Lawal, Abiodun Musbau, iyo Erhacor Sunday Idemudia.
Wargeyska Caalamiga ah ee Dhallinta iyo Dhalinyarada (2017): 1-9.
aan la taaban karin
Daraasadu waxay si gooni gooni ah u baartay jinsiga iyo heerarka kala duwanaanta ee ku qasbida galmada waxayna go'aamisay tabarucaada kalinimada iyo qabatinka internetka iyadoo sharxeysa isku qasnaanta galmada ee ardayda dugsiga sare. Muunad ku habboon oo ka kooban 311 ardayda dugsiga sare lab iyo dhadig ah oo da'doodu u dhexeyso 13 - 21 sano (M = 15.61, SD = 1.63) waxay dhameystireen sahamin isweydaarsi ah oo ka kooban macluumaadka dadka iyo cabbirada kalinimada, isticmaalka internetka iyo ku qasabnaanta galmada. Tirakoobka dib-u-habeynta nidaamsan ayaa muujisay in labada dareen ee kalinimada iyo qabatinka internetka ay si weyn gacan uga geysteen heerka ku-qasbinta galmada ee qabatinka internetka ee dhibcaha ka sarreeya. Carruurta dhigata dugsiga sare waxay soo sheegeen qasab galmo oo ka sarreeya kuwa dhiggooda ah. Heerka fasalku saameyn weyn kuma lahan qasabnimada galmada laakiin saameynteeda ayaa umuuqday inay sii kordhayaan markii ardayda ay ku sii kordhayaan fasallada. Barashada galmada oo dhameystiran iyo kahortaga faragalinta iyadoo xooga lasaarayo wada xiriirka xoogan ee waalidka iyo cunugga iyo sidoo kale xakamaynta isticmaalka internetka ee korinta saxda ah ee carruurta ayaa lagula talinayaa.
Keywords: Isku xirka galmada, isticmaalka internetka, kalinimo, carruurta dugsiga sare, Nigeria
Hordhac
Fikradaha xad-dhaafka ah ee ra'yiga iyo rabitaanka carruurta dugsiga sare waxay ugu dambeyntii keenaan isku-qasdinta galmada haddii ardaydu si fiican ugu hanuunin sida loo xakameeyo ama u maamulo dareenka. Sida lagu xusay Herkov (2016 Herkov, M. (2016). Maxay tahay takooridda galmada? psyche Dhexe. Dib u soo helay August 10, 2017, laga bilaabo https://psychcentral.com/lib/what-is-sexual-addiction/ [Google Scholar]), Golaha Qaranka ee ku-takhasuska ku-takoorka iyo jaahwareerka ayaa lagu qeexay cabsigelinta jinsiga ama qasab-ka-galmoodka ah iyada oo la jahwareerayo habdhaqanka joogtada ah ee sii kordhaya ee dhaqdhaqaaqyada galmoodka ah ayadoo la tixgelinayo cawaaqib xun oo u geysanaya naftiisa iyo kuwa kaleba. Kalichman iyo Rompa (1995 Kalichman, SC, & Rompa, D. (1995). Dareenka galmada iyo miisaanka qasabka: Kalsoonida, ansaxnimada, iyo saadaalinta Habdhaqanka halista HIV. Xogta Qiimaynta Shakhsiga, 65, 586–601.10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_16[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) waxay dhisteen jaangooyo adag (SCS) waxayna ku sharaxday in ay cabirto rabitaanka ku wajahan ka hortagga galmoodka iyo feker la'aanta. Laga soo bilaabo sharaxaadyadan, shakhsiga leh dabeecad galmo qasab ah ayaa lagu dhejiyaa fikrado galmo wuxuuna sii wadi doonaa inuu ka weynaado ku saabsan ku dhaqanka dareenka galmada, iyadoon loo eegin natiijooyinka xun. Iyada oo la raacayo SCS, isafgaradka jinsiga waxaa lagu qeexi karaa heerka uu ilmuhu iskuulada dugsiga sare ka dhigayo fikradaha galmada iyo rabitaanka; waxayna ka careysiisey ku dhaqanka dareennadaas iyada oo aan loo eegin cawaaqib xun. Caruurta dugsiga sare ee ku lug leh fikirka galmada, dareenka, rabitaanka, dabeecada ama jinsi-galmo ee farageliya shaqadooda caadiga ah waxaa loo sheegi karaa inay ku badan tahay isku-qasidda galmada.
Cilmi-baarisyo ku aaddan baahsanaanta jinsi-galinta iyo arrimaha la xidhiidha ayaa inta badan lagu sameeyay meel ka baxsan Nigeria (Madow, 1998 Madow, DW (1998). Dabeecad galmo qasab ah: Dib u eegis. Wargeyska Cilmi-nafsiga Dhaqanka iyo Caafimaadka Dabeecadda, 4, 219-229. [Google Scholar]; Chaney & Burns-Wortham, 2015 Chaney, MP, & Burns-Wortham, CM (2015). Baadhitaanka soo baxa, kalinimada, iyo isku kalsoonaanta sida saadaaliyayaasha ku qasbida galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka labada jinsiba. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 22(1), 71-88.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]; Grov, Parsons, & Bimbi, 2010 Grov, C., Parsons, JT, & Bimbi, DS (2010). Ku qasabnaanta galmada iyo halista galmada ee ragga iyo dheddig-laboodka. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 39, 940–949.10.1007/s10508-009-9483-9[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Torres & Gore-Felton, 2007 Torres, HL, & Gore-Felton, C. (2007). Qasab, adeegsiga walxaha, iyo kalinimada: Kalinimada iyo qaabka halista galmada (LSRM). Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 14(1), 63–75. doi:10.1080/10720160601150147[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]). Badanaa daraasaddan hore waxay ahaayeen ardayda jaamacadda, khaniisiinta, ragga iyo haweenka ragga qaba HIV (Grov et al., 2010 Grov, C., Parsons, JT, & Bimbi, DS (2010). Ku qasabnaanta galmada iyo halista galmada ee ragga iyo dheddig-laboodka. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 39, 940–949.10.1007/s10508-009-9483-9[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Torres & Gore-Felton, 2007 Torres, HL, & Gore-Felton, C. (2007). Qasab, adeegsiga walxaha, iyo kalinimada: Kalinimada iyo qaabka halista galmada (LSRM). Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 14(1), 63–75. doi:10.1080/10720160601150147[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]), oo leh carruur dugsi sare inta badan la dayacay. Daraasad ku saabsan carruurta dugsiga sare ee Nigeria ayaa sidaas darteed waqtigeeda ku habboon, gaar ahaan marka la eego isbeddellada koritaanka isticmaalka internetka aan la ilaalin oo laga yaabo in ay halis ugu jiraan in ay soo gaaraan dhowr ficilo galmo la xiriira. Intaa waxa dheer, la'aanta ama dareen la'aanta iyo kormeerka waalidku waxay carqaladeeyaan carruurta badan ee dugsiyada sare in ay dareemaan kalinimo; Sidaa darteed, iyaga oo halis ugu jira khiyaamo bulsheed oo kala duwan. Daraasadani waxay baaris ku samaysay internetka iyo dareemidda kali ah sida ugu macquulsan ee saadaalinta isirrada ku salaysan isku-qasdinta galmada ee carruurta dugsiga sare.
