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Terry Robinson, purofesa anoremekedzwa wepfungwa uye neuroscience paYunivhesiti yeMichigan - pamwechete neshamwari yake, Kent Berridge - akacherechedza dopamine senyanzvi yemhepo inokonzera kuda. Anofunga kukakavhiringidza semantics ekunyadzisa isingabatsiri. "Zvingava zvinodhaka, zvepabonde, kubhejera kana chimwe chinhu, uri kutarisa kushungurudzwa kwemafungiro ekudzivirira uko vanhu vane dambudziko rekudzivirira kubva pakushandisa maradaptive. Iko kune zvakaenzana maererano nemaitiro epfungwa uye neurobiological anobatanidzwa. "
Chidhakwa chaimboonekwa sechirwere chisina kunaka, chakabatanidzwa nezvinhu zvinouraya zviratidzo zvekuuraya, zvakadai sewaini uye opium. Asi iye zvino huwandu hwezvinhu izvo vanhu vanogona kuve muropa kune zvinoratidzika kuva nechando, kubva kune shuga kusvika kunotenga kusvika kune zvekugarisana nevamwe. Kwenyika yekutanga yeNHS internet-drug addiction clinic inotanga gore rino; World Health Organisation (WHO) yakasanganisira kutamba kwematambudziko mumagariro ayo ehurumende ekuongorora zvirwere.
Chokutanga chekuchinja uku kwaiva muC1992, apo tabloids yakashuma kuti Michael Douglas - MaHollywood madzimambo, achitsvaga kubva kune imwe yezvinhu zvinonakidza zvidzidzo zveSt Instinct - yakasungirirwa mune imwe nzvimbo yekugarisa kweArizonan nekudhakwa kwepabonde. Hazvinei kuti izvozvo, kusvikira nhasi, Douglas akaramba zvachose anoramba achitambura nemamiriro acho ezvinhu - nzira yatinoona nayo kukanganisa yakatanga kusunungura.
Kare kumashure, kupararira kweshoko kwaiwanzoonekwa mumitambo yezvechiremba sekugadzirwa kweusimbe; zvisinei, neuroscience iye zvino yakagamuchira zvikuru kuti iyo ikemikemikari imwechete yeuropi, dopamine, inotyaira idzi zvishuvo zvisingaregi. Uyezve, nyika yedu ye21st-century yakanyanyisa kubatwa nemashoko uye zvinokonzera - kubva pakushambadzira zvakashata kusvika pakudya zvisina kudya, kusataura nezvekukoshesa kwoupenyu hwepakombiyuta - iyo inoratidzika kunge iri kubvumira dopamine masangano kuti ave "hypersensitised".
"Izvo zvinotarisirwa nevanhu kuti vashandise kuwedzera," anotsigira Michael Lynskey, purofesa wekudhakwa pa King's College London. "Kune chizvarwa chevabereki vangu, izvo chete zvinosarudzwa zvaiva fodya uye doro. Iye zvino kune mamwe madhiragi, kusanganisira synthetics, pamwe nekutengeserana uye nzira - kunyanya paIndaneti - yekukurudzira kushandiswa kwenguva refu kwezvinhu zvakasiyana. "
Zvakawanda zvezviitiko izvi zvinotaridzika zvinoratidzika semafambiro pane kungoita muviri, zvinodhaka zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu-asi migumisiro inogona kuva yakaoma. Kubhejera ndiyo yakareba yakagadzirirwa tsika yekunyadzisa, sezvo yave ichizivikanwa zvichibva pamutambo kubva ku2013. Kuzviuraya, pamwe chete nemukana wekutengesa zvinodhaka, zvakakwirira pakati pevanhu vanomanikidzwa kubhejera. "Ndinoona kubhejera vadzidzi vanosiya yunivhesiti nokuti havagoni kumira," anodaro Henrietta Bowden-Jones, muongorori wezvechirwere chepfungwa mushure mekuuya kwekliniki yehutachiona hweNHS inouya. "Ndinoona vanhu vane mabhizimisi ekutengesa vari mune chikwereti chakawanda nokuti havana kukwanisa kuzvidzivirira kutenga mabhandi matatu muhukuru hwakasiyana, kuti pakuguma mabhizinesi nemhuri dzavo zvinotambura."
