); Heerka xiriirka (0 - aan ku jirin xiriirka; 1 - xiriirka)
Dood
Daraasadda hadda jirta waxay baadhay calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka kicinta galmada ee CSBD iyo PPU iyo qiyaasaha baahsanaanta ee CSBD iyo PPU ee muunadda qaangaarka Polish ee wakiil heer qaran ah. Muhiimadda daraasadda hadda jirta waxay udub dhexaad u ahayd (1) bixinta caddaynta bilowga ah ee joogitaanka iyo sifooyinka calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka ee la xidhiidha dhaqanka galmada iyo kicinta, (2) ururinta xogta xiriirka muhiimka ah ee ay la leeyihiin darnaanta calaamadaha CSBD iyo PPU, iyo natiijadu waxay tahay (3) taageeridda gunaanad cilmi ahaan sax ah oo ku saabsan ansaxnimada qaabka laqabsiga ee CSBD iyo PPU.
Hoosta, waxaan ku soo koobeynaa natiijooyinka oo aan ka wada hadalnay saameyntooda ku saabsan ku-dhaqanka bukaan-socodka iyo daraasadaha cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka.
Cudurka ka-noqoshada iyo xiriirka dulqaadka ee CSBD iyo PPU
Calaamadaha ka-noqoshada darnaanta waxay si togan ula xiriirtay darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU labadaba; natiijooyin isku mid ah ayaa loo arkay dulqaad. Dheeraad ah, si waafaqsan mala-awaalkeena, labadaba ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka ayaa lala xiriiriyay darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU, marka la isku hagaajinayo sifooyinka bulsho-bulsheed iyo inta jeer iyo muddada isticmaalka sawir-qaadka. Waxaa intaa dheer, isbarbardhigga celceliska ayaa muujiyay in ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadku ay sare u kaceen kooxaha kulmaya heerarkii hore ee CSBD iyo PPU. In kasta oo daraasado dheeraad ah ay tahay inay sii baaraan oo ay kordhiyaan natiijooyinkan, natiijooyinka daraasaddan hore loo diwaangeliyay iyo falanqaynta ayaa bixiya caddaynta in labadaba calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadku ay la xiriiraan CSBD ee tusaalahan wakiillada ee dadka waaweyn ee Polish. Cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah waa in ay baartaa calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka horumarinta iyo dayactirka CSBD ee muunadaha bukaan-socodka iyo bulshada-ku-saleysan.
Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinkii hore, waxaan ku qiyaasnay in inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ay xiriir adag si gaar ah ula yeelan doonto darnaanta CSBD, marka loo eego calaamadaha ka bixitaanka iyo dulqaadka. Tani, si xiiso leh, uma muuqan inay xaaladdu tahay, maadaama labadaba calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadkuba ay lahaayeen xidhiidh tiro ahaan ka xoog badan marka loo eego inta jeer ee ay la socdeen darnaanta PPU iyo gaar ahaan CSBD. Muhiimadda natiijooyinkan ayaa si qoto dheer looga hadlay.
Baahitaanka noocyada calaamadaha ka-noqoshada gaarka ah iyo qaybaha dulqaadka
Calaamadaha ugu badan ee la soo sheego ee ku xidhan ka noqoshada waxay ahaayeen fikrado galmo oo soo noqnoqda kuwaas oo ay adagtahay in la joojiyo, kor u kaca guud ahaan oo ay adagtahay in la xakameeyo rabitaanka galmada. Tani maahan wax la yaab leh maadaama isbeddelladani ay, ugu yaraan ilaa heer ka mid ah, ka tarjumayaan dabiiciga ah, inkasta oo ay suurtogal tahay inay sare u kacdo, ka jawaab celinta dhibaatooyinka yaraynta xiisadda galmada (dhammaan, ama la mid ah inta jeer ee uu qofku caadaystay). Inkasta oo fikradda ICD-11 ee hadda jirta ee CSBD aysan si gaar ah ugu darin calaamadaha ka-noqoshada, waxaa suurtogal ah in dhibaatooyinka xakameynaya soo noqnoqda ee fikradaha galmada ama rabitaanka galmada sare ee muddada ka bixitaanka ay la xiriirto qaybta CSBD ee "dadaal badan oo aan guulaysan. si loo xakameeyo ama si weyn loo yareeyo dhaqanka galmada ee soo noqnoqda” (Kraus et al., 2018, p. 109). Si kale haddii loo dhigo, dhibaatooyinka xakamaynta dabeecadda galmada, taas oo ah qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah CSBD sida lagu soo jeediyay ICD-11 (WHO, 2020), waxa laga yaabaa inay ka soo baxaan qayb ay ugu wacan tahay calaamadaha ka-noqoshada marka qofku isku dayo inuu joojiyo ama xaddido dhaqankooda galmo. Waayo-aragnimada noocan oo kale ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay dareemaan culeys badan, aan la maarayn karin iyo kuwo aan caadi ahayn, taas oo ku baabi'i karta ku noqoshada dhaqanka galmada.