Ku qasabnaanta galmada waxaa si isdaba joog ah loo soo sheegay inay xiriir la leedahay isticmaalka badan ee khamriga iyo isticmaalka maandooriyaha (Kalichman & Cain, 2004 Kalichman, SC, & Qaabiil, D. (2004). Xiriirka ka dhexeeya tilmaamayaasha ku qasbida galmada iyo dhaqamada galmada ee halista sare leh ee raga iyo dumarka adeegyada kahelaya rugta cudurada galmada lagu kala qaado. Jariidadda Cilmi- 41(3), 235-241.10.1080 / 00224490409552231[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]), walaac, cilladaha niyadda iyo khalkhalka xakamaynta kicinta (Grant & Steinberg, 2005 Grant, JE, & Steinberg, MA (2005). Dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah iyo khamaarka noolaha. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 12, 235-244.10.1080 / 10720160500203856[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]; Raymond, Coleman, & Miner, 2003 Raymond, NC, Coleman, E., & Miner, MH (2003). Cillad xumo xagga maskaxda ah iyo dabeecado qasab / qasab ku ah dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah. Dhibaatooyinka maskaxda ee maskaxda, 44, 370–380.10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00110-X[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]); iyo ku lug lahaanshaha dabeecadaha galmada ee halista badan sida galmada aan la ilaalin, galmada daroogada ay sababto, tirada lammaanaha galmada oo kordha waxay u horseedi kartaa HIV iyo cudurada kale ee galmada lagu kala qaado (Dodge, Reece, Cole, & Sandfort, 2004 Dodge, B., Reece, M., Cole, AL, & Sandfort, TGM (2004). Ku qasbida galmada ee ardayda kulleejada heterosexual. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Is-galka 41(4), 343-350.10.1080 / 00224490409552241[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Grov et al., 2010 Grov, C., Parsons, JT, & Bimbi, DS (2010). Ku qasabnaanta galmada iyo halista galmada ee ragga iyo dheddig-laboodka. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 39, 940–949.10.1007/s10508-009-9483-9[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Kalichman & Rompa, 2001 Kalichman, SC, & Rompa, D. (2001). Qiyaasta qasabka galmada: Horumar dheeri ah iyo adeegsiga dadka qaba HIV. Xogta Qiimaynta Shakhsiga, 76, 379–395.10.1207/S15327752JPA7603_02[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; - Reece, Plate, & Daughtry, 2001 Reece, M., Plate, PL, & Daughtry, M. (2001). Kahortaga HIV iyo ku qasabida galmada: Baahida loo qabo istiraatiijiyad isku dhafan ee caafimaadka bulshada iyo caafimaadka maskaxda. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 8, 157-167.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]). Baarayaasha kale waxay soo warbixiyeen cawaaqib xumada ka dhalan karta qasab galmo ee shaqsiyaadka si loogu daro isku dhacyada dadka dhexdooda ah iyo cidhiidhiga, cidhiidhiga maskaxda iyo ka fogaanshaha masuuliyadaha shaqo (Muench & Parsons, 2004 Muench, F., & Parsons, JT (2004). Ku Xadgudubka Galmada iyo HIV: Aqoonsiga iyo Daaweynta. Diiradda, 19, 1-4.[PubMed], [Google Scholar]). Sidaas daraadeed waa muhiim in la ogaado daraasadaha kor ku xusan ee baaraya mabaadi'da internetka iyo dareenka kali ah sida ugu macquulsan saadaalinta jinsiga, gaar ahaan ardayda dugsiga sare waa mid aad muhiim u ah.
Isticmaalka internetka ee aadka loo isticmaalo waxaa loo tixgelin karaa nooc ka mid ah qabatimidda isticmaalka internetka. Inkasta oo aysan jirin qeexid qeexan oo ku saabsan fikradda isticmaalka maandooriyaha, haddana, Young (1998 Young, KS (1998). Siday shabakada: Sida loo aqoonsado calaamadaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha internetka - iyo istaraatijiyad lagu guuleysto oo soo kabashada. KS Young (Ed.), 605 Waddada Saddexaad (pp. 10158-0012. 248). New York, NY: Wiley. [Google Scholar]) ee lagu qeexay isticmaalka internetka oo ah xakamaynta xakamaynta oo aan ku lug laheyn isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka muqaadaraadka ah. Daraasaddan hadda, waxaan qeexnaa isticmaalka internetka sida isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee loo isticmaalo internetka ee saameeya dhaqdhaqaaqyada maalin kasta ee shakhsi ahaaneed. Ardayda iskuulada ee dugsiyada sare leh ee la isticmaalo ee internetka waxay waqtigooda ku qaataan sheeko internet ah, ciyaaro iyo qaabab kala duwan oo wadahadal ah. Koorsadani waxay sameynayaan, waxay la kulmaan fikrado galmo la xiriira oo u sheegi kara dhaqankooda galmada.