Dzimwe nguva, anoti, kumanikidzirwa kwemakwikwi pakati pezvakaipa zvakasiyana - somuenzaniso, jaya rinotsvaka kupotera kubva kumatambudziko emhuri rinogona kushandura pakati pekutamba uye zvinonyadzisira. "Ndakaona [chirwere chinotarisa chinetso] zuro," anowedzera kudaro, "uyo akazoshandisa mari pazvinhu uye nenguvo. Iwe unogona nenzira imwe neimwe kuchinja maitiro asi chirwere chatisati tachiziva zvakakwana pamusoro. "
Zvakaoma kunyatsocherechedza, zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti zvizhinji zvezvifaro izvi zvinowanikwa pamubatiro wekona. Apo kushungurudzwa kwemishonga charity Addaction yakagadzwa A YouGov ongororo munaOctober 2018, yakawana kuti vabereki vanowanzozvidya mwoyo nevana vavo vachiri kuyaruka vari kupindwa muropa nemasangano ehutano sezvinoitwa nezvemishonga, uye chiyero chakafanana pakuenzanisa kunetseka pamusoro pemitambo nemishonga. Uyewo muna Gumiguru, EU yakaratidza kuti yaizobhadhara European Problematic Use yeInternet Research Network kuti iongorore hutano hwehutano hwevanhu.
Haasi munhu wese anobvumirana nekujekesa matambudziko aya matsva sekudhakwa - shure kwezvose, iwe haugoni kuvaswededza. Kubhejera nemitambo ndivo chete ndivo vakazviita kuW WHO yezvinodhaka. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuchinja kwepfungwa pakunzwisisa kusagadzikana kuri kufamba.
Tora zvekuita zvepabonde. Kutsvaga kurapwa kwekukakavadzana uku kwakaitika, mumamiriro ezvinhu akadai seaya goroferi Tiger Woods, akatsoropodzwa senzira yekutsvaga kwekodzero yekuregererwa kwevanodzivirira. Kune rumwe ruvoko, nyanzvi dzesayenzi dzakave dzikwanisa kudzidza ubongo hwevanhu vane dambudziko rinokonzera kusagadzikana nekuita zvepabonde anopupurira mhinduro dzakafanana kune avo vave vakacherechedza pamakemikari ekurwisa zvinodhaka.
Nzira dzakawanda dzehutano hwehutachiona hunoshandiswa hunoshanda kune zvinetso izvi, anoti Lynskey: "Kushivirira, kusaregererwa kwemabasa, kusakwanisa kumira, kubvisa." Kurega ndiyo nheyo yakanamatira yekudzivirira, kunyange zvazvo zviratidzo zvekuregera shuga zvakakonzerwa mumarangi - , kunodengenyeka, kuchinja mumuviri wekushisa, kushushikana, kaboodle yose. "Kana mukomana ari kuyaruka anotsamwiswa kana gumbo rekugadzirira rapera, pane imwe hurukuro pamusoro pekunge ihwo rudzi rwekuregera zvishoma," anodaro Lynskey.
Terry Robinson, purofesa anoremekedzwa wepfungwa uye neuroscience paYunivhesiti yeMichigan - pamwechete neshamwari yake, Kent Berridge - akacherechedza dopamine senyanzvi yemhepo inokonzera kuda. Anofunga kukakavhiringidza semantics ekunyadzisa isingabatsiri. "Zvingava zvinodhaka, zvepabonde, kubhejera kana chimwe chinhu, uri kutarisa kushungurudzwa kwemafungiro ekudzivirira uko vanhu vane dambudziko rekudzivirira kubva pakushandisa maradaptive. Iko kune zvakaenzana maererano nemaitiro epfungwa uye neurobiological anobatanidzwa. "
Pane imwe nguva Robinson neBerridge vakaona kuti dopamine se "inoda" uye inofadza maopiates se "kuda" - zviitiko zviviri zvakajeka - vakaona kuti haufaniri kuda chimwe chinhu kuitira kuti chichive chinhu: chinhu chikuru chinowanikwa pamusoro pemishonga. Muhupenzi hwechidhakwa, chido hachigoni kushivirira kunyange kana vasisiri sechinhu chavanoda. Berridge kamwe akandiudza kuti "masimba", "masimba" masangano anoshaiwa muuropi anogona kushandurwa kana kuti asina kufara, asi mufaro "une uropi hwakawanda uye husina simba hwehutano ... Ndicho chikonzero mafaro ehupenyu hunowanzoshoma uye asingatsigiri kudarika hupenyu hukuru zvido ". Inotsanangura zvakare, zvichida, nei vanhu vachiita nyore nyore kudonhedzwa mukutsvaga zvinhu zvitsva nekugutsikana kwechinguva, kunyange kana zvinhu izvi zvisingaiti kuti tifare.
