Addiction uye Cognition (2010)

. 2010 Dec; 5 (2): 4-14.

PMCID: PMC3120118

ngovepo

Iwo matunhu ehuropi nemaitiro ehuropi ayo anokasira kupindwa muropa zvinofambidzana zvakanyanyisa neaya anotsigira mabasa euchenjeri, kusanganisira kudzidza, kuyeuka uye kufunga. Kuita kwezvinodhaka mumatunhu aya nematanho panguva dzekutangisa dzekushungurudza zvinokurudzira kushamwaridzana kwakasimba pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka uye kukurudzira kwezvakatipoteredza uko kunogona kukonzera kushuva kwemangwana uye maitiro ekutsvaga zvinodhaka. Nekuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, kuchenjera kwekukanganisa kunoitisa kuti kuwedzere kuoma kwekutanga kuzvidzora. Uropi huri kukura hunonyanya kukanganiswa nemhedzisiro yezvinodhaka kubereka, kukura kwevacheche, uye kuburitswa kwekuyaruka kunobereka shanduko refu-refu mukuziva. Varwere vane chirwere chepfungwa vari panjodzi huru yekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, uye kukanganisa kwakaitika pakubata kunogona kunyanyisa kubatanidzwa nezvinetso zvekuziva zvine chekuita nekushushikana kwavo kwepfungwa.

Kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kunoratidzira kukiriniki sekumanikidza kwekutsvaga zvinodhaka, kushandisa zvinodhaka, uye kuchiva uko kunogona kupfuurira uye kudzoka nyangwe mushure menguva yakareba yekuramba. Kubva pamaonero epfungwa nepfungwa, kupindwa muropa ndiko kukanganisa kwekushandurwa kwekuziva. Iwo matunhu ehuropi nemafambisirwo ayo akapindwa muropa nezvinopindirana zvakawandisa neizvo zvakabatanidzwa mune zvakakosha ruzivo rwekuziva, kusanganisira kudzidza, ndangariro, kutarisa, kufunga, uye kudzikisira kudzora. Zvinodhaka zvinoshandura akajairika maitiro ehuropi uye anoshanda mumatunhu aya, achigadzira anochenjera ekuchinja anokurudzira kupfuurira kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kuburikidza nekudzidza kusarongeka uye achikanganisa kuwanikwa kwemaitiro anochinja anotsigira kuramba.

Muongororo ye2005, Steven Hyman akataura nezvezvino kurwara kwepfungwa kwekubatwa zvisina kufanira kwezvinodhaka nenzira chaiyo: Akaratidza kupindwa muropa nechirwere che "kudzidza kwepfungwa," akanyora, "dudziro inomiririra kudzora kwepfungwa nzira dzehunhu hwekufunda nekurangarira izvo zviri pasi pekudzidzira maitiro ehunhu. mamiriro ezvinhu akajairika anobatsira kugadzirisa hunhu hunhu hune chekuita nekutsvaga mibairo uye tsika dzavanofungidzira. "

Chinyorwa ichi chinotarisisa ruzivo razvino nezvekuziva zvinokonzerwa nemishonga uye nemitsipa yavo. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvinogona kunyanya kukanganisa kana vanhu vakaiswa pachena kune zvinodhaka panguva yekuvandudzwa kwehuropi, izvo zvinotora kubva panguva yekuzvara kuburikidza nekuyaruka, uye mune vanhu vane kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Kunzwisisa kwezvenhau idzi kunobatsira vanachiremba vanoshandisa zvinodhaka kuona uye kupindura shanduko dzinoziva dzinokanganisa mhinduro dzevarwere pakurapwa.

DZIDZO YEMAHARA

Dzazvino wongororo inomiririra kupindwa muropa senge-nhanho nhanho maitiro. Muchikamu chekutanga, munhu panguva nenguva anotora zvinodhaka anowedzera kuva asingaperi uye asingadzoreki. Iko neropa kunobva kwezviratidzo izvi-kunokonzerwa nekudzvinyirira kudzokororwa kwehuropi mubairo system (. Kazhinji, kuwedzera dopamine kuratidza mukati meiyi system-kunyanya, mune ventral striatum kana nucleus anounganidza (NAc)-inogadzira kunakidzwa kwekunzwa kunogadzirisa zvisikwa zvinotungamira kutsvaga nekuita mamiriro ehupenyu anorarama uye zviitiko, zvakadai sekuwana nharaunda inotsigira, kudya, uye kuita zvepabonde. . Zvinodhaka zvekushungurudza hyperactivate ino sisitimu, zvichikonzera kupera simba uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya muNAc dopamine kusaina, kuburitsa kwakanyanya kunzwa kunokurudzira kukurumidza kutora zvinodhaka, uye kukurudzira kuumbwa kwemaladaptive zvinodhaka-zvinomutsa mubatanidzwa.).

Vanhu vari pachikamu chechipiri chekupindwa muropa vanowedzerawo zvimwe zvikamu zvekiriniki, zvinosanganisira chiratidzo chekubvisa panguva yekutanga kubatwa, kuramba uchikanganisika kutangazve, uye kushandurwa mukuita sarudzo nedzimwe nzira dzekuziva. Kunyangwe kuchinjiswa kweiyo dopaminergic mubairo system inoramba yakakosha panguva ino, pamwe haina kukwana kuchengetedza idzi shanduko dzakaoma uye kwenguva refu. pfupisa umboo hunobatanidza kushandisirwa-kwezvinodhaka zvinodhaka muzviratidzo zvinotakurwa neiyo neurotransmitter glutamate kubva kunharaunda yeuropi iyo inonyanya kuve nechekuita nekutonga-yekutanga cortex-kuenda kuNAc. simbisa shanduko mumatambudziko okushungurudzika kweuropi uye kusimbisa kwakashata (kureva., zvinokurudzira kutora zvinodhaka nekukonzera kusagadzikana panguva yekuzvinyima, sekutanga kwezviratidzo zvekubvisa). Nekudaro, nepo kushandiswa kwekutanga kwezvinodhaka kuchikurudzira kusangana kwakashata kwezvinodhaka-zvinomutsa zvinokonzeresa kutsvaga zvinodhaka nekushandiswa, nhanho dzinotevera dzinovhiringidza kuziva uye zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha pakubudirira kuramba.

