Inyoresa paIndaneti: kutarisa maitiro, tarisiro, uye kurapwa zvinoshandiswa (2014)

Matthias Brand^{1,2 *}, Christian Laier¹ uye Kimberly S. Young³

• ¹Dhipatimendi reGeneral Psychology: Kuziva, Yunivhesiti yeDuisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
• ²Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany
• ³Chipo chekupindwa muropa neInternet, Russell J. Jandoli Chikoro cheUtepfenyuro uye Misa Kutaurirana, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, NY, USA

Kupindwa muropa neInternet (IA) kwave kuita kwakakomba kwehutano hwepfungwa munyika dzakawanda. Kuti tinzwisise zvirinani nezvekiriniki yeIA, chidzidzo ichi chakaedza nzira yechinyoro nyowani inoratidza kudzidzisa kwemisangano inobatsira mukuvandudza uye kugadzirisa chirwere ichi. Iyo mhando inosiyanisa pakati peiyo yakajairika Internet kupindwa muropa (GIA) uye chaiwo mafomu. Ichi chidzidzo chakaedza muenzaniso paGIA pane huwandu hwevashandisi veInternet. Izvo zvakawanikwa kubva kune vashandisi ve1019 zvinoratidza kuti iyo hypothesized organised equation modhi yakatsanangura 63.5% yekusiyana kwezviratidzo zveGIA, sekuyerwa neiyo pfupi kapfupi yeInternet Kuwedzerwa Test. Kushandisa kuongorora kwepfungwa nehunhu, mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti munhu ainyatso kuziva (kutadza kuita zvakanaka uye kutarisira kwekuziva) zvakawedzera njodzi yeGIA. Izvi zvinhu zviviri zvakayererana nezviratidzo zveGIA kana zvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi zvaivepo sekushungurudzika, kushushikana munharaunda, kuzvishingisa, kuzvidzikisira kwakanyanya, uye kushushikana kwakanyanya kusheedzera mazita mashoma akaayerwa mukudzidza. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti vanhu vane hunyanzvi hwekutarisana uye vasina tarisiro yekuti Internet inogona kushandiswa kuwedzera hutano kana kudzikisa kusanzwisisika havakwanisi kuita dambudziko rekushandiswa kweInternet, kunyangwe kana humwe hunhu kana kushushikana kwepfungwa kuvepo. Zvinorehwa pakurapwa zvinosanganisira chinhu chakajeka chekuratidzira kukudziridzwa kweGIA uye kukosha kwekutarisa maitiro emurwere nekuziva uye nekuvandudza kufunga kwakashata kuderedza zviratidzo uye kuita kupora.

ziviso

Iko kunetsa kushandisa kweInternet kwakawonekwa mune dzinoverengeka zvidzidzo uye kunoratidza kuti kuramba kuchikanganisa kwakashata sekurasikirwa nebasa, kukundikana muzvidzidzo, uye kurambana zvinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwakanyanya kweInternet (kune wongororo ona Griffiths, 2000a,b; Chou et al., 2005; Widyanto uye Griffiths, 2006; Byun et al., 2009; Weinstein naLejoyeux, 2010; Lortie naGuitton, 2013. Iko kukosha kwekiriniki kwechiitiko ichi kunowana mukukosha nekumashure kwemitengo yakawandisa yekufungidzira kubva ku1.5 kusvika 8.2% (Weinstein naLejoyeux, 2010) kana kunyange kusvika ku26.7%, zvichienderana nesero rinoshandiswa uye nzira dzakashandiswa.Kuss et al., 2014).

Kunyangwe kutsanangurwa kwekutanga kweiyi kiriniki nyaya inenge iri 20 makore apfuura (Muduku, 1996), kupatsanurwa kuchiri kukurukurwa nokukakavara uye nokudaro mazwi akati wandei anoshandiswa mumabhuku esainzi, kubva ku "kushandiswa kwekumanikidza kweInternet" (Meerkerk et al., 2006, 2009, 2010), "Matambudziko ane chekuita neInternet" (Widyanto et al., 2008), "Dambudziko rekushandiswa kweInternet" (Caplan, 2002), "Pathological Internet use" (Davis, 2001) ku "Internet hukama nehupamhi hunhu"Brenner, 1997), kutaura mashoma. Mumakore ekupedzisira e10, zvakadaro, vatsvagiri vazhinji mundima iyi vakashandisa izwi rekuti "Internet kupindwa muropa" kana "Internet kupindwa muropa nedambudziko" (semuenzaniso, Johansson naGötestam, 2004; Block, 2008; Byun et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2010, 2011, 2013; Kim et al., 2011; Purty et al., 2011; Mudiki, 2011b, 2013; Young et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2011; Cash et al., 2012; Hou et al., 2012; Hong et al., 2013a,b; Kardefelt-Winther, 2014; Pontes et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014. Isu tinodawo izwi rekuti "Internet kupindwa muropa (IA)," nekuti zvinyorwa zvekare (ona nhaurirano mukati Brand et al., 2014) simbisa kufanana pakati pekupindwa muropa kwakanyanya kweInternet uye humwe hunhu hwekupindwa muropa (semuenzaniso, Grant et al., 2013) uyezve kutsamira kwezvinhu (onawo Muduku, 2004; Griffiths, 2005; Meerkerk et al., 2009. Zvinopikiswa kuti nzira dzakanangana nebudiriro uye kuchengetedza kwekuvimba kwezvinhu zvinoshandurwa mukushandiswa kwekupomedzerwa kwekushandiswa kweInternet (uyezve zvimwe zviitiko zvekupomedzera), semuenzaniso pfungwa yekukurudzira yekufungidzira kupindwa muropa uye pfungwa dzakabatana (semuenzaniso, Robinson uye Berridge, 2000, 2001, 2008; Berridge et al., 2009. Izvi zvinopindirana zvakanaka nechimiro chechinhu pane hunhu hwekumanikidza (Griffiths, 2005).

Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitiswa pane zvepfungwa correlates eIA, asi izvi zvakaitwa - kazhinji muzvinoitika - pasina kusiyanisa pakati peiyo generalized internet kupindwa muropa (GIA) uye yakananga Internet kupindwa muropa (SIA; Morahan-Martin naSchumacher, 2000; Leung, 2004; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Lu, 2008; Kim naDavis, 2009; Billieux naVan der Linden, 2012), kunyangwe maitiro epfungwa angave akasiyana, zvakare kune mapoka ezera rakasiyana kana mashandisirwo anoshandiswa (Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2014. Chidzidzo chedu chinoongorora mhedzisiro yekukanganisa maitiro uye kungwara kwekutarisira kwekushandiswa kweInternet mukuvandudza nekuchengetedza GIA kuitira kuti ipe kunzwisisika kuri nani kwemanzwisisiro ehurongwa hwezvinogadziriswa uye zvinogona kukonzera kuongororwa uye kurapwa.

Pamwero wepfungwa, yakambotumirwa kuti IA inofanirwa kusiyaniswa maererano nekushandiswa kwakazara kweInternet (Griffiths uye Wood, 2000) inopesana nemhando dzenhando dzeIA dzakadai sedze cybersex, kushamwaridzana pamhepo, kumanikidzwa kwemagetsi (semuenzaniso, kubhejera, kutenga), kutsvaga ruzivo, uye mutambo wemitambo wekuvandudza kupindwa muropa neInternet (semuenzaniso, Young et al., 1999; Meerkerk et al., 2006; Block, 2008; Brand et al., 2011. Nekudaro, imwe chete subtype, Internet Gaming Disorder, yakaverengerwa mune Appendix yeDSM-5 (APA, 2013. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinogona kuongororwa IA seyakabatana kuvaka kana kungoongorora imwe chaiyo subtype (mune dzakawanda Internet kutamba kwemitambo). Mune yake yekuziva-maitiro maitiro, Davis (2001) zvakare kusiyanisa pakati peiyo generalized pathological Internet kushandiswa (GIA) uye chaiyo pathological Internet kushandiswa (SIA). GIA yakatsanangurwa seyakakura yakawanda inonyanyisa yeInternet, inowanzo kuperekedzwa nekutambisa nguva uye kusarongeka kwekushandisa kweInternet. Zvemagariro zveInternet (semuenzaniso, kutaurirana munharaunda kuburikidza nemasocial network nzvimbo) zvinonyanya kushandiswa (ona zvakare hurukuro mukati Lortie naGuitton, 2013), iyo inofanirwa kunge yakabatana nekushayikwa kwerutsigiro rwemagariro uye kushomeka kwemagariro kunoitika kune wega mumamiriro ezvinhu asiri echokwadi. Uye zvakare, zvinopomedzerwa kuti zvidzidzo zvinogona kushandisa zvakati wandei kuita kweInternet zvakawandisa pasina kana imwe yaunoda, semuenzaniso kutamba mitambo, kuona zvinonyadzisira, kusevha ruzivo uye / kana nzvimbo dzekutenga, kutumira selfies, kutarisa mavhidhiyo pamapuratifomu evhidhiyo, kuverenga mablogiki yevamwe, zvichingodaro. Muchiitiko ichi, mumwe anogona kupokana kuti munhu akapindwa muropa neInternet uye kwete akapindwa muropa paInternet (asi onawo hurukuro mu Starcevic, 2013. Davis anoti mumwe musiyano mukuru pakati peGIA neSIA ndewekuti vanhu vanorwara neGIA vangadai vasina kukudziridza maitiro akafanana pasina Internet, nepo vanhu vari kurwara neSIA vangadai vakaita maitiro akafanana nedambudziko mukati meimwe gadziriro. Mumhando dzose dziri mbiri dzekushandiswa kweInternet, GIA uye SIA, kusaziva kwakanaka nezve munhu uye nezvenyika zvinokurudzirwa kutora chikamu chakakosha (Caplan, 2002, 2005).