Sidoo kale, calaamadaha ka-noqoshada waxaa laga yaabaa inay aad ugaga dhawaaqaan CSBD marka loo eego balwadaha kale ee akhlaaqda, taas oo joogitaanka ka bixitaanka hadda laga doodayo/ laga doodayo, sida ciyaaraha (tusaale, Kaptsis iyo al., 2016), sida ka bixitaanka CSBD waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu sii wado wadiiqooyin galmo oo aan la dejin kuwaas oo matali kara baahida jireed. Waxaa intaa dheer, dhaqdhaqaaqyada galmoodka ee aan la daboolin ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhigaan arrimo nafsiyeed oo loogu talagalay horumarinta suurtogalka ah ee calaamadaha ka-noqoshada badan. Tusaale ahaan, in aad la kulanto rabitaanka galmada ee heerka sare waxa ay u horseedi kartaa in badan oo ka mid ah fikradaha galmoodka, taas oo laga yaabo in ay dhaliso dhibaatooyin u fiirsasho, ka sii dara waxqabadka garashada oo ay keento dhibaatooyin go'aan qaadashada, taas oo laga yaabo in ay sii kordhiso dareenka kale ee xun iyo dareenka walaaca la dareemay. .
Kordhinta kacsiga guud kaas oo, sida aan kor ku soo sheegnay, sidoo kale si joogta ah loo soo sheegay marka laga baxayo dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada oo laga yaabo inay ka tarjumayso kacsiga galmada oo kordhay. Guud ahaan, dhibaatooyinka la xidhiidha kacsanaanta (xanaaq, kacsi guud oo sarreeya ama rabitaanka galmada) ayaa la soo sheegay si ka badan dhibaatooyinka hypoarousal (sida hurdo). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kacsi guud oo sarreeya ayaa laga yaabaa in ay dhaliso iyada oo la xaddido wakhtiga loo qoondeeyay dabeecadaha galmada iyo waqti badan oo la geliyo hawlaha kale. Xubnaha kooxaha "NoFap" (Sproten, 2016) (kuwa joojiyay daawashada filimada qaawan iyo siigaysiga) mararka qaarkood waxay soo sheegaan heerar sare oo tamar ah, hawlo iyo inay helaan shaqo badan oo la dhammeeyay ka dib muddo ka fogaansho joogto ah. Waxaa suurtogal ah in saameynahani ay u dhacaan shakhsiyaad hoosaadyo marka wareegyada dhaqanka galmada qasabka ah la joojiyo. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka ee ku lug leh muunado bukaan-socod iyo qiyaaso dhaadheer ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo baaro saameynta sawir-gacmeedka iyo/ama ka-hortagga siigeysiga dheeraad ah.
Xanaaqa, isbeddelka niyadda ee joogtada ah, walbahaarka oo kordha iyo dhibaatooyinka hurdada ayaa sidoo kale si joogto ah loo soo sheegay. Calaamadaha noocan oo kale ah waxay u muuqdaan kuwo la xiriira kuwa lagu soo warramey cilladda khamaarka iyo cilladda ciyaaraha internetka ee DSM-5 (nasasho la'aan iyo xanaaqa cilladda khamaarka; xanaaqa, welwelka ama murugada cilladda ciyaaraha internetka, (APA, 2013)). Mid ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ku doodo in haddii calaamadahan oo kale ay ka dhigan yihiin calaamad muhiim ah oo lagu ogaanayo cilladahan, calaamadaha la midka ah waa in lagu tixgeliyo macnaha guud ee CSBD iyo PPU.
