Dambudziko Rezvinonyadzisira Shandisa: Zvemutemo uye Hutano Policy Kufunga (2021)

Chinangwa cheKudzokorora

Mishumo yechisimba pabonde, kunyanya kune vakadzi nevana, iri kuwedzera nekukurumidza. Panguva imwecheteyo, mitengo yezvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira inoshandisa (PPU) iri kumhanyisa pasirese zvakare. Chinangwa chewongororo iyi ndechekutarisa ongororo ichangoburwa yePPU pamwe nemupiro wayo kune mhirizhonga pabonde. Chinyorwa ichi chinopa hutungamiriri kuhurumende pane zvingangoitika zvehutano marongero nezviito zviri pamutemo kudzivirira kukura kwePPU uye kudzikisira zviitiko zvechisimba pabonde munharaunda.

Dzazvino Kuwana

Kushanda kubva pakuona kwemutengi, isu tinoona PPU uye tinobvunza kuti yakawanda sei zvinonyadzisira inodiwa kukonzera PPU. Isu tinoongorora mashandiro anoita PPU inokanganisa bonde muvana, vachiri kuyaruka nevakuru. Iko kukanganisa kwePPU pane kwevamwe maitiro evatengi kunoratidza kwakakosha kubatana kune mhirizhonga mudzimba. Kudzipwa pabonde kunoratidzwa semuenzaniso. Artificial intelligence algorithms inoita chinzvimbo chakakosha muindasitiri yezvinonyadzisira uye inoita kunge iri kutyaira kukwira kune zvimwe zvine hukasha, zvichikonzera huwandu hwakawanda hwekusagadzikana pabonde muvatengi uye kugadzira zvishuwo zvekuona zvinhu zvekushungurudzwa kwepabonde kwevana (CSAM).

pfupiso

Kuwana nyore nyore internet zvinonyadzisira kwaunza kuwedzera kwePPU uye mhirizhonga pabonde. Kuongororwa uye kurapwa kwePPU kunoongororwa, sekutyorwa kwepamutemo kwehunhu nehunhu hunobva kuPPU. Mishonga yepamutemo uye zvirevo zvehurumende zvinokurukurwa kubva pakuona kwechengetedzo. Maitiro akafukidzwa anosanganisira zera ongororo yezvinonyadzisira, mishandirapamwe yehutano hweveruzhinji uye yakadzamidzirwa hutano uye yambiro yepamutemo kune vashandisi pakutanga kwezvikamu zvekuona zvinonyadzisira pamwe nezvidzidzo zvevadzidzi nezvehunhu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira pahuropi.

Kubva kutenderera gore ra2008, kuwanikwa kweinternet zvinonyadzisira kuburikidza netekinoroji yefoni kwakagadzira mamiriro akanaka eCooper katatu-A injini, zvinoti, kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinowanikwa, zvinodhura uye hazvizivikanwe [1]. Izvo zvakatungamira mukuwedzera uye kukurumidza kuita online kuita zvepabonde. Nhasi zvinonyadzisira zvinonyanya kuunzwa kuburikidza nechishandiso muhomwe yako.

Pamwe chete nekupararira kwekukurumidza kwekushandisa kweterevhizheni, mwero wekukuvadzwa kuhutano hwepfungwa uye hwepanyama muvashandisi vezvinonyadzisira zvave zvichikurumidza zvakare [2]. Kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevashandisi vari kutaura kunze kwekudzora kana kunetsekana zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa (PPU). Huwandu hwacho hunosiyana uye hunotsamira zvakanyanya pahuwandu hwakatsanangurwa uye kuti PPU inozviongorora kana yakatemwa kunze [3, 4]. Muna 2015, data pavadzidzi veyunivhesiti yeSpanish yakaratidza 9% ine hunhu hwehunhu hune njodzi uye mashandisiro ehutachiona hwe1.7% muvarume uye 0.1% muvakadzi [5]. Pakati pevamiririri vevanhu vekuAustralia, huwandu hwevanhu vanotaura zvakashata hwakakwira kubva pa7% yakataurwa muna 2007 kusvika pa12% muna 2018 [6].

PPU haingobata mushandisi chete asi inogona zvakare kukanganisa maitiro avo kune vamwe. Nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzePPU dzinokanganisa mashandiro anoita nzanga. Mumakore gumi apfuura, bhuku rakakura redzidzo rakagadzirwa iro rinoratidza hukama hwakajeka pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kunyanya zvechisimba zvinonyadzisira, uye hunhu hwevarume nevana kuvakadzi nevana.7,8,9,10]. Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, zvese zviri pamutemo uye nenzira dzisiri pamutemo, zvinogona kuve zvinokonzeresa mumhosva dzakadai sekuva nemifananidzo isina kunaka yevana kana kudyiwa kwezvinhu zvekushungurudzwa kwevana pabonde (CSAM) [11,12,13,14,15,16]. Inogona zvakare kuwedzera mukana uye kuomarara kwekubatwa chibharo, mhirizhonga mudzimba, kushungurudzwa pabonde, kugovana zvifananidzo zvemunhu wega pasina kubvumidzwa, kupenya kwepamhepo, kushungurudzwa pabonde nekushungurudzwa kwepamhepo [17,18,19,20,21,22].

Kujairira maitiro erudzi chero rupi zvarwo, kusanganisira internet zvinonyadzisira, zvinokanganisa kugona kwemunhu kudzora manzwiro avo; chido chavo chekudzokorora kushandiswa kwekusimudzira; kubatwa nekushambadza uye pamusoro pezvose, kudzikisira hunhu husina hukama nevanhu sekumanikidza, kushungurudzwa nekushungurudzwa pabonde [23,24,25].

Isu tinofunga kuti ongororo ichangoburwa naCastro-Calvo nevamwe inopa tsananguro yakanaka yekushanda kwePPU.

"Panyaya yekufungisisa uye kupatsanura, PPU yakaonekwa sechidimbu cheHypersexual Disorder (HD; [26]), senge fomu yekuita zvepabonde (SA; [27]), kana sechiratidziro cheCompulsive Sexual Behaeve Disorder (CSBD; [28]) ... Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvazvino maitiro ekunze-kwekuzvibata maitiro epabonde anotora PPU sechidimbu cheSA / HD / CSBD (inonyanya kuzivikanwa zvechokwadi) kwete seyakazvimirira kiriniki mamiriro [29], uye zvakare kufungidzira kuti varwere vazhinji vanouya neSA / HD / CSBD vacharatidza PPU sehunhu hwavo hwepabonde hunonetsa. Padanho rinoshanda, izvi zvinoreva kuti varwere vazhinji vanouya nePPU vanozoonekwa vaine rimwe remazita emakiriniki, uye PPU ichabuda sechirevo mukati mehurongwa hwekuongorora ”30].

