Akanamatira muBhokisi reZvinyadzi (2018). (Kuongorora kweGrubbs tsika incongruence modhi)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1294-4

Archives of Sexual Behavior

February 2019, Volume 48, Nyaya 2, pp 449-453 |

Brian J. Willoughby

Aya mazwi anotaura nezvechinyorwa chiripo pane  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1248-x.

Kunyange zvazvo kutarisa kwezvinhu zvinoratidzira zvepabonde hakurevi chinhu chitsva, nguva ye digital uye kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira zvepaIndaneti zvakakonzera kuwedzera mune zvidzidzo kutsvaga kunzwisisa maitiro ezvinoona zvinonyadzisira anoshandisa uye zvinoguma. Nyanzvi dzinodzidza kufungidzira, correlates, nemigumisiro inobatanidza nekuona zvinonyadzisira inowanzowirirana mubhokisi rinoramba richidzikisa kwete kungonzwisisa kwatinoita kuti vanhu uye vakaroorana vanoshandisa sei zvido zvepabonde, asi chii chinoita kuti kuonekwa kwakadaro kungave kune munhu mumwe nomumwe uye neshamwari hukama hwakanaka. Bhokisi iri rinomiririra zvose maonero mashoma ayo nyanzvi dzakawanda, vanachiremba, uye vanoita zvematongerwo enyika vanotora nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira (zvinonyadzisira zvinogara zvichiipa kana kuti nguva dzose dzakanaka), uyewo nzira dzisinganzwisisiki dzenharaunda iyi dzinochengetedza vadzidzisi vedu kunzwisisa kunogumira uye kusina kukwana. Kufanana nemibvunzo yakawanda yakabatana mumunda wehupombwe uye kushandiswa kwevhidhiyo, zvinonyadzisira izwi rinoshandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevhidhiyo dzinowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirisa kwezvirongwa nevanhu vakawanda zvakasiyana uye vakaroorana. Zvinonyadzisira hazvisi chinhu chimwe, uye zvinoguma zvingangosiyana uye zvakasununguka zvichienderana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinokweretesa kuzvikoro zvakatarisa pane zvimwe zvinhu zvekushandiswa kwakadai panzvimbo yekuti zvive zvakawanda.

Grubbs, Perry, Wilt, uye Reid (2018) tarisa kudzokorora kwavo uye nemuenzaniso wakasarudzika pachinhu chakakosha chekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, hunhu husina kunaka hunogona kumuka pakati pevamwe vanhu vanodya zvinonyadzisira asi vane tsika dzakasimba vasingabvumire kushandiswa kwakadai. Sekutaura kunoita nyanzvi idzi, pane humbowo hwakasimba hunotsigira kuti hunhu hwakadai hunosanganisirwa nehunhu husina kunaka uye matambudziko anoonekwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, & Lindberg, 2017; Grubbs & Perry, 2018). Asi pakuedza kwavo kunzwisisa chikamu chiduku chekuona zvinonyadzisira, vanyori vehurukuro inotsvaga vanowira mumatambudziko akawanda ebasa rakapfuura, kunyanya kufungidzira uye kuderedza pfungwa dzisingashandisi zvakakosha kana zvichishandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu akakodzera. Mubvunzo wakakonzerwa nehurukuro inotsvaga inopfuurira kusvika kana tsika dzisina tsika dzakanyanyisa "ndiyo inonyanya kufambisa maitiro muzviitiko zvekunetseka kunonyadzisira kushandisa kushandiswa kana kushungurudza kusagadzikana." Kutaura kwakagadzirwa ndechokuti tsika dzetsika hadzisi chete a chinhu asi primary chinokonzera kunzwisisa migumisiro yezvinonyadzisira. Izvi zvinotambudza pakuti inotaura kuti iyo yakarongeka yakarongeka inonyanya kuzivikanwa pakuongorora zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa kupfuura zvingangoita.