Uwandu hwakazara hwemishonga 'kukanganisika haukasazivikanwe, asi tsvagurudzo inoratidza kuti vakapindwa muropa vane shanduko munzvimbo dzeuropi kusanganisira iyo striatum, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, uye hippocampus (; ; ; . Aya matunhu akafanana anodzika kusarudzika ndangariro - ndangariro dzinotsanangura munhu, pasina iyo zvingave zvakaoma kugadzira uye kuchengetedza pfungwa yega (; ; ; . Simba rezvinodhaka zvekuita pane zvikamu zvekurasika kudzokorora zvinoratidza kuti maitiro avo ekuziva anokwanisa kusvika kure zvakanyanya.

COGNITIVE ZVINOGONESESA ACUTE DRUG ADMINISTRATION

Vanachiremba vanowanzo tarisa kuti varwere vari kurapwa vachipindwa muropa vanopedzisira vanyanya kudzikama kana vadzokera kune mamiriro kana nzvimbo uko kunopindwa muropa kwavo.; . Kuongorora kwekiriniki kunoburitsa kuti tsika dzakabatana nekudhakwa nezvinodhaka dzinopindura mhinduro dzepanyama uye kuchiva kwezvinodhaka (. Mhuka dzeLabhoratari, zvakare, dzinokudziridza hukama hune simba uye hunhu-hwekuita hunhu mukuvapo kwekukurudzira-kwakanangana nezvinodhaka. Semuenzaniso, mhuka dzakapihwa mushonga mune imwe kamuri yeketani mbiri dzakazotevera dzichakwirisa mukamuri iyoyo kupfuura kune imwe komisheni. Ichi chiitiko, chinozivikanwa seyakagadziriswa nzvimbo yekuda, yakaratidzwa mune zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa nicotine, ethanol, amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, cannabis, uye caffeine ().

Iko Kuumbwa Kwezvinodhaka-Stimulus Associations

Iyo mhando yakawanda yemhando yekupindwa muropa inopomhodza kupindura kwakasimba kwevanhu kune zvinodhaka zvidzidziso kune maitiro ekudzidza ayo anofambidzana ane simba ezvinokurudzira zvinodhaka-kukurudzira zvinodhaka (semuenzaniso, . Mumaonero aya, munhu anonwa mushonga anoona zvaari kuita zvakatikoshesesa (sisitiri) uye anogadzira hukama hwakasimba hwepfungwa pakati pezvinhu zvezvinhu zvakamukomberedza uye nekunakirwa kukuru kwemushonga. Pashure pacho, kana akasangana nezvinhu izvi zvakare, masangano ane simba anozvishingisa, nehana kana nekuzvinyararira, uye ane ruzivo nezve zvinokurudzira zvekutsvaga zvinodhaka nekutora zvinodhaka. Zvinoenderana neakaundi iyi, kufumura vanhu vakapindwa muropa nemaonero avanobatana nezvinodhaka, uye mhinduro dzemuviri uye zvido zve zvinodhaka, shanduko muhuwandu hwezviitiko mumatunhu ehuropi akabatanidzwa mukudzidza nekurangarira (semuenzaniso, striatum, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus , thalamus, uye kuruboshwe kuruboshwe) (; ).

Izvo zvinokanganisa zvinokanganisa amphetamine, nikotini, uye cocaine inokodzera zvakananga mune ino chiitiko. Imwe yeaya madhiragi yakaratidzirwa kuve yakanyatsosimbisa kudzidza uye / kana kutariswa (; ; . Semuenzaniso, zano rekuti kuputa fodya rinonzwisisika rinogamuchirwa zvakanaka nevanoongorora uye neruzhinji. Kuverengeka zvidzidzo kwakaratidza kuti marabhoratori emhuka ekuziva maitiro ekuvandudza maitiro anotevera kutungamira kweiyo nicotine (. Zvakawanikwa zvakafanana muzvidzidzo zvepakutanga nevanoputa vanhu zvaisaperera, nekuti vatori vechikamu vekudzidza vacho vaive vaputi vaive vagamuchira nicotine zvichitevera nguva yekurega. Iko kuwonekwa kwakawedzerwa kunogona kuve kwakaratidza kudzokororwa kwekubvisa maitiro, pane kuvandudzwa pane kwavo kujairika masimba ekuziva. Kuongorora kwakatevera kweiyo mabhuku, zvisinei, kunoratidza kuti chikosoro checonic chinowedzera nguva yekuita uye kutarisirwa mune nicotine-naïve vanhu (. Cocaine yakaburitsa mhedzisiro yakafanana mukudzidza kwemakonzo airapwa nemushonga uye ndokuzoratidzwa kukurudzira kwepfungwa; mhuka dzakaratidza yakawedzera neural activation apo yakazotarwazve pachena kune kukurudzira ().

Kunyangwe zvese zvinodhaka zvekushungurudza zvichikurudzira kudzidzira kwekushamwaridzana kwakasimba-kukurudzira zvinodhaka uye cue-yakasimudzira kutsvaga zvinodhaka, vamwe vanoita kunge vane mhedzisiro pamamwe marudzi ekudzidza uye kuziva. Semuenzaniso, ongororo yekiriniki yeakakonzeresa morphine uye oxycodone yakagumisa kuti iyi mishonga ine mhedzisiro inokanganisa kuziva: Zvese zviviri zvakavandudza kurangarira kwe amuna nezve prose zvishoma, asi morphine yakakanganisa kuita kwevasikana vese vaviri pabvunzo yekushanda mundangariro dzavanoshanda ivo vakabvunzwa kuti vadzokorore seteni yehuwandu mune reverse order (. Mune kumwe kuongorora, makonzo akapihwa morphine kana saline uye akadzidziswa kutiza apo mwenje wakaratidza kuti kuvhunduka kwetsoka kuri kuuya; kunyangwe mbeva dzakabatwa ne morphine dzakakwira pamusoro pefrip uye nekukurumidza nekudzivirira kwavakaita kuvhunduka, ivo vanotsvaga vakati izvi zvinowedzera mota chiitiko panzvimbo pekuvandudza kudzidza (. Kusiyana nemhedzisiro yeanopioid pane cognition, izvo zvewaini zvakajeka, asi bidirectional: High doses inovhiringidza maitiro ekuziva (), nepo doses yakaderera inogona kukwidziridza kudzidza (; ).