Tsvagiridzo yekugadzirisa GIA yakaratidza kuti zvichemo zvekunyunyuta muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvichikonzerwa nekushandiswa kweInternet zvakabatanidzwa nehunhu hwakasiyana. Hongu, yakaratidzirwa kuti GIA yakabatana ne psychopathological comorbidities, yakadai seanobata kana kusagadzikana kusagadzikana (Whang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005; Weinstein naLejoyeux, 2010) pamwe nehunhu hunhu hwekunyara, neuroticism, kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana, maitiro ekuda kuhurera, uye kuderera kwekuzviremekedza (Niemz et al., 2005; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Hardie naTee, 2007; Thatcher et al., 2008; Kim naDavis, 2009. Zvakare, zvinhu zvemagariro epamoyo, semuenzaniso, kushaya rutsigiro rwemagariro kana kusarudzika munharaunda (Morahan-Martin naSchumacher, 2003; Caplan, 2007) uye kunyangwe kusurukirwa kuri mumamiriro ezvedzidzo muvayaruka (Pontes et al., 2014), zvinoita kunge zvine hukama neGIA. Zvakare, zvinopikiswa kuti kushandisa iyo Internet chishandiso chekutarisana nematambudziko ehupenyu kana zvinoshungurudza zviitiko zvehupenyu zvinobatsira mukuvandudzwa kweGIA (Whang et al., 2003; Tang et al., 2014. Vanhu vane IA vanoratidzawo yakakwirira tsika yekumanikidza kubata maitiro (Tonioni et al., 2014. Vamwe vanyori vanoto conceptualize IA senge rudzi rwekutsungirira nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva kana zuva nezuva hassles (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014. Pachine chete zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekutanga, izvo zvakafananidza zvakajeka kufanotaura kwemhando dzakasiyana dzeSIA. Pawlikowski et al. (2014) yakataura kuti kunyara uye kugutsikana kwehupenyu zvinoenderana nekushandiswa kwekupindwa muropa nemitambo yeInternet, asi kwete kwekushandiswa kwepfungwa cybersex kana kushandiswa kwemitambo uye cybersex.

Kubva mukutsvaga kwekutanga, kunyanya pazvipikiso na Davis (2001), uye zvakare tichifunga zvemazuva ano mabhuku ezveuropsychological uye neuroimaging zvakawanikwa muzvidzidzo vakapindwa muropa paInternet, isu takangoburitsa chinongedzo chemuenzaniso pakuvandudza nekuchengetedza kweGIA uye SIA (Brand et al., 2014. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganiswa nemuenzaniso zvakatotaurwa mumamiriro ekushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzekudyidzana nevamwe, semuenzaniso kutarisira kwazvinozoitika zvakanaka (Turel naSerenko, 2012. Izvo zvakare zvakaratidzirwa kuti kushandiswa kwakawandisa kana kupindwa muropa kwekushandisa zviwanikwa zvepaInternet zvakabatana nekushanduka mune zvinotendwa zvevanhu nezve maitiro uye izvi zvinogonesa kushandiswa mune ramangwana uye kushandisa zvinangwa.Turel et al., 2011. Izvi zvinoenderana nemhando yedzidziso yedu paGIA, yatinofungidzira kuti zvitendero kana zvinotarisirwa pamusoro pezvingaitwe neInternet kune munhu zvinopesvedzera maitiro, kureva, kushandiswa kweInternet, izvo zvinokonzerawo ramangwana rinotarisira. Nekudaro, mumuenzaniso wedu takatarisa pane chinzvimbo chekutarisira tarisiro nezvirongwa zvekugadzirisa mukugadzira nekuchengetedza GIA uye mamwe marudzi eSIA.

Nekuvandudza uye kuchengetedza kweGIA, tinopokana kuti mushandisi ane zvimwe zvinodikanwa uye zvinangwa zvinogona kuzadziswa nekushandisa zvimwe zvinoshandiswa paInternet. Zvichibva pakutsvaga kwekutanga, isu takabatanidza zvakati wandei zvawanikwa kuti tigadzire mhando yakazara yekusungira izvi zvinhu pamwechete. Pakutanga, hunhu hwemunhu hwakanakisa hunobatana neIA uye hunosanganisira zvimisikidzo zvepfungwa, hunhu, uye hunhu hwemagariro. Muchikamu chekutanga, isu taisanganisira psychopathological zviratidzo, kunyanya kushungurudzika uye kusagadzikana munharaunda (semuenzaniso, Whang et al., 2003; Yang et al., 2005), kushaya hunhu hunhu, hwakadai sekudzikama kuita, kunyara, kushushikana nekusagadzikana, uye kudzora maitiroWhang et al., 2003; Chak naReung, 2004; Caplan, 2007; Ebeling-Witte et al., 2007; Hardie naTee, 2007; Thatcher et al., 2008; Kim naDavis, 2009; Pontes et al., 2014), uye kuparadzaniswa munharaunda / kushaya rutsigiro rwemagariro (Morahan-Martin naSchumacher, 2003; Caplan, 2005) mukuvandudza kweGIA. Nekudaro, isu takakurudzira kuti pesvedzero yeuyo munhu wekutanga hunhu uye kungwara pakuvandudza kwekushandiswa kwekupindwa muropa kweInternet kunofanirwa kuverengera nedzimwe nzira dzinobatana neInternet, kunyanya kushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira.Turel et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014), uye mamwe marongero ekutsungirira nezvinodiwa nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva kana zuva nezuva ane (Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014. Muchikamu chetatu chemuenzaniso, semufambiro unotevera, kana mushandisi achienda online uye anowana kusimbiswa maererano nekusagadziriswa kwekubata nematambudziko kana kusagadzikana kwechimiro uye munhu anotarisira kuti kushandiswa kweInternet kuchavhiringidza kubva kumatambudziko kana manzwiro asina kunaka, ipapo zvimwe pamwe vangatendeukira kuInternet kuti vapukunyuke iwo manzwiro anoratidzwa nekurasikirwa kwekutonga, kushaya nguva kwekutarisira, kuchiva, uye kuwedzera matambudziko emagariro. Basa rekusimbisa uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu rakatsanangurwa zvakanaka mumabhuku nezvekuvandudza nekuchengetedza kwezvematambudziko ane hukama (semuenzaniso, Robinson uye Berridge, 2001, 2008; Kalivas uye Volkow, 2005; Everitt naRobbins, 2006. Isu takapomhazve kuti kusimbisa kwakanaka uye kwakaipa kwesimba rekushandisa uye kushandiswa kwepaInternet zvinotarisirwa zvinoguma nekurasikirwa kwekutonga kwekushandisa pamusoro peInternet, iyo inopindirana nekutanga (Executive) inoshanda (Brand et al., 2014).

Kunyangwe iyi modhi inokodzera chaizvo neakamboburitswa mabhuku pane zvakakosha zvakawanikwa zvine chekuita nepfungwa mashure eIA (ona maficha Kuss naGriffiths, 2011a,b; Griffiths, 2012) uyezve neine ichangopfuura neuropsychological uye neuroimaging inogadzirisa yeGIA uye akasiyana akasiyana eSIA (Kuss naGriffiths, 2012; Brand et al., 2014), iyi modhi ichiri kungoda humboo hwakasimba maererano nekuwedzera kwechokwadi. Muchidzidzo ichi, isu takanangana nekududzira hypotheses inopfupikiswa mufananisiro yemuenzaniso paGIA yakatsanangurwa pamusoro kuva yehuwandu hwehuwandu pane iyo latent variables level uye takaedza kufanotaura uye murevereri mhedzisiro yekuomarara kwezviratidzo zveGIA uchishandisa huwandu hukuru hweInternet. Tichishandisa maitiro epfungwa nepfungwa akasarudzika, takatanga kuongorora maitiro emunhu mukufungidzira kushandiswa kweInternet zvakawandisa nenzira yakajeka. Tichishandisa chiyero chakaringana chekubata uye chiyero chitsva chekuvandudzwa kwekushandiswa kweInternet, takaedza kana hunyanzvi hwekushandisa pakubata uye zvinotarisirwa mukushandiswa kweInternet (senge kushandisa Internet kutiza manzwiro asina kunaka kana mamiriro ezvinhu asingafadzi) kureverera kubatana pakati pehunhu hwemunhu nezviratidzo zve GIA.

Zvinhu uye Nzira

Iyo Inoshanda Iri Muenzaniso

Isu takatanga tashandudzira iyo theoretical modhi yakatsanangurwa mumashoko ekutanga uye inoratidzwa muchinyorwa na Brand et al. (2014) kuva inoedzwa uye inoshanda maitiro ehuwandu. Kune yega yega zviyero zvinotaurwa mufanidziro yemhando, isu takasarudza zvingangobvumika zviviri zvinooneka kuti tivake yemhando equation modhi (SEM) pane latent level. Pakusiyana kwega kwega, isu takazoshandisa zviyero (chimwe nechimwe chinosanganisira zvinhu zvinoverengeka, ona tsananguro yezviridzwa pazasi) kushanda zvinoratidzwa zvinoshandurwa. Iyi modified yakashanda seSEM pane latent level inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1.

Zvidzidzo

Tichishandisa ongororo yakazara yepamhepo, taive nevapinduri ve1148. Mushure mekusabatanidzwa kwevatori vechikamu ve129 nekuda kweiyo data isina kukwana mune zviyero zve psychometric, muyenzaniso wekupedzisira waisanganisira N = 1019. Vatori vechikamu vakanyoreswa kushambadzira, mapuratifomu epaInternet (Facebook account yechikwata General Psychology: Kuziva), zvinyorwa zve-e-mail kuvadzidzi veYunivhesiti yeDuisburg-Essen, uye kuburikidza nemafurifisi mumabhokisi emuno nemabhawa pamwe neshoko-re- miromo yemuromo. Shambadziro, e-mail, uye mafuriziri akabatanidza chirevo chekuti vatori vechikamu vanogona kutora chikamu mune raundi ine mukana wekuhwina chimwe chezvinhu zvinotevera: (1) iPad, (2) iPad mini, (3) iPod nano, (4 ) iPod shu ffl e, 20 Amazon zvipo makadhi (50 Euros yega yega). Chidzidzo ichi chakabvumidzwa nekomiti yemunharaunda tsika.

