Kuita Zvepabonde Muchirume Chevarume (2007)

Elaine M. Hull naJuan M. Dominguez

Abstract.

Izvo mahormone ezvinhu uye neural circry iyo inodzora kutevedzera yakafanana kune ese marudzi eentent, kunyange paine mutsauko mune chaiwo maitiro maitiro. Ose maviri estradiol (E) uye dihydrotestosterone (DHT) anobatsira pakuchinjisa kumwedzi, asi E inonyanya kukosha kutevedzera uye DHT, yekuzvara. Hormonal activation yemedical preoptic nharaunda (MPOA) inonyanya kushanda, asi kunyatsoiswa mune medial amygdala (MeA) inokwanisawo kukurudzira kukwira muma castrate. Chemosensory inputs kubva kune yakakosha uye inowanikwa yeasoftory masisitimu ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kukurudzira mating mune tsvimbo, kunyanya mune hamsters, kunyange genitosensory kuisa zvakare inobatsira. Dopamine agonists inofambisa maitiro epabonde, uye serotonin (5-HT) kazhinji inhibitory, asi mamwe 5-HT receptor subtypes inogonesa erection kana ejaculation. Norepinephrine agonists uye opiates vane dhi-zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro, ine yakaderera Dozi inofambisa uye yakakwirira doses inhibiting maitiro.

Mazwi ekiyi: Makonzo, makonzo, hamsters, Guinea yenguruve, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, medial preoptic nzvimbo, medial amygdala, genital Reflex

Introduction.

Kuzvibata maitiro uye kwavo neural uye mahormone kunyorwa kwakasiyana pamarudzi. Kunyange zvakadaro kutsvagisa kwakawanda kwakatarisa pane dzinoverengeka mhuka. Isu tinorondedzera maitiro ehunhu hwechirume uye iwo neural, mahormone, uye ruzivo rwemutemo. Isu tinotanga nemakonzo, zvinyorwa zvinowanzoitika pakuongororwa kwelebhu. Isu tinobva tatsanangura mafambiro emakonzo ehurume, hamsters, uye Guinea yenguruve, tichiona kufanana uye mutsauko pakati pemarudzi. Kuita zvepabonde kunopindirana zvakanyanya; apa isu tinotarisa pane zvechirume, tichiramba tichifunga kuti mipiro yemunhukadzi yakakoshawo. Nekuda kwehuwandu huwandu hwekutsvagisa pane tsvimbo, uye peji peji yeiyo manuscript, tinogona kutaura chete chikamu chidiki chazvo. Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, ndapota bvunza Hull et al. (2006) kana Hull et al. (2002).

Tsanangudzo yeanhurume kutevedzera kutevedzera maitiro uye ex Copula Reflexes.

Makonzo ehurume anowanzotanga kusangana pabonde nekuongorora kumeso kwemunhukadzi uye dunhu rekuzora. Vaviri vaviri vanobatsirana vanogona kusimudzira mutserendende 50 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. Yechirume inosvikira kubva kumashure kwechechikadzi, inokwira, uye inopa akakurumidza kuzviwisira (19-23 Hz) ne pelvis yake; kana akaona bonde remunhukadzi, anopa shungu yakadzika, achiisa penisi yake mukati menhengo yake ye200-300 msec (Beyer et al., 1981). Iye anobva asvetukira kumashure nekukurumidza uye anoshongedza mainini vake. Mushure me7 kusvika ku10 intromissions, 1 kusvika 2 maminetsi akaparadzaniswa, anozo ejamisa. Ejaculation inoratidzirwa nehurefu, hwakadzika kudzika (750-2000 msec) uye zvishoma zvishoma dismount (Beyer et al., 1981). Iyo inoperekedzwa nehuremu hwekupokana kweiyo bulbospongiosus uye ischiocavernosus mhasuru pazasi penisheni, uye yean anal sphincter uye yemabhonzo emabhonzo (Holmes et al., 1991). Mushure mekukwirisa, anozvishongedza uye ozorora panguva yepashureni (Pei), inogona kugara 6 kusvika 10 maminetsi usati watanga kutenderera. Munguva yekutanga 50 - 75% yePII, murume haazoteedzeri zvakare uye anoburitsa 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations. Munguva yekupedzisira 25%, anogona kutangazve kutevedzera kana ikapihwa nemukadzi asingazivikanwe kana zvinosimudzira zvinyoro-nyoro. Mushure me7-8 ejaculations vanhurume kusvika pazereti uye kazhinji havazoteedzeri zvakare kwe1 kusvika kumazuva e3. Yepamberi yekuita zvepabonde inopa "kopusita" yakakura uye kuwedzera kuramba kwemigadziro yemaronda akasiyana-siyana, kutamiswa uye kushushikana (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006).

Copulatory kugona inowanikwa pakati pe45 uye 75 mazuva ezera (akaongororwa muMeisel neSachs, 1994). Prepubertal castration yakadzivirira kutanga kwemaitiro ekubereka, uye exo native testosterone (T) kana estradiol (E2) yakakurumidza kukura kwayo. Kuchembera makonzo ehurume kurasikirwa nekukwanisa ejaculate, iyo isingadzorerwe ne exo native T (Chambers et al., 1991). Kuderera kweestrogen receptors (ER) (Roselli et al., 1993), asi kwete androgen receptors (AR) (Chambers et al., 1991), inogona kutsikirira kushomeka mune vekare varume.

