Nharembozha ubiquity: Kunzwisisa hukama pakati pekufungisisa kunwa, smartphone kupindwa muropa uye netiweki network services (2019)

Volume 90, January 2019, Mapeji 246-258

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.013 Wana kodzero uye zviripo

Muchidimbu

Zvinodhaka kumapurisa e-smartphone zvinodarika kusagadzikana kwehutano hwemasangano evanhu (SNS).
Smartphone inokanganisa kushanduka inopesana nedzidzo yekuwana; SNS haina.
Vashandi vanodhevedzwa kumasikironi uye SNS vanoziva zvakanakisisa kugunun'una.
Iko kunokonzerwa nekuziva kunzwisisika kwakanyanya kune SNS kupfuura mafoni.
Kukanganisa kwekufungisisa kugadziriswa pakombiyuta zvinokonzerwa nekudhakwa kweSNS.

ngovepo

Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chiripo kuongorora misiyano pakati peiyo muropa smartphone zvishandiso maringe nekupindwa muropa nemasocial network services (SNS), uye nebasa remafungiro evashandisi. Nepo boka riri kukura rebasa rakaratidza zvinokonzeresa mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwe smartphone, zvishoma zvidzidzo zvakawonesa pakati pekupindwa muropa nemudziyo maringe nekupindwa muropa nevemasocial network masevhisi kana kuyera pesvedzero yemafungire evashandisi pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone. Kupa ruzivo kuhurukuro iyi, chidzidzo chezvino chaive nezvinangwa zvitatu zvakakosha. Yekutanga yaive yekuongorora mutsauko uripo pakati pekupindwa muropa ne smartphone uye netiweki network services kupindwa muropa. Chinangwa chechipiri chaive chekunzwisisa kukanganisa kwemafungidziro evashandisi pane kupindwa muropa (kuyerwa kuburikidza nekunwa kwekuziva kuongorora mamiriro evashandisi ekubatana nekubatana ne software uye tekinoroji). Chinangwa chedu chekupedzisira kwaive kuongorora misiyano ye demographic zvinhu ye-smartphone uye yemagariro ekushamwaridzana mabasa akapindwa muropa nemafungiro evashandisi. Kubva pane ongororo ye bhizimisi vadzidzi vepayunivhesiti iri kuMid-Atlantic mudunhu reUnited States, zvawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti kupindwa muropa nemidziyo yechikuru kwakakura pane kupindwa muropa nemasaiti kuwana dzidzo, nepo pasocial network sevhisi yekushandiswa isingaisiyane nehurume, zera kana dzidzo. Kupfuurirazve, vashandisi vakapindwa muropa nema Smartphones uye masocial network vanowana zvakakwirira zvekubata kwekuziva, kunyanya nevanhukadzi pavanenge vachishandisa social network services uye yakakura kune social network services kupfuura smartphones. Chekupedzisira, tinoona kuti kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekunyengedzera pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone kunopindirwa nekupindwa muropa nesaiti SNS masevhisi.

Keywords

Mobile ubiquity

Technology kupindwa muropa

Dambudziko rekushandisa kweApple

Mafungiro evashandisi

Demographic zvinhu

1. ziviso

smartphones zvine mukurumbira munharaunda yemazuva ano; umboo hunoratidza kuti kwaive ne3.9 mabhiriyoni mafoni epasi rose mu2016, iyo inofungidzirwa kukwira ku6.8 bhiriyoni ne2022 (Motorola, 2017. Smartphone tekinoroji, zvisinei, ndiyo muenzaniso mukuru we chii Mick naFortnier (1998) rezita se 'paradox ye tekinoroji', inogona kuita zviri zviviri kusunungura uye kuita nhando panguva imwe chete. Smartphones inotipa rusununguko rwekutaurirana, kushamwaridzana uye kutsvaga ruzivo munzira dzisingatombofungidzike makumi maviri emakore apfuura; tekinoroji ye smartphone inogona zvakare kukonzera kushomeka kwemushandisi uye unobvisa zvinobuda pamushandisi nemaitiro.

Pachinyakare internet yaive iri huru nyaya yekutarisa zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi hwekupindwa muropa uye dambudziko remaitiro maitiro (De-Sola Gutiérrez, Rodríguez de Fonseca, & Rubio, 2016. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, tekinoroji mbozha mbozhanhare - uye kunyanya kuuya kweiyo smartphone - yatanga kupamhidzira Internet senge ichangobva kupi maitiro akapindwa muropa (Lane & Nzira, 2011; Lin et al., 2015. Kupfuurirazve, kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone kunogona kukakavara zvakanyanya kuve yakakosha kuti udzidze pane kushandisa zvinetso paInternet sezvo smartphones inopa nhare computa chikuva (ine maWebhurawuza uye GPS inofamba-famba masevhisi) ine kutakura kwakakura kupfuura kumwe komputa zvishandiso senge laptops uye mahwendefa uye kupindwa muropa nekudaro zvinogona kuve zvakanyanya zvakanyanya (Demirci, Orhan, Demirdas, Akpinar, & Sert, 2014; Jeong, Kim, Yum, & Hwang, 2016; Kwon, Kim, Cho, & Yang, 2013).

Nhaurirano iri kubuda iye zvino mumabhuku musiyano uripakati pekupindwa muropa nechidimbu kupindwa muropa nezvinoshandiswa uye zviri mukati, nehukama hwezviri zviviri izvi (De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016), chiyeuchidzo chekare kunzvera maererano neInternet (Griffiths, 1999. Kunyange vazhinji vanoverengera vakaongorora kupindwa muropa nechero smartphone, vashoma zvikuru vakafunga kupindwa muropa nechinzvimbo ichi kupindwa muropa nemimwe masevhisi, kunyanya social network services (SNS), iyo inopa online chikuva nokuti kuvaka hukama zvichibva pane zvakagovaniswa iwe pachako zvikamu. Ipo chidiki chidiki chehunyanzvi chakaongorora kupindwa muropa nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemukati (semuenzaniso nhau, varaidzo, kushamwaridzana)Bian & Leung, 2015; Rosen, Whaling, Mutakuri, Cheever, & Rokkum, 2013; van Deursen, Bolle, Hegner, & Kommers, 2015), kunze kwe Jeong et al. (2016), hapana fundo yekumberi yakaenzanisa mhando dzakasiyana dzezvakanyorwa mune chero chinhu, kana, nekuwedzera, musiyano pakati pekupindwa muropa nedhipisi kupindirana nemirayiridzo. Uyu musiyano wakasviba wakakosha nekuti unotibatsira kunyatsonzwisisa kupindwa muropa kwefoni, kunyanya sevamwe mafoni efoni zviitiko zvinogona kunge zvichinyanyoenderana nekupindwa muropa kupfuura vamwe (Roberts, Yaya, & Manolis, 2014).

Mukubva pane zvidzidzo zvekare zvezvekuita, chidzidzo chiripo chinoongorora nharo mbiri dzakasiyana dzinotanga kuoneka mumabhuku, kureva kupindwa muropa nemudziyo kana kupindwa muropa neSNS, muchidzidzo chimwe chete. Kupfuurirazve, isu tinoongorora mashandisiro evashandisi ekufungisisa - mamiriro avo ekubata uye kusangana nesoftware uye tekinoroji - ine smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa, kubatsira kubatsira kunzwisisa kwemaonero evashandisi munzvimbo dzakagadziriswa nemakomputa. Chekupedzisira, tinofunga nezve zvinogona kuita simba re demographic zvinhu pane smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa.

The dhizaini yekutsvagisa yakanga yakavakirwa pane imwechete-chikamu chikamu chikamu uye kuzvitaurira ongororo. Zviyero zvakagamuchirwa kubva kuzvidzidzo zvakapfuura, asi zvakashandurwa uye zvakawedzerwa kuti zvioneke mamiriro ekudzidza uku. Ongororo iyi yakaitwa online uye yakapihwa kuna bhizimisi vadzidzi kuyunivhesiti iri kuMid-Atlantic mudunhu reUnited States. Hypothesis yekuongorora yakaitwa kuburikidza ne-t-bvunzo, kuongororwa kwekusiyana (ANOVA), kudzvinyirira, uye Sobel bvunzo.