Kureva zera remuenzaniso wekupedzisira yaive makore 25.61 (SD = 7.37). Muenzaniso uyu waisanganisira 625 (61.33%) vakadzi uye 385 (37.78%) varume (vapfumbamwe vakazvipira havana kupindura uyu mubvunzo). Nekuremekedza mamiriro ehupenyu hwepachivande, vatori vechikamu 577 (56.62%) vaigara muhukama kana vaive vakaroora uye 410 (40.24%) yakaratidza kusava nehukama hwazvino (vatori vechikamu 32 havana kupindura mubvunzo uyu). Panguva yekuongorora, vatori vechikamu 687 (67.42%) vaive vadzidzi, vatori vechikamu 332 (32.58%) vaive nebasa renguva dzose (isu tisina kudzidza kumashure) Pamuenzaniso wese, vatori vechikamu 116 (11.4%) vanozadzisa nzira dzekushandisa zvine njodzi Internet [kutemerwa> 30 muchidimbu Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT), ona tsananguro yechiridzwa pazasi] nevatori vechikamu 38 (3.7%) ye kushandiswa kwechisimba kweInternet (> 37 mune s-IAT). Zvinoreva nguva yakashandiswa paInternet yaive 972.36 min / vhiki (SD = 920.37). Pamuenzaniso wese, vanhu mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevashanu vakashandisa pasocial network / nzvimbo dzekutaurirana (M_{min / vhiki} = 444.47, SD = 659.05), 998 vanhu (97.94%) vakatsvaga ruzivo paInternet (M_{min / vhiki} = 410.03, SD = 626.26), 988 vanhu (96.96%) vakashandisa nzvimbo dzekutenga (M_{min / vhiki} = 67.77, SD = 194.29), mitambo yepamhepo yaishandiswa nevatori vechikamu ve557 (54.66%, M_{min / vhiki} = 159.61, SD = 373.65), kubhejera pamhepo kwakaitwa nevatori vechikamu ve161 (15.80%, M_{min / vhiki} = 37.09, SD = 141.70), uye cybersex yakashandiswa nevanhu ve485 (47.60%, M_{min / vhiki} = 66.46, SD = 108.28). Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemaitiro akawanda eInternet, 995 vatori vechikamu (97.64%) vanonzi vashandise matatu kana anopfuura eInternet zvinotaurwa pamusoro apa nguva nenguva.

Instruments

Pfupi Internet Kupindwa muropa Bvunzo (s-IAT)

Zviratidzo zveIA zvakaongororwa pamwe neyeGermany vhezheni yeInternet Kuwedzerwa Bvunzo (Pawlikowski et al., 2013), iyo yakavakirwa pane iyo yekutanga vhezheni yakagadziriswa na Muduku (1998). Mune ipfupi-vhezheni (s-IAT), zvinhu gumi nembiri zvinofanirwa kupindurwa pachiyero chemapoinzi mashanu kubva pa12 (= never) kusvika pa1 (= kazhinji) zvichikonzera kuwanda zviyero kubva pa5 kusvika 12, nepo zvikoro> 60 inoratidza kunetsa kushandiswa kweInternet uye zvibodzwa> 30 inoratidza pathological Internet use (Pawlikowski et al., 2013. Iyo s-IAT ine zvinhu zviviri: kurasikirwa kwekutonga / kutonga nguva uye kuchiva / zvinetso zvemagariro (chimwe nechimwe chine zvinhu zvitanhatu). Kunyangwe iyo 12 zvinhu inoregedza pazvinhu zviviri mune zvese zvinoputika uye zvinosimbisa factor analysis (CFA; Pawlikowski et al., 2013), vanobata chiratidzo chakakosha cheIA, semuenzaniso wakatsanangurwa mune zvikamu zvemhando ne (Griffiths, 2005. Yekutanga subscale "kurasikirwa kwekutonga / kutonga nguva" inoongorora kuti munhu akasimba sei nematambudziko ekutonga nguva muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nekuda kwekushandisa kwake kweInternet (semuenzaniso, "Kazhinji kangani iwe unoregera mabasa epamba kuti ushandise nguva yakawanda online?" "Kangani iwe unorasikirwa nehope nekuda kwekuve online mumba husiku?"). Zvinhu zveshuwa zvinowedzerawo zvakaipa zvakaipa zvakakonzerwa nekunyanyisa kwekushandiswa kweInternet (semuenzaniso, "Kazhinji mamakisi ako kana basa rechikoro anotambura nei nekuda kwenguva yaunoshandisa pamhepo?"). Izvo zvakare zvinoyerwa kana izvo zvidzidzo zvikaona kurasikirwa kwekutonga pamusoro pekushandisa kwavo kweInternet uye kana ivo vakamboedza kudzikisa mashandisiro avo eInternet uye vakatadza (semuenzaniso, "Kazhinji kangani iwe unowana kuti unogara online kwenguva yakareba kupfuura iwe zvawanga uchifunga?" Uye "kangani Unoyedza kudzika nguva yaunoshandisa pamhepo uchitadza? ”). Zvese zvinhu hazviyedze nguva inoshandiswa online, asi kunyangwe kana vanhu vamwe vakasangana nekurasikirwa kwekutonga maererano nekushandiswa kwavo kweInternet uye matambudziko muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo kweInternet. Yechipiri inopa "kushuva / kusangana nematambudziko" inoyera miganho yekushandiswa kwakanyanya kweInternet mukubatana pakati pevanhu uye kubatikana neiyo svikiro (semuenzaniso, "Kazhinji sei iwe unonzwa kubatikana neInternet kana iwe uchinge uchinzwa, kana kufungidzira nezvekuve online?"). Zvinhu zveiyi subscale zvinowedzerawo matambudziko epakati-pachedu (semuenzaniso, Unogunun'una kangani, kuridza mhere, kana kuita zvinhu zvinogumbukira kana mumwe munhu achikuvhiringidza iwe uchiri online? ”) Uye mamiriro ekunyora (eg, , kana kutya kana iwe usiri, izvo zvinoenda kana uchinge wadzoka online?). Zvese zvinhu zvinosanganisira mazwi e "Internet" kana "online" zvakazara musingatarise pane imwe nyaya yekushandisa. Mune iwo murayiridzo, vatori vechikamu vakaudzwa kuti mibvunzo yese inoenderana nekushandiswa kwavo kweInternet kusanganisira zvese zvinoshandiswa.

Iyo s-IAT ine yakanaka psychometric zvivakwa uye ndeyechokwadi (Pawlikowski et al., 2013. Mumuenzaniso wedu, kusawirirana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) yaive 0.856 yehuwandu hwese, 0.819 yeiyo kurasikirwa kwechinhu chekutonga / kutonga nguva, uye 0.751 yechinhu chinoshuva / matambudziko munharaunda.

Pfupiso Zviratidzo Inventory - subscale kushungurudzika

Zviratidzo zvekushungurudzika zvakaongororwa pamwe neshanduro yeGerman (Franke, 2000) yeiyo subscale kushungurudzika kweiyo Brief Syndromeom Inventory (Boulet naBoss, 1991; Derogatis, 1993. Chikero chine zvinhu zvitanhatu zvinoongorora zvinoshungurudza zviratidzo zvemazuva ekupedzisira e7. Mhinduro dzinofanira kupihwa pamashanu-point sikisi kubva ku0 (= kwete zvachose) kuenda ku4 (= zvakanyanya). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.858.

Pfupiso Zviratidzo Inventory - subscale inopindirana kunzwa

Zviratidzo zvekushushikana munharaunda pamwe nekunzwisisika kwemunhu zvakaongororwa pamwe neshanduro yeGerman (Franke, 2000) yeiyo subscale inopindirana nekunzwa kweRuzivo rweChiratidzo cheChimiro (Boulet naBoss, 1991; Derogatis, 1993. Chiyero chine zvinhu zvina uye mhinduro dzinofanira kupihwa pachiyero chegumi chinongedzo kubva ku0 (= kwete zvachose) kuenda ku4 (= zvakanyanya). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.797.

Kuzvinyaradza pachako chiyero

Kuzvishingisa kwakaongororwa neKudzikamisa-Chikandiso Scale (Rosenberg, 1965. Isu pano takashandisa iyo yakagadziridzwa yeGerman version (Collani naHerzberg, 2003), iyo ine zvinhu gumi. Mhinduro dzinofanirwa kupihwa pamhando ina-poindi kubva ku0 (= haibvumirani zvakanyanya) kuenda ku3 (= kubvumirana kwakasimba). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.896.

Kuzviitira-Kuita Chikoro

Kuzviitira iwe pachako kwakaongororwa neKunyatsoita Chako-Chikamu (Schwarzer uye Jerusarema, 1995), iyo ine 10 zvinhu. Mhinduro dzinofanira kupihwa pamativi mana-poindi kubva ku1 (= kwete yechokwadi) kuenda ku4 (= ichokwadi chaizvo). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.863.

Trier Inventory Yesingaperi Kushushikana

Kushushikana kwekusagadzikana kwakayerwa neyekuongororwa vhezheni yeTester Inventory yeChirwere chekushushikana (TICS; Schulz et al., 2004. Iyo yekutarisa ine 12 zvinhu pamusoro pekuratidzwa kwekunetseka mumwedzi yekupedzisira ye3. Chirevo chega chega chinofanira kupindurwa pachikamu chegumi-mapfumbamwe kubva ku0 (= kamwechete) kusvika 4 (= kazhinji kazhinji). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.908.