Kukurudzira kweDhibhodhi-Stimulus Associations

Zvichangoitwa kutsvagurudza kwakaedza kuzvidavirira nekugona kusingaperi kwekudyidzana kwezvinodhaka zvinodhaka-zvinokurudzira kushamwaridzana kuita hunhu uye kumutsidzira. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshungurudzwa zvinogona kugadzirisazve nzira dzekukurukurirana pakati pemitsipa (inonzi synaptic plastikiity), izvo zvinokwanisa kubatsira mukuumbwa uye kuramba kushamwaridzana kwezvinodzvinyirira zvinodhaka.

Cocaine uye nicotine inogona kutungamira zvakananga kuita imwechete yeiyo synaptic plasticity, kusimbiswa kwekubatana kweiyo neural kuburikidza nedanho rinozivikanwa serekureba rekusimbisa (LTP; ona Kudzidza muPfungwa uye Brain pane peji 8 uye Tafura 1) (; . Amphetamine inogona kukwidziridza LTP (. Marijuana inomutsa iyo endocannabinoid system, zvichikonzera kudzivirira mune dzimwe nguva uye kufambisa mune yevose vari vaviri LTP uye kushungurudzika kwenguva refu (LTD), imwe nzira yeiyo synaptic plasticity umo kubatana pakati peNeurons kunoteerera zvishoma.; ; . Ethanol inogara ichikanganisa LTP apo ichivandudza LTD (. Morphine inhibits LTP yematsipa ayo anoratidza inhibitory kudzora kwemaitiro eural neanoteedzera neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (. Kuvhiringidza kweGABA chiitiko kunogona kutungamira kuwedzera kwakawanda kwemaitiro epfungwa muuropi hwese, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kuti kuumbwe kushamwaridzana kwakasimba kupfuura kungowanzoitika, kusanganisira kusangana kwakashata kwezvinodhaka.

TABLE 1  

Zvinodhaka Mhedzisiro pane Synaptic Plasticity

Kusimbisa humbowo hwekuti zvinodhaka zvinosimudzira kushamwaridzana kwenguva refu zvinodhaka-zvinosimudzira kubatana nekuvhiringidza synaptic plasticity, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mapuroteni mamwechete aya anotora chikamu mukutevedzana kwema biochemical reaction (cell signaling Cascades) inodzora synaptic plasticity (ona Mufananidzo 1) pinda mutamba yekutsvaga zvinodhaka. Semuenzaniso, mune kumwe kuyedzwa, vaongorori vakaratidza kuti kana makonzo aenda kunzvimbo yemombe dzakange dzakadzidziswa kushamwaridzana necocaine, iwo mapuroteni anobatana nekudzidza-extracellular chiratidzo-yakagadziriswa protein proteinasease (ERK), cyclic AMP mhinduro element- kusunga (CREB), Elk-1, uye Fos-yakawedzera muNAc yavo (. Zvakare, apo makonzo airapwa necheni inodzvinyirira ERK, vakamira kusarudza nzvimbo iyo yemukoko pamusoro peiyo imwe yavakange vagamuchira saline uye yakaratidza kuderera kwevatatu vebiochemical vatori vechikamu muPSP (CREB, Elk-1, uye Fos) mu NAc.

FIGURE 1  

A Cellain Kuisa Cascade Mukudzidza uye Memory

DZESHURE DZESVONDO MUCHRONIC DRUG ABUSE

Vanoshandisa zvinodhaka vanofambira mberi kusvika kune yechipiri danho rekupindwa muropa vanozobviswa kana pavanotanga kurega. Mazhinji madhiragi anoburitsa zviratidzo zvekuziva zvine chekuita nezvekuregedza izvo zvinogona kuita kuti kuramba kuchinyanya kuoma. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

Nikotini inopa muenzaniso unozivikanwa wekuchinja kwekuziva kwekusiya. Mune vese vari vaviri vanoputa vanoputa uye mhuka mhuka dzekupindwa muropa nicotine, kubviswa kweiyo nicotine manejimendi kunoenderana nekurema mukushanda mundangariro, kutarisa, kushamwaridzana kudzidza, uye serial kuwedzera uye kutora (; ; ; ; ; ; ; . Uyezve, zvakaratidzirwa kuti kukadzika kwekudzikira kwekubata kwekubata panguva yekutsiva kusvuta kunofanotaura kudzokorora (; . Kunyangwe izvi zvikanganiso zvinowanzo kupera nekufamba kwenguva, iyo piritsi ye nikotini inokurumidza kuvakisa ivo () - -mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kukonzera kumwe kudzoka. Nekudaro, kurapwa kwezvinodhaka zvisingaperi kunogona kutungamira kukanganisika kwakanyanyisa kunotaurwa panguva dzekutanga dzekuramba.

Nepo kusakwana kwekuziva kwakabatana nekubvisa kubva kune zvinodhaka kazhinji kuri kwenguva pfupi, kushandiswa kwenguva refu kunogona zvakare kukonzera kudzikama kwekusingaperi kwekuziva. Chimiro chekushomeka chinosiyana nemushonga chaiwo, nharaunda, uye mushandisi maumbirwo (ona maGenesi, Zvinodhaka, uye Kuziva papeji 11). Muzhinji, zvisinei, ivo vanokanganisa kugona kwekudzidza maitiro matsva ekufunga uye maitiro ayo anobatsira kumhinduro yakabudirira kurapwa uye kupora.