Daraasadaha jira waxay muujinayaan in ay jirto baahi weyn oo ah isticmaalka isticmaalka internetka ee ardayda dugsiyada sare (Bruno et al., 2014 Bruno, A., Scimeca, G., Cava, L., Pandolfo, G., Zoccali, RA, & Muscatello, MRA (2014). Baahida isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka internetka ee muunad ardayda Koonfurta Talyaaniga ee dugsiga sare. Wargeyska Caalamiga ah ee Xanuunka Caafimaadka Maskaxda, 12, 708–715.10.1007/s11469-014-9497-y[Crossref], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Sasmaz et al., 2013 Sasmaz, T., Oner, S., Kurt, OA, Yapici, G., Yacizi, AE, Bugdayci, R., & Sis, M. (2013). Baahida iyo sababaha halista ee qabatinka internetka ee ardayda dugsiga sare. Joornaalka Yurub ee Caafimaadka Bulshada, 24(1), 15-20.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). Shaki kuma jiro, isticmaalka internetku waa mid aad u muhiim ah ardayda u tixgeliya faa'iidooyinka kala duwan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, maandooriyeha wuxuu yeelan karaa cawaaqib aan la dabooli karin, gaar ahaan carruurta yaryar haddii aysan jirin kormeer ama koontarooli karin hagayaal qibrad leh ama khibrad leh. Si ay u taageeraan cadeyntaan, Griffith (2001 Griffith, MD (2001). Galmada ku jirta internetka: Kormeer iyo faahfaahin ku saabsan galmada galmada ee internetka. Wargeyska Cilmi-baadhista Jinsiga, 38, 333-352.10.1080 / 00224490109552104[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) sharaxay internetka maandooriyeyaasha iyada oo ah arrin ku jirta nolosha ardayga tan iyo markii ay keeni karto dhibaatooyinka neerfaha, dhibaatooyinka nafsaaniga ah iyo is-qabqabsi la'aanta. Sidoo kale, Xianhua et al. (2013 Xianhua, W., Xinguang, C., Juan, H., Heng, M., Jiaghong, L., Liesl, N., & Hanrong, W. (2013). Baahida iyo arrimaha isticmaalka internetka ee isticmaalka balwadaha leh ee qaangaarka ah ee Wuhan, Shiinaha: Isdhexgalka xiriirka waalidka ee da 'da' iyo 'hyperactivity-impulsivity'. QAYBTA hal, 8(4), e61782.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) ayaa sheegay in ardayda isticmaala internetka ay aad u sarreeyeen kor u qaadis la'aanta-is-qabqabashada iyo in xiriirka waalidnimo ee wanaagsan uu u adeegi karo sidii mid ka mid ah halisaha khataraha internetka. Dabcan, fikradaha galmada xad-dhaafka ah looma diidi karo natiijada suurtagalka ah ee isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee internetka ee dugsiyada sare ee dugsiga; oo tani waxay saameyn kartaa caqiidooyinkooda, hanuuninta iyo ujeedada jinsiga qofka.
Ka fogaanshaha qabatinka internetka, kalinimada cunugga koraya ayaa si fudud u saadaalin kara isaga ama iyada si ay u gaaraan go'aano aan hagaagsaneyn oo ku saabsan dabeecadaha qaarkood sida muujinta galmada. Dareemidda kalinimadu waa nooc ka mid ah go'doomin bulsheed taas oo qofku dareemo in isaga ama iyadu aysan cid dambe ugu dhowaanaynin. Dareemidda kalinimo ayaa lagu soo warramey inay la xiriirto wada xiriirka dadka iyo dhibaatooyinka is dhexgalka bulshada (Frye-Cox & Hesse, 2013 Frye-Cox, NE, & Hesse, CR (2013). Alexithymia iyo tayada guurka: Doorka dhexdhexaadinta ee kalinimada iyo wada xiriirka dhow. Wargeyska Cilmi-nafsiga Qoyska, 27(2), 203-211.10.1037 / a0031961[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). Dareenka kali ahaanshaha ama kaligiis ayaa laga yaabaa inay dhigto qaar ka mid ah carruurta dugsiga sare khatarta ah inay ku lug yeeshaan dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah; waxaa laga yaabaa, sida qawaaniinta dareenka ah ee dareenka kali ah. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, khasab galmo ayaa laga yaabaa in loo isticmaalo sidii farsamooyinka loola tacaalayo dareenkooda kelinimada. Daraasado tiro yar ayaa baaray dareenka kali ah iyada oo ah arrin suurtogal ah in la saadaaliyo isuduwidda galmada. Tusaale ahaan, Torres iyo Gore-Felton (2007 Torres, HL, & Gore-Felton, C. (2007). Qasab, adeegsiga walxaha, iyo kalinimada: Kalinimada iyo qaabka halista galmada (LSRM). Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 14(1), 63–75. doi:10.1080/10720160601150147[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]) ayaa sheegay in dareenka laf-dhabarka uu xiriir la leeyahay dabeecada jinsi-doonka ah iyo isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka si loo yareeyo dhaqanka khatarta galmada. Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in ilmo dugsi sare oo dareensan in cidlo ay halis ugu jiraan inuu ku lug yeesho dabeecadda jinsi-doonka ah iyo xadgudubka mukhaadaraadka; waxaana dhici karta in la joojiyo noocyada kala duwan ee habdhaqanka khatarta galmada. Chaney iyo Burns-Wortham (2015 Chaney, MP, & Burns-Wortham, CM (2015). Baadhitaanka soo baxa, kalinimada, iyo isku kalsoonaanta sida saadaaliyayaasha ku qasbida galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka labada jinsiba. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 22(1), 71-88.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]) ayaa sidoo kale ku wargeliyay in cidlo la socoto iyada oo aan la shaaca ka qaadin jihada galmada ee hooyada iyo kalsoonidu inay saadaaliso isku-qasdinta galmada. Kuwani waxa ay soo jeedinayaan sida ugu habboon ee kelinimada ah ee lagu garto dabeecadaha galmada shakhsiyaadka.
