Kukurudzira? Kana iwe wakambove nedambudziko nemakonzo uye ndokumonera kuti uwane kuti mbeva dzakange dzichifamba nenzira yeCheerios, iyo yakakurumbira Amosi, mapaketi matatu eRamen noodles, uye kunyange iro bhokisi rembiriso remubiki raunenge watenga mune rakakodzera " Vanamai veCanyon "kukanganisika, iwe unozokoshesa nzira isina kuchena yeiyo nyowani yepaLabhoratori inoshaya kukurudzira kwese kwekudya.
Nyoka inokwanisa muviri kudya. Iyo inoramba ichida kutora kwekudya. Isa chivharo mumuromo maro, uye chichacheka uye chimedze, nguva yose ichichera mhino dzayo sezviri pachena kugutsikana kwemakonzo.
Asi yakasiyiwa pachayo, hove haingasimiri kudya. Kungofungidzira kwekufamba nepamusoro pegango nekusimudza mapapiro ezvokudya kubva mundiro kunouzadza nekusava nehanya kwakanyanya. Ndezvipi zvinorehwa, chaizvoizvo, zvese izvi kuisa uye kuwedzera? Sei uchinetseka? Mazuva apfuura, mbeveve haidyi, haifaniri kufamba, uye mukati memavhiki mashomanene, yakafa nenzara kusvika pakufa. Pamberi pemusana unouraya uwandu hunopera simba re dopamine, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pakujekesa mamolekemu muuropi.
Dopamine iri mufashoni
Dopamine munguva pfupi yapfuura yakave yakashongedzwa chaizvo, nhasi "it" neurotransmitter, sainzi serotonin yaiva "iyo" muProtec-laced '90s.
Vanhu vanotaura nezvekutora "dopamine rush" yavo kubva chokoleti, mimhanzi, mumusika wekutengesa, BlackBerry buzz pachidya - chinhu chipi nechipi chinopa chikamu chiduku, chinonakidza. Maziviki anozivikanwa evice like cocaine, methamphetamine, doro uye nicotine inozivikanwa kuti ikurudzire uropi dopamine circuits, sezvinoita kufambira mberi kwakakurumbira kwakafanana naAdderall naRitalin.
Mumagariro evanhu, dopamine iri pamusoro pemakomborero, uye unonzwa wakanaka, uye uchida kunzwa wakanaka zvakare, uye kana iwe usingatarisiri, iwe unenge wakagadzikana, muranda wezvifaro zvinotenderera kuburikidza neuropi yako. Hei, nei iwe uchifunga kuti vanonzi dopamine?
Asi sezvo kutsvakurudza kutsva pane dopamine-kusakosha mice uye zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza, mufananidzo we dopamine seBacc yetu shoma muuropi ari kutsausa, sezvakange zvakaita yekare yaimbova serotonin seyeural nehanya chiso.
Dhiraivha uye kukurudzira
Mune maonero akabuda, akakurukurwa muchikamu paSangano reNeuroscience musvondo rapera muChicago, dopamine haina zvishoma pamusoro pomufaro uye mubairo pane yekutya nekukurudzira, pamusoro pekufungidzira zvaunofanira kuita kuti urarame uye wozviita. "Kana iwe usingakwanisi kufema, uye iwe unofunga kuti unofadza, iwe ungati izvo zvinonakidza here?" Akadaro Nora D. Volkow, muongorori weDopamine uye mutungamiriri weNational Institute on Drug Abuse. "Kana iwe paunenge uine nzara zvokuti unodya chinhu chinosemesa, inofadza here?"
Mhinduro mbiri mbiri, Dr. Volkow akati, kupisa kwe okisijeni nekuputira pasi chimwe chinhu chaunowanzoshora, dopamine nzira dzeuropi dziri pazere throttle. "Uropi hwose hunofungisisa," akadaro. "Kukurudzira kwakakura kukubvisa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekushayiwa uye kukuchengetedza uri mupenyu."
Dopamine zvakare chikamu chehutano hwehuropi hwehuropi, iyo inowana-a-load-of-this device. "Iwe haugoni kubhadhara zvinhu zvose, asi iwe unoda kuva akachenjera semuviri mukuziva zvinhu zvinyorwa," anodaro Dr. Volkow. "Iwe unogona kunge usingaoni furo muimba, asi kana iyo inobhururuka yaiva fluorescent, yako dopamine masero angapisa."
Dopamine chiratidzo
Mukuwedzera, isu dopamine-inotungamirirwa salience detector ichaisa pfungwa pane zvinhu zvakajairika zvatakabatana nezvakakosha, zvose zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka: zvinhu zvatinoda uye zvinhu zvatinotya. Kana tichida chokoleti, isu dopamine neurons yedu inotanga kupisa pameso echinhu chiduku chinokonzera chibage chinenge chiri pamutsara. Asi kana tikatya mapere, iyo neuroni imwechete inogona kupisa kunyanya patinoona kuti "bhinzi" ine makumbo matanhatu. Iyo inonaka inonaka ye chokoti pairi, asi, kana kushungurudzika kwepurosiach phobia, inogona kunge iri basa remaoko ezvimwe zviratidzo zvinoratidzira mamolekemu, seapiates kana kuti hormone dzinoshungurudza. Dopamine inongoita chinhu chakakosha zvisingabviri kusazvidza.