Semuenzaniso, vashandisi venguva refu vecannabis vakanganisa kudzidza, kuchengetedza, uye kutora mazwi akarairwa, uye vese vashandisi venguva refu uye venguva pfupi vanoratidza kushomeka mu - nguva yekufungidzira (), kunyangwe kwenguva yakareba sei hushamwari uhu huchienderera. Semumwe muenzaniso, vashoma amphetamine uye vanoshandisa heroin vanoratidza hushoma muhunyanzvi hwekuziva hunyanzvi, kusanganisira kutaura kwechireve, kuzivikanwa kwemuitiro, kuronga, uye kugona kutamisa kutarisa kubva kune chimwe chimiro chekunongedza kune chimwe (). Kukanganisa kwekutora sarudzo kwakafanana neiya yakaonekwa mune vanhu vane kukuvara - kune yekamberi kortex, zvichiratidza kuti zvese zvinodhaka zvinoshandura basa munzvimbo iyoyo yehuropi ().

Ongororo mbiri dzichangoburwa dzinoratidza kuti kumwe kurasikirwa kwemethempamine-kukonzera kurasika kunogona kudzoserwa pamwe nekuzvinyima kwenguva refu (; . Kuongororwa kana kuchinjirwa kweisingasviki mwedzi ye6, varwere vekumanikidza methamphetamine vakarova zvakaderera pane zvisinga zivikanwe pakubata pane miedzo yebasa remotokari, ndangariro yemashoko ataurwa, uye mamwe mabasa eanopsychological. Iko kusakwana kwaive kwakabatana nekushomeka kwekufananidza kwevatengesi ve dopamine (mapuroteni anogadzirisa dopamine) uye akaderedza cellular chiitiko (metabolism) mune thalamus uye NAc. Pakadzoserwa mushure me12 kuenda ku17 mwedzi yekurega, mushonga wevanoshandisa doro zvisina simba uye ndangariro yakave yakakwira kusvika kumazamu akasvikira kune veboka rekutonga, uye mibairo inoenderana nekudzoka kune yakajairika miganho yekupambuka mune iyo striatum uye metabolic mazinga thalamus; zvisinei, kumwe kukanganisika kweuropsychological kwakaramba kuripo, pamwe nekuora mwoyo metabolism muNAc.

Mune kumwe kuongorora, vanoshandisa zvisina kufanira 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) vakaramba vachienda zvakanyanya kusagadzikana mune bvunzo dzekukurumidza uye kunonoka kuyeuka kwemashoko ataurwa kunyange mushure memakore 2.5 ekurega (. Muchidzidzo chevashandisi vepydydrug avo vakataura chisarudzo chekutanga checocaine kana heroin, kushomeka kwechinzvimbo chehunyanzvi-chinotsanangurwa shanduko mukujeka, kushanda mundangariro, kufunga, kupindurika, kupindurika, uye kuita sarudzo-yakaramba yakadaro kusvika kumwedzi ye5 kuramba ().

Mubvunzo wakakosha ndewekuti nicotine yekuziva kubatsira inoramba iripo sekusvuta kunochinja kubva kune sporadic kukwira kusingaperi. Mune kumwe kudzidza nemhuka, chisingaperi chikakanoni manejimendi chakavandudza masimba ekuziva sekutarisirwa, asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti kuvandudzwa kwekutanga kwakadzikira nekurapwa kusingaperi (. Uyezve, dzinoverengeka dzazvino ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kuputa fodya uye yakapfuura nhoroondo yekusvuta inosanganiswa nekuziva kuderera. Semuenzaniso, mune imwe ongororo nevarume vezera repakati nepakati vakadzi, vanoputa fodya yekumhanya yakaderera zvakapetwa zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kairi sevasiri-vanoputa 'pamusoro pemakore 5; nekuwedzera, kuderera mune vaputi 'kungwara kuchinjika uye kuziva kwepasirese kwakaitika panguva ye2.4 uye 1.7 nguva yakafanira mareti evasinga cheki.. Munguva pfupi yadarika 'zviyero munzvimbo idzi zvaive zvakafanana nevanosvuta', uye vevamwe vaiputa vaiitwa pamazita epakati pakati pevanoputa fodya nevasvuti.

Saizvozvowo, mune kumwe kuongorora, kuita kwevanosvuta kwakawedzera pamusoro pemakore e10 kupfuura vasingaiti 'pane kuyedzwa kwekuyeuka kwemashoko uye kumhanya kwekutsvaga kwekuona; ex-vaputi vekutsvagisa kwekutsvaga vanomhanyisa kupfuura vasiri vaputi 'futi (. Kunyangwe zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekutanga zvakataura kuti kuputa kunogona kudzora kudzikama kwakadomwa kunosangana nechirwere cheAlzheimer (), zvidzidzo zvekutevera zvakakundikana kusimbisa izvi, uye vamwe vakagadzirisa huwandu hwekuputa uye nguva yakareba neine ngozi yakanyanya yechirwere cheAlzheimer ().

Zvidzidzo zveLabhoratidzowo zvakaratidza nicotine zvine chekuita nekushandurwa kwemaitiro mumutsipa unoshanda unogona kukonzeresa kudzikama kunoramba kuripo kunyange mushure mekugara kwenguva refu. Semuenzaniso, rats 'kuzvitonga-nicotine kwakabatana nekuderera kwemasero adhesion mamorekuru, kuderera mukugadzirwa kwetsva, uye kuwedzera kwekufa kwesero mu hippocampus (. Shanduko dzakadai dzinogona kukonzera kushanduka-kwenguva refu kwekuziva kunobatsira mukuita zvisarudzo zvisizvo uye kupindwa muropa.

MAGWADZI ECHISANGO NEZVINOGADZIRA BHAIBHERI

Uropi hwevanhu hunoramba huchikura nekubatanidza zvakakosha neural nzira kubva panguva yekuzvitakura kuburikidza nekuyaruka. Mumakore ese aya, uropi hunowandirwa zvakanyanya, uye zvinodhaka zvinokonzerwa neapurasitiki inogona kushomekedza nzira yakajairika yekuchinja kweuropi.