Ex Copula Reflexes inogona kucherechedzwa mune akati wandei mamiriro. Zvingangoitika kana zvinodhaka zvinokonzerwa nemishonga zvinowanikwa mukamuri reimba kana musango zvemapato. Mafuta anonhuwira kubva kumunhukadzi anowana elcitact erections, iyo ingave iri muenzaniso weiyo psychogenic erections muvanhu. Mune makonzo "kubata-based" erections anogona kukwiridzwa nekudzora murume kumusana wake uye kudzosera penile sheath. Aya erections anokonzerwa nekunyorwa kweiyo corpus spongiosum, inogadzira tumescence yeiyo glans penis (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006; Meisel and Sachs, 1994). Anteroflexions zvakare inoitika; izvi zvinokonzeresa kubva kumusana weischiocavernosus mhasuru uye erection yeiyo corpus cavernosum, zvichikonzera kuti penis ikwire kubva panzvimbo yayo yenguva dzose yekumira. Dzimwe nguva, seminal emission inoitika mune ino mamiriro. Iko kudzvinyirira kunoenderera kweiyo shefu yakadzoserwa kutenderera pachigadziko chepenisi kunopa kukurudzira kweaya anobata-based Reflexes. Pakupedzisira, iyo urethrogenital Reflex yakadzidziswa mune isingagadziriswa makonzo echirume neechikadzi senzira ye orgasm muvanhu (McKenna et al., 1991). Inoteedzerwa ne urethral distension, ichiteverwa nekusunungurwa; Iyo ine clonic contractions yemasumbu epineal.

Hormonal zvinhu mukutanga kwechirume matani maitiro.

Unhu hwepabonde hunhu mune dzinenge dzose mhando dze vertebrate dzinoenderana neT, yakavanzika neLeydig masero em testes uye akaiswa mukati memasero anonangwa kuenda kune chero E2 (by aromatization) kana dihydrotestosterone (DHT, na 5α-kuderedza). Plasma T haionekwi mukati me24 maawa ekudzingwa (Krey naMcGinnis 1990); zvisinei, kugona kwedzidziso kunoderera zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro pemazuva kana mavhiki. Mazuva mashanu kune 10 mazuva eT anowanzo fanirwa kudzorera mating (McGinnis et al., 1989). Nekudaro, E2 yakawedzera chemo-kuongorora uye inokwira nema castrate mukati me35 min (Muchidimbu naRoselli 1999). Naizvozvo, nekukurumidza, pamwe membrane-kwakavakirwa, mahormoni anogona kupesvedzera kukurudzira kwepabonde, asi kwenguva refu genomic mhedzisiro inodikanwa kuti izadziswe yakazara yekukwirana.

Hormoni yakakura yekumhanyisa tsika yekuita zvepabonde mune makonzo echirume ndeye E2, sekurudzirwa ne "aromatization hypothesis" (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). DHT, iyo isinga tsanangurike uye ine hukama hwakakura hwemaArs kupfuura zvinoita T, haibatsiri kana ikapihwa yega. Nekudaro, E2 haichengetedze zvizere tsika yevanhurume maitiro epabonde (McGinnis naDreifuss, 1989; Putnam et al., 2003) kana kudiwa kwemudiwa (Vagell naMcGinnis, 1997). Saka, androgens inopa kukurudzira uye kuita uye zvakare zvinodiwa uye zvakaringana kuchengetedza ex copula genital Reflexes (Cooke et al., 2003; Manzo et al., 1999; Meisel et al., 1984). Kunyangwe iyo E2 yakanga isingabatsiri mukuchengetedza ex kopula reflexes, yakachengeta vaginal intromissions mu Copula (O'Hanlon, 1981). Sachs (1983) yakakurudzira kuti E inomutsa "tsika" yakasarudzika inogona kukonzeresa hukama mukoputa, asi isingagoni kuvabvisa.

Mhedzisiro yeanotevedzwa anotemwa zvinodhaka pane wechirume rat pabonde maitiro.

Transmitters anowanzoita synergistically munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye nzvimbo yekuita kazhinji haizivikanwe priori. Naizvozvo, systemic zvinodhaka manejimendi inogona kubatsira. Tafura 1 inopfupisa mhedzisiro yezvirume zvetsika zvepabonde maitiro ezvinodhaka uye marapiro anokanganisa basa remurotransmitter munzvimbo dzinopfuura imwe yehuropi.

Tafura 1- Mhedzisiro yemaitiro anofambiswa madhiragi pane wechirume manhu epabonde.

Brain nzvimbo dzinogadzirisa gonzo rehurume maitiro epabonde.

Chemosensory kupinza kubva kune huru uye yekugeza masisitimu pamwe ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kukurudzira kwehurume hweentent hwepabonde maitiro. Bilateral olildory bulbectomy, inobvisa iyo huru uye yekugeza nzira, yakaburitsa kusanzwisisika kwekuteedzera uye kusagadziriswa erections, nevarume vanoita zvepabonde naïve vachinyanya kukanganisika (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Ruzivo kubva kune hukuru uye yekuwana olonicory masisitimu anoongororwa mune medial amygdala (MeA), pamwe neye somatosensory kuisirwa kubva kumitezo, inofambiswazve kuburikidza neparvocellular chikamu cheiyo subparafascicular nucleus (SPFp), inoitawo chikamu chekumira kutenderera mumarudzi akati wandei. (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Kuisa kubva kuMAA, zvese zvakananga uye kuburikidza nemubhedha nucleus ye stria terminalis (BNST), kune iyo medial preoptic nharaunda (MPOA) yakakosha kutevedzera mumakonzo ehurume (Kondo naArai, 1995).