Natiijooyinka hadda jira sidoo kale waxay waafaqsan yihiin daraasadda Wines (1997) kaas oo dadka qaba qabatinka galmo ay ku soo warrameen calaamadaha ka-noqoshada sida niyad-jabka, xanaaqa, welwelka, hurdo la'aanta iyo daalka inta badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadda hadda jirta, badinta calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee shuruudaha kulanka kooxda ee CSBD ayaa ka hooseeyay daraasadda Wines (kaas oo 52 ka mid ah 53 kaqeybgalayaashu ay sheegeen ugu yaraan hal calaamad). Tani maaha wax la yaab leh, sida daraasadda Wines' ay ku lug leedahay koox bukaan-socod bukaanno ah, kuwaas oo leh suurtogalnimo sare, ay la kulmeen calaamado aad u daran oo ah habdhaqanka galmada khasabka ah marka loo eego ka qaybgalayaashayada laga shaqaaleysiiyay dadweynaha guud. Sababo la xiriira baaxaddeeda weyn, dabeecadda aan bukaan-socodka ahayn, daraasaddeenu waxay bixisaa xog horudhac ah oo dhammaystiran, taas oo ay tahay in lagu celceliyo oo lagu kordhiyo bukaan-socodyada, kooxaha daawaynta kuwaas oo dhammaantood si rasmi ah loo qiimeeyay lagana helay CSBD.
Iyadoo la raacayo daraasado hore oo ku saabsan balwadaha dabeecadda, calaamadaha jireed ayaa lagu soo warramey heer aad u hooseeya oo ay ku jiraan madax-xanuun, garaaca wadnaha oo xooggan, calool-xanuun, murqo xanuun, iyo xanuunka qaybaha kale ee jirka. Calaamadaha jireed ee ka-noqoshada waa calaamad muujinaysa cilladaha isticmaalka muqaadaraadka (Bayard iyo al., 2004; Kosten & O'Connor, 2003), laakiin waa ka yar tahay balwadaha dhaqanka sida khamaarka iyo cilladaha ciyaaraha internetka (APA, 2013). Daraasadda hadda jirta waxay bixisaa taageero horudhac ah oo loogu talagalay calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee CSBD iyo PPU, iyo astaamahan caafimaad waa in si dheeraad ah loo baaro muunado caafimaad oo waaweyn oo kala duwan.
Dulqaadka, mid kasta oo ka mid ah shanta weji ee la baadhay ayaa si go'aan leh loogu taageeray ka qaybgalayaasha CSBD iyo sidoo kale kuwa haysta PPU marka loo eego ka qaybgalayaasha oo aan buuxin shuruudahan. Baahida loo qabo in dhaqdhaqaaqyada galmo ay noqdaan kuwo soo jiidasho leh si loo gaaro heer kacsi la mid ah sidii waagii hore ayaa si xoog leh loo taageeray labada kooxood ee leh dabeecad galmo dhib leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bayaankan ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loo taageeray ka qaybgalayaasha kale ee galmada firfircoon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wejiyada dulqaadka ee ka tarjumaya isku dayada firfircoon ee ka hortagga saameynteeda waxay u muuqdaan kuwo si gaar ah u gaar ah dadka ku sarreeya CSBD iyo PPU calaamadaha. Tan waxaa ku jira - loogu talagalay CSBD - kordhinta wakhtiga loo qoondeeyay hawlaha galmada, iyo sidoo kale ka qayb qaadashada noocyada cusub ee dhaqanka galmada si ay u dareemaan isla heerka kacsiga galmada ama ay gaaraan kacsi Dhanka PPU-daawashada walxo qaawan oo aad u xad dhaaf ah oo kala duwan si ka duwan sidii hore, sababtoo ah maaddadani aad ayay u sii kicinaysaa. Habkan natiijadu waa mid la fahmi karo, sida ugu horreeya ee wejiyada la lafa-guray (baahida loo qabo in hawlaha galmadu ay noqdaan kuwo dhiirigelin leh si loo gaaro heer kacsi la mid ah kii hore) ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inay la xiriirto arrimo kale, tusaale ahaan, da'da, iyo da'da. -hoos u dhaca kacsiga iyo kacsiga galmada ee la xidhiidha. Markaa, wejigani waxa uu noqon karaa mid gaar u ah ka qaybgalayaasha leh PPU iyo/ama CSBD. Sidaa darteed, natiijooyinkayagu waxay muujinayaan in cabbiraadda aan kaliya ahayn khibradda sii kordheysa ee dulqaadka kicinta galmada, laakiin gaar ahaan kuwa firfircoon (iyo xaaladaha qaarkood ee qasabka ah) isku dayada ka hortagga saameyntan ayaa laga yaabaa inay muhiim u tahay tixgelinta dulqaadka CSBD iyo PPU.