Isku-qasdinta galmada waa dabeecad heer sare ah. Sidaa awgeed, fahamka farqiga lamaanaha ayaa kaa caawin kara qeexidda galmada aad ugu nugul tahay qasab galmo. Waxaa suurtogal ah, tani waxay iftiiminaysaa cilmi-baarayaasha ku salaysan jimicsiga quudinta jinsiga ah sida cillad iyo caawimaad dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan hababka daaweynta ee la xidhiidha jinsiga. Si loo aqoonsado isbeddelka saadaalinta bulshada ee la xidhiidha isku-qasnaanta jinsiga ee dugsiyada sare ee dugsiga, waxaa la baaraa kala duwanaanta jinsiga iyo heerka kala-guurka ee isku-qasnaanta jinsiga. Ayodele iyo Akindele-Oscar (2015 Ayodele, KO, & Akindele-Oscar, AB (2015). Rabitaannada cilmu-nafsiga ee la xiriira habdhaqanka galmada ee qaan-gaarka: Saamaynta dhexdhexaadka ee jinsiga. Wargeyska Ingiriiska ee Waxbarashada, Bulshada iyo Sayniska Dabeecadda, 6(1), 50-60.[Crossref], [Google Scholar]) waxay ogaadeen in gabar dhalinyaro ah ay soo sheegtey in ay ka badan yihiin isku xirnaansho iskaashi intii ay ka soo horjeedeen raggu. Sidoo kale, McKeague (2014 McKeague, EL (2014). Kala soocista galmada jinsiga: Dib u eegida suugaanta ayaa xooga saarey mawduucyada kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee loo isticmaalo in lagu wargeliyo talooyinka loogu talagalay daaweynta haweenka qaba galmada khamriga. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 21(3), 203-224.10.1080 / 10720162.2014.931266[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]) ayaa sheegay in dabeecadaha habdhaqanka galmada haweenku ay aad u xiiso badan yihiin. Tani waxay soo jeedineysaa in inta ay jiri karto kala-guurka jinsiga ee ku-xadgudubka galmada, dhediguhu waxay muujiyaan xaddigooda galmoodka si ka duwan sida ragga. Taas bedelkeeda, Dodge et al. (2004 Dodge, B., Reece, M., Cole, AL, & Sandfort, TGM (2004). Ku qasbida galmada ee ardayda kulleejada heterosexual. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Is-galka 41(4), 343-350.10.1080 / 00224490409552241[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) ayaa sheegay in dhibcaha ka sarreeya ragga loogu talagalay qasabada galmada marka loo eego haweenka. Hase yeeshee daraasaddan horay loo soo bandhigay ayaa muujisay, in ay jirto farqi jinsi ah oo qasab ah galmada.
Ujeedada daraasaddan ayaa ahayd in la baaro kala duwanaanta jinsiga iyo heerarka kala duwan ee isku-qasdinta galmada iyo in la go'aamiyo tabarucyada kelinimada iyo isticmaalka internetka ee isku-qasdinta galmada ee dugsiyada dhexe ee Nigeria.
Dariiqooyinka
Design
Daraasadu waxay qaadatay qaab iskutallaab ah waxayna u shaqeysay qaab naqshad cilmi baaris hore ah. Isbedelada madaxbannaan waa jinsiga, heerka fasalka, qabatinka internetka iyo dareenka kalinimada, halka doorsoomaha ku tiirsan uu yahay qasab galmo. Jinsiga waxaa lagu cabiray laba heer (lab & dhadig); fasalka saddex heer ah (SSSI, SSSII & SSSIII), qabatinka internetka iyo dareenka kalinimada waxaa lagu cabiray baaxadda u dhexeysa.
Ka qaybgalayaashu
Daraasadu waxay ku lug yeelatay muunad ku habboon 311 carruur iskuul ah oo laga soo kala xulay afar (4) Dugsi Sare ah oo ku dhex yaal magaalada caasimada ah ee Oyo State, Nigeria. Muunada waxaa ka mid ahaa ardayda Dugsiga Sare (SSS) ee fasalada I, II iyo III. 311 arday, 140 (45%) waxay ahaayeen rag halka 171 (55%) ay ahaayeen dumar da'doodu udhaxeyso 13 iyo 21 sano (M = 15.61, SD = 1.63). Qaybinta diinta ee ardayda waxay muujisay in 213 (68.5%) ay ahaayeen Masiixiyiin, 93 (29.9%) ay ahaayeen Muslimiin iyo 5 (1.6%) ay ahaayeen diin dhaqameed. Heerka fasalku wuxuu muujiyey in 100 (32.2%) ay joogeen SSSI, 75 (24.1%) ay joogeen SSSII iyo 136 (43.7%) ay joogeen SSS III.
Cabbiraadaha
Xogta waxaa la ururiyey iyada oo la adeegsanayo xogwareysi qaabaysan oo ka kooban sifooyinka dadweynaha ee kor ku xusan iyo miisaaniyadaha soo socda ee lagu kalsoonaan karo ee lagu cabbirayo doorsoomayaasha xiisaha leh ee daraasadda.