Iyo MPOA inokakavaraidza ndiyo inonyanya kukosha nzvimbo yekugadzirira hunhu hwechirume. Iyo inogamuchira sensory input zvisina kukodzera kubva kune vese sensory system uye inotumira kudzokorora kubatanidza kune izvo zvinyorwa, nekudaro ichigonesa iyo MPOA kupesvedzera maitiro ayo ayo anotambira (Simerly neSwanson, 1986). Iyo inotumirawo inobuda kune hypothalamic, midbrain, uye brain stem nuclei iyo inogadzirisa maitiro ehutonomic uye somatomotor uye zvinokurudzira zvirevo (Simerly neSwanson, 1988). Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakataura zvakashata uye kwenguva refu kushushikana kwekuteedzera zvichitevera maronda eMPOA (akaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Nekudaro, makonzo ehurume ane MPOA maronda akaramba achionesa noncontact erections (Liu et al., 1997) uye bar-press for a light iro rakange rakapakwa nekugona kwemukadzi (Everitt, 1990). Everitt (1990) akataura kuti MPOA yakakosha chete kutevedzera, uye kwete kukurudzira kwepabonde. Nekudaro, MPOA maronda akakanganisa kurudziro yebonde mune mamwe mamiriro, kusanganisira kuda mukadzi kana mukadzi (Edward uye Einhorn, 1986; Paredes et al., 1998) uye kutsvaga mukadzi (Paredes et al., 1993).

Ukuwo, kukurudzira kweMPOA kwaifambisa kutevedzera, asi haina kukurudzira kuchinjisa mumashure evarume (Rodriguez-Manzo et al., 2000). Kukurudzira kwakawedzera intracavernosal kudzvinyirira mune anesthetized mamarume (Giuliano et al., 1996) uye yakawedzera urethrogenital Reflex pasina urethral kukurudzira (Marson neMcKenna, 1994). Iyo MPOA haigadziri yakananga kumuzasi wepelinha tambo, uko erection uye seminal emission inodzorwa; nekudaro, inofanirwa kuvhiya dzimwe nzvimbo idzo, dzinosimudzira izvo zvidzoreso.

Iyo MPOA ndiyo inonyanya kushanda saiti yekukurudzira kwehomoni yekukwira mumakanda akaiswa; zvisinei, T kana kuti E2 implants mu MPOA haina kudzorera zvakakwana kupopota, uye DHT implants yakanga isingabatsiri (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Naizvozvo, vese ER neArmu muMPOA vanobatsira pakukwanisa kugona kwembambo dzechirume; zvisinei, mahormoni maitiro kumwe kunodiwa kuti azere activation ye hunhu.

MPOA microinjections yeiyo yakasarudzika dopamine (DA) agonist apomorphine yakagadziridza kuteedzana mumagonadally akaomarara uye akakandwa makonzo uye yakawedzera yekubata-based Reflexes (yakadzokororwa muDominguez & Hull, 2005; Hull et al., 2006). MPOA apomorphine zvakare yakadzorera kuteedzana muvanhurume vane makuru amygdala maronda (Dominguez et al., 2001). Ukuwo, anopikisa weDA akatadzisa kubata pamwe nekubata-based reflexes uye kudzikisira kurudziro yepabonde pasina kukanganisa mota mashandiro (akaongororwa muDominguez neHull, 2005; Hull et al., 2006). Iyi mhedzisiro yaive yakatomarara uye hunhu hwakanangana.