Ururada ka dhexeeya sifooyinka bulsho-bulsheed, heerka xidhiidhka iyo sawirada qaawan ayaa isticmaala caadooyinka CSBD iyo PPU
Sida la qiyaasi karo, falanqaynta dib-u-celinta ayaa muujisay in kuwa isticmaala sawirada qaawan ee soo noqnoqonaya ay leeyihiin darnaanta PPU weyn. Inkasta oo xidhiidhka laba-geesoodka ah ee u dhexeeya inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan iyo CSBD uu ahaa mid dhexdhexaad ah, togan oo muhiim ah, marka la isku hagaajinayo doorsoomayaasha kale ee moodooyinka dib-u-celinta, saameynta inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee calaamadaha CSBD ayaa ahaa mid yar, inkastoo weli muhiim ah. Awooda ururinta inta jeer ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee CSBD marka la isku hagaajinayo doorsoomayaal kale ayaa tiro ahaan ka daciifsan kuwii ka bixista iyo dulqaadka, taas oo ka soo horjeeda saadaashayada warbixinta isdiiwaan gelinta. Dheeraad ah, muddada isticmaalka sawirada qaawan waxay u muuqatay inay gacan ka geysato darnaanta CSBD si ka yar inta jeer ee isticmaalka. Gaar ahaan, muddada isticmaalka sawir-gacmeedka ayaa kaliya ahaa arrin muhiim u ah darnaanta PPU, laakiin maaha darnaanta CSBD marka tilmaamayaasha kale lagu daro qaabka. Natiijooyinka la helay waxay la jaan qaadayaan kuwii daraasadaheena hore, iyo sidoo kale dhowr daraasadood oo ay sameeyeen cilmi-baarayaal kale (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019; Lewczuk, Glica, iyo al., 2020). Heerka xidhiidhka lama xidhiidhin darnaanta PPU ama CSBD. Da'du waxay lahayd xidhiidh muhiim ah, inkasta oo ay liidato, xidhiidh rogan ah oo la leh darnaanta PPU, kaas oo waafaqsan daraasadihii hore (Lewczuk, Nowakowska, iyo al., 2021), laakiin da'du lama xidhiidhin darnaanta CSBD. Ugu dambeyntii, sida ay taageerto suugaanta hore, jinsiga labka ah waxay la xiriirtay isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee dheeraadka ah (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2019; Lewczuk, Wójcik, & Gola, 2022iyo darnaanta CSBD iyo PPU ka weyn (de Alarcón iyo al., 2019; Kafka, 2010; Lewczuk et al., 2017). Guud ahaan, moodooyinka dib-u-celinta ayaa sharraxay 40% kala duwanaanshaha CSBD iyo 41% ee PPU, kuwaas oo ah qiimo aad u sarreeya, gaar ahaan marka la tixgelinayo in ujeedada ugu muhiimsan ee falanqayntayadu ay tahay in la baaro saadaasha gaarka ah, saadaasha hore loo diiwaan geliyay iyo inaanan sare u qaadin qiimaha saadaasha ee moodooyinka.