Isku xirka galmada waxaa lagu qiimeeyay iyada oo la ansixiyey 10-Qeybta Isku-Darka Isku-Dhaafista Isku-Darka (SCS) ee ay sameeyeen Kalichman iyo Rompa (1995 Kalichman, SC, & Rompa, D. (1995). Dareenka galmada iyo miisaanka qasabka: Kalsoonida, ansaxnimada, iyo saadaalinta Habdhaqanka halista HIV. Xogta Qiimaynta Shakhsiga, 65, 586–601.10.1207/s15327752jpa6503_16[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) taasina waxay ku saleysantahay qiimeynta jaangooyooyinka ku aaddan rabitaanka galmada ee xad-dhaafka ah iyo dhiirri-galinta. Jawaabaha miisaanka ayaa lagu qiimeeyay miisaanka 5-da ee Likert-nooca ah, oo ka mid ah 'aanan aniga ila mid ahayn' ilaa 'Aad iigu jecla'. Dhibcaha sarreeya ee miisaanka waxay muujineysaa heer aad u weyn oo isdaba-joogga ah ee jawaab-celinta. Muhiimad ahaan, SCS waxaa lagu soo warramey inay tahay mid la aqbali karo dadwaynaha kala duwan sida ragga iyo haweenka ragga iyo dumarka, ragga HIV-ga iyo ardayda kuleejka ah ee ku saabsan qiimeynta hypersexuality (Kalichman, Johnson, Adair, iyo al. 1994 Kalichman, SC, Adair, V., Rompa, D., Multhauf, K., Johnson, J., & Kelly, J. (1994). Raadinta dareenka galmada: Horumarka miisaanka iyo saadaalinta Habdhaqanka halista AIDS-ka ee ragga khaniisnimada firfircoon. Xogta Qiimaynta Shakhsiga, 62, 385–397.10.1207/s15327752jpa6203_1[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]; Grov et al., 2010 Grov, C., Parsons, JT, & Bimbi, DS (2010). Ku qasabnaanta galmada iyo halista galmada ee ragga iyo dheddig-laboodka. Archives ee Habdhaqanka Galmada, 39, 940–949.10.1007/s10508-009-9483-9[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). Dodge et al. (2004 Dodge, B., Reece, M., Cole, AL, & Sandfort, TGM (2004). Ku qasbida galmada ee ardayda kulleejada heterosexual. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Is-galka 41(4), 343-350.10.1080 / 00224490409552241[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) ayaa soo sheegey in la dhiso saxda ah SCS; iyada oo la xidhiidha qiyaasta leh isdabajooga dhaqanka galmada iyo tirada lamaanaha galmada ee muunad ka ah ardayda jaamacadda heterosexual; iyo xiriiro muhiim ah ayaa la helay. Waxaanu soo sheegnay isku dheelitirnaanta alfa ee isku-dhafka .89 ee daraasadda hadda.
kalinimo waxaa lagu qiimeeyay 20-item Qiyaasta UCLA Cilladnimo oo ay sameeyeen Russell, Peplau, iyo Ferguson (1978 Russell, D., Peplau, LA, & Ferguson, ML (1978). Horumarinta cabir kalinimo. Xogta Qiimaynta Shakhsiga, 42, 290–294.10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]); kaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu cabbiro dareenka shakhsiyadeed ee shakhsiga ah ee kelinimada iyo kala go 'bulshada. Jawaabeyaasha waxaa laga filayaa inay muujiyaan miisaanka 5-dhibciga Likert oo ka kala yimid 'Marnaba ma dareemayo habkan' si 'inta badan ayaan dareemayaa habkan'. Dhibcaha sarreeya ee miisaanka ayaa muujinaya heer aad u sareeya oo cidlo ah ee jawaab bixiyaha. Russell (1996 Russell, D. (1996). Miisaanka cidlada UCLA (Version 3): Isxukun, ansax, iyo qaabdhismeed factor. Xogta Qiimaynta Shakhsiga, 66, 20–40.10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) ayaa si joogta ah uga warbixiyay isku dheelitirnaanta gudaha iyada oo ka bilaabmaysa .89 ilaa .94 iyo kalsoonidii imtixaankii tijaabada ahaa .73. Waxaanu soo sheegnay isku dheelitirnaanta alfa ee isku-dhafka .92 ee daraasadda hadda.
Maandooriyaha Internetka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay 20 Waxyaabaha Dhalinyarta ee Internet-ka ah (YIAT20) oo uu sameeyay Young (1998 Young, KS (1998). Siday shabakada: Sida loo aqoonsado calaamadaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha internetka - iyo istaraatijiyad lagu guuleysto oo soo kabashada. KS Young (Ed.), 605 Waddada Saddexaad (pp. 10158-0012. 248). New York, NY: Wiley. [Google Scholar]). Qiyaasta ayaa qiimeyneysa heerka isticmaalka internetka ee jawaab bixiyaashu ay saameyn ku leeyihiin howlahooda maalinlaha ah, nolosha bulshada, wax soo saarka, qaabka jiifka iyo dareenka (Frangos, Frangos, & Sotiropoulos, 2012 Frangos, CC, Frangos, CC, & Sotiropoulos, I. (2012). Falanqeyn moodo ah oo ku saabsan kalsoonidii tijaabinta internetka dhalinyarta. Talaabooyinka Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee injineernimada, Vol I. July 4-6, London: WCE. [Google Scholar]). Jawaabaha miisaanka ayaa lagu qiimeeyay miisaanka 5-ga ee Likert-nooca, oo ka bilaabma 'Dhif' ilaa 'Marwalba'. Dhibcaha sare ee miisaanka waxay muujineysaa heerka cabirka internetka ee jawaab celiyaha. Daraasaddan hadda, waxaan helnay isku dheelitirnaanta alfa isku dheelitirka .73.
Qiimaynta anshaxa iyo hababka
Si loo hubiyo in tixgelinta anshaxa ee ururinta xogta, codsi anshaxeed ayaa la sameeyey oo ansixiyay Guddida 'Ethics Committee' oo taariikhda la siiyey si ay ula kulmaan maamulayaasha dugsiyada. Maamulayaasha dugsigu waa la ogeysiiyey ujeedooyinka cilmi baarista. Su'aalo-waydiin ayaa loo maamuley ardayda fasalada kala duwan. Dhamaan kaqeybgalayaasha waxaa lagu ogeysiiyey daraasaddan isla markaana waxay si siman u bixiyeen ogolaansho qoran Wax magdhow ah laguma siin ardayda si ay uga qaybqaataan daraasadda. Marka ay la kulmayaan ardayda, waxaan ku nuuxnuuxsanay in magacyadooda aan looga baahnayn dhammaystirka su'aalaha iyo in macluumaadka la bixiyay loo isticmaali doono ujeeddada cilmi-baarista kaliya. Iyada oo su'aalaha 400 loo qaybiyey, 364 ayaa si buuxda uga soo qaybgaley ka-qaybgalayaasha taas oo, 311 si habboon loo dhammeystirey. Kuwaas waxaa loo isticmaalay falanqaynta xogta daraasadda. Tirada rasmiga ah ee la adeegsaday ayaa tilmaamaya xaddiga jawaabta ee 77.75%; markii la tuuray 53 oo aan si fiican loo dhammeystirin.