Ko uropi inofanira kuregeredza zvingave zvichinyatsoonekwa, dopamine inofanira kunge yakavharwa. Achitaura munguva ichangopfuura muChristian Neuroscience, Regina M. Sullivan weNew York University Medical Center, Gordon A. Barr wevana veSpital Hospital yePhiladelphia nevamwe vavo vakawana kuti, asi mazuru akare kupfuura mazuva e12 angakurumidza kuvhiringidza kunhuhwirira kupi zvayo kwaiva pamwe kutyisa kwegetsi, magira maduku aizotarisa zvakasarudzwa zvekunhuhwirira kwakadaro dai vanaamai vavo vakanga vari pedyo apo dzidzo yaidzidziswa. Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti mweya wechidiki weCallide unopedzisira wapedza basa re dopamine mu amygdala, uko kutya kwezvirangariro zvinowanikwa. Vana vadzidzisi vanoziva amai vavo nekunhuhwira, Dr. Sullivan akatsanangura, uye havafaniri kudzidza kudzivisa, nokuti kunyange munhu anonyadzisa ari nani kupfuura pane.
Chii chinonzi dopamine?
Yakakura sezvinogona kuita, dopamine inonzi compact molecule, yakagadzirwa neA22 atomu, ine chimiro chinonzi nitrogenous amine knob pane imwe mugumo. (Dopamine, nenzira, inotora zita rayo kubva kumakemikari ayo, uye haina chokuita nezwi dope - se heroin kana zvimwe zvinodhaka zvinodhaka - izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinobva kunezwi rechiDutch rekudya.)
Dopamine zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira zviduku zvakare. Chishomanana kupfuura 1 muzana yeeonthransmmitter yose, vazhinji vavo vari pakati pemasvingo akaita se substantia nigra, iyo inobatsira kudzora kufamba; ndiko kusvibiswa kwehuwandu hwevanhu vanonzi dopamine masero anokonzera kudengenyeka uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvehosha yaPasinson.
Ikoko kunewo dopamine basa rakakwirira kumusoro, mu prefrontal cortex yakamira pedyo nechepamusoro pehuma, iyo huru uropi hutano uko nyaya dzenyaya dzakanyorwa, mafungiro akadzivirirwa uye zvikonzero zvinogadziriswa. Kusuruvara kwe prefrontal dopamine kunofungidzirwa kuti kunobatsira schizophrenia.
Kwose kupi kwavanoita, masero europi anobata pakusunungurwa kwe dopamine kuburikidza nechimwe kana zvimwe zvezvishanu zvakasiyana nedopamine receptors zvichikwira kubva pamusoro pezvo, mapuroteni anogadzirirwa kuvhara pane dopamine uye anopindura maererano. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mutambi wacho ndiye dopamine mutakuri, rudzi rwemuchengetedzi anonyanya kushandisa dopamine molecule uye anovatsvaira kumasero mavakaberekerwa.
Zvinodhaka zvinodhaka sezvinoita cocaine zvinowanzovhara iyo mutakuri, zvichibvumira dopamine kuti igare mukati mevheti ye-neuronal uye inoramba ichirova chiratidzo chacho pamwe chete.
Dopamine uye kukurudzira
Vanhu vanosiyana kubva kune imwe neimwe pamapapiro ose e dopamine matrix, mumutsetse wekutengesa kwavanoita iyo dopamine neurons yavo inopisa moto, kushamwaridzana kunoita masero mukutaridzika kana kudiwa, uye kusununguka uko maitiro anoshandiswa anoshanduka achidzokera kune .
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakatarisa maitiro ezvinyorwa mumagumo ekutambira kune zvinyorwa kumunhu kusiyana. Maererano naDan TA Eisenberg weNorweswestern University, masayendisiti akaona kuwirirana kwepamusoro pakati pezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zve dopamine receptor Nhamba ye4 uye chido chekuita kusakunda uye kuisa mungozi, kunyanya kutengesa mari.
Mumwe haakwanisi kuita zvakawanda zvezvipikano zvepakutanga muhutano hwemararamiro, asi zvichida tisati tabuda kuendesa mberi, tinofanirwa kukumbira kuti mabhengi aongororwe kuti avepo kune ngozi, marefu-fomu receptors. Ihwo hupfumi, dopamine.
NaNATALIE ANGIER, New York Times
Dzidza zvakawanda nezvehukama hwe dopamine uye kukurudzira pano.
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