baahsanaanta CSBD iyo PPU
Intaa waxaa dheer, wakiilka qaranka ee hadda jira, muunada qaangaarka, baahsanaanta CSBD ee dhammaan ka qaybgalayaasha waxay ahayd 4.67% (6.25% ragga, 3.17% dumarka), iyo badinta PPU waxay ahayd 22.84% (33.24% ragga, 12.92%) haweenka). Shakhsiyaadka ka warbixinaya isticmaalka sawirada qaawan, badinta CSBD waxaa lagu qiyaasay 5.62% (6.40% ragga, 4.37% dumarka), iyo badinta PPU waxay ahayd 32.35% (38.24% ragga, 22.88% dumarka). Farqiga u dhexeeya qiyaasaha ku salaysan labada su'aalood ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka soo baxaan qayb ka mid ah xargaha xaddidan ee qalabka qiimaynta. Daraasado hore oo ay sameeyeen kooxdayadu sidoo kale iyadoo la adeegsanayo BPS si loo qiyaaso PPU waxay sidoo kale soo saartay qiyaaso sare, 17.8% daraasad lagu sameeyay muunad wakiil ah sanadka 2019n = 1,036; covid ka hor, Lewczuk, Wizła, & Gola, 2022), iyo 22.92% muunad sahlan oo laga shaqaaleysiiyay baraha bulshada 2020 (inta lagu jiro masiibada COVID-19)Wizła iyo al., 2022). Arrinka xad-dhaafka xad-dhaafka ah ee cabbirrada PPU, iyo sidaas oo ay suurtagal tahay in ka badan-caafimaadka dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada aan cudur-sidaha lahayn, ayaa laga wada hadlay lagana dooday (Kohut iyo al., 2020; Lewczuk, Wizła, & Gola, 2022; Walton et al., 2017). Daraasadaha ku lug leh ka-qaybgalayaasha raadinaya daaweynta CSBD iyo PPU waa in la sameeyaa si loo ururiyo xog dheeraad ah oo la xidhiidha shuruudaha ogaanshaha iyo heerarka CSBD iyo PPU iyo cabbiradooda.
Daraasadda hadda jirta waxaa la sameeyay intii lagu jiray faafitaanka COVID-19 (Janaayo 2021), taasoo laga yaabo inay saameyn ku yeelato natiijooyinka. Daraasadaha qaarkood ayaa soo sheegay in isticmaalka sawirada qaawan iyo PPU laga yaabo inay kordheen inta lagu jiro aafada (Döring, 2020; Zattoni iyo al., 2020), taas oo noqon karta hal sharraxaad suurtagal ah oo ku saabsan qiyaasaha baahsanaanta PPU ee sarreeya ee lagu arkay daraasadda hadda. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in daraasadaha kale aysan helin koror weyn oo muddada-dheer ah ee isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee soo noqnoqda ama darnaanta calaamadaha PPU inta lagu jiro masiibada COVID-19 (Bőthe et al., 2022; Grubbs, Perry, Grant Weinandy, & Kraus, 2022).
Saamaynta ogaanshaha iyo daaweynta
Natiijooyinka hadda jira, inkasta oo hordhac ah, waxay leeyihiin saameyno ogaanshaha iyo kiliinikada ee suurtogalka ah - si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in la xoojiyaa oo la kordhiyo cilmi-baarista mustaqbalka, oo sidoo kale ku salaysan shaybaarada bukaan-socodka, ka hor inta aan la soo saarin gunaanad xooggan. Joogitaanka calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka ee sawirka calamadaha ee CSBD waxay muujin kartaa in ifafaalahan lagu qiimeeyo qayb ka mid ah habka ogaanshaha xanuunkan. Tani waxay tusinaysaa suurtogalnimada baahida loo qabo in la beddelo qalabka qiimeynta hadda ee CSBD si loogu daro dulqaadka iyo qaybaha ka-noqoshada, si la mid ah Qiyaasta Isticmaalka Isticmaalka Sawir-qaadka ee Dhibaatada leh ee PPUBőthe et al., 2018). Waxaa intaa dheer, daawaynta CSBD iyo PPU waa in loo qaabeeyaa si ku habboon oo loo tixgeliyo suurtagalnimada calaamadaha ka-noqoshada inta lagu jiro habka daaweynta (ie, calaamadahani waxay dhici karaan marka macmiilku xaddido ama ka fogaado noocyada dhibaatada leh ee dabeecadaha galmada inta lagu jiro daaweynta). Ugu dambeyntii, joogitaanka dulqaadka iyo calaamadaha ka-noqoshada ee CSBD waxay xaqiijineysaa qaabka laqabsiga ee cilladda, sidaas awgeed cilmi-baaris caafimaad mustaqbalka ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka faa'iideysato tijaabinta waxtarka hababka daweynta ee waxtarka leh ee daaweynta balwadaha kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida dulqaadka iyo ka-noqoshada CSBD iyo habdhaqanka habdhaqanka si ballaaran ayaa weli ah fikrado aad looga wada hadlay iyada oo kaliya caddayn bilow ah oo la soo ururiyay ilaa hadda (Castro-Calvo iyo al., 2021; Starcevic, 2016), ansaxnimada saameynahaan waxay ku xiran tahay natiijooyinka aadka loo baahan yahay mustaqbalka iyadoo la adeegsanayo habab cilmi baaris oo adag oo leh dad kala duwanGriffin, Way, & Kraus, 2021).