Chidzidzo chakarongedzwa nenzira inotevera. Kutevera sumo iyi, isu tinofunga nezvenyaya yehunyanzvi hwekupindwa muropa uye kutsvagurudza kuongorora kunetsa kwekushandisa kwe smartphone. Tevere tinoongorora iyo yemafungiro evashandisi kuburikidza nepfungwa yekufungisisa kunamwa. Isu tinobva tadzokera kune iko kukura kweakateedzana ezvinyorwa. Izvo zvakasara zveongororo zvine simba zvinoongorora fungidziro zvichibva pane data rakawanikwa kuburikidza neongororo, kusanganisira hurukuro, mhedzisiro uye zvinorehwa nezvakawanikwa pakudzidza.

1.1. Tsanangudzo uye kuongorora kwemabhuku

Zvinangwa zvechidzidzo ichi zvakapetwa katatu: kuongorora mutsauko uripo pakati pekupindwa muropa ne smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa; kuti unzwisise pesvedzero yemafungiro evashandisi pane kupindwa muropa (kuyerwa kuburikidza nekufungisisa kunwa kuti utarise mamiriro evashandisi ekubatana nekubatana ne software uye tekinoroji); uye kuongorora misiyano yehuwandu hwevanhu hwe smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa uye maonero evashandisi. Ichi chikamu chinoongorora zvinyorwa zvekumashure pane izvi misoro, zvichitarisa tekinoroji kupindwa muropa, kunetsekana kushandisa smartphone uye kugona kwekuziva.

1.2. Technology kupindwa muropa

Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary (1995: 273) inotsanangudza kupindwa muropa se "... maitiro awanikwa maitiro angave akangoita kana zvachose," uku Gale Encyclopedia yeMishonga (1999) inotora kupindwa muropa se "... kuvimba, pahunhu kana chinhu icho munhu asina simba chekumumisa." Netsika, kupindwa muropa kwaionekwa sekuenderana chete nezvezvinhu (sewaini nedoro nezvinodhaka), asi zvakazowedzerwa kuwanda. maitiro ane dambudziko (kusanganisira kunyanyisa kurara pabonde uye kwepamberi kubhejera). Kupfuurirazve, vamwe vakapokana kuti chero hunhu husingadzoreki kana hwakanyanyisa maitiro kana chiitiko chinofanirwa kutorwa sekupindwa muropa (Peele, 1985).

Iyo American Psychiatric Association's Kuongorora uye Statistical Manual of Matambudziko Epfungwa (DSM), parizvino mugwaro rayo rechishanu (DSM-V, 2013), misungo inowanzobvumiranwa mamiriro epfungwa. Makiriniki akafunga pane imwe nguva nezve kugona kupindwa muropa kwetekinoroji, kunyange DSM haichazvioni sechipo, ichichengetedza nekuti inozviratidza semhedzisiro yedzimwe pfungwa dzakapfuura, dzakadai sekudzikiswa. kugadziriswa (Yellowlees & Marks, 2007. Izvi zvakataura, zvisinei, kupindwa muropa kwakasiyana siyana kwetekinoroji kwakakwezva kumwe kutsvakisisa kutarisisa pane rakawanda nzira dzehunyanzvi kwenguva yakati, uye kwave kuri kudaidzwa kwekuzivikanwa kwavo (Block, 2008).

Muchirevo che nheyo dzemashoko kuranga, Carillo, Scornavacca, & Za, 2017 inotaura kuti kuvimba kwepfungwa (kupindwa muropa) kune ruzivo uye teknolojia yekukurukura havafanirwe kuvhiringidzwa -vavarira kutsamira. Kunyange idzo pfungwa mbiri dzingave dzakabatana uye dzinogona kukanganisa sarudzo dzevanhu dzekufunga IT, vavariro yakanangana nezvinangwa inotora danho iro kugona kwemunhu kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvake kunoenderana nekushandisa kwehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji. Izvo zvinowanzo tarisa pane zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi. Kune rimwe divi, kupindwa muropa kunowanzotarisa pane kwakanyanya kwakaipa kukanganisa kwehunyanzvi shandisa sezvazvinei na mamiriro epfungwa of maladaptive kutsamira pakushandisa tekinoroji kusvika padanho rakadaro rekuti zvinooneka-rinomanikidza maitiro echiratidzo anomuka. Iri pepa rinotarisa pane ino chikamu chechinhu chakaitika.

Mumuviri uri kukura wekutsvaga wakanongedza huvepo hwekupindwa muropa nemhando dzinoverengeka dzehunyanzvi hwekuzivisaBarnes & Pressey, 2014; Carillo et al. 2017; Griffiths, 2001; Lin, 2004; Turel, Serenko, & Giles, 2011; Turel & Serenko, 2010). Turel et al. (2011) taura kuti neurobehaisheral rutsigiro rwapihwa kune kuvepo kwemaitiro akapindwa muropa, kusanganisira kupindwa muropa nehunyanzvi, uye kunongedzera kune zvakafanana pakati pezvinhu nezvinodhaka zvinodhaka.Helmuth, 2001. Imwe fundo inoshandisa functional magnetic resonance imaging mumitambo yemitambo yepamhepo yakawana kuti kukurudzira / kuchiva kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka uye kukurudzira / kuchiva mune zvemitambo zvemitambo zvinodhaka zvine mukurumbira. neurobiological michina (Ko et al. 2009. Saka Turel et al. (2011, p. 1045) inopedzisa ichiti "Naizvozvo, zvine musoro kuti tishandise pfungwa, mienzaniso uye dzidziso kubva munzvimbo yekupindwa muropa nezvinwiwa kune chikamu chitsva chekupindwa muropa kwemaitiro".

Zvidzidzo zvinoongorora mashandisirwo enjekinoroji zvine mutsara unofungidzirwa; semuenzaniso, Hadley Cantril naGordon W. Allport vakabvunza hunhu hunogona kupindwa muropa hwe zvirongwa zveredhiyo muzvinyorwa zvavo Iyo Psychology yeRadio yakabudiswa muna 1935. Gare gare kudzidza kwepashure kwakagadzirisa kuderera pane mamwe matekinoroji akanyanya kuona terevhizheni (Horvath, 2004; Mcllwraith, 1998), yakanyanyisa mutambo wevhidhiyo uchitamba (Vachengeti, 1990), 'kupindwa muropa nekombuta' (Shotton, 1991), uye mukana wekupindwa muropa neInternet (Brenner, 1997; Griffiths, 1996, 1997; Muduku, 1998), nenyaya yenyaya yekupedzisira yakwezva kutarisa kwakakosha kwehunyanzvi (Bozoglan, Demirer, & Sahin, 2014; Mabhiriji & Florsheim, 2008; Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Demirer & Bozoglan, 2016; Kuss, van Rooij, Shorter, Griffiths, & van de Mheen, 2013; Lehenbauer-Baum et al. 2015; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000; Pontes & Griffiths, 2016; Turel et al. 2011). A subset of Internet addiction research yakaongororawo zvakananga zviitiko zvepamhepo, kusanganisira kupindwa muropa ne online auction (Turel et al. 2011)Barnes & Pressey, 2014. Imwe yemusikirwo kuwedzera kwemutsara uyu wekubvunza kwehunyanzvi iyo yakagamuchira nyanzvi kutaridzika kune dambudziko smartphone kushandisa.