DA yakaburitswa muMPOA nguva isati yasvika uye munguva yekutevedzera (Hull et al., 1995; Sato et al., 1995). Zvekare, pakanga paine zvose hunhu uye hunhu hwakananga. Zvichangoitika, asi kwete zvakafanana, T zvaive zvakafanira kuti DAI iwedzere uye kutevedzera (Hull et al., 1995). Chinhu chikuru chinosimudzira MPOA DA kuburitswa ndeye nitric oxide (NO), mune zvese basal uye zvevakadzi-zvinokurudzirwa mamiriro (akaongororwa muDominguez uye Hull, 2005; Hull et al., 2006). HAPANA synthase immunoreactivity (NOS-ir) inonyatsorongeka neyeviri T uye E2 (Du na Hull, 1999; Putnam et al., 2005). NO kwakakoshawo kuitira kwekuita kwemanyorero, seNOS inhibitor (L-ZWI) mu MPOA yakavharidzira kutevedzera mu naïve vanhurume, kukanganisa kwemurume muvanhurume vane ruzivo, uye kudzivirira kufambiswa kunoitwa munhurume-kwakarapwa vanhurume ne7 kufumurwa kusati kwasvika. mukadzi (Lagoda et al., 2004). Kuisirwa kubva kuMeA kunodiwa kuti mhinduro yeDA ive yechikadzi, asi kwete pamasal DA mazinga (Dominguez et al., 2001). Chemical kukurudzira kweMAA yakaguma nekuwedzera kweanowedzera extracellular DA muMPOA yakafanana neiya inogadzirwa nemukadzi (Dominguez naHull, 2001). Iko hakuna maDVD-ane mitsipa mune amygdala yemajo emurume; zvisinei, mamwe mahara kubva kuMeA kuenda kuMPOA, uye zvakatonyanya kubva kuBNST, airatidzika kuva glutamatergic (Dominguez et al., 2003). Reverse-dialysis ye glutamate mukati meMPOA yakawedzera kuburitswa DA, mhedzisiro yakavharwa neNOS inhibitor (Dominguez et al., 2004). Uye zvakare, extracellular glutamate yakawedzera panguva yekuteedzera uye yakasimuka kusvika ku300% yemasal level mune maviri-mamineti sampu yakaunganidzwa panguva yekumira; reverse dialysis ye glutamate reuptake inhibitors yakafambisa matanho akati wandei ekunyorwa (Dominguez et al., 2006). Saizvozvowo, glutamate microinjected mu MPOA yakawedzera intracavernous kumanikidza (Giuliano et al., 1996) uye urethrogenital Refixx (Marson uye McKenna, 1994) mune unesthetised makonzo. Naizvozvo, mufananidzo unowirirana unobuda, umo glutamate, kazhinji muchikamu kubva paMAA neBNST, inofambisa kutevedzera nekufungidzira kwevechizvaro, zvese zvakananga uye kuburikidza neUKA-hwakatemerwa kuwedzera muDA, iyo inopawo mukutanga uye kufambira mberi kwekuteedzera. Mamwe ma neurotransmitters ari mu MPOA ayo anogona kufambisa echirume manhu epabonde maitiro ndi norepinephrine, acetylcholine, prostaglandin E2, uye hypocretin / orexin (hcrt / orx), nepo GABA ne5-HT inogona kunge iri inhibitory. Nzvimbo dzakaderera dzeopioid dzinogona kufambisa, uye yakakwirira doses inhibit kutevedzera (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006).

Electrophysiological rekodhi yakaratidza kuti dzakasiyana MPOA neurons inopa kukurudzira kwepabonde uye kuita kweproduction (Shimura et al., 1994). Mating inowedzera Fos-ir muMPOA (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006), nekuwedzera kukuru kwevanhurume vanoita zvepabonde, vachienzaniswa naïve vamwe, kunyangwe vanhurume vane ruzivo vaive nepfungwa shoma dzakapfuura ejaculation (Lumley naHull, 1999). Naizvozvo, ruzivo rwepabonde runogona kukwidziridza kugadziriswa kwezvinodiwa pabonde.

Iyo mesocorticolimbic DA turakiti, ichikwira kubva kunharaunda ye ventral tegmental nzvimbo (VTA) kuenda kuiyo nucleus accumbens (NAc) uye yepamberi cortex, inokosha pakusimbisa uye maitiro ehukama. Iyo inogamuchira gadzira kubva kuMPOA (Simerly uye Swanson, 1988) uye zvimwe zviwanikwa zvakawanda. VTA kana NAc maronda akawedzera PEIs uye akaderedza noncontact erections, asi haina kukanganisa kuteedzera (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Zvichipokana, kukurudzira kwemagetsi kweVTA kufambisa kutevedzera (Makoowski uye Hull, 1995). Kunyorera kwezvinodhaka kuVTA kana NAc inokanganisa zvakanyanya activation, pane kunyanya kuita zvepabonde (kunoongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Mating yakagadziriswa Fos-ir muNAc uye VTA, uye kuwedzera-kwakawedzera kwevakadzi-kwakakurudzirwa kuwedzera kwakawedzerwa neyakaitika kare zvepabonde ruzivo (Lopez uye Ettenberg, 2002a). Kopa uye / kana kuratidzwa kwekunhuhwirira kwemukadzi wechikadzi kwakawedzera kubudiswa kweDA mu NAc (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Reverse dialysis ye5-HT munzvimbo yean anterior lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) yakadzikira basal DA muNAc uye yakadzivirira kusimuka kwakazoitika pamwe nekuiswa kwemukadzi (Lorrain et al., 1999). Nekuti 5-HT inowedzerwa muLHA panguva ejaculation (Lorrain et al., 1997), kuderera kunokonzerwa NAc DA kunogona kubatsira kune PEI.

Iyo paraventricular nucleus (PVN) yeiyo hypothalamus ine chikamu chikuru, chinoburitsa oxytocin uye vasopressin mukutenderera kubva pasterior pituitary, uye parvocellular split, inoshanda munzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzehuropi uye tambo yemuzongoza. Excitotoxic maronda echikamu cheparvocellular akadonhedza noncontact erections asi haana kukanganisa kufambisa (Liu et al., 1997). Maronda akafanana akadzora huwandu hweanemacodic uye huwandu hweiyo oxytocin-ine michero mumusana, asi zvakare haina kukanganisa kuteedzera (Ackerman et al., 1997). Maronda aikomberedza zvikamu zviviri izvi akakanganisa kuteedzera, pamwe nekubata-kwakavakirwa uye kusiri kwe erections (Liu et al., 1997). Argiolas naMelis vakapa mufananidzo unoyevedza umo DA, oxetocin, uye glutamate (Melis et al., 2004) inowedzera kugadzirwa kweNo mu oxetocinergic masero muPVN, iyo inoburitsa oxytocin mu hippocampus (Melis et al., 1992) , spinal kamba (Ackerman et al., 1997), uye kumwewo, nekudaro kuwedzera erection uye seminal emission uye pamwe nekuwedzeredza kutevedzera (kunoongororwa muArgiolas naMelis, 2004). GABA uye opioids inhibit maitiro aya. Iri lab rakaratidzawo kuti DA (Melis et al., 2003), glutamate, (Melis et al., 2004), uye HAPANA (Melis et al., 1998) vanoburitswa muPVN panguva yekutevedzera.

Nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzekuwedzera dzeuropi dzinopomhodza maitiro emurume wechikadzi. 5-HT inoburitswa muLHA panguva yekumira, sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, uye microinjection yeSSRI muLHA inhibited kopi (Lorrain et al., 1997). Naizvozvo, ino inogona kunge iri saiti imwe apo SSRI antidepressants vanoita zvekutadzisa zvepabonde basa. Uye zvakare, hypocretin / orexin (hcrt / orx) neurons inogara muLHA uye yakagadziriswa (Fos-ir) inotevera kutevedzera, uye huwandu hwehcrt / orx neurons hwakadzikira mushure mekudzingwa (Muschamp et al., Akaiswa). Uyezve, 5-HT inhibits hcrt / orx neurons muLHA (Li et al., 2002). Naizvozvo, iyo nzira inogoneka iyo LHA ​​5-HT inhibits maitiro ebonde nekuvhiringidza hcrt / orx neurons, iyo yaizobvisa yavo yekufambisa mhedzisiro paVTA DA cell kupfura (Muschamp et al., Inotumirwa).

Iyo nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) ye medulla ndiyo huru sosi yezvinokanganisa maitiro ehurume rat pabonde. Maronda aifambisa kutevedzera uye kunonoka kuita zvepabonde (Yell et al., 1992). Maronda akafanana akafambisa kubata-kwakavakirwa reflexes (Holmes et al., 2002; Marson et al., 1992) uye akabvumira urethrogenital Reflex kumisikidzwa pasina spinal tranakari (Marson uye McKenna, 1990). Mazhinji axons anogadzira kubva kuNPGi kune lumbosacral spinal tambo ine 5-HT (Marson uye McKenna, 1992). A 5-HT neurotoxin yakadzora inhibition inodzika yeurethrogenital Reflex, uye kushandiswa kwe5-HT kumuzongoza wemutsipa wakadzvinyirira Reflex mune spinal-transected makonzo (Marson uye McKenna, 1994). Nekudaro, 5-HT kubva kuNPGi inhibitor huru ye genital Reflexes.

An ejaculation jenareta iri lumbar spinal kamba inosanganisira galanin- uye cholecystokinin (CCK) -kugadzirisa mitsipa, yakaratidza Fos-ir chete mushure mekutangisa (Truitt uye Coolen, 2002; Truitt et al., 2003). Maronda eaya mitsipa akadzika zvakanyanya kumarara; saka, ivo havangotakura ejaculation-yakananga sensory yekuisa kuhuropi, asiwo inosimudzira ejaculation (Truitt naCoolen, 2003).

Tsananguro yemurume mbeva gopira maitiro uye penile reflexes.

Iyo mbereko yakave yakakurumbira yezvidzidzo zvehunhu, zvakanyanya nekuda kwekugona kwedu kuburitsa transgenics, kugogodza, uye kugogodza (ona Burns-Cusato et al., 2004, yeongororo yepamusoro). Iyo mbereko yechirume inotanga kusangana nekuongorora zvedzo revakadzi rekuzvarwa, kazhinji ichisimudza kana kumusundidzira nemhino. Yechirume inobva yaisa ruoko rwayo pamberi pechikadzi. Kana penis yake ichipinda mukati menhengo yemukadzi, kupora kwake kunoenderera zvishoma uye nekudzika. Mushure mekupinda kwakawanda, munhurume anodonhedza, panguva yaanogona kuserera kwemasekondi e25 asati aburitsa kana kudonha kubva pamukadzi. Pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana dhayeti pakukora mbeva. Semuenzaniso, ejaculation latency yakatanga kubva ku594 kusvika ku6943 masekondi, uye huwandu hwezvakanongedzerwa kwekutanga ejaculation kubva pa5 kuenda ku142. PEIs yakatanga kubva 17 kusvika 60 maminetsi, kunyangwe kuisirwa kwemukadzi asingazivikanwe kwakadzikira iyo PEI, nevamwe varume vachiuchira pane yekutanga kupinda nemukadzi mutsva (Mosig naDewsbury, 1976). Munzvimbo dzekuda bvunzo zvese zviri mukati uye ejaculations zvakaratidzwa kuve zvinopa mubayiro (Kudwa et al., 2005).

Kubata-kwakavakirwa Reflexes zvakare kwakaonekwa mumakonzo. Kusiyana nemakonzo, mbeva dzehurume dzakangwara hadzina kuratidza kudzedzereka padzakadziviswa ne penile sheath yavo yakadzoserwa; zvisinei, mudumbu mudzvinyiriro yakaita elicit erections, asi kwete anteroflexion (Sachs, 1980). Iyo bulbospongiosus tsandanyama inobatsira kumisikidzwa panguva yekushambidzika uye kunyanya kumikombe (yakakura erections iyo inobata semen inopesana nemuromo wechibereko chemukadzi), izvo zvakakosha pakunyorera mukadzi (Elmore uye Sachs, 1988).