Kusurukirwa kuyera

Iyo pfupi ipfupi yeiyo Kusurukirwa Scale (De Jong Gierveld uye Van Tilburg, 2006) yakashandiswa kuyera manzwiro okusurukirwa (subscale manzwiro okusurukirwa, zvinhu zvitatu) uye yakanzwisiswa rutsigiro munharaunda (rutsigiro rwemagariro, zvinhu zvitatu). Zvirevo zvese zvinofanirwa kupindurwa pachikamu cheshanu-point kubva ku1 (= kwete!) Kuenda ku5 (= hongu!). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.765 yeiyo subscale yemanzwiro kusurukirwa uye 0.867 yekutsigira subscale yemagariro.

Pfupi COPE

ROPA ROKUDA ​​(Carver, 1997) inoyedza kutevedzera maitiro mune akawanda akasiyana masumbu. Isu pano takashandisa zvikamu zvitatu zveGerman version (Knoll et al., 2005): kuramba, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka, uye kuzvibata kwehunhu. Subscale yega yega yaimiririrwa nezvinhu zviviri, iyo yaifanira kupindurwa pachikamu-ina-chiyero kubva ku1 (= ini handina kubvira ndichiita izvi zvachose) kuenda ku4 (= ndanga ndichiita izvi zvakawandisa). Kufanana kwemukati (Cronbach's α) mune yedu sampuli yaive 0.561 yekuramba kwemubhadharo, 0.901 yekushandisa subscale zvinhu, uye 0.517 yeku subscale hunhu hwekudzikisira. Tichifunga kuti zviyero zvine zvinhu zviviri chete uye zvakapihwa kuti chimbo chave choshandiswa muzvidzidzo zvinoverengeka zvinosanganisira mishumo yekumeso kwakapfuura bvunzo kuvimbika, tinoona kuvimbika sekwakagamuchirwa.

Internet Shandisa Zvinotarisirwa Scale

Kuongorora zvinoshandiswa paInternet, isu takagadzira chiyero chitsva chinosanganisira - mushanduro yekutanga - yezvinhu zve16. Izvo zvinhu zvinoratidzira zvimwe zvakakosha zvinokurudzira zvinhu semuenzaniso, zvakataurwa na Xu et al. (2012) uyezve na Yee (2006). Zvinhu zvacho zvakapihwa a priori kuzviyero zviviri (chimwe nechimwe chine zvinhu zvisere): Internet inoshandisa tarisiro inoratidza kusimbisa kwakasimba (semuenzaniso, "Ini ndinoshandisa iyo Internet kuwana mufaro") uye avo vanoratidza kusimbisa kwakashata (semuenzaniso, "Ini ndinoshandisa iyo Internet kukanganisa kubva kumatambudziko"). Mhinduro dzese dzakapihwa pachiyero-nhanho chiyero kubva ku1 (= isingabvumirani zvachose) kuenda ku6 (= kubvumirana zvachose). Pahwaro hwe data ratakatora mukudzidza uku (N = 1019), takaita ongororo yekuongorora (EFA). Nyanga's (1965) kuongororwa kufanana uye wepakati avhareji chikamu (MAP) bvunzo (Velicer, 1976) yakashandiswa kuona nhamba yakakodzera yezvinhu. Maitiro aya akaguma mune yakagadzika zvinhu zviviri-mhinduro. Iyo EFA ine yakakosha chikamu chekuongorora uye varimax kutenderera yakazoitwa kuti iongorore chimiro cheInternet Use Expectancies Scale (IUES). Mhedzisiro yeEFA yakagumiswa neyekupedzisira 8-chinhu shanduro yeIUES ine maviri-chinhu chimiro chinosara (Tafura 1). Nezvinhu zviviri izvi, takaona tsananguro yekusiyana kwe63.41%. Chinhu chekutanga chine zvinhu zvina zvine kukwirisa kwakanyanya pachinhu chikuru (> 0.50) uye zvakaderera kutakura pane chimwe chinhu (<0.20) uye zvine chekuita netarisiro yakanaka, saka takatumidza chinhu ichi kuti "tarisiro dzakanaka." Chinhu chechipiri chine zvinhu zvina zvine kukwirisa kwakanyanya pachinhu chikuru (> 0.50) uye zvakaderera kutakura pane chimwe chinhu (<0.20), uye zvinhu zvese zvine chekuita nekushandisa kweInternet kudzivirira kana kudzora manzwiro asina kunaka kana pfungwa, saka takatumidza izvi chinokonzera "kudzivisa kutarisira." Zvese zvinhu zvine kuvimbika kwakanaka ("zvakanaka tarisiro": Cronbach's α = 0.832 uye "zvidziviriro zvinotarisirwa" Cronbach's α = 0.756). Izvo zvinhu zviviri zvaive zvakabatana zvakanyanya (r = 0.496, p <0.001) ine maitiro ane mwero (Cohen, 1988).

Kuona chokwadi chechimiro chechiridzwa, takaongorora imwe sampuli yezvidzidzo zve169 (zvinoreva zera = 21.66, SD = 2.69; vakadzi XXUMX) yekushandisa CFA. Iyo CFA yakaitwa neMPlus (Muthén naMuthén, 2011. Kuongorora kwema modhi kukodzera, takashandisa zviyero zvakajairwa (Hu uye Bentler, 1995, 1999): Iyo yakamira midzi inoreva kuti mraba yakasara (SRMR; zvimiro pazasi 0.08 zvinoratidza zvakanaka kuwirirana nedata), fananidzo yakakodzera indices (CFI / TLI; zviyero zviri pamusoro 0.90 zvinoratidza kukwana kwakakodzera, kukosha pamusoro pe 0.95 yakakodzera kukwana), uye midzi inoreva kukwana kukanganisa kwekuswededza (RMSEA; "kuyedzwa kwepedyo fit"; kukosha pasi pe0.08 ine kukosha kwakadzika pazasi 0.05 kunoratidza kunogamuchirika). CFA yakasimbisa iyo miviri-chinhu mhinduro yeIUES nezvakanaka zvakaringana paramita: Iyo RMSEA yaive 0.047, CFI yaive 0.984, TLI yaive 0.975, uye SRMR yaive 0.031. Χ² bvunzo hadzina kukosha, χ² = 24.58, p = 0.137 inoratidza kuti dhata haina kutsauka zvakanyanya kubva pane iyo theoretical modhi (zvinhu zviviri mhinduro, sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 1) .Muenzaniso uyu wakaunganidzwa weCFA, chete. Iyo data haina kuverengerwa mune kumwe kuongorora.

Statistical Analyzes

Statistical standard maitiro akaitwa pamwe neSSSS 21.0 yeWindows (IBM SPSS Statistics, yakaburitswa 2012). Pearson correlations yakaverengerwa kuyedza zero-yekudyidzana hukama pakati pezvakasiyana. Kudzora iyo data yevanotengesa kunze, isu takagadzira yakajairwa kuturika isingachinjiki pamwe chete nekumwe kuenderana nzira yekutsauka sezvatakawana mu s-IAT (yakazara mamaki). Uku kungosarudzika kwakasiyana kunofanirwa kuverengera kusabatana neese misiyano yekufarira, kana kuwirirana hakuna kukanganiswa nevabudisi mu data. Zvese zvinoenderana neasina mutsauko shanduko zvaive zvakaderera, rs <0.049, zvichiratidza kuti pakange pasina chakasimba chine simba kunze kwechero zviyero mumuenzaniso wekupedzisira (N = 1019). Pamusoro pezvekupararira pakati pezvimisikidzo zvaidzorwa nekuona. Zvekare, hapana vakanyanyisa vakawanikwa. Naizvozvo, kuongororwa kwakaitwa nezvose zvidzidzo.

Iyo SEM kuongororwa yakakwikwidzana neMPlus 6 (Muthén naMuthén, 2011. Pakanga pasina data yakashaikwa. Usati waedza mhando izere, iyo svutugadzike yezvimedu zvekare yakayedzwa zvakare uchishandisa CFA muMPlus. Kune vaviri, SEM uye CFA, yakanyanya mukana paramende fungidziro yakashandiswa. Kuongorora kwema modhi kukodzera, takashandisa zviyero zvakajairwa (Hu uye Bentler, 1995, 1999) sezvakambotsanangurwa muchikamu chisati chaitika. Zvekushandisa kuongorora kwecommedi zvaidikanwa, maererano Baron naKenny (1986), kuti misiyano yose yakabatanidzwa mukureverera inofanira kugadzirisa pamwe neimwe. Isu takashandisawo moderated regressions yekuongorora zvingangoita moderator mhedzisiro sekuwedzera kuongororwa kune imwe nzira conceptualization yepfungwa yekukopa.

Results

Tsananguro Zvinokoshesesa uye Zvinowirirana

Ma sampuli 'anoreva zvikero mu s-IAT uye zvimwe zviyero zvese zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kuwanikwa muTafura 2. Zvinoreva s-IAT mamaki e M = 23.79 (SD = 6.69) yakafanana chaizvo nechikamu chakataurwa na Pawlikowski et al. (2013) yemuenzaniso we 1820 zvidzidzo zvehuwandu hwevanhu (zvinoreva s-IAT mamaki aive M = 23.30, SD = 7.25). Iyo bivariate kuwirirana pakati peiyo s-IAT (nhamba yemamaki) uye zviyero zviri mumibvunzo uye zviyero zvinopihwa zvinoratidzwa muTafura. 3.

Latent Dimensions yeiyo Proposed Model mu Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Kuti tiongorore zvakatemwa theory theory, takatanga kuongorora modhi, zvinoreva kuti yakaidzwa kuti zviyero zvekupedzisira zvinogamuchirwa zvinoratidzwa nezviratidzo. Naizvozvo, CFA yakaitwa pamwe nenhanhatu zvimedu zvekupedzisira (imwe yehuremu hwakaenzana, matatu fungidziro zviyero, maviri murevereri masendimita). Iyo RMSEA yaive 0.066 na p <0.001, iyo CFI yaive 0.951, iyo TLI yaive 0.928 uye iyo SRMR yaive 0.041, ichiratidza yakanaka mhando inokodzera.