Rega nditange nedzimwe dzezvakanaka zvemufananidzo wakarongedzwa munyaya yekutsvaga. Kutanga, Grubbs et al. (2018) yakaratidza chimwe chinhu chinokosha chekuona zvinonyadzisira chakafanana nekutsvakurudza, kukwidziridzwa kwakakwirira uye kazhinji kunowedzera kuwedzeresa kwevaya vanoona zvinonyadzisira asi vanorwisana nemafungiro avo, kazhinji vanobva muchitendero chezvitendero. Sezvazvakataurwa naGrubbs et al., Pane huno uchapupu hwakawanda hwekuti vanhu vezvitendero vari pangozi yekusagadzikana kwakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa nekuda kwetsika dzisina tsika dzakataurwa naGrubbs et al. uye vamwe (Grubbs et al., 2017; Nelson, Padilla-Walker, & Carroll, 2010; Perry & Whitehead, 2018). Izvi zvakakosha kukiriniki uye kukosha kwekudzidzisa. Zvinoratidza kuti varapi vanofanirwa kufunga nezvezvitendero uye zvetsika zvitendero mukupindira kwavo sezvo mafungiro akadaro angave achikonzera maitiro ekuenderera mberi kana kumanikidza kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Izvo zvakare zvinoratidza kuti kuedza kwekudzidzisa mukati memharaunda yechitendero kunofanirwa kutarisa njodzi chaidzo dzekuona zvinonyadzisira, hunhu hwekupindwa muropa, uye zvakajairika zvetsika zvine chekuita nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Zvese izvi pamwe zvinonyanya kutaurwa pamagumo echinyorwa chakanangwa uko Grubbs et al. Ziva kuti kuongorora kwavo kweuchapupu kunoratidza kuti matambudziko ekuona zvinonyadzisira nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwetsika (PPMI) yakakosha kukiriniki yekufunga iyo inogona kuve nerevo mukuwedzera pakuwongorora kwekumanikidzwa kwechokwadi kana kupindwa muropa. Kunyanya kuwanda, chinyorwa chakanangwa chinopa humwe humbowo hwekuti mamiriro ezvinhu nemaonero emunhu zvine basa kana zvasvika pakushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Uku kudana kwakananga kwekusanganisa maonero ezvinonyadzisira mune ese kudzidza uye kiriniki basa munzvimbo ino kwakakosha uye chimwe chinhu chandadaidzira mune rangu basa (Willoughby & Busby, 2016). Zvingave zviri zvaunotenda kana zvimwe zvinhu zvepakati kana zvekunze, kuedza kutaura kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvicharamba zvichiva nemhando imwe yemigumisiro inogona kunge isingatarisirwi nevanodzidza nevaya vanotsigira kana kusapisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira.

Pasinei nemipiro iyi inokosha, iyo inorongedzerwa yePPMI inowira mune dzakawanda misungo imwechete apo mamwe maitiro ekunyatsorongedza zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa mune imwe yedzidziso. Kuedza kwakadaro kwetsika yakawanda inogona kunge isina maturo kunopa hurumende iyo nzvimbo iyi yekudzidzira inoramba iripo, uye inoratidza kuti urongwa hwekuchenjerera hunofanira kutorwa nevadzidzisi kana ani zvake asati aita chero sarudzo pamusoro pekuti zvakakosha kana zvakakosha sei tsika dzisina kunaka. Vadzidzisi vezvematongerwo enyika pasi pose vanoita sevanoda kuratidza kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira zvingaita kana kuti hazviiti kune vanhu vose vanozviona. Nyanzvi dzinoita sokuti dzinonyanya kugutsikana nekukanganiswa, sezvo vazhinji vese nyanzvi yekutsvakurudza yakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira yakaedza kuratidzira kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakabatana nematambudziko emunhu mumwe nemumwe kana kuti kushamwaridzana kwakadaro kwakashata. Chinyorwa chinotaridzirwa kakawanda chakawira mumusungo uyu, seGrubbs et al. kazhinji kuonekwa kuti vanoda PPMI yavo yemuenzaniso kubatsira kubatsira kutsanangura huwandu hwemigumisiro inowanikwa mune zvidzidzo zvekare. Zvisinei, izvozvi zviyeuchidzo zvakandiyeuchidza nezveimwe nzvimbo inokakavara yekudzidzira: zvinetso zvekutamba mitambo yemavhidhiyo. Zvirevo zvakakura zvakadai sezvakaitwa munyaya yekutsvaga uye mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakafanana pamusoro pekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakafanana nekuedza kutaura kuti kutamba mitambo yemavhidhiyo nguva dzose kunotungamirira kune zvakanaka kana zvakaipa. Kufanana neshamwari dzisina kufanana pakati pezvinonyadzisira dzinoshandiswa, hukama hwakanaka, uye tsika dzezvitsika, kana mumwe chete achizobatanidza kushandiswa kwemitambo yemavhidhiyo nehutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwehutano, kutarisa kune chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvakanaka, zviyero zvingangove zvakasiyana. Mushure mezvose, mumwe munhu anowanzoita mitambo yechisimba ari oga kwemaawa zuva rega roga angave akave nezviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana achienzaniswa nomumwe munhu anogara achitamba mitambo-inoshamwaridzana neshamwari nemhuri. Kutsvakurudza kunyange mabhesi akasiyana-siyana kunze, zvichiratidza kuti kutamba zvechisimba kungave nemigumisiro yakaipisisa (Anderson et al., 2017), nepo kutandara nevamwe kuchigona kubatsira (Coyne, Padilla-Walker, Stockdale, & Day, 2011; Wang, Taylor, & Zuva, 2018). Nenzira yakafanana yekudzidza zvinonyadzisira, kuedza kuita zvizere zvakanyanya pamusoro pemitambo yemavhidhiyo inoshaya chiratidzo nokuti inodzinga kushanduka kwezvakasiyana uye kusagadzikana kwechinhu ichocho chiri pasi pekudzidza.