1.3. Dambudziko rekushandisa smartphone

Chidzidzo chekutanga kuongorora zvine simba nharembozha kupindwa muropa kunofungidzirwa kune dzidziso yetenzi (Jang, 2002), yakaitwa muSouth Korea. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone dzakaongororwa uye kubudiswa mumakore achangopfuura (ona Tafura 1 pazasi), nekusimbisira kune vatyairi vekunetsa smartphone kushandisa. Kupindwa muropa nharembozha kunogona kukoshesa zvakanyanya kudzidza kupfuura kupindwa muropa neInternet kana komputa sezvo smartphones inopa nharembozha yemakomputa uye nekudaro inopa kutaridzika kukuru kupfuura mimwe michina yemakomputa yakadai seLaptops uye mahwendefa, uye kupindwa muropa kunogona kuve kwakanyanya (Demirci et al. 2014; Jeong et al. 2016; Kwon et al., 2013), zvichikonzera kuwanzosarudzika kuongorora chishandiso (Lee, 2015; Oulasvirta, Rattenbury, Ma, & Raita, 2012. Vamwe vanotaura vakafungidzira kuti mafoni anogona kumiririra chishandiso chetekinoroji chinokurudzira kupindwa muropa yenguva yedu (Shambare, Rugimbana, & Zhowa, 2012).

Tafura 1. Iyo inokura Corpus ye empirical research kuongorora nharembozha addiction.

Munyori (s)	Focus	Yedzidzo Shamba
Lin et al. (2017)	Kuongorora smartphone kupindwa muropa kuburikidza ne application (app) -akagadziriswa data.	Clinical psychiatry
Jeong et al. (2016)	Hunhu hwevashandisi hwepfungwa uye mhando dzemukati dzinoshandiswa.	Computer zvidzidzo
Sapacz, Rockman, uye Clark (2016)	Hunhu uye zvinetso parunhare kushandisa.	Computer zvidzidzo
Samaha and Hawi (2016)	Hukama pakati peiyo smartphone kupindwa muropa, kushushikana, kuita kwedzidzo, uye kugutsikana nehupenyu.	Computer zvidzidzo
Cho na Lee (2015)	Zvakaitika zvevanamukoti vevadzidzi maererano nezvinokanganiswa nema smartphones mune zvemakiriniki marongero nemaonero avo zvine chekuita nemashandisirwo emafoni.	Kurapa (mukoti) ruzivo
Jeong na Lee (2015)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa uye kunzwira tsitsi pakati pevadzidzi vanokoti.	Sayenzi, hunyanzvi uye zvekurapa zvidzidzo
Al-Barashdi, Bouazza, uye Jabur (2015)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa pakati pevadzidzi vepayunivhesiti vadzidzi.	General sayenzi
Kibona naMgaya (2015)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa uye kuita kwedzidzo.	Engineering uye teknolojia
Pearson naHussain (2015)	Smartphone kushandiswa, kupindwa muropa, narcissism uye hunhu.	Cyber-psychology uye kudzidza
Wang, Wang, Gaskin, uye Wang (2015)	Basa rekushushikana uye kukurudzira mune zvinetso smartphone yekushandisa pakati pevadzidzi vekoreji.	Computer zvidzidzo
Demirci, Akgongul, uye Akpinar (2015)	Smartphone shandisa kuomarara, kunaka kurara, kushungurudzika uye kunetseka.	Zvinodhaka zvekuita
van Deursen et al. (2015)	Mhando dzekushandisa dzeSmartphone, kungwara kwepamoyo, kushushikana munharaunda uye kuzvidzora.	Computer zvidzidzo
Bernroider, Krumay, uye Margiol (2014)	Mhedzisiro yekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone pakushandisa smartphone.	Masisitimu enhau
Bian naLeung (2014)	Iyo hukama pakati pekusurukirwa, kunyara, zviratidzo zvekupindwa murudzi rwe smartphone uye nzanga yemagariro.	Computer zvidzidzo
Davey naDavey (2014)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa pakati pevayaruka vechidiki.	Mushonga wekudzivirira
Demirci et al. (2014)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti yeTurkey.	Clinical psychopharmacology
Kim, Lee, Lee, Nam, uye Chung (2014)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa pakati pevechidiki veKorea.	Sayenzi nemushonga
Lee, Chang, Lin, naCheng (2014)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa nehurongwa.	Computer zvidzidzo
Mok et al. (2014)	Internet uye smartphone kupindwa muropa pakati peKorea vadzidzi vekoreji.	Neuropsychionze
Paki uye Paki (2014)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa mukutanga mudiki.	Sayenzi yemagariro uye zvidzidzo zvevanhu
Zhang, Chen, naLee (2014)	Zvinangwa zvekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone.	Masisitimu enhau
Shin naDyy (2013)	Kuongorora chinetso che smartphone.	software engineering uye kombiyuta sainzi (ubiquitous computa)
Kwon et al. (2013)	Smartphone kupindwa muropa pakati pevechidiki veKorea.	Sayenzi nemushonga
Kwon et al. (2013b)	Chiyero chekuzviongorora chega kuti uone kupindwa muropa nechero smartphone.	Sayenzi nemushonga
Takao, Takahashi, uye Kitamura (2009)	Hunhu uye zvinetso parunhare kushandisa.	Cyber-psychology
Ehrenberg, Juckes, White, uye Walsh (2008)	Hunhu, kuzvishingisa neye runhare runhare.	Cyber-psychology
Bianchi naPhillips (2005)	Psychological kufembera kwedambudziko kushandisa kwefoni.	Cyber-psychology

Pamwe chete, izvi zvidzidzo zvinomiririra akasiyana eminda yekudzidza inosanganisira masisitimu eshoko, makomputa zvidzidzo, zvehutano, dzidzo, uye psychology, pakati pevamwe. Vashoma chete vezvidzidzo, zvisinei, vakaongorora zvine simba vavariro, vatyairi kana ruzivo rwevashandisi kuenda mukushandiswa kwema smartphone uye kupindwa muropa (Bian & Leung, 2014; Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Ehrenberg et al. 2008; Jeong & Lee, 2015; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Takao et al. 2009; van Deursen et al. 2015; Zhang et al. 2014. Pane ichi chidimbu chemapepa, mafungiro evashandisi vakanangana nekushandiswa kweSmartic uye kupindwa muropa zvakatariswa kubva pane zvakaita vatyairi (semuenzaniso kuzvishingisa, neuroticism, muwedzeredza) (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Ehrenberg et al. 2008; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Takao et al. 2009; Zhang et al. 2014), zvinopesvedzera zvinhu (eg nhamba dzeshamwari, padzidzo, uye kuwanda kwekuverenga) (Jeong & Lee, 2015), maitiro uye maitiro ezvemagariro (semuenzaniso smartphone yekushandisa mhando, kunzwisisa kwepfungwa, kushushikana munharaunda, uye kuzvidzora) (van Deursen et al. 2015), uye hybrid zvidzidzo (semuenzaniso kuongorora kwekutsvagisa hunhu uye mapatani ekushandiswa kwema-smartphone) (Bian & Leung, 2014).

Mhedzisiro yekufunga kwemushandisi uye chinongedzo chekupindwa muropa neiyo nharaunda inokodzera kubvunza sezvo zvine chekuita nevashandisi vanoita tekinoroji uye vanogona kunyudzwa zvakadzama nazvo - dzimwe nguva kusvika padambudziko. Kunzwisisa mafungiro evashandisi kana zvavanotenda kwakakosha sezvo vachikurudzira maitiro evashandisi, uye nekubatsira kutsanangura kuti vashandisi vanobva vabatikana sei nehunyanzvi. Kupfuurirazve, kunzwisisa izvo zvinokurudzira vashandisi ku chiteshi zvimwe zvinotenda zvinotibatsira kunzwisisa chikonzero nei vane dzidziso idzodzo; nepo kutsvagisa kusati kwaitwa parunhare rwekufambisa runhare kwakatarisa zvakanyanya pakushandisa uye maitiro, kushomekerwa kwakaiswa pane kutenda kwekuumba. Iyi ndiyo nyaya yatinotendeukira ikozvino, kunyanya kuburikidza nekuunza iyo pfungwa yekuziva kwekuziva.