Mukati megadziriro yeWorld Health Organisation, PPU inogona kuongororwa sekumanikidzika kwehutano hwepabonde, kana sezvakataurwa munguva pfupi yapfuura naBrand nevamwe, pasi pe "Kukanganisika nekuda kwekuita zvinodhaka" [31].

Vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanoita sei PPU? Iwo makambani ekutengesa zvinonyadzisira ari kushandisa iwo matekinoroji sevamwe vese indasitiri yeinternet kuita kuti kunyorera kwavo "kunamatire". Masosi ekuona zvinonyadzisira akanyatsogadzirirwa kuchengetedza vanhu vachitarisa, nekudzvanya uye kupururudza. Vashandi vanoona zvinonyadzisira uye vanoita bonhora kuti vazvipe ivo vane simba remakemikari emakemikari kuburikidza nemararamiro. Kutenderera uku inzira yekuzvishingisa yekusimbisa kukakavara pabonde. Zvino, kusiyana pabonde chairo nevadikani, iyo internet ipapo inovapa zvese zvine hungwaru zvekudzokorora maitiro zvakare, ad infinitum [32]. Uye kusiyana nekuita bonhora pasina porn, kana bonde chairo nevanobatsirana, vazhinji vashandisi vanotaura zvikamu zvakawedzerwa, kusvika kumaawa akati wandei panguva, vachishandisa maitiro e "edging". Anogona kuona zvinonyadzisira mutengi chinangwa chake ndechekungoburitsa kusagadzikana pabonde pachinenge chave nesimba rakasimba. Munhu kutenderera anogona kuzadzisa mapani ari padyo neonegasm, asi pane kusanyanya kufara. Nekugara mune ino inomutswa, asi isiri-orgasmic zone, vanogona kugadzira nguva nenzvimbo kwavanogona kunyengedza uropi hwavo hwavari kuita mukusadzora kusadzora mune chaiko nyika yevakanaka vakaroorana, isingagumi orgasms uye madhiri emusango.

Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kuunza shanduko mune grey zvinhu mune mamwe mativi ehuropi ayo anodikanwa kutadzisa chiito chisingaite [33]. Vatsvagiri paUniversity yeCambridge vakawana shanduko kuhurongwa hwehuropi uye mashandiro mune vanomanikidza vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira [34]. Zvidzidzo zvehuropi zvakapindurwa kumifananidzo yezvinonyadzisira nenzira imwecheteyo secocaine vanopindwa muropa neiyo mifananidzo yecocaine. Uropi hwakanangana nehupindwa muropa hunokanganisa kugona kwemushandisi kuisa mabhureki pane zvisina kufanira maitiro. Kune vamwe vanomanikidza vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoreva kuti kutadza kudzora kuputika kwechisimba. Inogona kubatsira kumhirizhonga yemudzimba uye dzimwe mhosva dzinoitirwa vakadzi nevana. PPU inokanganisa chikamu chehuropi chinobata ne "dzidziso yepfungwa" [35] uye inoita kunge inokanganisa kugona kwemushandisi ane PPU kunzwira vamwe tsitsi [36].

Yakawanda Sei Zvinonyadzisira Zvinodiwa Kuti Ugadzire PPU?

Mubvunzo ndewekuti vashandisi vanofanira kutarisa zvakadii uye kwenguva yakareba sei njodzi ingangoita yenjodzi inoratidzika? Uyu mubvunzo wakajairika asi usingabatsire nekuti unofuratira musimboti weurouroplasticity: huropi hunogara huchifunda, kuchinja uye kuchinjika mukupindura nharaunda.

Izvo hazvigoneke kupinza-kunongedza yakatarwa huwandu nekuti huropi hwese hwakasiyana. Chidzidzo cheGerman chekuongorora uropi (kwete kune vakapindwa muropa) chakabatanidza zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa nehuropi-zvine hukama nehuropi hunochinja uye kushomeka kwekuona zvinonyadzisira [33].

Nzvimbo yemubairo muuropi haazive kuti chii chinonzi zvinonyadzisira; iyo inongonyoresa chete mazinga ekusimudzira kuburikidza nedopamine uye opioid spikes. Iko kudyidzana pakati pehuropi hweumwe neumwe muoni uye zvakasarudzika zvinosarudzika zvinotarisa kuti kana kwete muoni anotsvedza kupinda muropa. Icho chinonyanya kukosha kupindwa muropa hakudiwe pakuyera huropi shanduko kana zvakashata mhedzisiro.

Tsvagiridzo inoratidza kuti pamusoro pe80% yevanhu vari kutsvaga kurapwa kwehurongwa hwekumanikidzira maitiro ehupombwe vakashuma kutadza kudzora mashandisiro avo ezvinonyadzisira, kunyangwe paine mhedzisiro.28, 30, 37,38,39,40]. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinokanganisa pahukama, pabasa uye pakukanganisa pabonde.

Rimwe dambudziko rakajeka nderekuti kutenderera kuyaruka mahormone ebonde anotyaira munhu wechidiki kutsvaga zviitiko zvepabonde. Kune vanhu vazhinji, zviri nyore kuwana zviitiko zvebonde kuburikidza neinternet kupfuura muhupenyu chaihwo. Kuyaruka inguva zvakare yekukura kwehuropi apo vanhu vadiki vanoburitsa zvakawanda, uye vanonyanya kutarisisa, mafaro emagetsi emakemikari [41]. Kufarira uku uye kunzwisiswa kwehukama hwepabonde pamwe nekusvitswa nyore kweinternet zvinonyadzisira zvinoita kuti zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvive nyore kuPPU pane zvizvarwa zvepamberi peinternet [42, 43].

Zvinonyadzisira zvinopedza huwandu hwevanhu zvinogona kutariswa pamatemo maviri.

Yekutanga yakatenderedza imwe chiyero cheuwandu hwezvinonyadzisira zviri kudyiwa. Vari kudya zvinonyadzisira zvakakwana here kuti vave nekwaniso yekukudziridza maitiro ekumanikidza kana hunhu hunodakadza zvichibva pakuda kudya zvinonyadzisira? Mhinduro yakajeka ndihungu. Pornhub traffic traffic zvinoratidza kuti iyi kambani chete yakashandira makumi mana nemaviri emabhiriyoni ekuona zvinonyadzisira mu42 [44]. MunaJune 2021, inotungamira nzvimbo yekutsigira vezera rekutsigira NoFap.com yaive nenhengo mazana masere nemakumi masere nemakumi matatu nenhengo dzinofunga kushandisa nguva yavo yekuzorora kuyedza kusashandisa zvinonyadzisira chiitiko chakakosha [45]. Kutsvaga paGoogle Scholar musi wa18 Chikumi 2021 we "kunetsa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira" kwakadzoreredza zvinhu mazana manomwe nezvitatu, zvichiratidza kuti PPU iri kuferefetwa zvakanyanya.