Izvo zvakarongerwa muenzaniso wePPMI maererano nemasikirwo ayo zvinoratidzika zvisina kukodzera kuva yeruzhinji uye inoshandiswa muenzaniso wezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa. Kuti zvive zvakajeka, chinangwa chemuenzaniso wezvino chiri chakanaka. Mhedzisiro inofadza ndeyo zvakaonekwa zvinetso nekuda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira (kusiyana nechinangwa chinowedzera chinangwa chemakiriniki chingave chakakonzerwa nekukanganisika kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kana zvimwe zvinangwa zvechinangwa chekugara zvakanaka). Icho chinoratidzwa muenzaniso chinongoraramira kune avo vane tsika dzekudzivisa kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvisinganyanyi kukosha kwemuenzaniso pane zvimwe. Izvo zvakakosha sei PPMI uye zvakakosha sei iyo muenzaniso kune vanhu vose? Zvakaoma kutaura. Mukurwisana kwavo kwePPMI, Grubbs et al. (2018) yaisanganisira zvisingatauri nhaurirano pamusoro pehuwandu hwezvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa muenzaniso uyu zvaizoshanda. Pane kudaro, Grubbs et al. vanoita sevakagadzikana nekuwedzeresa maitiro avo nekudzokororazve "vanhu vazhinji" iyo tsika dzomutauro dzakakosha. Mutauro uyu unowanikwa kanenge gumi nemaviri mukati memashoko asi hauna kumbobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu vane zvakasimba zvakatendwa pamusana pezvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa kuti tsika dzetsika dzinogona kuitika. Kuziva kwangu, uye zvechokwadi haana kumbobvunzwa naGrubbs et al. (2018), pane ruzivo rudiki rwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanogona kunge vane simba rakakwana rekuita tsika dzisinganzwisisiki zvekuona zvinonyadzisira kuumba rudzi rwehutano hunoita kuti Grubbs et al. inoratidza. Iyi haisi dambudziko idzva: zvinopesana uye zvinopesana nehupombwe (Halpern, 2011; Reid & Kafka, 2014) uye chinetso chekuona zvinonyadzisira chinoshandisa kakawanda kakaregeredza kupararira kwezvakadaro uye zvakaita kuti pave nedambudziko rezvidzidzo zvakatsvaga mazana emadhora evanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira kunyange vane dambudziko kana kushandiswa kwemashandisi ekutanga. Zvechokwadi, humwe uchapupu hunoti kana pazvinosvika pakubvumirwa kwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa, vanhu vazhinji vari kubvuma. Carroll et al. (2008) vakawana kuti vanenge 70% yevarume vakuru vechidiki mumuenzaniso wavo vakabvumirana kuti kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwakagamuchirwa, nepo inenge hafu yevakadzi vechidiki vakuru vakabvumirana nemanzwiro aya. Munguva ichangopfuura, Price, Patterson, Regnerus, uye Walley (2016) yakawanikwa muGeneral Social Survey kuti vashomanana vevarume nevakadzi vanofunga kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinofanira kuva zvisiri pamutemo. Kunyange zvazvo humwe uchapupu huri nyore, zvidzidzo zvakadaro zvinoratidza kuti kusavhiringidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira kunoratidzika kuva isiri-normative pakati pevaduku vechidiki nevakuru. Ichokwadi kuti zvakaoma kukakavadza kuti tsika dzomutsika ndiyo nyaya inowanikwa kuvanhu vazhinji kana vanhu vakawanda vasina ruzivo rwakakosha runogona kutungamirira mukusaziva kwakadaro.