"Chii chiri kuitika mune zvinodhaka izvi," anodaro Robinson, "ndeyekuti dopamine system iri kuva hypersensitised, zvichiita kuti izvi zvidzivirire zvinokonzera hurumende inotaura." Akacherechedza zvinhu zvitatu zvinogona kubatsira kutsanangura nei "zvinoratidzika kuva nezvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu zvinonetsa [kuti vaite zvinodhaka] ". (Anoita kunyevera, zvisinei, kuti "kupinda mumagariro evanhu kwakaoma kwazvo maererano nekuratidza chikonzero nemigumisiro".)
Chinhu chokutanga ndechokuti nzvimbo yedu yemazuva ano yakazara nechishuvo-chinokonzera kukurudzira. "Vanhu havasi kukoshesa simba rezvinyorwa izvo zvakabatanidzwa nemubairo, ingava mishonga kana zvepabonde kana zvekudya, mukuita zvinokurudzira nyika." Kutaura zvazviri, kuvhiringidzika kunogona kutanga kufanidza zvinyorwa kupfuura chinangwa chekupedzisira, chakadai rigmarole yekugovera zvinodhaka nezvimwe zvakadaro. "Kuwanda kwezvinyorwa zvinosanganiswa nezvokudya zvinonakidza zviri kwose ikozvino," anodaro. "Zvinodhaka, zvepabonde uye kubhejera zvakare, uye izvo zvakachinja zvishoma pamusoro pemakore uye zvinogona kutungamirira kune zvimwe zvinetso zvinoshandiswa."
Lynskey anobvumirana, achiwedzera "zvimwe zvekutengeswa nekugadzirwa kwemashini ekubhejera inhanho mberi kwedu tose masayendisiti mukuronga nzira dzekukwezva vashandisi uye kukurudzira dopamine nekudzichengeta". Icho "seki", kuverenga kubvumirwa uye kuvhara kumanikidziro kutarisa hutano hwevanhu, muenzaniso wakafanana. Kuzivisa mushumo mumigumisiro yehupfambidzani kune vechidiki mukutanga kwe2018, mutungamiri wevana vekuUnited Britain Anne Longfield akanyora izvozvo "Vamwe vana vari kuve vachinetseka kuti 'vanoda' sechimiro chekugutsikana kwevanhu".
Kurangarira kwechipiri kwaRobinson kuwedzerwa. Kuda kwedu kwekunakidza kwakanaka kwakaita kuti isu patinenge tiri vatsva-vatori, tichitibatsira kusarudza magetsi akaoma. Iye zvino, tine shuru yakakura ye-corn-fructose, iyo inoputira pfungwa dzedu nemaitiro asina kusimba ejlucose. Saizvozvowo nemishonga, anotaura achiti: "Kucheka mashizha emakwenzi muAndes haasi kufanana nekuputa crack cocaine. Iro pharmacology yakasiyana uye izvi zvinogonawo kuwedzera kuwedzera kwekusvuta. "
Chinhu chake chokupedzisira chiri kungosvika. "Zvokudya, zvepabonde, kubhejera uye zvinodhaka - kuwanika mazuva ano zvakanyanya kukura kudarika zvaiitwa kare." (Zvepabonde zvinodhaka zvinogona kusanganisira kudya zvinonyadzisira, kutumira mameseji, kutumira mameseji, kubvisa masturbation, mafirimu uye chemsex.)