Xaddidaadda iyo baaritaanka mustaqbalka
Naqshadaynta qaybaha kala duwan ee daraasadda hadda jirta ayaa ah mid aan fiicneyn marka la baarayo fikradaha jihada. Daraasadaha mustaqbalka ee isticmaalaya naqshadaha dhaadheer ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo baaro calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka CSBD iyo/ama PPU. Daraasadda hadda jirta ma aysan baarin sifooyinka ku meel gaarka ah ee mid kasta oo ka mid ah calaamadaha ka-noqoshada (muuqaalka iyo kala-baxa ayaa ku kala duwanaan kara iyaga) ama saameyntooda suurtagalka ah ee shaqeynta. Hababka bixiya qiimayno heersare ah (tusaale, qiimaynta deegaanka [EMA]) ayaa laga yaabaa in loo isticmaalo si loo baadho arimahan (tusaale, la soco muuqaalka suurtogalka ah ee calaamadaha ka bixitaanka maalin kasta, hab deegaan iyo hab la isku halayn karo; Lewczuk, Gorowska, Li, & Gola, 2020). Daraasaddeena, sidoo kale ma aan soo ururin macluumaadka ku saabsan haddii ka qaybgalayaashu ay ku jireen muddo ka fogaansho galmo ah ama la xakameeyey / xaddiday dabeecadahooda galmada wakhtiga daraasadda la sameeyay, taas oo noqon doonta mid waxtar u leh natiijooyinka la soo bandhigay. Waxyaabo badan oo suurtagal ah (tusaale, tababar xirfadeed oo aan ku filnayn, aragtida xaddidan ee ka qaybgalayaasha) ayaa laga yaabaa inay saameyn ku yeeshaan natiijooyinka laga soo sheegay daraasaddan hadda la barbar dhigo qiimeynta ay ku lug leeyihiin xirfadlayaasha caafimaadka maskaxda ee khibradda leh. Talaabada mustaqbalka ee muhiimka ah ee qiimeynta la isku halayn karo ee sifooyinka uu saadaaliyay qaabka qabatinka ee CSBD waa in la baaro joogitaanka calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka kooxaha caafimaadka, oo ku saleysan qiimeynta uu maamulo takhtarka. Waxaa intaa dheer, in kasta oo aan baarnay calaamado badan oo suurtagal ah oo ka bixitaan ah (marka la barbardhigo daraasadihii hore ee habdhaqanka dabeecadda), waxaa suurtogal ah in qaar ka mid ah noocyada kale ee muhiimka ah ee calaamadaha ka-noqoshada aan lagu darin daraasadda. Qaab dhismeedka saxda ah iyo astaamaha calaamadaha ka noqoshada ee CSBD iyo PPU waa in si dheeraad ah loo baaro, oo ay ku jiraan kooxaha diirada ee ku lug leh daaweynta raadinta macaamiisha leh CSBD iyo PPU. Sida lagu faahfaahiyay qaybta wada-hadalka, cabbiraadda PPU ee daraasadda hadda jirta (iyadoo la adeegsanayo Shaashadda Pornography ee Kooban) waxay keentay in laga yaabo in calaamadahan la ogaado ee dadka la bartay - tani waa in loo tixgeliyaa xaddidaadda daraasadda, natiijooyinka hadda jirana waa inay noqdaan lagu soo koobay iyadoo la isticmaalayo cabbir muxaafid ah oo PPU ah. Sida daraasadda la sameeyay intii lagu jiray faafitaanka COVID-19, daraasado dheeri ah oo ka dambeeya masiibada ayaa loo baahan yahay. Falanqayntayadu waxay ku salaysnayd kaliya ka qaybgalayaasha Polish. Maaddaama kala duwanaanshaha hab-dhaqanka galmadu ay la xidhiidho dhaqanka, jinsiyadda, qowmiyadda, diinta iyo arrimo kale (Agocha, Asencio, & Decena, 2013; Grubbs & Perry, 2019; Perry & Schleifer, 2019), guud ahaan natiijooyinka hadda waa in lagu baaro deegaan dhaqameed kale iyo goobaha juqraafiyeed, gaar ahaan shaqada dheeraadka ah waa in ay baartaa kala duwanaanshaha suurtagalka ah ee loo aaneynayo jinsiga, jinsiyadda, qowmiyadaha, diinta, iyo aqoonsiga jinsiga. Ugu dambeyntii, arrimo dheeraad ah, oo muhiim ah oo saameyn ku yeelan kara xiriirka CSBD/PPU si ay uga baxaan calaamadaha iyo dulqaadka kuwaas oo aan ka mid ahayn falanqaynta hadda (oo ay ku jiraan wadista galmada, caafimaadka galmada iyo cilladaha) waa in lagu baaro shaqada mustaqbalka.