1.4. Kubatwa nekuziva

Nepo huwandu hwenhetembo dzichibatsira kujekesa vashandisi uye kugamuchirwa kwetekinoroji yeruzivo - kusanganisira kusanganisa kwezvinhu zvitsva dzidziso, dzidziso yeakaronga maitiro, dzidziso ye chikonzero chekuita, Uye tekinoroji yekugamuchira tekinoroji (TAMU) (Ajzen, 1985, 1991; Brancheau & Wetherbe, 1990; Davis, 1989; Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Rogers, 1995) - - vane simba shoma mukutsanangura sei zvitendero zvinotenderedza ruzivo matekiniki akaumbwa (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000). Agarwal naKarahanna (2000) yakaunza iyo pfungwa yekuziva kunyatsoziva (CA) kuitira kubatsira kukunda iyi conceptual kuperevedza. CA inogovana midzi yechokwadi pamwe neyekutanga makuru IT kugamuchira-kubvuma Dzidziso dzinosanganisira TAM nekusimbisa mashandiro echinangwa chekutenda kwevashandisi, uye uko maitiro ekushandiswa anokurudzirwa ne "… kuchenjera kwekutenda kutenda" (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000, p. 666).

CA zvakare ine mukana wekuti ive pasi mune yakakura Corpus yekufunda mukuziva uye psychology yemagariro zvinyorwa, apo CA inodhonza zvirevo zvayo kubva kumatatu ane hukama nemabhuku: hunhu hunhu hwekupinzaTellegen & Atkinson, 1974; Tellegen, 1981, 1982), iyo mamiriro ekuyerera (mamiriroCsikszentmihalyi, 1990; Trevino & Webster, 1992), uye pfungwa ye kubatikana kwekuziva (Webster & Hackley, 1997; Webster & Ho, 1997).

Inotsanangurwa se "... mamiriro ekubatanidzwa kwakadzama nesoftware" (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000, p. 673), kunwa kwekufungisisa kunogona kuita sechinhu chine simba chinokurudzira kutenda kune hukama neIT, uko zviitiko zvinobata uye zvinokonzeresa zvinokonzeresa vashandisi 'kutarisisa' uye kunyudza kwakazara uye kuita chiitiko (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974; Vallerand, 1997).

Agarwal naKarahanna (2000) yakakurudzirwa CA sechisimba chakasimba chinosimudzira kune zvinotenda zvine hukama neI, apo kusangana kwakanyanya uye kwakapinza zviitiko kunoguma 'kutarisisa'. CA inotungamirwa ne zvemukati kukurudzira (kureva kunakidzwa, kugutsikana uye kufara semhedzisiro yechiitiko) zvinopesana extrinsic kukurudzira (kureva kutarisira kwemubayiro unobatanidzwa nehumwe hunhu). Sezvo "... mugumo mavari" (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), zvemukati zvinokurudzira zvinowedzera inotsanangura simba mukushandisa zvinangwa kupfuura extrinsic motivators (Davis, Bagozzi, & Warshaw, 1992. Kuziva kwakadzika ndeye multidimensional kuvaka pamativi mashanu:

i.: Kuparadzaniswa kwechinguvana ("kusakwanisa kunyoresa kufamba kwenguva uchiita mukubatana");
ii.: Kunyudzwa kwakadzika ("chiitiko chekubatirana kwakazara uko zvimwe zvinodiwa nekutarisirwa, zviripo, zvinoregwa");
III.: Akanzwisisa kunakidzwa ("zvinofadza zvinhu zvekudyidzana");
Iv.: Kudzora ("maonero emushandisi ekuva iye ari pamusoro pekudyidzana"); uye
v.: chiringa ("Iyo iyo chiitiko inomutsa kunzwa kwemunhu uye kuziva kuziva").

Isu taizotarisira kuti vanhu vane huwandu hwakakwira hwematambudziko smartphone uye SNS basa rekushandiswa, kana kupindwa muropa, vachazoona yakakwira miganho yeCCA, sezvo izvi zvichizopa imwe tsanangudzo yemamiriro zvakadzama ekubatanidzwa, kubatanidzwa uye kutarisisa zvinogona kuitika kune vamwe vanhu pavanenge vachifambidzana. nenzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa nekombuta, dzinogona kusimudzira maitiro ane dambudziko pakati pevamwe vashandisi. Saka, vanopindwa muropa nevashandisi vanogona kunge vaine imwe fomu ye kukanganisa.

Pane humwe humbowo hwekutsigira uku kutaurwa. Hukama pakati pekupindwa muropa nekusanzwisisika kwemhedzisiro inogona kukonzera mazinga akanyanya eCCA, kunyanya sekupindwa muropa kunogona kuburitsa kuchera mhedzisiro izvo zvinoguma kuti vashandisi vanzwisise mawebhusaiti zvakanaka pane vashandisi vasina kupindwa muropa (Barnes & Pressey, 2017; Turel et al. 2011. Kupindwa muropa kunoguma ne nadzurudzo yemaitiro ekuziva uye kuwedzera kweimwe chiitiko. Nekudaro, vashandisi vanoratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwekupindwa muropa vanobata pfungwa dzakanaka dzehurongwa (kunyangwe kana pfungwa dzakadaro dzisinganzwisisike), zvichidaro zvichikonzera kukwirira kwepamusoro muhurongwa. Semuyenzaniso, Turel et al. (2011) vakawana umboo hwekuti vashandisi vakapindwa muropa neinternet online vakataura huwandu hwepamusoro hwekunzwisisa kubatsira, kunakidzwa uye nyore kushandisa kweanosheni nzvimbo Barnes uye Pressey (2017) taura kuti kupindwa muropa kune nyika dzepasirose kune zvakanakira kukutora kwekuziva.

Pakazara, kuongorora hukama pakati peCC uye kupindwa muropa kunotipa mukana wekunzwisisa nzira idzo hunhu hunoratidzira nezvetekinoroji dzinoratidzwa uye izvo zvinofambisa vanhu kuti vatore zvimwe zvitendero zvine chekuita neIT, uye "inoshanda senzira yekubvumidza pane zvitendero zvakasarudzika nezve tekinoroji yeruzivo. ”((Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000, p. 666). Izvi zvingaite sezvakakosha uye nekufamba kwenguva zvakapihwa ubiquity yeiyo smartphone technology uye mishumo yekunetsa kwekushandisa, uye zvaizotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti nei vamwe ruzivo rwevashandisi iyo yakadzika mamiriro ekubatanidzwa neine tekinoroji kune vamwe. Muchikamu chinotevera tinoratidza zvirevo zvedu zvine chekuita nekupindwa muruzivo nehunyanzvi hwehutachiona.

2. Hypothesis kuvandudza

Ichi chikamu chakarongwa munzvimbo nhanhatu. Pakutanga, tinoongorora smartphone kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa neSNS, uye izvi zvichiteverwa nekukanganiswa kwekuziva kupindwa muropa, uye demographic zvinhu zvinoenderana nekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone. Tevere, isu tinofunga nezvekukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekunyengedzera pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone, uye pakupedzisira kukanganisa kwehunyongano nehukadzi, zera uye dzidzo

2.1. Smartphone kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa neSNS

Ruzhinji rwezvidzidzo zvinoongorora zvinetso tekinoroji kushandiswa tarisa pane zvishandiso kana chishandiso pachacho (radio, TV, komputa, foni mbozha), pane izvo zvirimo technology inopa (chirongwa chakati, software, webhusaiti, kana kushandiswa). Sezvo Roberts naPirog (2012: 308) Cherekedza: "tsvagurudzo inofanirwa kuchera pasi pehunyanzvi huri kushandiswa kuita zvinokwevera mushandisi kuhunyanzvi hwacho." Pane gakava riripo mumabhuku nezvekuti kupindwa muropa kuri pafoni here kana kumasevhisi aripo; se Pearson naHussain (2015, p. 19) yakacherekedza: "Nemabasa mazhinji echirume anowanikwa pane iyo smartphone, zvakaoma kuti unongedze iyo kukonzera uye kushanda hukama hwekushandisa zvinetso. Iwo mahwendefa akawanda-akatarisana Basa vangave vakapindwa muropa kana kuti vangave vashandisi vakapindwa muropa neimwe nhepfenyuro. ”Uyezve, chingave chiitiko chekusangana, uko mushandisi akapindwa muropa kune avo ari maviri maseragi eSSS.