Kunyange zvazvo uwandu hwezvinonyadzisira uchishandiswa huwandu hwevanhu hunosangana nehutsika hwekuita hungave huwandu, kunyange huwandu huwandu hunoratidzika sehumwe hunoti hunozviona zvinetso nezvinoshandiswa. Basa rakapfuura naGrubbs, Volk, Exline, uye Pargament (2015) rinoratidzika kusimbisa izvi. Somuenzaniso, mukuvandudzika kwavo kweCUI-9, zvidzidzo zvitatu zvakaitwa naGrubbs et al. (2015) yakashandiswa iyo yakaverengwa zvishoma kudarika 600 vanhu. Pamushamba kubva kune imwe kusvika kune vanomwe apo mumwe akamiririra chiyero chakanyanya kuderera chezvinetso zvaionekwa, zvikamu zvepamusoro pezvidzidzo zvitatu zvaiva 2.1, 1.7, uye 1.8. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vazhinji vari muenzanisi vakanga vachitaurira zvishoma nezvehutano hwezvinetso zvinonzwisiswa nekushandiswa kwavo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzakaona chimwe chiitiko chakafanana, neHald naMalamuth (2008) achicherechedza kuti vose varume nevakadzi vanowanzotaurira zvakanaka kune zvinokanganisa zvinoshandiswa nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Munharaunda yekunzwisisika kunokonzerwa, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti maonero emigumisiro yakaipisisa inoita seayo zvakare kune vashomanana.

Zvakatorwa pamwe chete, iyo inonzi PPMI model inogona kuonekwa yakajeka, inongowanikwa kune vashomanana vevashumiri vanoona zvinonyadzisira vane tsika dzisina tsika dzinodiwa kuti dzigadzirwe tsika dzomutauro uye kunyange chikamu chiduku cheboka iro rinorondedzera zvinetso zvinonzwisisika. Ichi chinonyanya kutarisa hachisi chinetso chaicho. Grubbs et al.'S (2018) inotaridzika inowanikwa kunge yakazara pane izvo Hald naMalamuth (2008) vakaita "maitiro akazviona" uye izvi zvakakosha uye zvinokosha kufunga. Mienzaniso yakadai inogona kuva nehutano hunokosha mukutungamirira kushandiswa kwekliniki uye kudzidzisa nevevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vangave vakakodzera. Sezvandatoona, nenzira iyi inenge yakarongedzwa inopa mupiro unokosha unogona kubatsira mune zvimwe zviitiko. Zvinonzwisisika, pane kugamuchira chipo ichi, Grubbs et al. vakaonekwa vachida kuwedzera maitiro avo uye kushandisa maitiro avo akawandisa zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuita zvose zvetsika zvisingatauriki uye zvinetso zvinonzwisiswa zvakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoratidzika sechinhu chimwe kana: ndeye. Vanyori vakakurumidza kurwisana kuti kwete chete mutemo wehutano chinhu chikuru paunodzidza kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, asi kuti "zvizhinji zvezvi [zvinonyadzisira] mabhuku anonyora zvinokonzera zvakaipa zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kunge zvichinyora zvinokanganisa zvinokonzerwa nehutsika hutsika." Kubvunza iyo yakaipa yakaipa inobatanidza nekuona zvinonyadzisira inoshandiswa inongova iyo inongororwa yemitemo incongruence isingatyi asi haisi kuoneka inopa uchapupu hwakataurwa pamusoro apa uye kudai kwakadaro kungaita sokuti hazvikwanisi kukwira pakushamiswa kwakanyanya.