Hormonal zvinhu mukutanga kwechirume mating mating maitiro.

T inoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura kungaita DHT kana kuti E2 mukudzoreredza maitiro uye ekunyepedzera mumakonzo akaiswa, pamwe nekunzwa kune DHT uye E2 ichisiyana-siyana pakati pemarara (akaongororwa muBurns-Cusato et al., 2004). T inogona zvakare kuve nemhedzisiro inokurumidza, sezvo yaifambisa kukwira mukati memaminitsi e60 mu castrate (James naNyby, 2002). Synthetic androgens (5α-androstanediols) inogona kukwiyiswa kune E, asi kwete 5α-yakaderedzwa kuDHT, yakanyanya kushanda kupfuura T mukudzoreredza maitiro epabonde (Ogawa et al., 1996). Imwe dhayeti, iyo B6D2F1 hybrid, yakakwanisa kugona kutevedzera masvondo matatu mushure mekudzingwa pasina kunze kwehomoni (McGill neManning, 1976). Aya echirume "anoenderera mberi" anotsamira pane E2; kunyangwe iyo sosi ye2 isina kujeka, inogona kuve yakagadzirwa muuropi (Sinchak et al., 1996).

Zvikamu zvehomoni munzvimbo chaidzo dzeuropi hwemakonzo echirume.

Kupinza T mukati meMPOA kwakadzoreredza kunyatsoita mazwi erutsigiro, chikamu chakadzoreredzwa mucherechedzo wemaketi, uye kuita zvishoma pakukwira kana kuda urini (Sipos naNyby, 1996). Nekudaro, zvimwe zvekuiswa mukati meT muVTA, izvo zvaive zvisina kushanda ndega, zvakaburitsa synergistic mhedzisiro yekukwira uye yekuraira kuda. E2 ma implants mu MPOA aishanda seT (Nyby et al., 1992).

Steroid receptor mutants.

Iyo testicular feminization (Tfm, kana androgen insensitivity) shanduko mumakonzo, pamwe nedzimwe mhuka, zvinokonzerwa nekubviswa kwechimwechete chigaro muAr gene (yakaongororwa muBurns-Cusato et al., 2004). Vanhurume veTfm vanoratidzika kunge vanhurume vanhukadzi, havana kubereka, uye havaite hupombwe kana vachiedzwa pasina kunze kwehomoni. Madiki testes anochengetedza yakaderera mazinga eT uye DHT. Nekudaro, kana vanhurume ava vakatapurwa uye nekurapwa nemazuva ese majekiseni eDHT, T, E, kana E + DHT, vanotanga kuratidza huwandu hwakasiyana hwepabonde, kusanganisira dzimwe nguva ejaculations (Olsen, 1992). Panya dzinoshaya iyo ERα (ERαKO) inoratidza hushoma hunhu hwepabonde, kunyangwe ichikandwa uye yakadzorerwa naT (Rissman et al., 1999; Wersinger naRissman, 2000a). Izvi hazvisizvo nekuda kwekushomeka kwemahormone, sezvinoita vanabolic veEERcyKO vanonyanya kuvhara T kupfuura vanoita mhuka dzesango-mhando, nekuda kwekuderera kwe-ER-mediated yakaipa mhinduro (Wersinger et al., 1997). Kutamiswa kwevashandi veEEEKO uye kutsiva neyakajairika maT (Wersinger et al., 1997) kana yakakwirira kupfuura yakajairika mazinga eDHT (Ogawa et al., 1998) yakawedzera kukwira, asi haina kudzorera ejaculation. Systemic majekiseni eDA agonist apomorphine yakadzoreredza mating uye yekufambidzana nemufambidzani weEERcyKO vanhurume kune zvakajairwa (Wersinger naRissman, 2000b). Nekudaro, apomorphine icv yakadzoreredza chete mapundu uye kupinda mukati (yakatsanangurwa muBurns-Cusato et al., 2004). Pubertal vanhurume vanoshaya ERβ (ERβKO) vakawana kugona ejaculate gare gare pane WT varume, asi zvaive zvakasarudzika (Temple et al., 2003). Vanhurume vanoshaya ese maEER haana kutevedzera zvachose kana gonadally intact (Ogawa et al., 2000). Nekudaro, apomorphine yakakwanisa kukurudzira kukwira mumhuka zhinji uye kupinda mukati; hapana ejaculated (inotsanangurwa muBurns-Cusato et al., 2004). Vanhurume vechirume vanoshaya zvese zviri zviviri iyo AR neEMEZO havana kutevedzera, kunyangwe mushure mekudzingwa uye kutsiva naT; zvisinei, kusanganiswa kweExpNUMX kutsiva uye systemic apomorphine kwakakurudzira kukwira mune dzimwe mhuka (yakatsanangurwa muBurns-Cusato et al., 2). Vanhurume vanoshayiwa aromatase (ArKO) havakwanisi kuita E asi vane zvakajairika receptors. Vashoma ArKO vanhurume vakakwira, vakadzedzereka, uye vakadzedzereka, uye vaine hurefu hwakareba pavakadaro; zvisinei, chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chavo vakakwanisa kuridza marita pavaiiswa nemukadzi kwenguva yakareba (Bakker et al., 2004; Matsumoto et al., 2002).