As De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. (2016: 2) Cherekedza: "Pane humbowo hwekuti smartphone, ine upamhi hwemashandisirwo uye mashandisiro ayo, inowanzoita kushungurudzwa kukuru kupfuura nharembozha" (onawo zvakare Taneja, 2014. Nekudaro, imhosva here yekupindwa muropa nemudziyo (semuenzaniso smartphone) kana kupindwa muropa nezviri mukati nekushandiswa? Iyi mutsara wekubvunza unomira nekukurukurirana kwekutanga pamusoro pekupindwa muropa neInternet uko kunozivikanwa kuti kune "musiyano wakakosha pakati pekupindwa muropa. to paInternet uye zvinodhaka on paInternet ”(Griffiths, 2012, p. 519). Sezvo Griffiths (2000) kupokana, zviitiko zvepamhepo zvichasiyana mukukwanisa kwavo kuita tsika (onawo Muduku, 1999).

Parizvino, zvisinei, hapana chidzidzo chakasiyanisa pakati pekupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone kana kupindwa muropa nemabasa avanokwanisa kupa vashandisi kana kuti akabatanidza iwo mafungiro maviri, kunyangwe achifanotaurwa mukutsvaga kwekutanga. De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. (2016: 1) Taura: "Tsvagiridzo mundima ino yakaitika kubva pakuona kwefoni mbozha sedanho rekuongorororwa kuburikidza nemashandisirwo uye zvirimo." Chakakosha kupokana iyi - uye germane kuchidzidzo chiripo - nderekuti dambudziko ndere smartphone kana mashandisiro azvo nezviri mukati (De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016).

Roberts et al. (2014) vanotsigira kuti nekuda kwekuwedzera kwakawanda kwemabasa anogona kuitwa panharembozha, zvakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuti ndedzipi zviitiko zvingave zvinowanzo kuve zviitiko kupfuura vamwe. Usati waita research yakadai zvinoita sekutangira pekutanga kuona kana paine musiyano mukupindwa muropa nekwekupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone pakati pekushandisa (seSNS). Kushandiswa kweSNS kwakaratidzirwa kuve kufanotaura kwakasimba kwekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone, uye kusimba kupfuura dzimwe dzinofarirwa ne smartphone dzinoshandisa kuita semitambo (Jeong et al. 2016), uye ndiyo hwaro hwekubatanidzwa kwayo muchidzidzo chazvino. Iyo inyaya yekupindwa muropa kune imwe yakakosha yekushandiswa kwe-smartphone, SNS, kana iri nyaya yekupindwa muropa zvakanyanya kana pasi rese? Isu tinochengetedza iyo kupindwa muropa kune mudziyo kazhinji kazhinji ichave yakanyanya kushupika kupfuura kupindwa muropa neSNS zvakanyanya kunyanya; saka hapana kana imwe chete application ingangove inopinda muropa kazhinji kupfuura mudziyo uri zvese. Naizvozvo tinofunga zvinotevera:

Kupindwa muropa neiyo Smartphone kuchave kwakakura kupfuura kupindwa muropa neSNS.

2.2. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekupinza pa smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa

Isu ikozvino tinofunga nezvekukanganiswa kwekuziva kuchenjera pakupindwa muropa kune SNS uye mafoni parutivi. Musarudzo unonyanya kufarirwa weapp unoshandiswa pane smartphones unotaurwa zvakanyanya seSNS, uchitungamirirwa nehukama hwemagariro hwavanokwanisa (Barkhuus & Polichar, 2011; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Salehan & Negahban, 2013), uye SNS kushandiswa kunotaurwa senge antecedent yekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone (Salehan & Negahban, 2013). Pane ino yekupedzisira poindi, imwe tsananguro yehukama pakati peSNS kuwanikwa uye kushandiswa uye kugamuchirwa kwe smartphone uye kupindwa muropa ingangove iri danho rekufungisisa kunzwisisika kunoonekwa nevashandisi uye zviitiko zvinokatyamadza uye zvinosemesa zvinokonzeresa vashandisi '' kutarisisa 'uye kunyudza kwakazara (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Deci & Ryan, 1985; Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974; Vallerand, 1997), kunyanya seSNS kuwedzera uye kukura mukutsikisa. Nekudaro, isu tinofunga kuti kutora kwekuziva kunenge kwakakura kune SNS pane smartphones, seimwe yemhedzisiro yemazamu akadzika ekuziva kubata kusakwanisa kuzvidzora kunogona kukuvadza kana kukuvadza maitiro, kunyanya ayo anotungamirwa kuburikidza nekuzivikanwa kweSNS.

Iko kukanganisa kwakananga kwekuziva kwekuziva kupindwa muropa kuchave kwakakura kune SNS pane smartphones.

2.3. Demographic zvinhu uye smartphone kupindwa muropa

Vechidiki nevanhukadzi vanogona kunge vari panjodzi yekupindwa muropa ne smartphone, nepo humbowo huchisanganisira kukanganiswa kwezvedzidzo hwakasanganiswa. Pakutanga, vakadzi vanowanzo pedza nguva yakawanda yezuva nezuva pafoni pane vanhurume (Roberts et al., 2014), uye pane humbowo hunobvumikisa kuti vanhukadzi vanowana huwandu hukuru hwekutsamira kwefoni nekushandisa zvinetso kupfuura varume (Beranuy et al. 2009; Geser, 2006; Hakoama & Hakoyama, 2011; Jackson et al. 2008; Jenaro, Flores, Gomez-Vela, Gonzalez-Gil, & Caballo, 2007; Leung, 2008; Lopez-Fernandez, Honrubia-Serrano, uye Freixa-Blanxart, 2012; Sanchez Martinez & Otero, 2009. Vanhukadzi (kunyanya avo vane kuzvishingisa) vanonzi vanonyanya vari panjodzi maererano nekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone (Pedrero et al. 2012), uye anogona kuvimba zvakanyanya nema Smartphones pane varume kuti aderedze kushushikana munharaunda (Lee et al. 2014. Hufakazi hunoratidzawo kuti vanhukadzi vanotumira mameseji akawanda kupfuura evakadzi vavanoda uye vanowanzo tendedza zvinyorwa zvakati kureba kupfuura varume (Pawłowska & Potembska, 2012. Nekudaro, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana zvishoma kana kuti hazvina mutsauko mukufona kwefoni nehurema (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; Junco, Merson, & Salter, 2010; Pearson & Hussain, 2015).

Pane humbowo hwekuti vanhurume nevanhukadzi vanoshandisa mafoni avo nenzira dzakasiyana uye dzakasiyana. Geser (2006, p. 3) inotsigira kuti "zvinokurudzira uye zvinangwa zvefoni yekushandisa girazi panzvimbo yenguva dzose mabasa echikadzi" social networking sites (saFacebook) (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016; Geser, 2006; Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickuhr, 2010) - vanhurume vanokoshesa masayiti ekushambadzira (seyedo LinkedIn) (Lenhart et al. 2010. Kupfuurirazve, mukufunda kwavo kwe vadzidzi vekoroji kuUS, Roberts et al. (2014) vakawana kuti vakadzi vakashandisa zvakanyanya nguva yakawanda pane Facebook kupfuura vavanoshanda navo, uye kuti mamwe masocial network aive madhiraivho akakosha ekupindwa muropa nefoni. Nekudaro isu tinogona kupokana kuti magariro enharaunda ndiwo mutyairi wekutanga mukushandiswa kwevakadzi kwema smartphones.

Vechidiki, kunyanya vechidiki, vanojairira kushandisa mbozhanhare, nepo nguva yakazara inoshandiswa panharembozha ichiderera nezera (De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016), inokonzerwa nehuwandu hwakaderedzwa hwe kuzvidzora (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005. Tsvagurudzo yakanangawo nezera rekutanga kuwana foni mbozha uye kuwedzera mukana wekushandisa zvinetso mune ramangwana (Sahin, Ozdemir, Unsal, & Temiz, 2013).