Zvichida imwe pfungwa inotungamirira kune zvakataurwa zvakanyanya ndeyekuti Grubbs et al. (2018) inoratidzika kuti inopesanidza nhamba dzinoshandiswa kana kuti chiyero chekukura nesaruraji. Kunyange zvazvo vaviri vacho vangave vakabatana, zvechokwadi havaendi pamwe chete. Kunyange zvazvo tsika dzisina tsika dzingave dzakasimba nhamba mhedzisiro muzvidzidzo zvakati wandei, izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nevashoma vemuenzaniso uko kuita kwakadai kuri kukuru kutyaira kukosha kwenhamba, kuvhara chikamu chakakura chemuenzaniso uko kusazvibata kwakadaro kuri kusina basa. Zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvinoratidza kuti kusagadzikana kwetsika, kana kuripo, chinhu chakakosha pamatambudziko anoonekwa, asi zvakare, kashoma kutaura kuti zvakajairika sei nyaya dzakadai. Kana paine chero chinhu, uku kudaidzira kwekuwedzera kutsvagisa, kusanganisira kudzidza kweakakosha mafambiro uye mapatani kana zvasvika pakushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Sezvakataurwa muFiri. 1 yechinyorwa chakanangwa, mushure mekunyatsoongorora kwavo zvinyorwa, iyo meta-ongororo yakataurwa mune yakanangwa chinyorwa yaisanganisira chete gumi nembiri zvidzidzo. Kuenzanisa, yazvino meta-ongororo pane kungoitwa kwenguva refu kwekushandisa kwezvinhu pakusungira chengetedzo kwakashandiswa 12 zvidzidzo (Fairbairn et al., 2018), apo meta-inotsva ichangobva kuongorora pamusoro pemubereki nekudzidzira kunze kwevana zvinoshandiswa zvakanaka pane zvidzidzo zve1000 (Pinquart, 2017). Kuti uve wakarurama, pane imwe inonyanya kuisa pfungwa dzavo pamusoro, mabhuku mashomanana chero meta-kuongorora inofanira kusvitsa. Asi, izvi zvinopa rumwe rutivi rwehumwe uchapupu hwokuti zvikamu zvakajeka pamusoro pemuenzaniso wakatarwa zvinofanira kudziviswa.

Chimwe chiitiko chekutambudza kuedza kuderedza nzvimbo inenge isina kukwana deta ndeyekupedzisira kugadzirisa kwekuverenga mabhuku mukati memusoro wenyaya. Pano, Grubbs et al. (2018) kuedza kutaura kuti "unhu hunoita kuti munhu ave nehutano hwakasimba hwekuzviona zvinetso zvinosangana nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa." Ndinowana zvikanganiso zvakasiyana nemafungiro aya anoramba achiita zvinonyadzisira mudzidzi mune bhokisi rakanyanya kuderera uye rinopera. Chokutanga, iyo inobvumirana zvakare nechinangwa chezvidzidzo zvakadaro. Zvinetso zvekuzviziva zvakakosha kuongorora asi hazvisi izvo chete zvinobudirira zvinokosha pazvinosvika pakuona zvinonyadzisira. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvinonyanya kufuratira apo zvichida tsvakurudzo yakawanda kwazvo inowanikwa mukusangana kwezvinonyadzisira inoshandisa mabhuku: zvibereko zvehukama. Sezvakaratidzwa nekutsvaga meta-kuongororwa naWright, Tokunaga, Kraus, uye Klann (2017), iyo diki asi inowirirana chinongedzo pakati pezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa uye zvinehukama kana kugutsikana pabonde ndiyo ingangoita chinongedzo chinowirirana pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira uye mhedzisiro mune izvozvi zvinyorwa. Boka rakakura uye rinokura rezvidzidzo rakaratidza kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira nemumwe kana vaviri vanobatana kunoenderana nezvakanaka nezvakaipa mhedzisiro, kusanganisira misiyano yehukama kugutsikana (Mabhiriji neMorokoff, 2011), Hunhu hwepabonde (Poulsen, Busby, & Galovan, 2013), Kugadziridza hukama (Muusses, Kerkhof, & Finkenauer, 2015), Kusatendeka (Maddox, Rhoades, & Markman, 2011), uye kubatana nevashandi vepabonde (Wright, 2013).