Gabagabada
Shaqada hadda jirta waxay bixisaa caddaynta bilowga ah ee jiritaanka suurtagalka ah ee calaamadaha ka-noqoshada iyo dulqaadka qaybta dhaqdhaqaaqa galmada, iyo xiriirka muhiimka ah ee CSBD iyo calaamadaha PPU. Calaamadaha ugu badan ee la soo sheego kuma lug laha oo kaliya qaybta galmada (fikrado galmo oo soo noqnoqda oo ay adkeyd in la joojiyo, oo ay ku adkaato xakamaynta rabitaanka galmada), laakiin sidoo kale shucuureed (xanaaq, niyadda isbedbeddelka) iyo kuwa shaqeynaya (dhibaato hurdo). Markaa, calaamadaha ka-noqoshada dhaqdhaqaaqa galmoodka waxay la wadaageen waxyaabaha la midka ah kuwa lagu arkay balwadaha dhaqanka sida khamaarka iyo cilladaha ciyaaraha internetka. Isla mar ahaantaana, daraasadda hadda jirta ayaa bixisa oo keliya caddaynta bilowga ah iyo xaddidaaddeeda lagu sheegay qaybta wada-hadalka waa in aan la dhayalsan karin marka la turjumayo natiijooyinka daraasadda. Cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah, gaar ahaan ku lug leh shaybaarada kiliinikada iyo baaritaannada dhakhtarku qiimeeyay, iyo sidoo kale naqshadaha dhererka, waa in la sameeyaa si loo baaro sifooyinka faahfaahsan, muhiimadda guud (muhiim ah vs. kaliya doorka durugsan ee sawirka calaamadaha iyo horumarinta cilladda) sidoo kale sida ogaanshaha iyo isticmaalka kiliinikada ee calaamadaha ka noqoshada iyo dulqaadka CSBD iyo PPU.
Ilaha maalgelinta
Diyaarinta qoraal-gacmeedkan waxaa taageeray deeqda Sonatina oo ay siisay Xarunta Sayniska Qaranka, Poland Karol Lewczuk, lambarka deeqda: 2020/36/C/HS6/00005. Taageerada Shane W. Kraus waxaa bixiyay Machadka Cilmi-baarista Kindbridge.
Ku tabaruca qorayaasha
Fikradda: KL, MW, AG; Habka: KL, MW, AG; Baaritaanka: KL, MW, AG; Falanqaynta Rasmiga ah: KL, MW, AG; Qoritaanka - qoraalka asalka ah: KL, MW, AG, MP, MLS, SK; Qoritaanka - dib u eegis iyo tafatir: KL, MW, AG, MP, MLS, SK.
Isku dhaca xiisaha
Qorayaashu waxay caddeeyeen in aanay lahayn dano maaliyadeed oo tartan ah oo la yaqaan ama xidhiidhada shakhsi ahaaneed ee u muuqan kara inay saameyn ku yeeshaan shaqada laga soo sheegay warqadan. Marc N. Potenza waa tifaftire ku-xigeenka joornaalka balwadaha dhaqanka.
Wixii daraasado dheeraad ah booqo bogga ugu weyn ee cilmi-baarista.
;