Yekutanga latent dimension "zviratidzo zveGIA" yaimiririrwa nemavanga muzvinhu zviviri zveS-IAT (kurasikirwa kwekutonga / kutonga nguva uye kushuva / matambudziko munharaunda) sekufunga. Iyo yekutanga kufanotaura inosarudzika "psychopathological zviratidzo" yakanyatsomiririrwa neiyo mbiri subscales yeBSI (kushungurudzika uye munhu anonzwa). Iyo dhizaini "hunhu hunhu" hwakamiririrwa zvakanaka nezviratidzo zvitatu zvinoonekera (kuzvibata, kuzvitarisira pasi, uye kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana) uye yekupedzisira fungidziro yekuremekedza "kushamwaridzana" kwakamiririrwa zvakanaka nezvikamu zviviri zvezviyero zvekusurukirwa. kusurukirwa uye kutsigirwa nevamwe). Zvawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti yekutanga hypothesized muenzanisi dhizaini "kubata" yakanyatsomiririrwa neyezvipiriso zvitatu zveCOPE (kuramba, kushandisa zvinodhaka, uye kuzvidzora maitiro) uye wechipiri murevereri dimension "Internet kushandiswa kutarisira" yakanyatsomiririrwa nezvinhu zviviri zveUUES ( yakanaka tarisiro uye inodzivirira tarisiro).

Pakazara, iyo CFA yakaratidza kuti zvimiro zvekumashure zvinomiririrwa zvinogamuchirwa neanoratidzika akasiyana. Izvo chete mune iyo dhizaini yekugadzirisa chiyero chezvinoshungurudza zvinodhaka zvine chisina simba chinhu kurodha (β = 0.424) asi ichiri kukosha (p <0.001) uye saka yakaringana, zvichipiwa kuti iyo modhi yakazara yakanyatsoenderana nedhata. Zvese zvinhu zvinoremerwa uye zvakajairwa zvikanganiso zvinoratidzwa muTafura 4.

Iyo Yakazara Yekuumbwa Yekuenzanisa Model

Iyo inofungidzirwa yemuenzaniso weiyo yekubvisa latent dhimendi neGIA sekuteedzera kusiyanisa (yakadzvanywa nezvinhu zviviri s-IAT zvinhu) yakabereka kukodzera kwakanaka nedata. Iyo RMSEA yaive 0.066 na p <0.001, iyo CFI yaive 0.95, iyo TLI yaive 0.93, uye iyo SRMR yaive 0.041. The χ² bvunzo yaive yakakosha, χ² = 343.89, p <0.001, yakajairwa kupihwa saizi hombe yemuenzaniso. Nekudaro, iyo χ² bvunzo dzeyemhando yekutanga zvaikoshawo neiyo yakakwira zvakanyanya χ² kukosha, χ² = 5745.35, p <0.001. Mukupfupisa, iyo data yakakwenenzverwa mushe neyakarongwa dzidziso yemhando Pakazara, chikamu chikuru che63.5% yemusiyano muGIA wakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya neSEM yakazara (R² = 0.635, p <0.001). Iyo modhi uye zvese zvakanangana uye zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro zvinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 2.

Zvese zvitatu zvakananga mhedzisiro yevanofungidzira nezveGIA zvaive zvisina kukosha (Mufananidzo 2. Asi cherechedza kuti mhedzisiro yakananga yeiyo latent variable psychopathological zvikamu zvishoma yakatadza kusvika kukosha ne p = 0.059. Pano, inofanirwa kutaridzirwa kuti iyo β-uremu hwakanga husina kunaka, zvichiratidza kuti - kana munhu achinge adudzira iyo yakakosha mhedzisiro - kushungurudzika kwakanyanya uye kushushikana munharaunda kunofambidzana nezviratidzo zveGIA kana izvo zvisina kunanga kubva kune psychopathological zvikamu. pamusoro pezvinyorwa zviviri zvinomiririra (kubata uye zvinotarisirwa kushandiswa kweInternet) zvakasarudzika. Mhedzisiro yakanangana neyekubva kune mbiri yekufungidzira inokatyamadza psychopathological zvimiro uye hunhu pane ese latent muenzanisi akasiyana pakubata uye kushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira kwaikosha. Nekusiyana, mhedzisiro yakananga kubva kune inochinjika yekushanduka kwemagariro vanhu pane zvese kurwisa uye kushandisirwa kwekushandiswa kweInternet kwaive kusakosha, zvinoreva kuti mhedzisiro iyi yakanga isina kukosha painotongwa nemhedzisiro yemamwe matanho maviri ekupedzisira.

Nekudaro, mhedzisiro kubva kumagariro ekushamwaridzana kuenda kuInternet Useancies zvishoma yakatadza kusvika kukosha ne p = 0.073. Izvo zvakananga mhedzisiro kubva kubata kune GIA (p <0.001) uye kubva paInternet shandisa tarisirop <0.001) yaive yakakosha ine simba rakasimba kukura.

Mhedzisiro isina kunanga kubva kune psychopathological zvikamu pamusoro pekumanikidza kune GIA zvaive zvakakosha (β = 0.173, SE = 0.059, p = 0.003). Zvakare izvo zvisina kunanga mhedzisiro kubva kune psychopathological zvikamu pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira kune GIA zvaive zvakakosha (β = 0.159, SE = 0.072, p = 0.027). Mhedzisiro isina kunanga kubva kuhunhu hunhu pamusoro pekubata kune GIA yaive zvakare akakosha (β = -0.08, SE = 0.041, p = 0.05), asi saizi yekuita yaive shoma. Mhedzisiro isina kunanga kubva kune hunhu pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira kune GIA kwaive kwakakosha (β = –0.160, SE = 0.061, p = 0.009). Izvo zviviri zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro kubva kumagariro chunitions pamusoro pekubata (β = 0.025, SE = 0.030, p = 0.403) uye kushamwaridzana pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira (β = –0.08, SE = 0.045, p = 0.075) kuenda GIA kwaive kusakosha. Iyo mhando ine zvese zvinorema zvinhu uye β-Weights inoratidzwa mumufananidzo 2. Iyo latent dimension psychopathological zvinhu yakagadziriswa zvakanyanya neiyo latent dimension hunhu zvinhu (r = -0.844, p <0.001) uye neyakavanzika nzvimbo yemagariro cognitions (r = -0.783, p <0.001). Zvakare, iwo maviri ekupedzisira madimikira hunhu maficha uye magariro magariro aive akabatana (r = 0.707, p <0.001).

Kuwedzera Kuongorora

Muenzaniso wakatsanangurwa ndiwo weutsi hwepfungwa uye nekudaro izvo zvatakatanga kuedza. Nekudaro, isu takazoyedza mamwe mimwe mimwe mifananidzo kana zvikamu zvemuenzaniso zvakasiyana kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mashandiro eGIA mune rumwe ruzivo. Nyaya yekutanga yataitaura yaive mugariro weiyo psychopathology paGIA, nekuti takaona zvichinakidza kuti zvakananga, zvisinei hazvo, zvaive zvisina kunaka muSEM (ona Mufananidzo 2), kunyangwe padanho rekudyidzana, kuwirirana kwacho kwaive kwakanaka. Iyo yakapfava mhando ine psychopathological zvikamu (zvinomiririrwa neBIS kushungurudzika uye BSI kushushikana mumagariro) seinofungidzira uye GIA (inomiririrwa nezviviri s-IAT zvinhu) sekudaro kusiyanisa kwakasiyana kwaive nemhando yakanaka fit (yese fit indices iri nani pane inogamuchirika) nemhedzisiro yaive yakanaka (β = 0.451, p <0.001). Isu takaverenga zvakare iyo modhi pasina vaviri varevereri, zvichireva kuti psychopathological mativi, hunhu maficha, uye zvemagariro maficha akashanda seanofungidzira akananga uye GIA yaive musiyano unoenderana (ese akasiyana padanho rekupedzisira pamwe nemimwe misiyano inoshandiswa muSEM yese, ona Mufananidzo 2. Iyo modhi isina masvikiro yaive zvakare yakagadzirwa zvakanaka ma indices (neimwe chete kunze: iyo RMSEA yaive ne0.089 zvishoma yakakwira) nemhedzisiro yakananga paGIA (iyo miviri s-IAT zvinhu) yaive: mhedzisiro yezve psychopathological zvikamu paGIA β = 0.167, p = 0.122; mhedzisiro yehunhu hunhu pane GIA β = -0.223, p = 0.017; nemhedzisiro yemagariro emagariro pane GIA β = -0.124, p = 0.081. Ziva kuti mhedzisiro yezve psychopathological zvikamu paGIA ichiri yakanaka mune iyi modhi (asi isina kukosha) apo mhedzisiro inodzorwa nekuda kwemhedzisiro yehunhu uye hukama hwemagariro. Kutorwa pamwechete, mhedzisiro yeiyo SEM yese inotaura kuzere kwekuita kwehunyorwa hwepfungwa muzvinhu zveGIA nevarevereri vaviri (kurwisa uye zvinotarisirwa), uko kunozosimbiswazve nezviitiko zviviri zvinowedzeredza zvinoratidza kuti mugariro wakanaka pane imwe nhanho yemubhadharo uye mune yakapusa modhi inoderedzwa nekuiswa kwehumwe kusiyanisa kwevanofanotaura.