Kukurukurwa Kwevabereki

Mhedzisiro yekubuda pachena kwedoro reprenatal inozivikanwa kwazvo: Fetal dhiviriro yekuonwa doro ndiyo inotungamira yekudzora kwepfungwa muUnited States (. Uye zvakare, kuratidzwa kwechinwiwa mu fetus kunowedzera mhedzisiro yezvinetso zvinotevera zvekudhakwa ().

Kubuditswa kwepamuviri kune mamwe mimwe mishonga kune kwakakosha kudzikisira pakuziva uye maitiro ayo anogona kusakwira padanho rekudzoka kwepfungwa. Mune kumwe kuongorora, vana vezera re5-vane vanaamai vakambonwa doro, cocaine, uye / kana opiates vachiri nepamuviri vakaiswa pasi pezvakavhurwa muunyanzvi hwemutauro, kudzora zvisingaiti, uye kutarisisa kwekuona. Pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura pakati pemapoka maviri evana muhungwaru, zvekuona / zvekunyora dexterity, kana kutarisa kwakasimba; zvisinei, maviri mapoka akaiswa pazasi akajairwa nzira pane matanho aya (. Kumwe kuongorora kwakaratidza kusakwana kwekuyeuka muvana vane 10-vane makore akaoneswa prenatally doro kana mbanje ().

Kwemakiriniki nekuongororwa kwerabhoritari kwakaita kuti kuve nekufungidzirwa kusati kwamboitika kune methamphetamine mune zvese zvinokanganisika kushomeka uye kwakachinja huropi. Semuenzaniso, kumwe kuongorora kwakadzora ipfupi yekutarisisa kupamhidzira uye kunonoka memory nekudzikiswa huwandu mu putamen (−18 muzana), globus pallidus (−27 kusvika −30 muzana), uye hippocampus (−19 kusvika −20 muzana) pakati pevana ve15 vane 3 kune 16 makore aive akavhenekwa prenatally kune inosimudzira, achifananidzwa nema control (. Vana vakasvinudzwa-zvinodhaka vakaratidzirawo varombo kwenguva refu yekukanganisika ndangariro pamwe nekuona / mota kubatanidzwa. Kumwe kuongorora kwakanyora shanduko yezvimisikidzo mune yepamberi neparietal cortex ye3- uye vana vane makore 4-avo vakafumurwa prenatally kune methamphetamine (. Muzvidzidzo zveLabhoratori, makonzo airapwa nemethamphetamine panguva yekuzvitakura akabereka vana kuti, kana vasvika pazera rekukura, vainonoka kudzidza hukama hwehukama uye vakaratidza kukanganisika kwechinzvimbo mundangariro (; ).

Mhedzisiro yekufumurwa kwefodya yakanyanya kuneve nekuda kwekuti vanamai vakawanda vanotarisira kuputa fodya - neimwe fungidziro, inopfuura 10 muzana muUnited States (). Mune iwetero kuratidzwa kwekurima fodya kwave kwakabatana nekuziva kusakwana kwemhuka dzemabara uye vechidiki vechidiki (. Dzimwe fundo dzinoratidza kuti kuratidzwa kwakadai kunogona kudzikisa kungwara kwakawanda; semuenzaniso, imwe yakawana 12-point pengo mune yakazara-chiyero IQ pakati pekuvhurwa uye kusina kusarudzika kwepakati vechidiki vechidiki (semuenzaniso, . Mune kumwe kuongorora, kusanzwisisika kwekuve nehanya nekushomeka hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) kwakawedzera zvakapetwa katatu zvakapetwa katatu kune vayaruka vane vanaamai vaiputa panguva yekuzvitakura kana vachienzaniswa nevana vevanaamai vasinga shungurudzike ().

Kukanganisika kwekuziva kunotevera kufumurwa kwekurwara nekuputa kunogona kuratidza kuchinja kwehuropi. Mune kumwe kuongorora, vepwere vanovheneka vechidiki vanobvuta vaive nehukuru hwekuona kwekuyeuka mukubatana pamwe neshanduko mu parahippocampal uye hippocampal basa zvichienzaniswa nevanoputa vevachiri kuyaruka vasina kuburitswa prenatally (. Kufunga kwehuropi kweavo vari kuyaruka vanosvuta uye nevasina kusvuta avo vakaverengedzwa prenatally nekusvuta kwakaratidza kuderedzwa kwecortical ukobvu () uye kugadzirwa kwechimisikidzwa mucortical chena chinhu (. Uyezve, mumakonzo, kuratidzwa kwepamuviri neicotine kwakadzora kurangarira kwakanangana neiconic basa muhipi uye kwakakonzeresa kushingairira kudzidza kudzivirira, neanhurume murume nemukadzi mapundu akafumurwa anoratidza mashoma mashoma mhinduro sevadiki vakuru (. Uku kushomeka kwakaramba kuchikura kuva munhu mukuru pakati pemakonzo echirume, asi kwete evakadzi.

Pakati pemimwe mhedzisiro inokatyamadza yekuratidza zvinodhaka prenatal njodzi yakawedzera yekuva munhu anoshandisa zvinodhaka muhupenyu hwakazotevera (. Izvi zvinonetsa, sezvo zvinogona kutungamira kuzasi kwakadzika uko kunoonekwa muzvizvarwa nekuparadza zvimhuri zvemhuri. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kukonzera njodzi yakawandisa yekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka mune ramangwana, kusanganisira mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kwemishonga prenatal pakurwara. Sezvatatariswa, njodzi yekukudziridza ADHD inowedzerwa zvakanyanya muvachiri kuyaruka avo vanaamai vakaputa panguva yekuzvitakura (. ADHD inowanzo comorbid nekushungurudzwa kwezvinodhaka (; ), ichiratidzira kubatana pakati pekuchinja kwakadaro mukuziva uye kurapwa kwezvinodhaka mune ramangwana. Rimwezve basa rinodiwa kuti unzwisise maitiro ayo ari pasi pengozi yekuwedzera kwekushungurudzwa kwezvinodhaka inosanganiswa nekuratidzwa kwevabereki.