Kunge kutsvagisa kwakanangidzirwa kune vanhu, uku kutsvagurana kwehukama hakusi pasina matambudziko ayo (pakuongorora, ona Campbell & Kohut, 2017) uye zvigumisiro zvinoratidzika sezviri nyore kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvepfungwa. Semuenzaniso, kana zvinonyadzisira zvinoonekwa sega kana pamwe pamwe zvinoita kunge zvine simba rinokosha pakuona kwakadaro kwakabatana sei nevarume vaviri (Maddox et al., 2011). Gender inoratidzika seyo muongorori anokosha uye munhu mumwe nomumwe anoshandiswa nevarume vanoita sevarume vanoita sevari kuratidzwa kunobatanidza nemigumisiro yakaipa kwazvo (Poulsen et al., 2013). Iyi dzidzo dyadic inoratidza kuti mamiriro ezvinhu ehukama kune imwezve chinhu chinokosha chekunzwisisa kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakabatana sei nehupenyu hwakanaka. Ukama hune simba hunogona kunge hunokosha mune zvose zvirikusimudzirwa uye nemigumisiro yehutsika hwemitemo kune avo vari muukama. Kuvhiringidzika kwomumwe wako kunogona kunge kunopindirana nemigumisiro yeimwe seyo kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kunowanikwa, kutaurirana, kana kubviswa. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kana kukurukura hakusipo mumufananidzo wePPMI asi pane zvinoratidzika sekugadziriswa pamatambudziko aanozviona semuongorori wekufarira.

Kunezve dzimwe nzira iyo iyo muenzaniso inorondedzerwa naGrubbs et al. (2018) inochengeta vaongorori mubhokisi rino rekuwedzeredza uye maitiro ekushomeka. Kufanana nevamwe vazhinji, Grubbs et al. kushandisa izwi rekuti "zvinonyadzisira shandisa" nenzira dzinoshaya hanya nezvinetso zvechisimba zvekushandisa izwi rakadai kudzidza kudzidza kuona kwepabonde. Basa rangu ndega (Willoughby & Busby, 2016) akacherekedza kuti izwi rekuti "zvinonyadzisira" rine zvirevo zvakasiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekuti ndiani waunobvunza uye kuti kungoshandisa izwi rekuti zvinonyadzisira mukuzviongorora kunova nedambudziko (kune imwe nzira yazvino yekuyera, ona Busby, Chiu, Olsen, & Willoughby, 2017). Vakaroora kana kuroorwa, vakadzi, uye avo vanonamata vanowanzove netsananguro dzakapamhamha dzekuona zvinonyadzisira uye vanonyora mamwe marudzi ezvekuita zvepabonde zvinonyadzisira apo vamwe vanongoona midhiya yenguva dzose (kana kushambadza) vasina zvemukati zvekutaura nezvebonde. Uku kuwedzeredza pakuronga zvese zvinoburitsa pachena pasi pechinyorwa chimwe zvinopesana nebhuku diki asi riri kukura rezvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti zvirimo zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvakaonekwa zvakakosha kufunga nezvazvo (Fritz & Paul, 2017; Leonhardt & Willoughby, 2017; Vanoda & Busby, 2016). Panzvimbo pokufungidzira kuti PPMI inongova chikamu chezvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, zvinokosha kuti nyanzvi dziongorore kuti maitiro ehutano angangodaro aripo kune mamwe marudzi ehutano hwehupombwe kana kuti tsika dzisina kunaka dzingave dzakabatana nemhando dzakasiyana dzehutano hwepabonde kune marudzi akasiyana vanhu.

Kunze kwezvakaitika izvi, pane zvimwe zvinotarisirwa kuva nazvo pamberi pePPMI isingazodzwa sekutsanangurwa kwezvinetso zvinosangana nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Imwe nyaya inokosha yekunyora nezveGrubbs et al.'S (2018) modhi ndeyekuti kunyangwe kusagadzikana kwetsika iri nyaya kune vamwe vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira, kusazvibata kwetsika kana chitendero chinowanzova kumashure kwaro hakubvise hukama hwakawanda pakati pezvinonyadzisira nehutano kana kugara zvakanaka. Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaratidza kuti kushamwaridzana pakati pezvinonyadzisira kushandisa uye kugara zvakanaka kunoramba kuripo, kunyangwe mushure mekudzora kwechitendero kana zvimwe zvinokosheswa (Perry & Snawder, 2017; Willoughby, Carroll, Busby, & Brown, 2016; Wright, 2013). Somuenzaniso, apo Perry uye Snawder (2017) vakaona kuti kusangana pakati pezvinonyadzisira kushandisa uye huri pasi hwehutano hwevabereki hwakanga huri pakati pevanhu vechitendero, zvakagumuchirwa kuvanhu vose kunyange kana vachitonga zvechitendero. Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakare zvakawanikwa kuti zvinosanganiswa nemashandisirwo ekuita zvepabonde, kunyange kana kutarisana nemafungiro nemafungiro epfungwa (Wright, 2013). Zvichida humbowo hwakanakisa hweichi chiitiko chinoratidzika chisingachinjiki zvisinei nechero chinamato chechitendero kana hunhu chiri mukati mehukama hwekuverenga mabhuku uko zvinonyadzisira kwave kuchingobatanidzwa nehumwe hukama husina kunaka hunhu kunyangwe mushure mekudzora kwehunhu hwenhema kana chitendero (Doran & Mutengo, 2014; Maas, Vasilenko, & Willoughby, 2018; Poulsen et al., 2013; Willoughby et al., 2016).