Uchapupu maererano nehukama huripo kuwana dzidzo uye zvinetso foni yekushandisa ndeye equivocal. Kunyange zvimwe zvidzidzo zvichinongedzera kubatana pakati pekunetseka kwefoni kushandisa uye huwandu hwedzidzo (kunyanya pakati peavo vanoita nguva yakareba yekudzidza) (Tavakolizadeh, Atarodi, Ahmadpour, & Pourgheisar, 2014), vamwe vanoramba izvi (Billieux, 2012), uye nyangwe taura kubatana pakati pezvakadzika mazinga edzidziso uye zvinetso foni yekushandisa (Leung, 2007. Nekudaro tsananguro dzaitwa maererano nekubatana pakati pekunetseka kushandisa foni parunhare uye kusvika kwedzidzo hakuna kunge kuchimanikidza.

Isu tinofunga zvinotevera:

SNS yebasa rekusiyanisa ichasiyana ne: (a) murume nemukadzi; (b) zera; uye (c) dzidzo.

Smartphone kupindwa muropa kuchasiyana ne: (a) murumekadzi; (b) zera; uye (c) dzidzo.

2.4. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekuziva pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

Sezvo SNS inogona kutaridzika seyakagadziriswa kwekushanda uye masevhisi anopihwa pama smartphones, uye chikamu chakakurisa chenguva chinoshandiswa pachigadzirwa, kukanganisika kwekunyorwa kwekufungidzirwa pafoni kupindwa muropa nechikamu chimwe chinofanira (zvine hungwaru) kurevererwa nekupindwa muropa neSNS. Mune mamwe mazwi, kupindwa muropa neSNS (senge Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, nezvimwe.) ichaita sekudhirowa kana kunyengerera kwese kupindwa muropa nemushini uye mutserendende kugadzirisa kunzwisisika kunyudza.

Iko kutsigirwa kwehukama uku mune zvakabatana zvinyorwa. Sezvambotaurwa, kusvika parizvino sarudzo inonyanyozivikanwa yeApple-App ndeye SNS (Barkhuus & Polichar, 2011; Pearson & Hussain, 2015; Salehan & Negahban, 2013), uye ufakazi hunonongedza kune hukama hwakanaka pakati peiyo nhare yekupindwa muropa neSSS. Naizvozvo, iyo inokurumidza kukwira mukutorwa kwe-smartphone uye kushandiswa kunoenderana nezvakakosha kupera yeSNS, uko SNS inoshandisa inodhonzera smartphone kupindwa muropa (Salehan & Negahban, 2013. Nekudaro, iyo yakakura yekudonha kweSNS, yakakura iyo chikamu chakazara chekupindwa muropa nemudziyo. Tichifunga kuti isu taizofungidzira kukanganisa kwakananga kwekubatwa kwekunzwisisa kupindwa muropa kuchave kwakakura kune SNS pane smartphones, sekupokana kwakapfuura isu taizotarisira kupindwa muropa neSNS kuyananisa hukama pakati pekuziva kunyengedzera uye kupindwa muropa ne smartphone. Saka, tinosimuka:

Iko kukanganisa kwekuziva kwekuziva pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone kuchapindirwa nekupindwa muropa neSNS.

2.5. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekubata nekubatwa kwevanhukadzi, zera uye dzidzo

Humwe ufakazi hunoratidza kuti vanhurume vakasiyana vanoona uye vanoziva nehunyanzvi nenzira dzakasiyana. Vanhukadzi vanofungidzirwa kusimbisa vanhu-vanotungamira uye nemagariro-anotyairirwa ekushandisa zvinangwa, nepo varume vanoonekwa sevanonyanya kuita basa (Claisse & Rowe, 1987. Zvine chekuita nezvechidzidzo chiripo, mutsauko wakataurwa pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi vanoshandisa maitiro epfungwa uye inomanikidza kushandiswa kwema smartphone. Lee et al. (2014) akawana kuti matatu maitiro epfungwa (kuda kubata, nzvimbo yekutonga, uye kushamwaridzana kwevanhu kusagadzikana) zvakasiyana pakati pevanhurume nevechikadzi vanoshandisa vashandisi.

Sezvambotaurwa, tichienzanisa nevanhurume, vanhukadzi vanowanzo farira kushandurwa kwepamoyo uye nekwavo kunobvumirwa nefoni, nekudaro inokoshesa mashandiro ehukama hwechishandiso, kunyanya nzvimbo dzekudyidzana (Bianchi & Phillips, 2005; De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016; Geser, 2006; Lenhart et al. 2010. Kupfuurirazve, vanhukadzi vanowanzoshandisa Smartphones nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehukama, asi varume vachifarira zvinangwa zveanabolic (Lenhart et al. 2010. Nekudaro, vakadzi vanogona kuwana zvakadzama mamiriro engrossment (kana kuchenjera kutora) neSNS kupfuura vanhurume?

apo Agarwal uye Karahanna's (2000) kudzidza kwekuziva kwekuziva kwakasangana kuburikidza neInternet akawana hapana mutsauko zvichienderana nehurume, kudzidza kwavo kwakaitwa mune pre-SNS yenyika. Kana, sekufungidzira kwekutanga, vashandisi vechikadzi vazoona yakakwira SNS kupindwa muropa kupfuura vanhurume nekuda kwekufungidzira kwavo kuchinjisa uye kutapurirana kunobvumirwa nemafoni uye kugona kwavo kuita basa, ipapo tinogona kubuda kuti vashandisi vevanhukadzi vanowana huwandu hukuru hwekuziva hunhu kupfuura vashandisi vechirume.

Panyaya yemazera uye dzidzo, hapana humbowo hunoratidza kuti chero chinhu chinotora chikamu pamazano ekuziva munhu anowana nevashandisi. Isu hatingatarisira kuti hapana mutsauko mukuziva kwekubata nezera kana kusvika pakudzidza.

Tichifunga nezvezviri pamusoro, isu tinofunga:

H6a

Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekuziva ichave yakasimba kune vechikadzi pane yevanhurume kana uchishandisa SNS.

H6b

Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekushandisa uchishandisa SNS haizosiyana nezera.

H6c

Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekushandisa uchishandisa SNS haizosiyana nekusvika pakudzidza.

2.6. Kuziva kwekuziva uye kupindwa muropa nemushandisi

Yedu yekupedzisira akateedzana hypotheses ine hukama nemushandisi smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa uye iwo mazinga ekuziva kubata. Sezvacherechedzwa, isu taizofungidzira kuti vashandisi vanoona yakakwira yeanomarara smartphone uye SNS sevhisi yekushandiswa, kana kupindwa muropa, inoratidza yakakwira yeC. Izvi zvaigona kutsanangura nei vamwe ruzivo rwevashandisi inzvimbo yakadzika yekubatanidzwa, kubatanidzwa uye kutarira kana uchifambidzana nemakomputa-emukati nharaunda vamwe vashandisi vasingadaro. Nekudaro chiyero chakakwira cheCIA chiri kutyaira kupindwa muropa nekusimudzira maitiro ane dambudziko pakati pevamwe vashandisi, uye vachiita senge fomu ye kukanganisa. Saka, tinosimuka:

Vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neiyo smartphone vanozove nehupamhi hweCA.

Vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neSNS vanozove nehuwandu hweCA.