Sega, panofanira kuve neyakaenzana nguva. Vashandisi vari kutsigira kunwiwa kwenguva yakareba here kuti vave neanodzvinyirira kana ekumanikidza maitiro akaiswa mukati mehunhu hwavo? Uropi hwemunhu wega wega hwakasarudzika uye kune hwakawanda hwakasiyana hwehupenyu, hwetsika nemagariro misiyano iyo inogona kuisa vatengi mumusasa-wekushandisa musasa, uko kunwa kwavo zvinonyadzisira kunogona kunge kusingave nemhedzisiro. Nekudaro, nekufamba kwenguva, kune vamwe vanhu, pane yakajeka mukana wekupinda mumusasa wePPU.

Kuzivikanwa uye kurapwa kwePPU

Sarudzo dzekurapa dzePPU dzakaongororwa naSniewski et al. muna 2018 [46]. Ichi chidzidzo chakawana isina kusimba yekutsvagisa hwaro uine imwechete chete yakarongedzwa kutonga kuyedzwa uye kwekutanga zvidzidzo pane akasiyana maitiro ehunhu nemishonga yekurapa. Ivo vakaratidza kudiwa kwematurusi ekuongorora ari nani sezvivakwa zvekurapa zvirinani. Kudiwa uku kwazadzikiswa. PPU ikozvino inogona kuzivikanwa zvakavimbika muvanhu uye nepakati pevanhu. Mumakore mashoma apfuura, zvishandiso zvinoverengeka zvekuona PPU zvakagadzirwa, zvakaenzana uye zvakaedzwa zvakanyanya [47]. Semuenzaniso, iyo Dambudziko Rezvinonyadzisira Kushandisa Scale yave kuwanikwa mune ese marefu [48] uye ipfupi [49] mafomu anotsigirwa neruzhinji rwekuedzwa kwenharaunda [50, 51]. Kuvimbika kwePfupi Zvinonyadzisira Screener kwave kuchiratidzwawo [52, 53].

Lewczuk et al. yakacherekedza "Zvinogoneka kuti vanhu vane chishuwo chakasimba chezvinhu zvisina kujairika, senge mifananidzo yekuona zvinonyadzisira kana zvimiro zvine huwandu hwakanyanya hwemhirizhonga, vanogona kunetseka nezvezvavanoda uye kutsvaga kurapwa nekuda kwechikonzero ichi" [54]. Bőthe nevamwe vakaona kuti yakakwira-kazhinji zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa zvinogona kunge zvisina kunetsa nguva dzose [55]. Zvinoenderana nemunhu uye zvinokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakawanda [56].

Vamwe vanhu vanoona kuti havakwanise kumisa hunhu vega, kunyangwe kana vakakurudzirwa kuita kudaro. Izvi zvinovatungamira kuti vatsvage rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi kubva kuna vanachiremba vemhuri, varapi vezvebonde, vanachipangamazano vehukama uye varairidzi vekupora [57, 58]. Vamwe vanhu vanobatana nemapoka ekuzvibatsira mumaforamu epamhepo kana munharaunda nhanhatu. Kutenderera pasirese, tinoona musanganiswa wemazano anotangira pakurega zvachose kusvika kukuvadza nzira dzokuderedza [59].

Pazvinhu zvekuona zvinonyadzisira mawebhusaiti (www.nofap.com; rebootnation.org). Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinhu zvakawanda zvehutano hwepfungwa senge kushungurudzika munharaunda uye kushushikana, uye matambudziko ehutano hwepanyama sekushomeka pabonde, kudzikisira kana kutsakatika [36]. Dzimwe tsvagurudzo dzedzidzo pamawebhusaiti ekudzorera inokurudzirwa sezvo zvishoma zvakaburitswa [60].

PPU uye Njodzi dzeVakuru

Kana uchisiyanisa kuwanda kwezvinonyadzisira kushandisa nekuomarara kwePPU, Bőthe et al. vakaona kuti PPU yakanga iine hukama, zvine mwero zvinongedzo kumatambudziko ekuita pabonde muvanhurume nevanhukadzi munharaunda mbiri nemumakiriniki esampuli [61]. Varume vane PPU vanogona kukura matambudziko ezvepabonde senge zvinonyadzisira-zvinokonzeresa erectile kudzvinyirira (PIED), kunonoka kubuda uye anorgasmia [36, 62,63,64].

Ikozvino kune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinotarisa zvinongedzo pakati pePPU uye mashoma akasarudzika ekuvandudza kana ehutano hwepfungwa kusagadzikana. Mu2019, Bőthe uye vaaishanda navo vakatarisa pakushomeka kwehutano hwehutachiona (ADHD) seimwe yeakanyanya kuwanda comorbid kusagadzikana muhupombwe. Vakaona kuti zviratidzo zveADHD zvinogona kutora chinzvimbo chakakomba mukuomarara kwehupombwe pakati pevane vanhukadzi, asi "Zviratidzo zveADHD zvinogona kungotamba chinzvimbo chakasimba muPPU pakati pevarume asi kwete vakadzi" [65].

Pane kumwe kutsvagurudza kunongedzera kumatambudziko anowanikwa nevanhu vane autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) maererano nemagariro nekuita zvepabonde izvo zvinogona kukonzera hunhubu hunokanganisa [66]. Parizvino, kusangana kuri pakati peASD uye kuona kweCSAM hakuzivikanwe uye hakunzwisiswe zvakakwana neruzhinji pamwe nekiriniki uye vezvemitemo. Zvisinei, parizvino, hatina kuziva chero zvinyorwa zvakabatanidza PPU neASD kupfuura yazvino nyaya yekudzidza [35].

PPU uye Zvepabonde Zvinogumbura muVana neVechidiki

Kushandisa zvinonyadzisira nevana (pasi pemakore gumi nemasere) kune zvimwe zvinokanganisa. Zvinochinja nzira iyo vechidiki vanodzidza kuita bonde uye zvinokonzeresa kutanga kwekutanga pabonde. Izvi zvinobva zvava njodzi, sekutanga kuita bonde kunoita kuti vechidiki vawedzere kuita hunhu husina hukama.30, 67, 68] uye zvinowanzoitika kuti ubate mwana nemwana pabonde [69, 70].