Isa pamwe chete, chinangwa cheGrubbs et al. (2018) rinoratidzika sechinyatsojeka uye rakanyanya kuderera kuti rive muenzaniso wakanaka kune vose kana kunyange vatengi vanoona zvinonyadzisira. Muenzaniso wacho unowirawo mumiganhu yakafanana iyo inotambudza yakawanda yezvinonyadzisira zvidzidzo mukuti kushanda kwayo kunoedza kuvhara nzvimbo yakawanda uye yakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu. Bhokisi shoma iro rinonyanya kuwanda kwezvinonyadzisira zvidzidzo zvinoratidzika kugutsikana kuramba zviri mukati, bhokisi rekufungidzira uko zvinonyadzisira ibasa rakaoma iro rinofanira kutungamirira kune zviduku zvakasiyana-siyana zvemigumisiro, rinopfuurira. Hongu, tsika dzomutauro ishoko rakakosha yekufungisisa uye kuongorora pakutsvaga zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye nemigumisiro yaro. Zvisinei, pasina kufunga nezvekuti kusanganisa kwakadaro kunobatanidza nehutano hwezvinhu zvepabonde zvinotaridzirwa zviri kutaridzirwa, munhu mumwechete uye wehukama hwehukama hwekushandiswa kwakadai, kana kuti kubvuma zvimwe zvishoma zvishoma zvevasikana vanoona zvinonyadzisira avo vanonyatsoona mamwe maitiro ekutendeseka, chimiro chePPMI chakabatanidzwa mune imwechete iyo maonero ebhokisi rakawanda semabhuku ekuona zvinonyadzisira. Grubbs et al. vanoti chimiro chavo chinogona kubatsira kugadzirisa pikicha yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa, tichicherechedza kuti "pasinei nenguva yakashandiswa kuona zvinonyadzisira, zvichida kuti matambudziko anozviona, akadai sekutenda kune munhu anonyadzisira, ndizvo zvinokosha kuti anzwisise zvakajeka kukosha kwechokwadi zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvine hutano uye hutano uye naizvozvo chinangwa chikuru chekutsvakurudza mberi. "Ichi" chiitiko chechokwadi "chinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanyisa kudarika zvakamanikana uye zvakanyanyisa kuisa pfungwa kune zvose zvinogadziriswa zvinokonzerwa nemafungiro emitemo. Sezvo Grubbs et al. akati, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaratidza kuti matambudziko evanhu vanozviona kazhinji haatombotarisidzwi nekuona zvinonyadzisira, zvichiratidza kuti zvimwe zviratidzo zvehupenyu izvo zvakagara zvichibatanidzwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kunge zviri nani pakuisa pfungwa dzekudzidza. Kazhinji, kune vamwe vanhu vane tsika dzakasimba dzisingabvumirwi nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa uye kushorwa kwakadaro kunokonzera kuwirirana kwekushandisa kwavo sezvavanorwisana nekusawirirana mune maitiro avo uye magumo. Kurwisana kwakadaro kwakadzika mumanzwiro akafanana ekudzikama kwemashoko akambove ari chikamu chebasa rezvemagariro evanhu (Festinger, 1962). Kunyange zvazvo chirongwa chinorongwa chinogona kushandiswa kana chakashandiswa zvakakodzera, nyanzvi dzinofanira kungwarira pakufunga kuti muenzaniso iwoyo unoshanda kune yakawanda mamiriro ezvinhu ayo zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa.

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