Falanqeynta tirakoobka
Xogta la uruuriyay ayaa lagu dabagalay falanqaynta iyadoo la isticmaalayo nambarka SPSS 24. Tirakoobyada sharraxaadda iyo xisaabinta labadaba waxa lagu qeexay daraasadda. Tirakoobyada sharraxa ah sida celceliska, isdhaafsiga heerka iyo boqolleyda ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu falanqeeyo astaamaha dadweynaha ee jawaab bixiyayaasha. Tirakoobyada aasaasiga ah ee isdhaafsiga iyo is-qabsiga badan ee is-goysyada ayaa lagu xisaabiyay. Falanqaynta isku xirnaanta isdhexgalka ayaa la sameeyay si loo ilaaliyo xiriirka ka dhexeeyo dhammaan doorsoomayaasha, ka dib markii labadii nooc ee hore loo adeegsaday loo isticmaalo si loo tijaabiyo saamiyada madaxbannaan iyo wadajir ah ee saadaalinta saadaasha ee sharxaya isbeddelka isbeddelka daraasadda. Marxaladda ugu horreysa, isticmaalka internetka ayaa la geliyay marxaladda labaad, dareenka kali ah ayaa la galay. Tirakoobyada ayaa lagu soo warramey inay yihiin heerar badan .01 iyo .05 heerarka muhiimka ah.
Natiijooyinka
Natiijooyinka isku-dheelitir la'aanta
Natiijooyinka falanqaynta kala-guurka isku-xirnaanta ee isku-dhafanaanta doorsoomayaasha ee 1 waxay muujisay in da'da jawaab-celiyeyaashu si wanaagsan ula xiriiraan heerka fasalka (r = .58; p < .01) iyo qabatinka internetka (r = .12; p <.01), laakiin kuma kalinimo (r = −.01; p > .05) iyo qasab galmo (r = .08; p > .05) Heerka fasalka kuma xirna qabatinka internetka (r = .10; p > .05), kalinimo (r = .01; p > .05) iyo qasab galmo (r = .06; p > .05) Qabatinka internetka si aad u wanaagsan oo si togan ula xiriira kalinimada (r = .32; p <.01) iyo qasab galmo (r = .47; p <.01). Kalinimadu waxay si togan ula xiriirtaa qasab galmo (r = .38; p <.01).
Jadwalka 1. Muujin, isirka udub dhexaadka iyo jaantuska xidhiidhka u dhexeeya doorsoomayaasha daraasadda (N = 311).
Natiijooyinka nalalka labaad ee laba-nooc ah
Natiijooyinka laba nooc oo kala duwan oo ku salaysan shaxda 2 waxay muujisay in qaabka ugu horreeya, maandooriyaha internetka uu si aad ah uga qayb qaatay qaabka regression, F (1, 309) = 88.63, p <.01 oo lagu tiriyay 22% isbeddelka ku qasabnaanta galmada. Ku darista kalinimada tusaalaha labaad waxay horseeday koror aad u weyn oo ah 28% kala duwanaanshaha ku qasbida galmada oo gacan ka geysaneysa qaabka dib u gurashada F(2, 308) = 60.47, p <.01. Sidoo kale, qaabka labaad, qabatinka internetka (β = .39, p <.01) iyo kalinimo (β = .26, p <.01) si madaxbanaan u saadaaliyay qasab galmo ee caruurta dugsiga sare.
Jadwalka 2. Dib-u-eegista falanqaynta dhaqaale ee is-beddelka ee doorsoomayaasha saadaalinta guurka qasabka ah ee carruurta dugsiga sare (N = 311).
Jadwalka 3, farqiga u dhexeeya jinsiga ee isku-qasnaanta jinsiga waxaa lagu baadhay carruurta dugsiga sare iyadoo la adeegsanayo imtixaanka t-test waxaana lagu ogaaday in jawaabeyaasha ragga (M = 25.28, SD = 10.04) waxay si weyn uga warbixisay qasab galmo ka saraysa dumarka dhigooda ah (M = 19.96, SD = 9.37). Natiijadu waxay muujineysaa inay jirto kala duwanaansho jinsi oo ku saabsan heerka qasabnimada galmada ee carruurta dugsiga sare t(309) = 4.82, p = .000.
Jadwalka 3. t- falanqaynta ugu muhiimsan ee carruurta iyo dumarka dugsiyada sare ah ee ku saabsan isku-qasdinta galmada.
Marka la eego saameynta heerka fasalka ee isku-qasdinta galmada, Falanqaynta Hal-dhinac ee Variance (ANOVA) ayaa la sameeyay, natiijooyinka Jaantus 4 ma muujineynin saameyn weyn oo ku saabsan heerka fasalka galmada F(2, 308) = .58, p = .558. Si kastaba ha noqotee, u fiirsashada muujinta garaafka ee heerarka fasalka waxay muujineysaa in qasabka galmada uu sii kordhayo maaddaama carruurta dugsiga sare ay gaaraan fasal ka sarreeya (eeg Jaantuska 1).
Jadwalka 4. Soo koobida hal-dhinac ANOVA ee heerarka fasalka oo ku saabsan isku-qasidda galmada.
Jaantus 1. Waxay soo bandhigtaa falanqaynta garaafyada ee fasalada dugsiga sare iyo heerkooda jahwareerka galmada.