Kuratidzira kwevachiri kuyaruka

Kuyaruka inguva ine njodzi huru yekushungurudza zvinodhaka. Vazhinji vakapindwa muropa vanoputa vakatanga kuita tsika iyi mukuyaruka (. Kuputa kwevechiri kuyaruka kunokanganisa zvakanyanya kubata. Vanoputa fodya vanovheneka kupfuura vezera - vanoshamwaridzana pamiyedzo yekushanda mundangariro, nzwisiso yemazwi, arithmetic yemuromo, uye nekuyeuka kwekuyeuka (; . Uku kushomeka kwakagadziriswa pakubvisa kwekuputa fodya kunze kwekushanda mundangariro nekuverenga arithmetic, iyo yakaramba iri pamwero wakaderera. Mune makonzo, kuratidzwa kwenyonganiso panguva yekuyaruka kwakabatana nekuona kwekungwarira kwekuona, kuwedzera kushomeka, uye kuwedzera kwekunzwa kwe medial prefrontal cortical dopamine terminals mukukura (. Uye zvakare, makonzo evachiri kuyaruka anobatwa nicotine ane shanduko refu-refu mukunzwa kwean adlyly cyclase cell sign Cascade (ona. Mufananidzo 1), yechipiri nhume nzira yakabatanidzwa mumazhinji maitiro, kusanganisira kudzidza uye ndangariro (. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakanyatsoenderana nezvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nikotini pakutanga inogona kuvandudza mamwe maitiro ekuziva, asi nekuenderera mberi kwekushandurwa kunogona kuitika, zvichitungamira kukuparadzwa kwemhedzisiro idzi uye kunyange kushomeka (kuti uongorore, ona ).

Kuputa kwevechiri kuyaruka kunogona kukurudzira kudzikama kwekusaziva zvisina kukodzera, kuburikidza nekusimudzira kweimwe kusagadzikana. Semuenzaniso, kushandiswa kwefodya kwevechiri kuyaruka kunosanganiswa neyepamberi zvikamu zvekushungurudzika (), chirwere ichocho chinozobatana nemhedzisiro yakaipa yekuziva (. Kuongororwa kwema laboratori kunojekesa hukama uhwu: Makonzo echikuru ayo akange aoneswa necotine panguva yekuyaruka kwavo yakaratidza kushomeka pane kutonga kune kunopa mubayiro / kufarira kukurudzira uye kupindura zvakanyanya kune kusagadzikana uye kunetseka kukurudzira ().

Kuyaruka kunofumurwa kune zvimwe zvinhu zvekushusha, sekudhakwa, cannabis, uye MDMA, zvakare kukonzera kusagadzikana kwekuenderera kwekuziva (; ; ; . Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti uropi hwevachiri kuyaruka, huchiri kukura, hunowedzera kutuka kubva mukushandiswa kwezvinodhaka uye kushungurudzwa, uye kutukwa kwakadaro kunogona kukonzera shanduko refu-refu mukukanganisa uye kuziva.

MAGWARO EBUSA uye MENTAL ILLNESS

Kudzvinyirira kwakanangana nezvinodhaka kunogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya kune hutano hwevanhu vane hunhu hwekuziva hunenge hwatokanganiswa nenjodzi yepfungwa. Uyezve, vanhu vanorwara nepfungwa vanoshandisa zvisina kunaka zvinodhaka pamwero wepamusoro pane kuwanda kwevanhu. Kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwezvinwiwa zvakapetwa kaviri pakati pevakuru vane kushushikana kukuru kwepfungwa kana zviitiko zvikuru zvinoshungurudza sepakati pezviratidzo zvezera (, p. 85), uye inofungidzirwa kuti inopfuura hafu yevanhu vekuUS vane dambudziko rezvinodhaka (kunze kwedoro) vane zvakare dambudziko repfungwa (. Muchidzidzo che1986, kuwanda kwekuputa kwakayenzana ne30 muzana muhuwandu hwekushandiswa kwevanhu, 47 muzana mune varwere vane kusagadzikana kusagadzikana kana kushungurudzika kukuru kushungurudzika, 78 muzana mune varwere vane mania, uye 88 muzana mune varwere vane schizophrenia ().

Mhosva yekusvuta uye schizophrenia inopa mumwe muenzaniso wekushushikana kwepfungwa iyo inoratidza kushomeka kwekufungidzira pamwe chete nekushandisa zvisina kufanira mushonga unokonzera kurasika kwekuziva. Sezvinei nezvakawanda zvebonyora, kurapa kwakabudirira kungangoda kusunungura zvikonzero nei mamiriro ezvinhu maviri achiwanzoitika.

  • Humwe ufakazi hunoratidza kuti varwere vane schizophrenia vanoputa kuti vazvinyararire. Semuenzaniso, kuputa kunodzosera kusakwana kwevarwere muuropi kugona kururamisa mhinduro dzadzo kukurudzira (kunzwa kwechiveve gating), uko kunogona kudzikisira kugona kusefa ruzivo, uye kungave chikonzero chekumwe kuvhiringidzika kunoonekwa mukusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Vatsvagiri vakateedzera ichi chimiro cheiyo schizophrenia kuchinjika kweiyo gene yeiyo α7 nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptor subunit (. Zvinoenderana nemaonero aya ndeichi cherechedzo kuti varwere vanoputa zvishoma kana vapihwa antipsychotic clozapine, iyo inomira payo pachembera iyi, pane kana yapihwa haloperidol, isingadaro ().
  • Izvo zvakakurudzirwawo kuti varwere vane schizophrenia utsi kuti vapedze mhedzisiro yeanivhesiti yekurapa mishonga (. Cherechedzo inotsigira iyi pfungwa ndeyekuti varwere vane schizophrenia vanoputa zvakanyanya mushure mekugamuchira iyo antipsychotic haloperidol pane kana vasina zvombo.).
  • Imwezve pfungwa yakatsanangurwa yekubatana pakati pekuputa fodya uye schizophrenia ndeyekuti kuputa wega kunogona kurapa schizophrenia muvanhu vakafungidzirwa kutanga chirwere. Pakati pefungizophrenics, vanosvuta vane pekutangira kwekurwara, vanoda kukurumirwa kuchipatara kakawanda, uye vanogashira mishonga yakawedzera yea antipsychotic mishonga (; ; ).