Isu tine zvirevo zvepfungwa zvakaringana zvekuenzanisa semurevereri (Brand et al., 2014. Nekudaro, mumwe anogona zvakare kupokana kuti kukwikwidza hakuregerere mhedzisiro yeakanyanya psychopathological zvikamu, asi ita senge moderator. Kuve nechokwadi chekuti conceptualization yekutevera semurevereri pachinzvimbo chemodareyita yakakodzera, isu takawedzera kuverenga mamwe moderator anoongorora achishandisa moderated kudzokorora kuongorora. Wakati, semuenzaniso, kushandisa psychopathological zvinhu sewe kufanotaura, kubata senge moderator, uye s-IAT (nhamba yemamaki) sekuenderana kwakasiyana, zvese zviri zviviri psychopathological zvikamu (β = 0.267) uye kutsungirira (β = 0.262) kutsanangura kusiyana kweiyo s-IAT zvikuru (zvese zviri zviviri p <0.001), asi kudyidzana kwavo hakuwedzeri tsananguro yemusiyano (shanduko mu R² = 0.003, p = 0.067, β = -0.059) uye kuwedzera kweiyo moderator athari inenge zero (0.3%).

Isu takafungidzawo zera uye murume nemukadzi sezvikonzero zvinogona kuvepo izvo zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nechimiro chemuenzaniso. Kuedza izvi, isu takatanga kuverenga iyo bivariate malanganiswa pakati pezera uye zvimwe zvinhu zvese zvinokonzeresa pakadzika kwazvo kuwirirana. Kwaingova nekubatana kumwe chete na r = 0.21 (zera uye kudzivirira kutarisira), ichiri kuita kwakaderera ((Cohen, 1988), uye zvimwe zvese zvakabatana zvaive nemhedzisiro pakati r = 0.016 uye r = 0.18 neyanyanya kuve r <0.15 uye r <0.10. Iko kuwirirana pakati pezera uye iyo s-IAT yaive zvakare yakaderera kwazvo ne r = -0.14 (kunyangwe ichikosha pa p <0.01, iri pachena mune yakakura sampuli). Mukupfupisa, izvo zvinodikanwa zvekusanganisira zera mune modhi yekutaurirana hazvina kuzadzikiswa (Baron naKenny, 1986) uye isu takasarudza kusasanganisa zera kuti riwedzerwe muenzaniso. Nekuremekedza kwechikadzi, isu takafananidza mapoka 'anoreva zvikero zvese zvakashandiswa uye takawana musiyano mumwechete weboka musiyano (BSI kushushikana munharaunda, vanhukadzi vaive nezvikakwira zvakakwira nemhedzisiro d = 0.28, mimwe mhedzisiro yese yakanga yakadzikira pane 0.28, mhedzisiro yeiyo s-IAT chiratidzo yaive d = 0.19). Isu zvakadaro takayedza kuti chimiro chemhando chakasiyana here kune vakadzi nevarume vachishandisa nzira yekuongororwa muchikamu cheSEM. Izvi zvinoreva kuti isu takaedza kana iyo SEM (ona Mufananidzo 2) yakaenzana kune vatambi vechikadzi uye vatori vechikamu. H0 yeiyi bvunzo ndeiyo: theoretical mod = modiyo yeboka "varume" = modhi yeboka "vakadzi." Zvigaro zvevakakodzera zvese zvaigamuchirwa zvichiratidza kuti chimiro chehukama chaihwo chaihwo chaihwo husina kusiyana kune varume nevakadzi. Iyo RMSEA yaive 0.074 na p <0.001, iyo CFI yaive 0.93, iyo TLI yaive 0.91, uye iyo SRMR yaive 0.054. The χ² bvunzo yaive yakakosha, χ² = 534.43, p <0.001, yakajairwa kupihwa saizi hombe yemuenzaniso. Nekudaro, iyo χ² bvunzo dzeyemhando yekutanga zvaikoshawo neiyo yakakwira zvakanyanya χ² kukosha, χ² = 5833.68, p <0.001. Mupiro kune iyo χ² yemuenzaniso waiyedzwa nevarume nevakadzi vaive vakafanana (χ² mipiro nevakadzi = 279.88, χ² mipiro nevarume = 254.55). Kunyangwe chimiro chose chemuenzaniso chisina kusiyana zvakanyanya kune varume nevakadzi, takaongorora nzira iri nyore uye takawana misiyano mitatu. Iyo nzira kubva kuhunhu hunhu kusvika pakubata yaive yakakosha muvarume (β = -0.437, p = 0.002), asi kwete muvakadzi (β = –0.254, p = 0.161) uye mhedzisiro kubva kuhunhu pazvinhu pane zvaitarisirwa zvaikosha muvarume (β = -0.401, p = 0.001), asi kwete muvakadzi (β = –0.185, p = 0.181). Mukuwedzera, mhedzisiro kubva kune psychopathological zvikamu pane zvinotarisirwa zvaive zvakakosha muvakadzi (β = 0.281, p = 0.05), asi kwete muvarume (β = 0.082, p = 0.599). Mamwe mhedzisiro nezvimwe zvinomiririra zvimiro zvekare zvakange zvisina kusiyana pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi uyezve zvakange zvisina kusiyana nemuenzaniso wese wakaratidzirwa mumufananidzo 2. Muchidimbu, uyu muenzanisiro wakaedzwa wakashanda kune varume nevakadzi, kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakaipa yezvimiro zvehunhu pakubata uye zvinotarisirwa zvinowanikwa muvanhurume zvichienzaniswa nevakadzi uye mhedzisiro kubva mune zvechochocho pfungwa pazvinhu zvinotarisirwa zviripo mune vakadzi, asi kwete muvarume .

hurukuro

Takaunza itsva yedzidziso muenzaniso pane kukudziridzwa uye kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwekupindwa muropa kweInternet (Brand et al., 2014), iyo yakavakirwa pamisoro mikuru na Davis (2001) ndiani akatanga akataura mutsauko pakati peiyo generalized overuse yeInternet (GIA) uye akapindwa muropa nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa zveInternet (SIA). Muchidzidzo chazvino, isu tadudzira theoretical modhi paGIA kuva modhi inoshanda pane latent level uye takaedza iyo SEM tichishandisa online paongororo yehuwandu hweInternet hwevakapindurwa ve1019. Isu takawana iyo yakakwana mhando yemhando yakakodzera neiyo data uye iyo hypothesized SEM, iyo inomiririra iwo makuru makuru eiyo theoretical modhi uye akatsanangura 63.5% yekusiyana kwezviratidzo zveGIA sekuyerwa ne-s-IAT (Pawlikowski et al., 2013).

Iyo muenzaniso ndiyo yekutanga kusunga pamwechete zvinhu zvakabatana neIA zvakadai sekushungurudzika, kushushikana munharaunda, kuzvishingisa, kuzvidzikisira kwakaderera, uye yakanyanya kusagadzikana kushushikana. Zvichienderana nekusimbiswa kwekucherechedzwa kwakanangana nekukudziridza IA uye maitiro ekupinda muruzhinji (Lewis naO'Neill, 2000; Dunne et al., 2013; Newton et al., 2014), iyo modhi inoongorora kana maviri murevereri ari kusiyanisa (maitiro ekupamhidzira uye chinoshandiswa chekushandisa paInternet) achikanganisa zvakanangana nemhedzisiro yeanofanotaura kusiyana (psychopathology, hunhu, uye kuchenjera kwemagariro) pane kusimudzirwa kweGIA. Mhedzisiro inoratidza kuti zvese zviri kutevedzera mataira ekushandisa uye zvinoshandiswa paInternet zvinoita basa rakakosha.

Ese akasiyana-siyana (mafungidziro nemurevereri) akabatanidzwa mumuenzaniso akaenderana zvakanyanya neiyo s-IAT chikero pane bivariate level. Izvi zvinonyatsoenderana nekumberi kwekutsvagiridza kwehukama hwehukama pakati pezviratidzo zveIA uye hunhu hunhu, zviratidzo zvechirwere chepfungwa uye zvimwewo zvinhu zvinomisidzana, sezvakataurwa muChisumo. Nekudaro, mukuongororwa kweSEM, mhedzisiro yakanangana nevatatu vekufanotaura (pane latent dimension) yakanga isingachakoshi panguva yekubatanidza vayananisi vemuenzaniso kumuenzaniso. Izvi zvinoreva kuti psychopathological zvikamu (kushungurudzika, kushushikana munharaunda), hunhu hunhu (kuzvishingisa, kuzvibata, uye kushushikana nekugadzikana) pamwe nekunzwisisika munharaunda (kusurukirwa kwemanzwiro, kufunga kwetsigiro yemagariro) hazvibate zviratidzo zveGIA zvakananga, asi izvo pesvedzero yavo inosvikirwa neyakaomeswa kutevedzera maitiro, kana kushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira, kana zvese zviri zviviri. Nekudaro, psychopathological zvikamu uye hunhu hunhu zvinofanotaura nezvekusaita kubata kwemapipi maitiro uye Internet kushandiswa kutarisira. Zvemagariro vanhu vanoziva, zvisinei, hazvina hukama zvakanyanya nekubata uye zvinotarisirwa, apo hukama hwavo hunodzorwa nekuda kwemhedzisiro ye psychopathological uye hunhu zvinhu (asi ziva kuti izvo zvitatu zvinofungidzira latent zvikamu zvakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye kuti mhedzisiro kubva munharaunda yekuziva kushandiswa kweInternet. expectancies zvishoma akatadza kusvika kukosha). Mhedzisiro yakanangana neyeviri yekubata maitiro uye kutarisira kwazviratidzo zveGIA zvaive zvakakosha. Muchidimbu, chidzidzo chazvino, kunyangwe nehuwandu husiri hwechipatara, hachingobvumidza zvakawanikwa zvakapfuura nezvekukodzera kwechimiro chekubata uye kubata nezviitiko zvinoshungurudza zvehupenyu (Kardefelt-Winther, 2014; Tang et al., 2014; Tonioni et al., 2014) pamwe nekushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira (Turel naSerenko, 2012; Xu et al., 2012; Lee et al., 2014) yekukudziridza kana kuchengetedza zviratidzo zveGIA, asi zvinotsanangudza iro basa rekupokana uye kutarisira sevasvikiro muchiitiko chakadzika cheGIA.