MuEngland neWales, pakati pegore ra2012 na2016 pakange paine 78% yakakwira mumatambudziko ekubatwa chibharo kwemwana nemwana akamhan'arwa kumapurisa [71]. KuScotland panguva imwecheteyo, pakanga paine 34% yakakwira mukukanganisa kwakadai, zvichiita kuti Gweta Guru rimise boka rehunyanzvi kuti riongorore zvikonzero. Mumushumo wavo wakaburitswa muna Ndira 2020, vanotaura kuti "Kuona zvinonyadzisira kuri kuramba kuchizivikanwa sechinhu chinopa mukana mukuvapo kweKukuvara Kwepabonde".25].

KuIreland muna 2020, vaviri vechidiki varume vechidiki vakatongerwa mhosva yekuponda Ana-makore gumi nemana Ana Kriegel. Vakanga vaine huwandu hukuru hwezvinonyadzisira zvechisimba pamafoni avo [72]. Pane chinongedzo here? Mapurisa akatenda kudaro.

Ruzhinji rwevacheche-pamwana-nyaya dzekushungurudzwa pabonde dzinoitwa nevakomana pane vasikana mukati memhuri. Makunakuna kana kuti anonzi "faux makunakuna" ndeimwe yemhando dzinozivikanwa dzezvinonyadzisira zviripo [73].

Kuwana mukana wekuona zvinonyadzisira muInternet kuri kukanganisa pfungwa dzevana nevechidiki uye nekuvagadzirira kuva vanhu vakuru nekunakidzwa pabonde kwakaumbwa nenzira dzechisimba, dzekumanikidza uye dzine njodzi pabonde. Semuenzaniso, pane ongororo yevakomana vachiri kuyaruka yakaratidza "kuratidzira nemaune kumhirizhonga x-yakayerwa zvinhu nekufamba kwenguva yakafungidzira kuwedzera kanenge katanhatu mumatambudziko ehunhu hunonzi hunhu hwebonde" [17]. Zvakare, pane tsvagiridzo inoratidza yakakosha spike mukutanga kuita mhirizhonga yebonde inoonekwa pazera remakore gumi nematanhatu [18].

Ongororo yeAustralia naMcKibbin et al. muna 2017 [69] pane hunhu hunokuvadza hwepabonde hunoitwa nevana uye vechidiki vakaona kuti inokarakadza hafu yenguva dzese dzekushungurudzwa kwevana pabonde. Tsvagurudzo yakaratidza mikana mitatu yekudzivirira yakavakirwa pakubvunzurudzwa nevechidiki vakapara: kugadzirisa dzidzo yavo nezvebonde; kugadzirisa zvido zvavo zvekushungurudzwa; uye kubatsira kwavo manejimendi ekuona zvinonyadzisira.

Kudzivirira kwePPU kuri nani pane kurapwa. Iyo yakachipa, yakanaka kune nzanga, yakachengeteka kune vakaroora uye zvirinani kune hutano hwepfungwa nehuviri hwevanhu. Kudzivirira kunoshanda zvakaenzana pakudzikisa mitoro inokonzerwa nePPU muhurongwa hwematare. Iko kune munhu ane PPU, kugona kwavo kufanofungidzira zvakashata zvinokonzerwa nehunhu hwavo kwakakanganisika, sekugona kwavo kudzora mukuita nekukurumidza. Hunhu hwekumhanyisa hwakadai hunosanganisira kuita zvechisimba zvepabonde.

Kana zvehutano uye zvemutemo mutengo wekubata nePPU ukatanga kukwira zvisingaite, sezvavari kuita kunge zviripo nekuti mazana emamirioni avanhu vari kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, ichave yakakosha mutemo mutemo kuhurumende. Semuenzaniso, mu2020, mawebhusaiti ezvinonyadzisira aive e8, 10, 11 uye 24 nzvimbo dzakashanyirwa zvakanyanya kune vashandisi veinternet muUK [74]. Vanopfuura gumi muzana yevagari venyika vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zuva rega rega. Hafu yevakomana vese vakuru veUK vakashanyira Pornhub.com munaGunyana 10-kuvakadzi iyo nhamba yaive 2020% [75].

Hapana akafanotaura nezve 2020 COVID-19 denda, asi kushandiswa kweinternet zvinonyadzisira, kusanganisira nevarume, vana uye vechidiki vanofinhwa kumba, zvakasimuka zvakanyanya mukati megore rapfuura. Izvi zvakayamurwa nekusununguka kuwana kune zvimwe zvakabhadharwa-zvemawebhusaiti masayiti eiyo hombe porn porn mupi [76, 77]. Dzimba dzemhirizhonga mudzimba dzataura nezvekukwira kunoshamisa kwezvichemo zvemhirizhonga mudzimba [78]. Kuwana zvirinyore nzvimbo dzepainternet yezvinonyadzisira kwave kuri kunge kuri kukonzera [79]. Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvine mhedzisiro yakawanda uye ndosaka nzira yekurapa pamwe neyemagariro sainzi yakakosha kurwisa sosi iyi yehutano hweveruzhinji uye njodzi pamutemo.

Kuwedzera kwenhamba dzevarume kuri kuwanikwa vaine mhosva yechisimba kuvanhukadzi uko kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwaisanganisira. Mabhuku anobatanidza zvinonyadzisira anoshandisa kukanganisa zvepabonde, kushungurudzwa kwepabonde nekushungurudzwa ikozvino kwakasimba [62, 80, 81].

Chii chinonzi mhirizhonga mukati mezvinonyadzisira, kunyanya mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi? Ino inzvimbo yakakwikwidzwa yakakwenenzverwa zvakanaka nevanhu vanotaura nezvevakadzi.7,8,9,10]. Iyo yekuenderera inotenderera kubva pamwenje mbama uye kudhonza bvudzi remumwe munhu kuburikidza nezviitiko zvakaita sekudzipwa. Semuenzaniso, mumakore achangopfuura, mapurisa ataura kuwedzera kukuru kwezviitiko zvekusadzipwa zvisina kuuraya, imwe yematimu anozivikanwa anowanikwa mune zvinonyadzisira nhasi. Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa inotsanangura "kukuvara kwakasiyana siyana kunokonzerwa nekudzipwa kusingauraye izvo zvinogona kusanganisira kusungwa kwemoyo, kurohwa neshungu, kupererwa, kusagadzikana, kusagadzikana kwekutaura, kufenda, kuoma mitezo, uye dzimwe nzira dzekukuvara kwenguva refu kwehuropi" [82]. Kudzipwa "… zvakare mucherechedzo wakakosha wenjodzi yeramangwana: kana mukadzi akadzipwa, mukana wekuti apondwa zvakapetwa kasere"83].