3. Nzira yekutsvagisa

3.1. Dhizaini yekugadzira

The dhizaini yekutsvagisa inotorwa yaisanganisira imwechete-chikamu chikamu nyore nyore kushandisa a kuzvitaurira ongororo. Chidzidzo chacho chakashanda zviyero kubva kutsvagiridzo yapfuura kuyera izvo zvakawanikwa muchidzidzo, kunyangwe izvi zvakagadziridzwa uye zvakwidziridzwa kuitira chinyorwa chechidzidzo - zvemagariro smartphones. Chiyero che kuchenjera kubata yakagadziriswa kubva Agarwal naKarahanna (2000) uye ine zvinhu zvishanu: tempital dissociation ("Kutadza kunyoresa kufamba kwenguva uchiita mukubatana"), akatarisa kunyudzwa ("Chiitiko chekubatirana kwakazara uko zvimwe zvinodiwa nekutarisira, zviripo, zvinoteiwa"), kwakawedzera kunakirwa ("Zvinofadza mafambisirwo ezvinhu zvekudyidzana"), masimba ("Pfungwa yemushandisi yekuve mukutungamira kwekudyidzana"), uye chiringa ("Iyo iyo chiitiko inomutsa kuziva kwemunhu uye kuziva kuziva"). Mataurirwo emibvunzo yekufungisisa yekufungisisa yakanangana nebasa rekushandisa "kushandisa pasocial network zvirongwa pane yangu smartphone ”. Izvo zviyero zve kupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone uye kupindwa muropa nemasaiti ekushamwaridzana zvakagadziriswa kubva Charlton naDanforth (2007). Chiyero cheyese chakafanana mune zvemukati asi chakange chakasiyana maererano nekutarisa "yangu smartphone" kana "pasocial network network". Zvinhu zvishanu zvakaverengerwa kubva Charlton naDanforth (2007), inowedzerwa nezvimwe zvinhu zviviri kuti zviratidze zviri muchidzidzo "Ini ndinonzwa ndarasika ndisina [social networking apps / my smartphone]" uye "Ini ndinowanzovhiringidzwa [nevezvekudyidzana pamasoftware / foni yangu]." zvinhu zvaiyerwa panomwe-poindi Zviyero zveLekert kubva ku1 = Kubvumirana Kwakasimba kuenda ku7 = Kubvumirana Zvakasimba, uko 4 = Kunyange Kubvumirana uye Kusabvumirana. Zviyero zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muongororo zvinopihwa mu chinamatidzwa. Ruzivo nerwemashure ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa kwevakadzi, zera, yakakwirira chikamu che kubudirira kwedzidzo, kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kweSNS, uye kushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kwe smartphone.

3.2. Kuunganidzwa kwedata uye kuongorora

Ongororo iyi yakaitwa online kuburikidza neQualtrics, uye yakagoverwa kuvadzidzi vanodzidza bhizimisi payunivhesiti iri muMid-Atlantic mudunhu reUnited States munaFebruary 2015. Iyo yakazara ye 140 mhinduro dzechokwadi dzakaunganidzwa. Muenzaniso wacho waive 68.6% mukadzi uye 31.4% munhurume. Iyo yakazara ye75% yemuenzaniso yaive 34 makore ezera kana pasi, nepo 42.9% yaive Bachelor's degree uye 13.6% a Master's degree.

Isu takaongorora kuvimbika kwezviyero tichishandisa Cronbach's Alpha; zviyero zvekudhakwa kweiyo smartphone uye kupindwa muropa nema social networking maapplication aive neCronbach's Alphas ye0.835 uye 0.890 zvakateerana, pamusoro pechikwiriso che 0.7 chakakurudzirwa Nunnally (2010). Iyo Cronbach's Alpha yeiyo yekufungisisa yekumwesa chiyero yaive 0.909, nepo iyo yeavo subcomponents yakabva pa0.722 kusvika 0.949, ese ayo anoonekwa seanogamuchirwa. Kusarura kunoshanda yakaongororwazve kuburikidza nekusiyana kwekufashukira kwezvinhu. Kuongorora iyo Variance inflation Factor (VIF) yezviyero zvakayerwa mukudzidza kwedu, tinoona kuti maVIF ese ari pasi pazere 10, kubva ku1.032 kusvika 1.404, zvichiratidza kuti multicollinearity haisi dambudziko (Bvudzi, Dema, Babin, & Anderson, 2014). Yakajairika nzira tsvete yakaongororwa uchishandisa Harman's single factor test. Chinhu chekutanga chakatsanangura chete 35% yemisiyano yemuenzaniso uye nekudaro nzira yakajairika kusarudzika hakuna kuita kunge kuripo.

Kuti uongorore uwandu hwekupindwa muropa kweiyo ANOVA inoshandiswa pakuedza H7 uye H8, takagadzira mapoka matatu akapindwa muropa tichishandisa nzira yakafanana Morahan-Martin naSchumacher (2000). Mapoka edu akapindwa muropa akaongororwa maererano nehuwandu hwe "zvinoshanda" zviratidzo kubva pachiyero chechinomwe chakapindwa muropa. Kuti chiratidzo chive "chinoshanda", Likert chiyero mhinduro inofanirwa kunge iri pamusoro wepakati-nzvimbo, 4 (Charlton & Danforth, 2007; Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000. Mapoka matatu ekupindwa muropa aive: pasina kupindwa muropa (hapana zviratidzo), kupindwa muropa (chiratidzo chimwe kana zviviri) uye kupindwa muropa (zvitatu kana kupfuura zviratidzo).

Ruzhinji rwe statistical analysis yakaitiswa muSSSS 22. Fungidziro maitiro ekuedza yakashandisa huwandu hwemaitiro ekuverenga: t-bvunzo, kuongororwa kwekusiyana (ANOVA), regression uye Sobel bvunzo yakavezwa uchishandisa nzira ye Baron naKenny (1986).

4. Mhinduro

4.1. Smartphone kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa neSNS

Yedu yekutanga akateedzera bvunzo akatsvaga kuona chero mutsauko pakati mushandisi muropa kune smartphone uye kupindwa muropa neSNS nenzira yemasampidhi ane paired t-test pakati pezvidimbu zvinokamhina zvekupindwa muropa kweiyo smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa (ona Tafura 2. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti pane mutsauko wakakosha pakati pemhando mbiri idzi dzekupindwa muropa, nemusiyano unoreva 3.44 uye t-kukosha kwe7.303 (p <.001, M_{smartphone_addiction} = 25.43, M_{SNS_ddiction} = 21.99). Saka H1 - kupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone ichave yakakura kupfuura kupindwa muropa neSNS - inotsigirwa.

Tafura 2. Muedzo wekusiyanisa kupindwa muropa.

shanduka	Zvinoreva	SD	SE	Zvinoreva Musiyano	SD (Musiyano)	SE (Musiyano)	t	df	p
Smartphone Shandisa Kupindwa muropa	25.43	9.19	0.78	3.44	5.57	0.47	7.303	139	<.001
SNS Shandisa Kupindwa muropa	21.99	9.75	0.82	3.44	5.57	0.47	7.303	139	<.001

4.2. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekuziva kupindwa muropa

Kuti tiongorore mabudiro ehunhu hwekuziva (CA) pane maviri mafomu ekupindwa muropa, takamhanya zviviri bivariate kudzoreredza mhando: mumwe achiongorora mabudiro eCAF pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone uye mumwe achiyedza maitiro e CA pane SNS kupindwa muropa. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa mukati Tafura 3. Sezvatinogona kuona, SNS yekushandisa kupindwa muropa inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya neCCA pane kupindwa muropa nechero smartphone, ine yakakura beta coefficients uye yakakwira F-kukosha (SNS kushandisa kupindwa muropa: R² = 0.254; F = 47.061; p <.001; β = 0.746, p <.001; smartphone shandisa kupindwa muropa: R² = 0.240; F = 43.444, p <.001; β = 0.683, p <.001).

Tafura 3. Kudzoreredza mhando for SNS uye smartphone addiction.

	Independent Variable	β	SE	β (Std.)	t-kukosha	p
Model 1. DV: SNS Shandisa Kupindwa muropa R² = 0.254 (F = 47.061, p <.001, df_regression = 1, df_zvasara = 138, df_chizere = 139)	Kunzwisisa Kuziva	.746	.109	.504	6.860	<.001
Model 2. DV: Smartphone Shandisa Kupindwa muropa R² = 0.240 (F = 43.444, p <.001, df_regression = 1, df_zvasara = 138, df_chizere = 139)	Kunzwisisa Kuziva	.683	.103	.490	6.599	<.001

Kuti uone kuti kana musiyano wet beta ukoshi hwakakosha isu tinoshandisa muedzo we Paternoster, Brame, Mazerolle, uye Piquero (1998) uye iyo fomula inotevera:

Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyeZ = 1.766, iyo yakakosha pazinga re5%, ichisimbisa kuti CA ine zvimwe kukanganisa kwakakura pane kupindwa muropa neSNS pane kupindwa muropa nechero smartphone. Naizvozvo, H2 -Mhedzisiro yakanangana yekubata kwekuziva kupindwa muropa ichave yakakura kune SNS pane smartphones - inotsigirwa.