Mhedzisiro yeanotevedzana anotumirwa zvinodhaka pane murume mbeve pabonde maitiro.

Ndokumbira kuti uone Tafura 2 kuti ipfupikise yeanoda systemic zvinodhaka pamakonzo ehurume uye hamsters.

Iwo mabasa enzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehuropi muhurume mhete pabonde.

Chemosensory cues yakakosha zvakanyanya kune maitiro ehupombwe mune mbeva dzehurume (yakaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Nekudaro, iyo yekutsvaisa system inogona kuve neakakosha, asi kwete inonetsa, basa mukutakura. MPOA maronda akakanganisa zvakanyanya kuteedzera kwempume dzechirume, semamwe marudzi (akaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). ERcyKO yakanga ine zvishoma NNOS-ir mu MPOA kupfuura WT kana Tfm mbeva; saka, E kumusoro-inodzora nNOS-ir mumakonzo (Scordalakes et al., 2002) pamwe nemakonzo.

Tsanangudzo yehurume hamster kutevedzera maitiro.

Kusangana kwema hamsters kwakasiyana munzira dzakasiyana kubva kune iwo makonzo nemakonzo (akaongororwa muDewsbury, 1979). Iyo yechikadzi yeSyria yegoridhe hamster inoramba iri munasheosis mamiriro ichiramba ichienderera kuburikidza nekuteedzana kuteedzerana. Kusvirana kunoenderera mberi nekukurumidza kupfuura mumakonzo, nekupindirana kwekupindirana kwemasekonzi gumi chete uye maEPI ari kuwedzera kubva pa ~ 10 sec mushure mekutanga ejaculation kusvika ~ 35 sec mushure mechipfumbamwe. Intromissions uye ejaculations akareba, ~ 90 uye 2.4 sec, zvichiteerana. Hamsters zvakare ane ejaculations yakawanda kupfuura makonzo, kazhinji 3.4 kana 9, inoteverwa neakateedzana e "marefu intromissions," ine intravaginal kusundira uye pasina kutapuriranwa kwemurume, pamberi pekuguta. Yakadzama ongororo yeiyo hamster mating pateni, ichishandisa accelerometric uye polygraphic maitiro, yakaratidza kuti zvitima zvemapapiro zvichikanda zvakaenzana pamusoro pe10 sec, asi zvitima zvakabatana nemakomo zvaive zvakareba kupfuura izvo zvine intromissions uye ejaculations (Arteaga & Moralí, 1). Iwo mafambiro epelvic achikanda akaenzana nepakati gumi neshanu pamasekondi, kunyangwe zvitima panguva yemakomo zvainonoka. Munguva yekupinda mukati maive nenguva isina kumisikidzwa, nepo panguva yekudonha, kukanda kwaive kwakakwira frequency (1997 / sec) uye kushoma simba. Kureba kwenguva refu kwakaratidzwa ne ~ 15 kusvika 16.4 sec yekunonoka kupinza mukati (6 kusvika 25 pasekondi). Iyo nguva yekuiswa kwepenile yaive yakareba muijaculations pane kupinda mukati, asi yaive ipfupi mukati pane mukati marefu marefu.

Mahormone.

Kushaikwa kweT panguva yekuyaruka kukanganisa kusapindirana mushure mekutsiva T mukukura, uchienzaniswa nemadandemutande aneT kutsiva panguva yekuyaruka (Schultz et al., 2004). Dzakadzokororwa zviitiko zvepabonde hazvina kubhadhara uhu uhu. Iko kunhuhwirira kwemukadzi anogamuchira anogadziriswa Fos-ir mu MPOA kunyange vasati vatanga kuyaruka (Romeo et al., 1998), asi haana kuwedzera DA metabolite DOPAC (chiyero chezviitiko zveDA) kusvikira mushure mekuyaruka (Schultz et al., 2003 . Naizvozvo, kuyaruka kungave kwenguva yechipiri yekuronga umo gonadal mahormone anogadzirisa zvachose neural processing munzvimbo dzinotungamira maitiro epabonde (Romeo et al., 2002; Schultz et al., 2004).

Mhedzisiro yeanotevedzana anotumirwa zvinodhaka muhurume hamsters.

Ndokumbira kuti uone Tafura 2 kuti ipfupiso yeanoteic drug zvinodhaka mumakonzo uye hamsters.

Iwo mabasa enzvimbo dzakasiyana dzehuropi muhurume hamster zvepabonde maitiro.

Bilateral olildory bulbectomy kana yakasanganisika kusagadzikana kweiyo huru uye inowanikwa yeasidhiory masisitimu yakadzima zvachose hupombwe maitiro (akaongororwa muHull et al., 2006). Kukanganisika kweiyo accessory olfactory system yaive nemhando dzakasiyana, nevarume vane ruzivo vari kushomeka (Meredith, 1986). Mating-inosimudzira inowedzera muFos-ir mune yakanyanya uye yekupinda ma olildory mababu aive akanangana neye chemosensory kukurudzira, pane kuenda kumatana (akaongororwa muHull et al., 2006).

Kungave T kana E, asi kwete DHT, zvimisikidzwa muMeA zvakadzoserwa maitiro ekupinda mune yakatakurwa yehurume hamsters (Wood, 1996). Nekudaro, kuwedzerwa kwehomoni kweMeA kwakakwanira kuratidza kwekuita kwepabonde mune hamsters yechirume. Miromo kubva kuMeA inofamba kuburikidza neaya stria terminalis uye ventral amygdalofugal nzira inoenda kuBNST, MPOA, nedzimwe nzvimbo. Kucheka stria terminalis kunonoka uye kunononoka kutevedzera, uye kusanganisa nzira dzese nzira dzakabvisa kopi (Lehman et al., 1983).