Rimwezve dambudziko rekuziva rakabatana nekusvuta neADHD. Sezvineiwo, zviratidzo zvekuziva zvinosanganiswa neADHD zvakafanana ne izvo zvinoratidzwa panguva yekubviswa kwe nicotine, uye zvese zviri zviviri zvinonzi zvakashandurwa mune acetylcholinergic system (; . Kuwanda kwekuputa fodya pakati pevanhu vane ADHD (; ) inogona kunge iri muyedzo yekuzvifunga iwe pachako, nekuti zvakanyanya kushandisa nikotini kushandisa zvinogona kudzoreredza kumwe kukanganisika kweADHD (. Chido chekudzivirira kubvisa chinogona kuve kukurudzira kwakasimba kwekuenderera mberi kwekuputa muhuwandu uhu, sevanhu vane ADHD vanotambura zvakanyanya kubvisa zviratidzo pane zera rinotarisana nehurombo pasina dambudziko (), uye kuwedzera kwezviratidzo zveADHD zvichitevera kuputa kusvuta kunosanganiswa nenjodzi huru yekudzokorora (. Sezvataurwa pamusoro, zvisinei, kupfuurira mberi kuputa mukati moga kunogona kutungamira mukuderera kwekuziva (; ), uye nekudaro zvinogona kuwedzera zviratidzo zvine chekuita neADHD.

Pamwe chete neicotine, ADHD inobatanidzwawo nekushungurudzwa kweanomutsa, akadai amphetamine uye cocaine, uye psychoactive zvinodhaka, senge cannabis (; ; . Kushungurudzwa kwakadaro kungangomiririra kuedza kune wega-mishonga, sezvo zvinokurudzira zvinoshandiswa kurapa zviratidzo zveADHD (; ) dzakadai sekushomeka mukutarisa nekushanda mundangariro (. Kumwe kushushikana kweADHD kunogona kuratidza kudzikiswa kwe dopaminergic basa (), iyo inogona kuve yakaomeserwa chikamu nemishonga yekushungurudzwa ().

KLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Mabhuku akaongororwa pano anoratidza kukosha kwekufunga zvakapfuura uye zvazvino ruzivo rwekunzwisisa pakurapa varwere vachipindwa muropa, sekushandurwa kwakanangana nezvinodhaka kungasarudzira varwere kusvika kumhinduro nezviitiko zvinopa chinja pakutenderera kwekupindwa muropa. Makiriniki anotarisana nedambudziko rekubatsira varwere kugona nzira dzekushandura kuti vakunde kushamwaridzana kwakasimba kunobatsira kudzokerazve kana varwere vadzokera kunzvimbo dzakabatana nekushandiswa kwavo kwezvinodhaka. Uye zvakare, kushomeka kwekuziva kunogona kutadzisa kugona kwevarwere kubatsirwa nekupihwa zano, uye zvimwe zvikamu uye / kana zviyeuchidzo zvingave zvichikosha kubatsira varwere ava pakubatanidza nzira dzekuramba-dzinosimudzira muzvinhu zvavo zvezuva nezuva.

Tsvagurudzo mune shanduko mukuziva kwakanangana neiyo kupindwa muropa uye zvirevo zvehunhu hwekudzidza uye kupindwa muropa zvichiri zvehudiki asi zvine mukana wekudzikisa maonero ekupindwa muropa. Semuenzaniso, chawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura icho chakakonzeresa kufara mundima yekupindwa muropa ndechekuti vanoputa avo vakakuvadzwa nemweya wekupisa vaigara vachirasikirwa nechishuvo chekuputa (. Vanyori vekutsvaga uku vanofunga kuti iyo insula inobatanidzwa mukuziva kwekutsi kuputa uye izvo zvinorapa zvinogadzirisa insula basa zvinogona kuitisa kuputa kubviswa. Zvingave zvakare kuti kukuvadza kune insula kuchave nemhedzisiro yakafanana paishuvo yekuda kushandisa mamwe madhiragi ekumanikidza (kune wongororo ona ).

Kunzwisisa kuri nani kwekuti zvinhu zvekushungurudza zvinoshandura maitiro ekuziva anodiwa sei kuvandudza marapiro matsva ekurapa kurapa kupindwa muropa uye kushomeka kwekuziva kusanzwisisika. Iyi inyaya yakaoma, zvisinei, sezvo mishonga dzakasiyana dzekumanikidza dzichiita sekushandura nzira dzakasiyana dzekuziva uye cell kusaina nzira. Kunyangwe pakati pevanoshandisa iyo imwecheteyo mushonga, kungwara kunokanganisika kuchasiyana zvichienderana nekusiyana kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu uye genetics. Kunzwisisa kukanganisika kwechimiro chemumwe genetic pane kuratidzwa kwezviratidzo inzvimbo yakakosha yekutsvaga mune ramangwana, akabata vimbiso yekuzivisa zvinonyanya kurapwa nzira dzinogona kurangana neiye genotype yemunhu. Chekupedzisira, kunzwisisa kuti kuratidzira prenatal kumishonga yekushungurudzwa kunochinja sei neural development kunofanirwa kuve kuri kwakanyanya kukosheswa, sezvo kuratidzwa kwepamuviri kunowedzera mukana wechizvarwa chitsva kupindwa muropa nemamwe matambudziko.