Dood
Falanqaynta isku xirnaanta ayaa muujisay xiriir toos ah oo toos ah oo u dhexeeya qabatinka internetka iyo ku qasabnaanta galmada. Tani waxay soo jeedinaysaa in inta badan carruurta dugsiga sare ay la qabatimaan isticmaalka internetka, ay inbadan u nugul yihiin dabeecadaha galmada ee qasabka ah. Waxaa sidoo kale la xusay in qabatinka internetka uu si madaxbanaan u saadaaliyay qasab galmo ee carruurta dugsiga sare. Natiijooyinkaani waxay la jaan qaadayaan daraasadihii hore ee xaqiijiyey xiriirka wanaagsan ee ka dhexeeya isticmaalka internetka iyo kordhinta jihada dabeecadaha galmada iyo feejignaanta ardayda (Adebayo, Udegbe, & Sunmola, 2006 Adebayo, DO, Udegbe, IB, & Sunmola, AM (2006). Jinsiga, isticmaalka internetka, iyo hanuuninta habdhaqanka galmada ee dhalinyarada reer Nigeria. Cilmi-nafsiga Cyber iyo Habdhaqanka, 9(6), 742-752.10.1089 / cpb.2006.9.742[Crossref], [PubMed], [Google Scholar]; Xianhua et al., 2013 Xianhua, W., Xinguang, C., Juan, H., Heng, M., Jiaghong, L., Liesl, N., & Hanrong, W. (2013). Baahida iyo arrimaha isticmaalka internetka ee isticmaalka balwadaha leh ee qaangaarka ah ee Wuhan, Shiinaha: Isdhexgalka xiriirka waalidka ee da 'da' iyo 'hyperactivity-impulsivity'. QAYBTA hal, 8(4), e61782.[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]). Waxay soo jeedineysaa in isku-qasnaanta jinsiga ah ee laga yaabo inay ka soo baxaan ficilada galmada iyo rabitaanka galmada ay yihiin qaybo ka mid ah khataraha isticmaalka internetka ama dhibaatooyinka internetka ee ardayda.
Waxaa kale oo la ogaaday in xiriir toos ah oo toos ah oo u dhaxeeya cidlo iyo isdhaafsi galmo. Tani macnaheedu waa in ardayda dugsiga sare ay dareemaan cidlo ama kali ah, inta badan waxay ku mashquulsan yihiin fikrado galmo oo keeni kara inay u dhaqmaan dabeecadaha isku jinsiga ah. Kalinimada waxaa lagu ogaadey inay leedahay tabaruc madax-bannaan oo sharraxaya isku-qasidda galmada ee carruurta dugsiga sare. Natiijooyinkaas waxaa ka mid ah Torres iyo Gore-Felton (2007 Torres, HL, & Gore-Felton, C. (2007). Qasab, adeegsiga walxaha, iyo kalinimada: Kalinimada iyo qaabka halista galmada (LSRM). Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 14(1), 63–75. doi:10.1080/10720160601150147[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]); kuwaas oo horey u soo sheegay xiriir iskaashi dhex mara ee udhaxeeya dareenka lammaanaha iyo dabeecada jilicsanaanta. Sidaa awgeed, carruurta dugsiga sare ee kali ah oo keligood ah oo aan cidina haysan ama aan la siin karin waxay u egtahay dabeecado qatar ah oo khatar gelin kara mustaqbalkooda.
Natiijooyinka heerarka kala duwan ee loo yaqaan 'regression' ayaa sidoo kale shaaca ka qaaday in macaamiisha internetka iyo dareemidda kelinimada ay si wadajir ah u saadaalisay qasab ka dhigista galmada daraasaddan. Helitaanka caddaynta Chaney iyo Burns-Wortham (2015 Chaney, MP, & Burns-Wortham, CM (2015). Baadhitaanka soo baxa, kalinimada, iyo isku kalsoonaanta sida saadaaliyayaasha ku qasbida galmada ee ragga iyo dumarka labada jinsiba. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 22(1), 71-88.[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]) kuwaas oo arkay ilaahyo kale oo leh doorsoomayaal sida sida aan loo sheegin ujeedada galmada ee hooyada iyo kalsooni-darrada isirka ah ee la saadaaliyay. Si kastaba ha noqotee, maandooriyaha internetka waxaa lagu ogaadey in uu diiwaan galiyo boqolkiiba halbawlaha. Tani waxay sharraxeysaa sida isticmaalka saameynta internetka ahi uu yahay samaynta jiheynta galmada iyo fikradaha jinsiga dadka ee dugsiyada sare ee dugsiga. Waxaa laga yaabaa in laga yaabo, Dhaqdhaqaaqyada galmada ee Internetka (OSA) sida ay soo sheegeen Eleuteri, Tripodi, Petruccelli, Rossi, iyo Simonelli (2014 Eleuteri, S., Tripodi, F., Petruccelli, I., Rossi, R., & Simonelli, C. (2014). Su'aalaha iyo miisaanka loogu talagalay qiimeynta howlaha galmada ee internetka: Dib u eegis 20 sano ah oo cilmi baaris ah. Cyberpsychology: Wargeyska cilmi-nafsiyeed ee cilmi-baarista ee Cyberspace, 8(1), maqaal 1. doi: 10.5817 / CP2014-1-2[Crossref], [Google Scholar]) waxay u taagan tahay ujeedada ugu weyn ee isticmaalka internetka ee dadkan; halkii laga heli lahaa wax-barashada wax dhisidda iyo aqoonta. In kastoo, OSA-du waxaa loo soo sheegay in ay haystaan waji waxtar leh oo xun, asxaabteeda jinsi-xumada iyo dhibaatooyinka galmadu ay sii jirayso.