Kwazvinowana kuomarara ndekwekuti kudzipwa kungave chinhu chinokumbirwa nemunhu. Mamwe maBondage, kutonga, Sadism, Masochism (BDSM) zviitiko zvinoenderana nechishuwo chekudzikisa okisijeni padanho reropa kusimudzira kumutsa zvepabonde. Zvakare, mumwe munhu anogona kudzipa mumwe panguva yepabonde pasina mvumo yake, nekuti vane chisimba uye vane hutsinye. Dhata reGen Z paBDSM uye kusangana pabonde kune chekuita. Kaviri sevakadzi vazhinji vadiki sevarume vakati bonde rakaomarara neBDSM chinhu chavanofarira kutarisa [84]. Uye kana vakaiona muzvinonyadzisira, vanogona kufurirwa kuratidzira maitiro aya muhupenyu chaihwo. Kana vakadzi vachikumbira kudzipwa kuti vawane hukuru hwepabonde, izvi zvingakanganisa sei kudzivirirwa kwemutemo zviri pamutemo? Uyu muenzaniso weyakajairika yekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa nevakadzi.

Hurumende yeUK "Bhiri reMhirizhonga Mudzimba" inotsvaga kujekesa mutemo nekudzokorora, mumutemo, musimboti wezvemitemo wakagadzwa mune nyaya yaR v Brown, kuti munhu haagone kubvuma kukuvadzwa chaiko kwemuviri kana kune imwe yakanyanya kukuvara kana, kuwedzera, kurufu rwavo.

"Hapana kufa kana kumwe kukuvara kwakakomba - chero mamiriro ezvinhu - anofanirwa kudzivirirwa sekuti 'kuita bonde kwakashata' 'ndosaka tiri kuburitsa pachena kuti izvi hazvitombotenderwe. Vanokonzeresa mhosva idzi havafanirwe kunge vachifungidzira - zviito zvavo hazvimbofa zvakaruramisa munzira ipi neipi, uye vachateverwa zvakaomarara nematare edzimhosva kutsvaga kururamisira kune avo vakarwadziswa nemhuri dzavo. ” Gurukota rezvemitemo, Alex Chalk [85].

Zviri pachena kubva kutsvagurudzo yakakura kuti pane hukama pakati pekushungurudzwa mudzimba, mhirizhonga kuvakadzi nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira.7,8,9,10]. Iko, pasina kukahadzika, zvakawanda zvinopa zvikonzero kune iyi link, asi humbowo hunoratidza kuti kumanikidza kushandiswa kweinternet zvinonyadzisira kunogona kukanganisa huropi uye kukanganisa masimba ekuita sarudzo emunhu anomanikidza nekufamba kwenguva.

Hook-up tsika munyika zhinji ndiyo tsika yemagariro kune vechidiki nhasi. Zvakadaro, kushomeka kwehurumende kunopindira pamhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi kwakonzera kuti vamwe vakadzi vechidiki vatore matanho pachavo kuratidza kuwanda kwekushungurudzwa pabonde pamakampasi uye muzvikoro. Mawebhusaiti akadai se "Munhu wese Anokokwa" (allonesinvited.uk) gwaro rinowedzera huwandu hwevakadzi vanotaura nezvekubatwa chibharo kana kushungurudzwa pabonde izvo zvisina kugadziriswa zvakakwana nevane masimba mudzidzo kana mapurisa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti varume vechidiki vane PPU vari kumanikidza kune vavanofambidzana navo kunyangwe kushomeka kwemvumo, zvichidaro zvichitungamira kupomedzerwa kubatwa chibharo kana kubata chibharo.

Iko kukura kwe "slutpages", kunyanya muUSA, muenzaniso wezvangu-unogadzira zvinonyadzisira apo vakadzi vanoratidzirwa kune imwe nzira yezvinonyadzisira-inokurudzira hunhu hwekushandisa.86].

PPU uye Kukwirisa

Zvinonyadzisira zvepaInternet zvinoshanda senzira yekudzidzisa bonde kubva kune vashandisi vechidiki kunyanya kuita zviitiko zvavanoona seye "script yebonde". Pane zvinhu zviviri zvinoita kuti zvinyorwa zvepabonde zviwedzere kusimba mukuchinja hunhu hwevatengi. Chekutanga, vanhu vane hunhu hwechisimba vanogona kuita zvavanoona [87]. Chechipiri, vese vatengi vari panjodzi yenzira yekuchenjera kwekunyepedzera (AI) algorithms anoshandiswa pamawebsite ekutengesa ekunyengedza vatengi kuti vawedzere pakuona zvakanyanya zvinomutsa mafomu ezvinonyadzisira. Kubudirira kwema algorithms mukutyaira kukwira kunoratidzwa nenzira iyo vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanogona kuziva kuti zvavanofarira zvinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva; saka, mune ino ongororo yeEuropean, "Makumi mana nevapfumbamwe muzana vakataura kanenge dzimwe nguva vachitsvaga zvebonde kana kubatanidzwa mumaSAs [online zvekuita zvepabonde] izvo zvaisambofadza kwavari kana zvavaifunga zvinosemesa" [37].

AI algorithms inogona kutyaira vatengi mune chero eiri mativi. Kune rimwe divi, ivo vanodzidzisa uropi hwevaoni, vasingazive, kuchida mifananidzo yakasimba, ine chisimba. Kune rimwe divi, ivo vanofambisa vatengi vakanangana nekutarisa pane zvekuita zvepabonde nevanhu vadiki. Nekudaro, isu tine kuwedzera kune hunhu hwechisimba uye / kana kuenda kunwiwa kwekushandisa kwevana zvekushungurudzwa pabonde. Vanhu vane PPU vakagadzira shanduko dzehuropi dzinowedzera zvishuwo zvekuwedzera kukurudzira, pamwe zvinhu zvine njodzi huru uye kuderera kwesimba rekutadzisa kuishandisa kwavo [11,12,13,14, 35, 38, 63].

Nekufamba kwenguva maitiro ekukwira anogona kutungamira mukushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira zvisiri pamutemo, zvinosanganisira zvekushungurudzwa kwepabonde kwevana [13,14,15,16]. Kushandiswa kweCSAM hakubvumidzwe pasirese. Pakati peCSAM pane zvakare kuenderera kwezvinhu uye maitiro evatengi. Iyo inomira kubva pakuona zviripo zvekare zvinyorwa izvo zvinogona kuwedzera zvisingaperi kune yakasviba webhu kunyangwe nekuedza kwakanyanya kwekuteedzera mutemo kuvabvisa, kuburikidza nekurarama-kutenderera uko vatengi vanobhadhara vamwe vanhu kubata chibharo vana ivo vakatarisa. Iyi yehupenyu-rukova zvinhu zvinotozopedzisira zvave kutenderera mukutenderera padima webhu zvakare [88,89,90,91].