Iyo mhando yakaedzwa pamwe nehuwandu hukuru hwepamhepo. Model inofanirwa kuongororwa pamwe nekutsanangurwa zvakajeka kliniki samples, sekurapa-kutsvaga vanhu. Zvinorehwa nemuenzaniso zvaizonyanya kuve nesimba nechaverengeki yekiriniki kuturika zvakanangana nemhedzisiro yekiriniki. Kunyangwe 11.3% yemuenzaniso yakataura zvinetso zvekushandiswa kweInternet uye 3.7% vakazvirondedzera sevane mukana wekushandisa muropa weInternet, chidzidzo ichi chinotariswa kungo tarisa kwekutanga kuti uone kana modhi racho richishanda uye richikwevera zvirevo izvo zvinogona kuve nehutano hwakakodzera. Nekudaro, semuenzaniso mutsva uine kukosha kwehunhu uchishandisa dzakasiyana siyana dzepfungwa nehunhu bvunzo kune vashandisi vepa online, mashoma zvikonzereso zvekiriniki, izvo zvinogona kukurudzira kutsvagarira kuongorora munguva yemberi, zvinogona kuitwa nekungwarira.

Chekutanga, vanhu vanekusagwinyisa kusimba kubata nematambudziko muhupenyu hwavo uye vane tarisiro yekuti Internet inogona kushandiswa kuwedzera kwakanaka kana kuderedza kusadzikama kwemamiriro ekunze vanogona kunge vachiwedzera GIA. Zvakare, mhedzisiro ye psychopathological zvikamu pane zvese zvisina basa kurapa uye kushandisirwa kwekushandiswa kweInternet zvaive zvakanaka zvichiratidza kuti zviratidzo zvepamusoro zvekushungurudzika uye kusagadzikana munharaunda zvinogona kuwedzera njodzi yekusagadzikana maitiro ekurapa uyezve nezvetarisiro iyo Internet inopa rubatsiro pakubata nekushushikana kana yakaipa. mhemo. Izvo chete kana izvi zviitiko zvikaita mukonzati, zvichireva kusanganiswa kwezviratidzo zvechochopathological uye kurwisa / zvinotarisirwa, mukana wekushandisa iyo Internet muropa unoratidzika kunge unowedzera.

Kechipiri, kunyangwe huwandu hwezvidzidzo zvinogadzirisa kurapwa kweGIA ishoma, iyo meta-kuongororwa yakabudiswa na Winkler et al. (2013) Anopokana kuti cognitive-behaviour solution ndiyo nzira yesarudzo. Izvi zvinonyanya kukoshesa kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro yekurapa panguva inoshandiswa online, kushungurudzika, uye zviratidzo zvekushushikana. Muchokwadi, ekurapa-maitiro ekurapa kweIA (CBT-IA; Mudiki, 2011a) yave ichizivikanwa senzira yakajairika yekurapa IA (Cash et al., 2012. Mukati mekunzwisisa-maitiro ekurapa kweGIA akatsikiswa na Mudiki (2011a), humwe hunhu pamwe nekukanganisa uye kutarisira kweInternet kutarisirwa kwatove kuchiratidzirwa kuve kwakakodzera mukati mekurapa kweGIA, asi humbowo hwehupfumi hwaive hwakashomeka (semuenzaniso, Muduku, 2013).

Izvo zvawanikwa zvakawanikwa muchidzidzo ichi zvinopa humwe humwe humbowo hwekuratidzira kuti kuchenjera-maitiro ekurapa uye CBT-IA inogona kushanda kurapa IA. Iyo chaiyo yemunhu anonzwisisika (nzira yekumiririra uye internet yekushandisa zvinotarisirwa) kureverera kukanganisa kwezviratidzo zvechochopathological zviratidzo (kushungurudzika, kushushikana munharaunda), hunhu, uye hunhu hwemagariro (kusurukirwa, rutsigiro rwemagariro) pane zviratidzo zveGIA. Kushandisa kurapa kwekuziva, kusimbisa mukutarisirwa kunofanira kusanganisira kuziva kusanzwisisika kwekuziva kunogadziriswa. Ndokunge, kana waongororwa, vanachiremba vanofanirwa kuongorora zvinoshandiswa paInternet kuti vanzwisise zvinodiwa nemutengi uye ndedzipi nzira idzo mutengi anotenda kuti Internet ingabatsira kugutsa.

Zvikasadaro, zvakawanikwa zvinotaurawo kuti kurapwa kunofanirwa kugadzirisa kusanzwisisika kwakabatana nekusaita basa kweInternet. Izvi zviwanikwa zvinosimbisa zvidzidzo zvekare izvo zvakaratidza kusanzwisisika kuchenjera sekunyanyisa, kudzivirira, kudzvanyirira, kukura, kusarongeka kwekugadzirisa dambudziko, kana kusazvibata pachako kwakabatana nekupindwa muropa kwekushandiswa kweInternet (Muduku, 2007. Kiriniki inoreva izvi zvakawanikwa ndezvekuti kurapa kunofanirwa kushandisa kudzokorodza nekunyorazve kurwisa pfungwa dzinotungamira mukushandiswa kwekupindwa muropa kweInternet. Semuenzaniso, murwere anotambura neGIA anogona kunge aine zviratidzo zvekushushikana munharaunda uye kunyara uye saka shamwari shoma uye zvakare kunetsekana nevamwe kuchikoro. Iye anogona ipapo kufunga kuti kutaura nevamwe vanhu kuburikidza nesocial network zvinogutsa iye kudiwa kwake pasina kuita zvinotyisa mamiriro ezvinhu "chaiye" kufambidzana munharaunda. Pamusoro pezvo, anogona kunge aine tarisiro yekuti zvakare kutamba mutambo wepamhepo zvinogona kumuvhiringidza kubva kumatambudziko kuchikoro uye kuti kutenga online kana kutsvaga ruzivo paInternet kunogona kuderedza kusurukirwa. Kurapa kwaizomutarisa pakuona dzimwe nzvimbo kuchikoro kana muhupenyu hwomunhu oga kwaanogona kuvaka kukudzwa uye kugutsa zvinodiwa munharaunda. Kana akamira kupa chikonzero chekuti nzvimbo dzekushamwaridzana, mitambo uye nzvimbo dzekutenga ndidzo chete nzvimbo dzaanonzwa zvakanaka nezvehupenyu hwake uye akawana mamwe matanho ane hutano, anovimba zvishoma neanozove ari pane akasiyana epaindaneti kushandisa. Kuziva iro basa rinotorwa mukuziva kweGIA, kurapa kwakanzwisisika kunogona kubatsira vatengi kuronga zvakare fungidziro nedudziro dzinochengeta online. Zvekare, izvi zvingangoitika zvekiriniki zvakakonzerwa nemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvinofanirwa kurapwa nekuchenjerera, nekuti izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zvichidzokororwa mukutsvaga-kurapwa, senda remakiriniki.

Kubva pane yakajeka maonero, zvisinei, izvi zvinowanikwa zvinowana ruzivo rwekuti varapi vanogona kunyatsoshandisa sei CBT-IA kune varwere vakapindwa muropa neInternet. Kugadzirisa maitiro kunogona kubatsira vatengi kuti vagadzire uye kuchinjisa nzira nyowani dzezvekuita nekutarisana nekunetseka kwezuva nezuva. Kurapa kunofanirwa kutarisa kubatsira avo vatengi kuwana nzira dzehutano dzekubata pane kutendeukira kuInternet. Chinhu chikuru che CBT-IA maitiro ekurapa kubatsira vatengi kuti vakwanise kurarama nezvipenga zvinopa rubatsiro kuIA, zvakananga kana kusarudzika (Mudiki, 2011a, 2013. Izvo zviwanikwa zvinoratidzira kuti kuvandudza kugona kubata kunogona kudzikisa kukosha kwekuenda online kune vatengi. Kunyangwe yakadzidzwa mune yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, isu tinotenda kuti kutsvaga kuti kubata nekutarisira vari masvikiro mukuvandudza nekuchengetedza GIA kunobatsira kuti vanzwisise zvirinani zveGIA uye kuti vangangove vaine mhedzisiro yekurapa, sezvataurwa pamusoro . Chimwe chinhu chisina kutariswa muchidzidzo chazvino basa rekutanga kutendeka kwe cortex. Kunyatsoita kweCBT-IA kunokwanisikawo kushanda kwemurwere, nekuti kusimbisa kudzora kwekushandisa kweInternet nguva yekurapa kunowanzoenderana nemabasa ekutungamira uye mamwe maitiro akakwirira-euchenjeri ekuziva. Izvi zvakakosha kugadzirisa muzvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi, nekuti kazhinji nguva pfupi yadarika pane zvinyorwa zvakaburitswa zvinoratidza kuti prefrontal cortex mabasa anogona kunge akaderedzwa muvarwere vane IA (ona mufananidzo mu Brand et al., 2014).

Muchienzaniso chedu, zera raive rakapindirana nezviratidzo zveGIA, asi neiyo yakaderera kwazvo size size (kutsanangura 1.96% yemusiyano, chete). Kufunga nezvezvazvino zvinyorwa pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternet mune vanhu vakuru (semuenzaniso, Eastman uye Iyer, 2004; Vuori naHolmlund-Rytkönen, 2005; Campbell, 2008; Nimrod, 2011), mumwe anogona kunze kwekukanganisa zera pane zvinoverengeka zvekushandisa iyo Internet, sekushandisa zvinangwa uye nzira iyo vakuru vanoona kunakidzwa uye kugutsikana paInternet. Tichifunga nezvekuti vanhu vakura vanewo mukana wakakura wekukudziridza kushaya mabasa nekuda kwekumberi kwekushanduka cortex nekuchinja kwezera (Alvarez naEmory, 2006), iyo zvakare yakabatana nesarudzo dzekuita sarudzo (Brand naMarkowitsch, 2010), mumwe anogona kufungidzira kuti vanhu vakura vane masimba anoderedzwa, avo vanowana huwandu hwakawanda hwemafaro paInternet vanogona kukudziridza GIA. Nekudaro, izvi hazvimiririwe nedata redu, sezvo sampu yedu isina kubatanidza zvidzidzo zvekare. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kuongorora izvo zvinowanikwa mungozi zvine chekuita nenjodzi yeGIA mune vakuru vakuru.