KUDZIDZA MUMWE NEMABHARA

Pfungwa inodzidza: Inotora uye ichengete ruzivo uye zvinoratidzira uye inowana hukama pakati pavo. Kuti pfungwa dzidzidze, zviitiko zvinofanirwa kuitika muuropi. Pakati pezvikamu zvinogombedzera zveuchapupu hwepfungwa iyi pane dzakawanda nyaya dzevanhu vakatambura zvakanyanya kudzikisira kwekugona kwavo kudzidza mushure mekukuvara kwehuropi. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa, pamwe, ndiHenry Molaison, uyo, mushure mekuvhiyiwa kubviswa kweakawanda ehuropi matipi pazera 27 yekudzora chirwere chake chehe, akarasikirwa zvachose nekuramba kwenguva refu kwekuyeuka kuyeuka () kuitira kuti kwemakore asara e55 ehupenyu hwake aisakwanisa kuyeuka chero chii chakaitika kwaari anopfuura maminetsi mashoma apfuura.

Neuroscience yekutsvakurudza yakaenderana nekudzidza pamwe nekuwedzeredzwa kweiyo neural network muuropi. Kwayedza yakawanda yakaratidza kuti, sekudzidza kunoitika, mitsipa yakasarudzwa inowedzera huwandu hwayo hwezviitiko uye voita hukama hutsva, kana kusimbisa kubatana kwakasimbiswa, nemateya ehumwe humwe neuron. Zvakare, nzira dzekuyedza dzinodzivirira basa remuuroni uye networking inhibit kudzidza.

Neuroscience yekutsvaga nemhuka iri kujekesa nzira iyo huropi inogadzira uye inochengetedza neural network inotsigira kudzidza. Imwe nzira yakaonekwa, yenguva refu potentiation (LTP), ine zvinhu zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvakakosha zvekudzidza.

  • Kana tangodzidza kubatanidza pfungwa mbiri kana sensation, kuitika kweimwe kunogona kuita kuti vayeuke imwe yacho. Saizvozvowo, muPSP, iyo neuron inogamuchira yakasimba, kana yakakwirira-frequency, kukurudzira kubva kune imwe neuron inopindura nekuva inonyanya kukoshesa kukurudzira mune ramangwana kubva kune kwakafanana kunobva;
  • Zvitsva zvakadzidzwa zvinhu zvinopinda kwedu-pfupi ndangariro uye zvinogona kana zvingasazoguma zvakasikwa mundangariro yedu yenguva refu. Saizvozvowo, LTP ine chikamu chepakutanga panguva iyo pfupi-pfupi maitiro emuviri anotsigira kuwedzera-kutaurwa kuwedzera kweiyo neuronal sensitivity uye yekupedzisira chikamu chinosanganisira kuwedzera kwenguva refu maitiro emuviri;
  • Zvidzidzo zvemhuka zvakaomesa zvimwe zvekutevedzana kwakafanana kwekuchinja kwemakemikari (cell signaling Cascades) muPSP uye kudzidza. Semuenzaniso, vatsvagiri vakaratidza kuti kudzvinyirira kugadzirwa kweanopfanya (protein kinase A) muhippampi yemakonzo kudzivirira LTP uye kwakadzivirira kugona kwemhuka kuchengetedza ruzivo rwekare nezvedzamu.).

Kunyangwe LTP isina kucherechedzwa munharaunda yehuropi yega yega, yakaratidzirwa muiyo nucleus inounganidza, yepamberi cortex, hippocampus, uye amygdala - matunhu ese ane chekuita nekupindwa muropa uye kudzidza (; ; ; ).

ZVESE, DZIMAI, uye KUTI URANGANO

Maumbirwo emunhu rudzi rwemunhu anogona kupesvedzera iwo iwo mushonga wekushungurudza unoshandura maitiro ake. Semuenzaniso, mhinduro yemunhu akangwara kune acute amphetamine zvinoenderana nechikamu chekuti ndeapi mamwe mafomu e catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene raakagara nhaka.

Iyi gene inodzika protein inowanisa dopamine uye norepinephrine, pakati pemamwe mamorekuru. Munhu anogara nhaka maviri kopi yeiyo gene, imwe kubva kune mumwe mubereki, uye kopi imwe neimwe angave neine vhiniga kana methionine DNA rwendo rwekodhi pane codon 158: nekudaro, munhu anogona kunge aine maviri mavaline (Val / Val), maviri methionine (Met / Met ), kana joiri rakasanganiswa (Val / Met kana Met / Val) yemakodhi panzvimbo ino. Kutonga kweacute amphetamine kune vanhu vane iyo Val / Val pairing yakavandudza mashandiro avo paWisconsin Kadhi Sorting Task (kuyedzwa kwekungwara kunogadzirisa iyo inosimudzira dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) uye kuwedzera kushanda kwavo kwavo kwepamberi cortical basa, sekuyerwa nekuwedzera kweropa rekrisiti yeropa. kuyerera kune yakaderera kumberi lobe (. Nekudaro, acute amphetamine haina kuburitsa izvo zvakanakira muvanhu vane iyo iyo Val / Met kana Met / Met pairing. Sezvineiwo, iyo Val / Val pairing inosanganisirwa nekuwedzera kusakurirwa, hunhu hune hukama nehupamhi ().

Zvakare, vanoputa neVal / Val pairing vaive nehanya zvakanyanya nekuvhiringidza kukanganisa kwekubviswa kwezvikamu pakurangarira kwekushanda uye kwakaratidza mhinduro yakakura yekuziva kuputa fodya (. Mhedzisiro iyi yakakosha kwete nekuti inoratidza chinongedzo pakati pezvinokonzerwa nemishonga yekushungurudza kubata uye maitiro ane hukama nehupombwe, asi zvakare nekuti ivo vanopa mienzaniso yeiyo genotype inobatsira sei kune inopindwa phenotype.

ZVINONYANYA

Munyori anoda kutenda Dr. Sheree Logue nenhengo dzeGould Laborator nekuverenga zvakadzama iyi ongororo iyi uye zvakare kubvuma rutsigiro kubva kune veNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, uye iyo National Cancer Institute (AA015515, DA017949, DA024787, uye P50 CA143187) kune dzimwe dzedzidzo dzakaongororwa.

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