Zvose izvi, Robinson anoenderera mberi, "kuwirirana nenzira dzakaoma - uye ndine chokwadi kuti hatinzwisisi vose - kuwedzerwa mikana yekushandiswa kwezvinetso mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana". Izvi zvinoreva here kuti vanhu vakawanda vari pangozi munguva ino yekupopota dopamine kushushikana? Zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinokonzera kusagadzikana, zvakadai sekununura uye kushungurudzika kwevana, zvichiri kukosha kunofanirwa kuti zvionekwe nyore nyore kuti dopamine yako inogona kukanganikwa sei, anodaro Robinson - "asi iwe wakatakura pamusoro peiyo inowanikwa zvinyorwa, zvakanyanyogadzirisa maitiro uye kuwedzera kuwanikwa".
Imwe nyanzvi pamusoro pezvinoita kuti kuve nekushayisa kwemaitiro ekurapa kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwekuongorora kwakaitwa muCanada munguva yeChmUMX inonzi inozivikanwa se Rat Park. Nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Bruce Alexander yakawana kuti mavhinga, asi ari oga mumakamuri asina chinhu nechisarudzo chokunwa mvura yakajeka kana kuti inodhaka, nyore nyore akava muropa kune heroin; kana iwe ukaisa makonzo mune imwe nzvimbo yakawanda, yekate-yakazadzwa yakazara nedzimwe nharo dzevarume nevakadzi dzekambani, heroin haina kukwikwidza. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu aityaira kusvuta, panzvimbo pezvinodhaka. Chidzidzo chacho chakaitwa chakaita mafunde mashoma apo yakabudiswa - asi nanhasi, Alexander ari kutenderera pasi pose kuti agovere zvaanotora pamudhakwa, izvo anodana iyo dislocation theory.
"Nyika yemazuva ano inoputsa marudzi ose emunharaunda, marudzi ose emitambo uye zvitendero uye zvinhu zvakagadzirisa hupenyu huzere uye huzere nevanhu kare," anodaro. "Iwe haugoni kungoti: 'Zvakanaka, ikozvino ndauya kuzokudzorera izvo zvamazuva ano zvakabviswa.' Tinofanira kudzorera sangano, sezvatinoita nguva dzose, neziso rekuona kuti kune hutano hwakakwana hwevanhu pamwe nemumwe nenzira yemararamiro, kuitira kuti vanhu vagone kukura uye vagutsikane zvokuti havadi kuwana vanoita kuti vashandise hupenyu. "
Sangano rakadai seAdjouka muUnited States, anoti, "vari kutsvaga nzira dzekuita [zvinodhaka] pamwe chete mumapoka uye kudyara mapoka aya mumharaunda nekuita kuti ruzhinji rutsigire vanhu vari mumapoka aya, kwete kurega kukanganisa kwavo asi kuti hupenyu hune chinangwa ". Steve Moffatt, mutungamiri wezvematongerwo enyika kuAdreaction, anotaura kuti semhando dzose dzakadaro, "tangotanga kuedza kunzwisisa nhamba yezvinhu zviri kunze uko. Nokuti chizvarwa chino chinouya kuburikidza, hutano hwemagariro evanhu chinhu chakakura uye mabasa eIndaneti, asi isu tisati taziva huwandu. "
Pasinei nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwezvinodhaka, vanoti Lynskey, zvichiri kungove vashomanana vanhu vakapindwa muropa kupfuura kune makore 30 apfuura nokuti nicotine yekuvimba - iyo yakafa zvikuru-yakaderera kubva ku50% kusvika pasi pe20% mu UK . Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwekuongorora zvirongwa zvinoreva kuti vanhu vanogara pasi pakudhakwa zvinogona kuonekwa sevari kuva nezvinetso zvinonetsa. Iyo yakakosha yeAmerica Psychiatric Association, anoti, "akashandiswa kusiyanisa pakati pe 'kushungurudzwa' uye 'kuzvidzora,' asi iye zvino vari mune imwe nhengo yedambudziko rekushandisa zvinodhaka. Zvichida vazhinji vari mumwe chete muvanhurume vana vaizogadzirisa zvinetso zvekudhakwa kwewaini, uye nechepasi, asi ichiripo, inowanikwa yevakadzi. "Asi vanhu ava havana ngozi yekugumburwa kana kufa kana vachienda kunotora. Anoti, "Kune mhirizhonga," kana iri doro kana kuti zvinodhaka kana kutengesa zvekutengesa uye vanhu vava kunyanya kufara nekuisa pfungwa iyo iyo inoita kuti chinetso chiwedzere kushandiswa. "
Bowden-Jones anoti humwe uchapupu hwakanakisisa hwekurapa maitiro ekuita zvinodhaka ndekushandisa kugadzirisa mufambiro wehutano (CBT) kuti ubatsire kudzivisa (semuenzaniso, kutora imwe nzira yemusha kuitira kuti usapfuure bhuki), kupa mubayiro maitiro akanaka nekusimbisa izvo vanhu vane kurasikirwa nezviyeuchidzo nguva dzose, zvakadai sewristbands.