Gender haina kukanganisa chimiro chese chemuenzaniso. Mune zvinyorwa zvakapfuura, gadziriro yemurume nemukadzi yakawanikwa kune mamwe marudzi eIA, akadai semitambo yepamhepo (semuenzaniso, Ko et al., 2005) uye kunyanya cybersex (Meerkerk et al., 2006; Griffiths, 2012; Laier et al., 2013, 2014), asi zvakataurwa zvakare kuti varume nevakadzi vese vari panjodzi yekutanga kushandisa kwekupinda muropa kweInternet (Young et al., 1999, 2011. Mukudzidza kwedu, mhedzisiro yevakadzi paGIA, sekuyerwa ne-s-IAT, yaive yakaderera (d = 0.19, ona zvawanikwa), zvichiratidza kuti mune huwandu hwese vanhukadzi vese vari mungozi yakafanana yekukudziridza GIA. Kunyangwe hazvo gono harina kukanganisa iyo yakajairika data muSEM, pakanga paine mimwe misiyano pakati pevakadzi nevarume zvine chekuita nematanhatu mhedzisiro kubva ku-predor kusiyanisa kune vanoyananisa. Sezvakapfupikiswa muchikamu chezvemhedzisiro, zvirevo zve psychopathological zvakave nemhedzisiro yekutarisira muvakadzi, kwete kuvarume, mune yakashata maitiro ehunhu hunhu pakubata uye kutarisiraancow kunowanikwa muvarume kupfuura mune vakadzi. Mhedzisiro iyi inokodzera pamwe nemabhuku emusiyano wechikadzi nezve kushushikana uye kushushikana munharaunda (Sprock uye Yoder, 1997; Moscovitch et al., 2005), pamwe nekuzvishingisa uye kuzvishandira wega (Huang, 2012. Nekudaro, iyo mativi ayo ari iwo akatarisisa echidzidzo, iwo ekureva mhedzisiro yekubata uye kutarisiraancies uye kukosha kwayo kweGIA hakuna kukanganisika nehurume (ona mhedzisiro yerevo yekuongororwa kwechimiro). Saka nekuzvimirira kwekuti jenda rinogona kupesvedzera sei kushushikana munharaunda, kushungurudzika kana humwe hunhu, kubata uye zvinotarisirwa zvinofanirwa kutariswa muBTT-IA muvatengesi vese.

Pakupedzisira, pane akati wandei pazvidzidzo izvi. Iyo ichangobva kuvandudzwa mhando inoda kuedzwazve kuongororwa pane varwere vezvirwere kuti vaone zvizere kushanda kwayo kwekiriniki kurapwa. Inofanirawo kuongororwa uchishandisa iyo yakareba vhezheni yeIAT (Muduku, 1998; Widyanto neMcMurran, 2004) seyero yakanyanya kuyedzwa muzvinyorwa. Isu takashandisa iyo yakapfupika vhezheni yakapihwa kureba kweyekushandisa chishandiso chatakaenzanisira iyo yose modhi asi kana tikadzokorodza basa iri nechirwere chekiriniki, zvinokurudzirwa kuti tishandise IAT pamwe nezvimwe zviyero zveIA, sekuwongorora kweInternet uye Computer mutambo kupindwa muropa saizi (AICA-S) kana kiriniki kubvunzana (AICA-C) yakagadziriswa uye inoshanda nemapoka echipatara na (Wölfling et al., 2010, 2012. Kupfuurirazve, isu takagadzira uye takaedza iyo Internet yekushandisa tarisiro yemibvunzo nekuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzidza uku. Tichiri nzira yekuchengetedza uye nekuchenjerera mukukudziridzwa kwesikali, chiyero ichi chinofanirwa kuongororwa pamusoro pehuwandu hwehuwandu hwechokwadi uye iyo mibvunzo yekubvunzana inoda kuedzwa kwakasimba muzvidzidzo zvichauya. Kuwedzerwa uye kwakanyanya kuwandisa zviyero uye kubvunzurudza kunofanirawo kuisirwa kumakiriniki emakiriniki, sezvo akawanda ezvipikicha zvakaongororwa mukudzidza kwedu akaayerwa vachishandisa mapfupi mibvunzo nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoregedzwa, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinoshanda (nguva yekumisikidza muchimiro chekuongororwa kwepamhepo) . Rimwe dambudziko rinogona kuvepo nderokujairika nzira (Podsakoff et al., 2003. Nehurombo, hapana chakajeka chiratidzo, chinofanira kuve chakabatana kune zvimwe zvinhu zvese, chakaverengerwa mune kudzidza nezvikonzero zvinoshanda (ongororo yakatora inenge 25 min, ndicho chikamu chakakomba cheongororo yepamhepo). Kunyangwe isu tisingakwanise kuregedza mhedzisiro yemaitiro akasiyana mutsauko pane zvawanikwa, tinopokana kuti izvi hazviite kuti nhoroondo iyi iite. Paunenge uchiongorora bivariate malanganiswa (Tafura 3) mumwe anogona kuona kuti mamwe acho akaderera kwazvo (semuenzaniso, r = -0.08, r = -0.09, r = 0.12 nezvimwewo). Isu tinofunga kuti izvi zvakaperera kuwirirana zvinopa mamwe zvinyoro zvinyoro zvekufungidzira kuti nzira yakajairika kusiana haina kukanganisa kuongororwa kukuru. Nekudaro, iyo modhi inofanirwa kuedzwa nehurongwa hwakarongeka hwerudzi- maitiro-akawanda-maitiro (Campbell naFiske, 1959) muzvidzidzo zvichauya.

Chidzidzo chazvino chinotarisa nezveGIA, zvinoreva kuti muenzaniso pane SIA, sezvakatsanangurwa na Brand et al. (2014), ichiri kuda kuongororwa simba. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeSIA (semuenzaniso, mutambo wemitambo, porno, kana kubhejera paInternet) unofanirwa kuongororwa kuti uone kana kutevedzera hunyanzvi uye kushandiswa kweInternet kutarisira kunogona kuita zvakafanana mukuvandudza dambudziko. Izvo zvakare zvichiri kupokana kana iyo pfungwa yeGIA yakanyanya kukwana yekuvhara maitiro ane dambudziko muvarwere. Takawana umboo hwehukama pakati pezvinetso zvekuzvitaurira zvine chekuita nekushandiswa kusingaiti kwekushandisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwepaInternet nezvakasiyana zvinokurudzirwa muenzanisi. Pfungwa yeGIA yaishandiswa s-IAT yekuraira uye zvinhu zvakaumbwa, asiwo nenyaya yekuti vanopfuura 97% yevatori vechikamu vanogara vachishandisa matatu kana akawanda akasiyana maapplication epaInternet, sekutaura, kutamba, kubhejera, cybersex, kutenga, kana kutsvaga ruzivo. Kubva pamaonero echi kiriniki, zvakadaro inyaya yemusoro wekupokana kana GIA inogona kunge iri chikonzero chekutsvaga kurapwa kana kana varwere-vari kutsvaga varwere vanonetseka nekurasikirwa kwekutonga pamusoro pekushandiswa kweimwe application, chete. Isu tinopa zano rekufunga nezvepfungwa iyi mukuongororwa kwekiriniki nekuongorora zvakadzama hunhu hwekushandiswa kwepaInternet uye ongorora kuti kakawanda sei kusagadziriswa uye kupindwa muropa kwekushandisa kweinopfuura yeimwe internet application kuri muma sampuli emakiriniki. Pamusoro pezvo, hazvisi zvinhu zvese zvinotsanangurwa muiyo theorytiki pane GIA zvinogona kuverengerwa mune ino fundo. Semuenzaniso, humwe hunhu hunhu kana humwe hutano hwepfungwa hunogona kuverengerwa mune ramangwana zvidzidzo.

mhedziso

Iwo makuru hypotheses emuenzaniso paGIA anotsigirwa neane empirical data. Hunhu hwepakati hunhu hune hukama nezviratidzo zveGIA, asi mhedzisiro idzi dzinopindirwa nekwakananga kwemunhu, kunyanya kubata maitiro uye kushandisirwa kwekushandiswa kweInternet. Idzi pfungwa dzinofanira kugadziriswa mukurapa kwekushandiswa kwekupindwa muropa kweInternet.

Munyori Mipiro

Matthias Brand akanyora kunyorwa kwekutanga kwepepa, akatarisira kuunganidzwa kwedatha, nekuongorora nekududzira ruzivo. Christian Laier akabatsira zvakanyanya mukubata kwekudzidza kwehumwari uye kuunganidza data, uye nekudzokorora manyoro. Kimberly S. Young akagadziridza kunyorwa, akaudzokorora zvakanyanya, uye akapa neruzivo uye zvakanyatsoita manyoro. Vanyori vese vakapedzisira vatendera zvinyorwa. Vanyori vese vanozvidavirira pamativi ese ebasa.

Kurwisana kweShoko Nyaya

Vanyori vanotaura kuti kutsvakurudza kwakaitwa mukusabatwa kweukama hwekutengeserana kana hwezvemari hunogona kunzi sekugona kukakavara kwechido.

Kutenda

Tinotenda Elisa Wegmann naJan Snagowski nemipiro yavo yakakosha pakudzidza uye manyowani. Ivo vakatibatsira zvakanyanya nekuronga iyo online online ongororo uye kutarisa data.

References

Rakapepetwa:

Ofir Turel, California State University, Fullerton uye University of Southern California, USA

Akaongororwa nevanhu:

Aviv M. Weinstein, Hadassah Kurongwa Kwekurapa, Israeri
Daria Joanna Kuss, Nottingham Trent University, UK