Kubva pakauya internet inomhanya-mhanya, pakave nekuwedzera kunoshamisa pakati pevarume vechidiki mumitengo yekusagadzikana pabonde muvakabatana pabonde. Izvi zvakatungamira kune izwi rekuti "porn-induced erectile dysfunction" (PIED) [63]. Chikamu chevarume vane PPU hachichakwanise kumutswa, kunyangwe iine zvinonyadzisira. Pamasaiti ekudzoreredza zvinonyadzisira, vamwe varume vakataura kuti vakagadzira erectile kudzvinyirira, vaida kurudziro ine simba yekunyanyisa kana zvimwe zvisiri pamutemo zvinonyadzisira senge CSAM kuti vamuke zvachose.

PPU chirwere chinogona kudzivirirwa. Ivo vanhu havagone kugadzira PPU vasina kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Nekudaro, zvakapihwa mamiriro azvino tekinoroji, hapana hurumende inogona kutarisira kumisikidza inoshanda kurambidza zvinonyadzisira. Yemunhu libido uye pamusika zvinogara zvichikunda chero kufamba munzira iyoyo.

Ichokwadi ndechekuti mwero wekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uri kuramba uchiwedzera kutenderera pasirese. Mazhinji mhedzisiro yePPU ine nguva refu yekubata, saka isu tinogona kufungidzira nechivimbo kuti hutano husina kunaka uye zviri pamutemo zvinotaurwa pamusoro zvicharamba zvichikura kusvika makore mazhinji pasure pasvika nhanho yepamusoro, iyo nguva iyo nhamba yevanonyadzisira vatengi inotanga kudzikira. . Muchikamu chino, tinoongorora zvimwe zvekushandisa uye zvepamutemo maturusi anowanikwa kuhurumende nemasangano anomira munharaunda ane mukana wekutanga kushandura nzira iyi, semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwechengetedzo, kusimbisa zera, zvirongwa zvedzidzo yechikoro, mishandirapamwe yehutano hweveruzhinji uye yambiro dzehutano dzakanangana .

Kune mikana mizhinji yekupindira kana nudges kudzikisira kubatanidzwa mune zvingangoita zvinokanganisa maitiro. Aya akashandira fodya uko dzimwe nyika dzakaita seAustralia dzakaona huwandu hwekuputa huchiderera neanopfuura makumi manomwe muzana [92]. Zvakanakisa, mutemo uye hutano hutano uye hutongi hwezvematongerwo enyika zvinofanirwa kutsigira zvakapfava zvakadaro. Mushure mezvose, kunwa kwevanhu vakuru zvinonyadzisira nevanhu vakuru ikozvino zviri pamutemo munzvimbo zhinji [60].

Mukupesana, kushandiswa kweCSAM nevanhu vakuru hakusi pamutemo. Masangano ematare epasi rose anotsvaga CSAM nevaya vanoishandisa. Kuteedzera mutemo kwepasi rose kunovavarira kubvisa zvachose kupihwa kwe CSAM. Pakazara kudzvanyirirwa kweCSAM kwave kuri kubudirira, asi izvo zvingangoramba zvakadaro. Mapurisa anoshanda ave nemhedzisiro yekutyaira musika padandemutande rine rima uye dzimwe nguva kumasocial media. Chii chingaitwe nehurumende kana hofori yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi senge Facebook kuunza magumo-kusvika-kumagumo kunyorera izvo zvinoita kuti zvisaite kuti vakuru vezvemutemo vazive uye vabvise CSAM kubva pamapuratifomu avo uye vobata vatadzi kuti vazvidavirire?

Nheyo yekudzivirira

Kune akanakisa ruzivo rwevanyori, zvinonyadzisira hazvina kumbobvira zvayedzwa nesainzi kuratidza kuti chigadzirwa chakachengeteka kana kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira chinhu chisina njodzi kune ruzhinji rwevanhu. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, kutsvagurudza mukati mehunhu hunodhakwa sainzi nharaunda inoratidza kuti vanhu vanogona, pamatanho akakosha, kukudziridza kumanikidza, kana kunyangwe kupindwa muropa, kusagadzikana kuburikidza nekunze-kwekuzvidzora kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Zvinotaridza kuti mhando dzese dzezvinyadzo dzinogona kupedzisira dzaendesa kune vamwe vatengi kugadzira PPU. Izvi zvinoita kunge zvinoshanda kune vanoona zvinonyadzisira vatengi, vakazvimiririra zera ravo, murume kana murume, zvebonde kana zvimwewo zvemagariro.

Izvo zvinonyadzisira zvinopihwa nevezvokutengeserana zvinhu pa internet zvakaratidzirwa kuve nemhedzisiro yakawanda inogona kutungamira vatengi kugadzira PPU. Nharo yekuti vanhu vazhinji vanoona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa zvisina njodzi haibvise basa repamutemo pamabhizimusi ekuona zvinonyadzisira kuti arege kukuvadza vatengi, kunyanya avo vane mukana kana kutambura chaiko kwekuvandudza PPU: vechidiki kana vanhu vane misiyano yetsinga kana kukanganisika. Kusiyana neizvi, hurumende dzine basa rekuchengetedza vagari vadzo. Kuratidzwa kwekuchengetedzwa kwenguva pfupi muvanhu vanodya hakubvise mukana wekukonzera zvinokuvadza zvinongoonekwa munguva refu. Mushure mezvose, kudzivirira kwekukuvara kwepakarepo kana kuri pachena kwakashandiswa neindasitiri yefodya. Izvi zvakazopedzisira zvapidigurwa nekutsvaga kunoratidza kukuvadza nehurefu hwakareba hwekubata.

Iko kune kubatana pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira zvemukati nekuvandudzwa kwechirwere chinozivikanwa, kunyanya kuita zvekumanikidzira maitiro ehupombwe, saka pane here mukana wekuita kirasi kupokana neanopa zvemukati zvichibva nemutemo wechiremera chechigadzirwa? Izvi zvinokodzera kumwe kuongorora.

Kunyangwe pasina kubvisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira, kune nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudzora njodzi pahuwandu hwevanhu uye huwandu hwevanhu. Tichakurukura zvino nzira ina dzinovimbisa, kusimbisa zera, zvirongwa zvedzidzo, mishandirapamwe yehutano hweveruzhinji uye yambiro dzehutano dzinosungirwa.

Kuongorora kwezera

Vana uye vechidiki ndivo vari panjodzi yekupindwa muropa neinternet kwemarudzi ese, nekuda kwechimiro chisina kuumbika chehuropi hwavo panguva ino yakakosha yekusimudzira panguva yekuyaruka. Ino inguva yehupenyu apo huzhinji hutano hwepfungwa mamiriro uye zvinodhaka zvinokura. Zvinyorwa zvedzidzo zvinojekesa kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvine zvazvinoita mukukura kwevechidiki.17, 18, 93,94,95]. Sekuongorora kwazvino kwakaitwa naGassó naBruch-Granados "kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nevechidiki kwakabatanidzwa nekuwedzera kweparaphilias, kuwedzera kwehukasha hwepabonde nekushungurudzwa, uye… kuwedzera kwekushungurudzwa pabonde pamhepo" [96].