Dheeraad ah, waxaa jiray farqi jinsi ah oo ku salaysan qasab isu galmoodka. Carruurta dugsiga sare ee dugsiga sare ayaa ka sarreeya isku-qasidda galmada marka loo eego haweenkooda. Natiijadan waxay la mid tahay Dodge et al. (2004 Dodge, B., Reece, M., Cole, AL, & Sandfort, TGM (2004). Ku qasbida galmada ee ardayda kulleejada heterosexual. Wargeyska Cilmi-baarista Is-galka 41(4), 343-350.10.1080 / 00224490409552241[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) in ragga ay ka badan yihiin haweenka ku dhaqmaan habdhaqanka marka loo eego haweenka. Farqiga u dhexeeya jinsiga waxaa loo aaneyn karaa arrimo dhaqan-dhaqameed oo u muuqda mid u jilicsan ragga marka loo eego muuqaalka galmada marka loo eego haweenka. Waxaan sidoo kale eegnay kala duwanaanshaha heerarka fasalka sida carruurta dugsiga sare u sheegaan khasabada galmada. Wax farqi ah lama helin marka la isku daro galmo. Hase yeeshee, waxaa jiray calaamad muujinaysa in horumarka ardayga ee fasallada, ay suurta gal tahay in ay noqdaan kuwo fara badan oo ku saabsan fekerka galmada. Tani waxay la socotaa warbixinta Perry, Accordino, iyo Hewes (2007 Perry, M., Accordino, MP, & Hewes, RL (2007). Baaritaan ku saabsan isticmaalka internetka, raadinta dareenka galmada iyo kuwa aan jinsiga ahayn, iyo ku qasabnaanta galmada ee ardayda jaamacadda. Maandooriyaha galmada iyo qasabnimada, 14(4), 321-335.10.1080 / 10720160701719304[Taylor & Francis Online], [Google Scholar]) in ardayda fasalka sare ay kor u qaadeen dareenkooda galmada oo ka badan ardayda fasalka hoose. Waxaa suurtagal ah, ardaydu waxay ka bartaan asxaabtooda ama waxay noqdaan kuwo aqoon u leh raadinta macluumaadka galmada la xiriira.
Gabagabada
Marka la eego natiijooyinkeena, gabagabada soo socota ayaa la soo jeediyey: Marka hore, mukhaadaraadka internetka iyo dareenka kali ahaanshaha (si madax-bannaan iyo si wadajir ah) ayaa ka qaybqaatay sharaxaadda heerka isku-kalsoonaanta jinsiga ee dugsiyada sare ee leh macaamiisha internetka oo lagu duubo saamiga sare. Marka labaad, waxaa jira farqi jinsi ah oo heerka heerarka caruurta dugsiga sare ay soo sheegaan isku-qasdinta galmada iyada oo ardayda labka ah ay qorayaan heer sare. In kastoo, heerka fasal uusan si weyn u saameyn kuxunnaanta galmada ee ardayda, hase yeeshee, waxaa jira calaamad muujinaysa in ardaydu ay sii wadi karaan fikradaha galmada oo u horseedi kara dabeecadaha jinsi ahaaneed ee jinsiga ah inta ay horay u sii galaan fasallada.
Talooyin
Natiijooyinka daraasaddan waa lagama maarmaan marka la tixgeliyo xasaasiyadda jinsiga dhalinyarada. Sidaa darteed waxaa lagula talinayaa in ay jirto jinsi waxbarasho iyo faragelinta ka hortagga ah ee xoogga saaraya wada-xiriirka waalid-ilmo oo habboon iyo sidoo kale tallaabooyinka kontoroolka internetka ee loogu talagalay carruurta kori kara habboon (labadaba guriga iyo dugsiyada). Waxaan kugula talineynaa in iskuulada dugsigu ay noqdaan kuwo ku haboon caruurta dugsiga sare si ay uga doodaan caqabadaha la xiriira galmoodka iyaga oo aan cabsi qabin. Sidoo kale, barnaamijyada ku saleysan dugsiga waa in la fuliyaa iyada oo diirada lagu saarayo waxbarashada dugsiga sare ee heerarka heerarka ku saabsan dabeecadaha khatarta galmada iyo arrimaha khatarta ah iyo sidoo kale sida looga gudbi karo fikradaha galmada ee xiisaha leh. Guriga, waalidiintu waa inay abuuraan wakhti ay wada hadal furan u dhexeeyaan iyaga iyo qaybaha ay ka mid yihiin arrimaha xasaasiga ah sida jinsiga iyo waxyaabaha ku lugta leh ee khatarta ku jira iyo sidoo kale istiraatiijiyadaha la qabsiga ee suurtogalka ah. Gaar ahaan, waalidiintu waa inay bixiyaan wakhti ku filan oo loogu talagalay qaybahooda iyo inay kormeeraan dhaqdhaqaaqyadooda iyo dugsiyada. Dhamaan kuwaan waxaa lagu gaari karaa ka qayb qaadashada cilmu-nafsiga iskuulka ama la taliyeyaasha.
Abaalmariye '
AML waxay uur leedahay oo ujeeddadeedu ahayd qorshe. AML waxay soo daabacday hababka iyo natiijooyinka natiijooyinka waxaana ay gacan ka geysteen hordhaca iyo wadahadalka. ESI waxay gacan ka geysatay hordhaca iyo wadahadalka.
Bayaanka shaacinta
Qorayaashu ma sheegaan khilaafka danta.
Fikradaha ku-biirayaasha
Abiodun Musbau Lawal waa macallin ka ah Waaxda Cilmi-nafsiga, Jaamacadda Federaalka, Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Daraasaddiisa cilmi-baaristu waxay diiradda saareysaa is-horumarinta, arrimaha ka hortagga caafimaadka taranka, HIV / AIDS-ka, xadgudubka maandooriyaha iyo caafimaadka maskaxda.
Erhabor Sunday Idemudia waa borofisar cilmi baaris oo buuxa oo ka shaqeeya Kulliyadda Bulshada iyo Sayniska Bulshada, Jaamacadda Waqooyi-Galbeed, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho, Koonfur Afrika. Meelaha cilmi-baadhistu waxay diirada saaraan dhibaatooyinka, kooxaha nugul, xabsiyada iyo cilmu-nafsiga dhaqanka.
Acknowledgement
Qorayaashu waxay qirayaan taageerada ay bixiyaan ardayda si loo buuxiyo su'aalaha daraasaddan. Sidoo kale, hoggaaminta dugsiyada sare ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii goobaha daraasaddan lagu qiimeeyo sameynta jawiga la aqbali karo ee ururinta xogta.
tixraacyada
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,
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