Rubatsiro runogona kuuyawo nenzira yekukurudzira-mashandisi ekugadzirisa. "Kune zvinhu zvinonakidza zvinodzivirira kuisa munzvimbo iyo inogona kukumisa kurega zvinonyadzisira, kubhejera uye zvirokwazvo chero chinhu chingaita nemafungiro ako ane dambudziko, kunze kwekutamba," anodaro Bowden-Jones. "Tinofanira kusvika pane imwe nzvimbo apo, mukutonhorera kwemazuva ako, iwe unogona kuti: 'Handifaniri kushandisa maawa anopfuura maviri pazuva ndichiita izvi, saka ndichazvidzivirira maawa maviri [ekutamba] ]. '"Uyu mutoro, anoti, anonyengedza nemitambo yemitambo.
Kunyatsofungisisa kufungisisa kwakabatsirawo kuderedza kushandisa zvinodhaka. Ichokwadi, yakawanikwa ichibudirira kupfuura yeAlcoholics Anonymous 12-step program uye CBT mune 2014 tsvakurudzo akatungamirirwa naSara Bowden, mubatsiri wepurofesa wekliniki yepfungwa paPacific University muPortland, Oregon; gore rakapfuura, Bowden, Berridge nemamwe magetsi ekutsvaga kwemaurosiasia akasangana kuzokurukura kusagadzikana neDalai Lama. Mushure mezvose, maBhudhist akabatwa nechinetso ichi chinokanganisa zviuru zvemakore apfuura, achishandisa kufungisisa kukurira izvo zvakanyanya kukurudzira zvavakazviona sechinhu chinotarisana nekutambura kwevanhu, nguva refu vasati vasvika nguva idzi.
Dambudziko remazuva ano ndihwo hutano, uye zvinodiwa: maenda mazuva ekudzoka kwevanhu vanoita zvinodhaka vanogona kuudzwa kuti vasave neinternet inodiwa, somuenzaniso. "Vechiduku vaduku vachange vachigurwa pamwe chete," anodaro Bowden-Jones, "uye izvo varwere vedu vanoti kana vachifunga kuti vari kurasikirwa, zvinoita kuti vawedzere kuhupenyu hwehupenyu hwavanotova nechinetso pane kuti vaite zvakanaka vari muhupenyu hwavo-ne-chiso hupenyu. "Sezvakataurwa naMoffat," ndiko kwavanowana kuvimbiswa kwavo ".
Vazhinji vedu tinogona kuronga nzira dzedu dzekutengesa pamucheto wepasi wechirwere ichi: varanda kumashoni edu, kuparara kwemaawa zvokuti hatizombofi takadzoka pasi pahutachiona hwemhuta, tichifungidzira zvinyorwa zvekuda. "Pane musiyano mukuru," anodaro Bowden-Jones "pakati pekushandiswa kwemashandisirwo uye kushandiswa izvo zvisina kufanira. Zvakafanana nokudya kakawanda keke, izvo zvinoita kuti unzwe wakashata. Vanhu vari mumagariro ehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu, haisi chiitiko chakanakisisa, kunyange zvazvo zvingave zvakatanga saizvozvo. "Kuno kunoenda dopamine pasina kufara, zvakare.
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