Nevechiri kuyaruka, isu tinofanirwa kutarisa mukudzivirira kwePPU pamwe nekubatsira avo vakatobatwa nemusungo wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kuitira kuti kuenda kumberi, varege kuita zvechisimba kune avo vakavakomberedza kana kutanga kusangana pabonde. Kuongorora zera mutemo idanho rakakosha kune izvi.

Makore ekuongorora zera akagadzirwa zvakanaka uye ari kushandiswa munzvimbo zhinji dzezvigadzirwa zvinosanganisira fodya, doro, kubhejera, zvinonyungudutsa uye zvombo. Vane mikana mikuru yekudzikisa njodzi kune vana nevechidiki kubva mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira [97]. Tekinoroji yekuongorora zera haibvise zvachose njodzi kuvana kubva mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira, asi ine mukana wekudzora zvakanyanya matanho ekuwana zvinhu zvine njodzi, pasina kunyanya kutyisa kana kukanganisa kune vamwe vanhu.

Zvirongwa Zvekuchikoro Chikoro

Izvo zvave zvichizivikanwa kuti zera rekusimbisa mutemo chete haringakwanise kudzora kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nevanhu vechidiki uye kuti dzidzo yebonde ndiyo yakakosha yekuwedzera mbiru. Kune vechidiki vazhinji, zvinonyadzisira zvave sosi yakakosha yekudzidzisa zvisina kurongwa nezvebonde, kazhinji nekutadza. Dzidzo yepabonde yakasarudzika inowanzo tarisa zvakanyanya kubhayoroji yekubereka uye nenyaya yemvumo. Nepo kubvumidzwa kuchikosha, kunotadza kubata nemhedzisiro yezvinonyadzisira pahutano hwepfungwa uye hwepanyama hwevashandisi, vazhinji vacho vari mhandara uye vasina kuita bonde rakabatana. Zvinenge zvichibatsira zvakanyanya kana vana vakadzidziswa nezve internet zvinonyadzisira senge inoshamisa yekumutsa uye zvazvinoita pahuropi.

Zvirongwa zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kuve nezvinangwa zvakawanda, asi zvimwe zvacho zvinogona kubatsira. Zvirongwa zvekuverenga zvinonyadzisira zvave kufarirwa [98], kutora mutsetse wekuti zvinonyadzisira ndezvekufungidzira bonde iro rakachengeteka kuona chero vashandisi vachiziva kuti hachisi chaicho. Kuneta kweiyi nzira ndeyekuti inofuratira chokwadi chekuti zvese bonde nechero hunhu hwechisimba zvinoratidzwa ndezvechokwadi pane kutevedzera. Izvo zvakare zvinokundikana kuzvidavirira kwehuropi shanduko dzinogadzirwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye nengozi dzakabatana dzekukuvadza kune hwepfungwa uye / kana hutano hwepanyama. Ikozvino kune zvikoro '[99, 100] uye zvirongwa zvevabereki [101] iyo inosanganisira zvinonyadzisira zvinokuvadza kuziva kunoenderana nehutano hweveruzhinji.

Ongororo ichangoburwa yekuyedza muAustralia naBallantine-Jones inojekesa mhando dzedzidzo dzinogona kuburitswa nedzidzo, pamwe nekufumura mimwe miganho. Yakagumisa kuti:

"Chirongwa ichi chakashanda pakuderedza huwandu hwezvakaipa kubva mukuona zvinonyadzisira, maitiro enhau enhau, uye kuzvisimudzira maitiro enhau, kushandisa nzira nhatu dzekudzidzisa, kuita zvevamwe, uye zviitiko zvevabereki. Kuzvibata kwakamanikidza kwakatadzisa kuyedza kudzikisira kuona zvinonyadzisira mune vamwe vadzidzi, zvichireva kuti rubatsiro rwekurapa runogona kudikanwa kutsigira avo vari kunetsekana kuita shanduko yemaitiro. Pamusoro pezvo, kusangana kwevechiri kuyaruka nemagariro enhau kunogona kuburitsa hunhu hwakawandisa, zvichikanganisa kuzviremekedza, nekuchinja kudyidzana kwavo nekuona zvinonyadzisira uye hunhu hwepabonde munhau.102].

Veruzhinji Hutano Campaigns

Muna 1986, musangano wekuvhiya weUnited States wezvekuona zvinonyadzisira uye hutano hweveruzhinji wakapa chirevo chekubvumirana nezve zvinokanganisa zvinonyadzisira. Muna 2008, Perrin et al. [103] akaronga huwandu hwedzidzo yehutano hweveruzhinji matanho ekuderedza kukuvara munharaunda yese, pasina kuwana kukwezva kwakawanda. Nhasi njodzi dzinogona kuitika dzavakanyevera nezvadzo dzavepo, nekuvandudzwa kwePPU pamwe nekukuvara kwayo kwakabatana.

Zvisinei, Nelson naRothman [104] ndezvechokwadi kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa hazvienderane netsananguro yakajairwa nedambudziko rehutano hweveruzhinji. Asi izvi hazvireve kuti zvinonyadzisira haisiyo nyaya yakakodzera kupindira kwehutano hweveruzhinji. Muzhinji, iko kutsvagurudza kunotsigira pfungwa yekuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunotungamira kuPPU hazvigone kuuraya vatengi vazhinji. Nekudaro, isu hatizive kuti kureba kwekushushikana kwakasangana nevamwe vanhu vane PPU kungave kwakatungamira mukuzviuraya, iwo mazinga akawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura pakati pevarume vechidiki, ivo vanonyanya kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Kuwedzera kutsvagisa mune kuwirirana uku kunodiwa.

Dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira rinoshandisa zvakare rinoita kunge riri kukonzera huwandu hwevakafa kubva kumhirizhonga yemudzimba kana mhirizhonga inoenderana nehupombwe kuvakadzi. Pano, hatisi kuona kukuvara kunoonekwa kana kufa kwevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira ivo pachavo, asi sechimwe chinhu chinobva pazviito zvinotevera zvevatengi ivavo. Izvo zvakaringana kuti PPU inogona kunge iri chinhu chinopa mukukuvadza kuvakadzi nevana kuti isu tifunge sevanhu nzanga kuti tingaedze sei kudzora kana kubvisa zvishuwo zvechisimba izvi muvarume [105].