Sezvimwe zvimwe zvakawanda zvipenyu, MPOA yakakosha kune hutano hwepabonde muhurume hamsters. Nekudaro, iyo masidididant implants mu castrate ane akasiyana maitiro uye haina kukwana kudzorera maitiro zvizere (Wood naNewman, 1995). Chemosensory cates yakaiswa Fos mu MPOA yevanhurume hamsters (Kollack-Walker uye Newman, 1997). nNOS-ir yakabatanidzwa pamwe chete neye gonadal steroid receptors mu MPOA, uye kutamiswa kwakaderera nNOS-ir (Hadeishi uye Wood, 1996). Sezvinoitwa mumakonzo, extracellular DA mazinga akasimuka mu MPOA yeanhurume hamsters yakapihwa mukadzi wechikadzi; kuwedzera uku kwakavharwa nehukama kana ipsilateral, asi kwete kwechibvumirano kana sham, bulbectomy (Triemstra et al., 2005).

Tsanangudzo yehurume giya yenguruve kutevedzera maitiro.

Vanhurume Guinea yenguruve vanoita mumhando dzinoverengeka-dzinowanzoitika maitiro ekufananidzira, kusanganisira kubvongodza hutsi hwechikadzi pamusoro wake nemutsipa, kunhuhwirira nzvimbo yake yeanogenital, uye kugadzira ruzha rwemukati uchinge uchitenderedza mukadzi kana kuchinjisa huremu petsoka dzake mbiri dzekumashure uchichengeta ake epamberi. yakamira (Thornton et al., 1991). Munhurume anobva asvika kumukadzi kubva kumashure, anoisa chipfuva chake pamusoro pemusana wemukadzi achimonera mativi ake, otanga kukanda muchiuno, izvo zvinowanzo guma nekupinda kwemukadzi (Valenstein et al., 1954). Vanhurume vanogona kupinza pachiyero chingangoita 1 paminiti (Thornton et al., 1991), uye 80% inogona ejaculate mune 15-min bvunzo (Butera & Czaja, 1985.) Kunyangwe hazvo murume anodonhedza nemukadzi mumwe chete anowanzo asingadzorezve kuteedzana mukati meawa rinotevera, anogona kutevedzera mumwe mukadzi (Grunt & Young, 1952).

Mahormone.

Kusiyana nemakonzo echirume, zvakarongeka zvinopihwa DHT zvinogona kudzoreredza kuteedzerana mune yakasungwa yemurume Guinea yenguruve (Butera & Czaja, 1985). Zvakare, kuiswa kweDHT muMPOA kwaive kwakaringana kumisikidza kuteedzana mune ma castrate (Butera naCzaja, 1989).

Pfupiso uye mibvunzo isina kupindurwa.

Kunyangwe paine mutsauko muzvinhu zvekuputisa pakati petsvimbo, mahormone ezvinhu uye neural circry inodzora izvo zvinhu zvakafanana. Ose E uye DHT anobatsira pakuvhurwa kwematanho, kunyange E yakakosha zvakanyanya kuteedzera uye DHT, kune genital Reflexes yemakonzo, makonzo uye hamsters. Hormonal activation yeMPOA inonyanya kushanda, kunyangwe zvimisikidzo muMeA zvinokwanisawo kukurudzira kukwira mumakomo. Chemosensory inputs kubva kune yakakosha uye inowanikwa yeasoftory masisitimu ndiyo inonyanya kukosha kukurudzira kuenderana, kunyanya mune hamsters, kunyange genitosensory kuisa kuburikidza nePSFp inobatsira. DA agonists inofambisa maitiro ekuita zvepabonde kana ichinge yajairwa zvakatemwa kana mu MPOA kana PVN. 5-HT agonists, kunyanya 5-HT1B, inowanzo inhibit maitiro, kunyangwe 5-HT2C agonists inogadzira erection uye 5-HT1A agonists inofambisa kumuka (kunze kwemakonzo). norepinephrine agonists uye opiates vane dhi-zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro, ine yakaderera Dozi inofambisa uye yakakwirira doses inhibiting maitiro.

Kutenda.

Kugadzirira kwechinyorwa ichi kwakatsigirwa neNIMH rubatsiro R01 MH 40826 uye K02 MH 001714 kusvika EMH.

Mashoko omuzasi.

Chishambadziro cheMuparidzi: Iri izita rePDF rezvinyorwa zvisina kunyorwa izvo zvakagamuchirwa kuti zvibudiswe. Se sevhisi kune vatengi vedu isu tiri kupa iyi yekutanga vhezheni yechinyorwa. Chinyorwa ichi chichaitwa kuteedzera, kumisikidza, uye kuongorora kweanoguma humbowo usati waburitswa mune yayo yekupedzisira citable fomu. Ndokumbira utarise kuti panguva yekugadzirwa kwezvikanganiso zvinogona kuwanikwa izvo zvinogona kukanganisa zvirimo, uye zvese zviri pamutemo zvinoshora zvinoshanda kumagazini zvine chekuita nazvo.

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