Izvo hazvidikanwe kuratidzira causality mumamiriro ese ezvinhu isu tisati tashandisa nzira yekuchengetedza uye kutarisa kudzora kukuvadzwa kwenzanga nekubvisa madhiraivha anozivikanwa ehunhu husina hukama muvanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira. Maitiro aya anoto shanda kudoro nekusvuta.

Kubva pamaonero ehutano hweveruzhinji, zvine musoro kutsvaga nekushandisa nzira dzekudzikisa chishuwo chevanhurume chekuona zvinonyadzisira zvechisimba izvo zvine mukana wekukurudzira mhirizhonga mudzimba uye mhirizhonga kuvanhukadzi nevana.

Hutano Yambiro yeVanonyadzisira Vashandisi

Yambiro yehutano mukati mewebhusaiti yewebhusaiti zvinogona kuva zvishandiso zvine simba zvekudzora kukuvara kubva mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Pfungwa iyi ndeyekupa mutengi nudge yekuvayeuchidza nezvenjodzi dzinogona kuvepo dzinoenderana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kuburikidza neshoko pakutanga kwese bhizimusi rekuona zvinonyadzisira.

Yambiro dzechigadzirwa dzave dzichishandiswa nefodya zvigadzirwa kwenguva yakareba uye zvakaratidza kubatsira nenzira yakanaka yekudzikisa kusvuta fodya [92, 106, 107]. Iyo Reward Foundation yakaparura iyi pfungwa yekuona zvinonyadzisira kunyorera kuCoalition Kupedza musangano weKushandisa Zvepabonde muWashington DC muna 2018 [108]. Tinokurudzira vhidhiyo, panzvimbo pekunyeverwa kwemavara, sezvo zviri mukuenderana nevatengi vepakati vari kushandisa. Iyo system ye IP kero inoshandiswa neinternet inobvumidza hurumende kuti itemese mutemo yambiro dzehutano dzayo kuiswa mukati medunhu chairo.

Iyo huru tekinoroji Achilles chitsitsinho chekushandisa IP kero kudzora kupinda mune yakatarwa geografi iko kushandiswa kweanowona epamhepo network (VPNs). VPNs inobvumira vatengi kunyepedzera kunge vari kumwe kunhu. Nekudaro, iyi yekushandira inogona kukundwa nekushandisa muchinjiko-kutarisa neGlobal Positioning System (GPS) kusimbisa nzvimbo yenhare mbozha. Kunyange isiri benzi-chiratidzo, pamusoro pe80% yezvikamu zvekuona zvinonyadzisira pasirese zvinoitika pane nhare mbozha [44], mazhinji acho anozove neGPS yakavhurwa. Pane nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzehunyanzvi dzekuti nzvimbo yechokwadi izivikanwe nemutengesi wezvinonyadzisira, kusanganisira iyo HTML Geolocation API [109]. Mukana wakakosha pano hausi wekutarisa pane chero hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa mhinduro, asi kuti uone kuti pane aripo, matekinoroji akura anowanikwa ayo anogona kuitiswa nemutengo wakaderera kana veparamende vakaona zvakakodzera.

Seumbowo hwepfungwa, mu2018, isu takashanda pamwe graphic dhizaini vadzidzi kuElinburgh College yeArt kugadzira emuenzaniso mavhidhiyo, yega yega 20 kusvika 30-s refu. Izvi zvaiitirwa kutamba pakutanga kwechikamu chepamutemo chekuona zvinonyadzisira, ichipa mutengi yambiro yehutano. Mavhidhiyo matanhatu akanakisa akagadzirwa nekirasi akaunganidzwa ndokuratidzwa kumusangano weWashington [108]. Pfupiso mune ino chiitiko chevadzidzi yaive yekutarisa pamhedzisiro yekuona zvinonyadzisira pahutano hwevatarisiri, kunyanya kuvarume. Zvingave zvakaenzana kushanda kugadzira mavhidhiyo anotarisa pane zvinogona kuita zvinonyadzisira kukurudzira mhirizhonga kuvakadzi nevana uye kunyevera nezve njodzi dzekukwira kuenda kuCSAM. Chirongwa chinoshanda chinenge chiine meseji dzakasiyana dziripo, dzichivabvumidza kuti vaoneke muchidanho chinogona kukwidziridza kukanganiswa kwavo.

Nyika yeUtah muUSA yakave yekutanga kutonga kwepamutemo kuita hurongwa hwakadai, pavakasarudza mavara anonyorwa [110].

Iko kune chiyero chekupfuudza mitengo yekugadzira zvirongwa zvakadaro kune vekutengesa zvinonyadzisira vatengesi. Hurumende inoda kugadza mutongi kuti asimbise nzira yekumisikidza mavhidhiyo uye nekupa iwo mameseji akakodzera ekuodza moyo zvakanyanya kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Kuendesa iwo mameseji kunogona kuve kwakazara otomatiki pane ezvokutengeserana zvinonyadzisira makambani 'mawebhusaiti. Mari yekuita izvi ingave ishoma. Waingova iwo mutengo chete uyo vekutengesa zvinonyadzisira vatengesi vaizofanira kubhadhara kuti vawane imwe musika wevatengi.

Munzvimbo zhinji pasi rose, zvinonyadzisira zviri pamutemo, kana zvimwe zvinogara munzvimbo yegrey uko zvimwe zvinhu zvingave zviri pamutemo uye zvimwe zvisiri pamutemo. Mumatunhu mazhinji, mutemo nehurongwa hwehurumende hazvina kunge zvichiteerana neshanduko yehunyanzvi neyemagariro izvo zvave zvichiperekedza kuwedzera kuri muinternet-based porn consumption. Iyo indasitiri yezvinonyadzisira yakakoka zvakaoma kuti ibudirire uye ichengetedze ino yakajeka mwenje nharaunda [7,8,9,10].

Pane huwandu hwakakwana hwevamiriri vehurumende nevamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika kuti vape dziviriro kuvagari uye vanobata makambani eetekinoroji, kunyanya makambani ezvehupombwe, anozvidavirira nekuda kwekukuvara kubva muzvigadzirwa zvavo. PPU inogona kunge isiri chirwere chinogona kubviswa, asi nehutongi hwakanaka uye neruzhinji ruzivo rwevanhu hazvidi kuti ive denda.

LINK KUDZIDZA NOKUDZIDZA

MaPodcasts ane Mary Sharpe naDarryl Mead anowanikwawo.

Remojo Podcast: Mary Sharpe & Darryl Mead PaRudo, Bonde Uye Iyo Internet

Kunzwisisa Iyo Yezvinogadzira Indasitiri uye Vayo Vatengi naDr Darryl Mead (podcast)

Zvinonyadzisira, Vanhu Vane Autism, uye "Kurara Kwakashata Kwakashata (podcast naMary Sharpe)