4.3. Demographic zvinhu uye kupindwa muropa

Isu tinotendeuka ikozvino kuhuwandu hwevanhu hwehutachiona hwehutachiona. Kuti tiongorore mutsauko zvinoenderana nehunhu, dzidzo uye zera, isu tinoshandisa ANOVA kuongorora mutsauko pakati pemapoka echidimbu ekupindwa muropa akasiyana kune ese mafoni uye SNS. Kuti tiongorore kupindwa muropa nezera reboka zvaive zvakafanira kudzosera mazera akura muboka rimwe chete kwemakore makumi matatu nemashanu + nekuda kwedata risina kukwana. Isu saka taive nemapato emazera matatu: 35-18 makore, 24-25 makore uye 34 + makore. Saizvozvo, kuwana dzidzo yakagadziridzwa mumapoka matatu nekuda kweiyo isina kukwana data: Chikoro chepamusoro Graduate kana Pazasi, Bachelor's degree kana Kufanana, uye Master's Degree kana Kufanana.

Iyo ANOVA miedzo yeSSS kupindwa muropa kwemaitiro yakaratidza hapana misiyano yakakosha maererano nezera (F = 1.368; p = .258), jinsia (F = 0.327, p = .568) kana dzidzo inosvika (F = 1.488, p = .229). Naizvozvo, H3 - SNS yebasa rekupokana richasiyana ne: (a) murume nemukadzi; (b) zera; uye (c) dzidzo - inorambwa.

Panyaya yekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone uye demographic zvinhu, bvunzo dze ANOVA dzinowana mutsauko wakakura pakati pemapoka ekuwana dzidzo (F = 3.098, p = .048). Yepashure-hoc bvunzo uchishandisa nzira yeBonferroni yakawana kuti iro rakadzikira boka redzidzo, Chikoro chepamusoro Chekupedza kudzidza kana Pazasi, chaive chakanyanya kupindwa muropa kupfuura Bachelor's Degree kana Kuenzana (mutsauko = 4.093, M_{Chikoro chepamusoro} = 27.462, M_Bachelors = 23.333, p = .042). Hapana misiyano yakakosha inoratidzwa maererano nechikadzi (F = 0.102, p = .750) kana zera (F = 1.008, p = .368). Saka, H4 - smartphone kupindwa muropa kuchasiyana ne: (a) murumekadzi; (b) zera; uye (c) dzidzo - inogamuchirwa zvishoma, ine ufakazi hwekusiyana kwemaitiro e-smartphone kune dzidzo.

4.4. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekuziva pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

Iyo yekuganhura mhedzisiro yekupindwa muropa neSNS pahukama pakati pekuziva kunyorova uye kupindwa muropa nehutachiona kwakaongororwa uchishandisa Sobel test (Baron & Kenny, 1986; Sobel, 1986. Mhedzisiro yeiyi bvunzo inoratidzwa mukati Tafura 4, zvichiratidza kuti kugona kwekuziva kunonyatsogadziriswa nekupindwa muropa neSNS (Z = 6.865, SE = 0.063, p <.001). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunwa kwekufungisisa kunowedzerwa nekupindwa muropa neSNS uye kunoendeswa kuburikidza kupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone. Saka, H5 -Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekubata kwekupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone ichaenzaniswa nekupindwa muropa neSNS - inotsigirwa.

Tafura 4. Muedzo wekupedza simba we SNS shandisa kupindwa muropa.

Ukama hwakaedzwa	a	SE_a	b	SE_b	Sobel	SE	p
Kunzwisisa Kuziva → SNS Shandisa Kupindwa muropa → Foni Shandisa Kupindwa muropa	0.573	0.072	0.760	0.056	6.865	0.063	<.001

Cherechedza: Iyo nzira a: Kuziva Kuvhiringidzika → SNS Shandisa Kupindwa muropa; nzira b: SNS Shandisa Kupindwa muropa → Foni Shandisa Kupindwa muropa.

4.5. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekubata nekubatwa kwevanhukadzi, zera uye dzidzo

Yedu yekutevera bvunzo yakatarisa kuCCA nemisiyano vashandisi vane ruzivo nehunhu, zera uye dzidzo. Panyaya yechikadzi, tinoona kuti vanhukadzi vanowana huwandu hwakanyanya hweCCA pane varume pavanoshandisa SNS (M_{CA_Male} = 4.517; M_{CA_Female} = 4.925; maona Tafura 5a). Kufunga kuenzana kwemisiyano, samples yakazvimirira t-test yemusiyano mu CA pakati pechirume neechikadzi akawanikwa akakosha (zvinoreva mutsauko = 0.408; t = 2.421; p = .017). Nekudaro, kumwezve kuedzwa neCC subcomponent kwakawana kuti mutsauko uyu wakafambiswa nenguva dissociation, iyo chete chinhu cheCC chinoratidza musiyano wakakosha wechikadzi, uine musiyano unoreva 0.735 (t = 2687; p = .008; ona Tafura 5b). Saka, H6a -Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekuziva ichave yakasimba kune vechikadzi pane yevanhurume kana uchishandisa SNS - inotsigirwa.

Tafura 5a. Gender uye CA - hutsananguro huwandu.

shanduka	Gender	N	Zvinoreva	SD	SE
CA	Male	44	4.517	0.861	0.130
CA	chikadzi	96	4.925	0.953	0.097
FI	Male	44	4.046	0.825	0.124
FI	chikadzi	96	4.413	1.123	0.115
TD	Male	44	4.859	1.567	0.236
TD	chikadzi	96	5.594	1.472	0.150
CU	Male	44	4.466	1.464	0.221
CU	chikadzi	96	4.625	1.496	0.153
CO	Male	44	4.432	1.039	0.157
CO	chikadzi	96	4.646	1.130	0.115
HE	Male	44	4.790	1.054	0.159
HE	chikadzi	96	5.159	1.222	0.125

Tafura 5b. Independent samples T-Muedzo wechikadzi uye CA.

		Muedzo waLevene wekuenzana kwekusiyana		t-test for Kuenzana kweMay
		F	Sig.	T	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Zvinoreva Musiyano	Std. Kukanganisa Kusiyana
CA	Misiyano yakaenzana inofungidzirwa	.027	.870	-2.421	138	.017	-.40795	.16849
CA	Misiyano yakaenzana haina kufungidzirwa			-2.515	91.786	.014	-.40795	.16220
FI	Misiyano yakaenzana inofungidzirwa	3.048	.083	-1.940	138	.054	-.36705	.18918
FI	Misiyano yakaenzana haina kufungidzirwa			-2.170	110.830	.032	-.36705	.16911
TD	Misiyano yakaenzana inofungidzirwa	1.919	.168	-2.687	138	.008	-.73466	.27346
TD	Misiyano yakaenzana haina kufungidzirwa			-2.624	78.928	.010	-.73466	.27999
CU	Misiyano yakaenzana inofungidzirwa	.000	.991	-.588	138	.557	-.15909	.27052
CU	Misiyano yakaenzana haina kufungidzirwa			-.593	85.141	.555	-.15909	.26839
CO	Misiyano yakaenzana inofungidzirwa	.913	.341	-1.066	138	.288	-.21402	.20072
CO	Misiyano yakaenzana haina kufungidzirwa			-1.100	90.264	.274	-.21402	.19452
HE	Misiyano yakaenzana inofungidzirwa	1.238	.268	-1.730	138	.086	-.36908	.21334
HE	Misiyano yakaenzana haina kufungidzirwa			-1.828	95.834	.071	-.36908	.20194

Kuti tiongorore kugona kwekuziva nezera rezera zvaive zvakafanira kudzosera mazera akura muboka rimwe chete kwemakore makumi matatu nemashanu nekuda kwekukwana data (sezvataurwa pamusoro). Isu saka taive nemapato emazera matatu: 35-18 makore, 24-25 makore uye 34 + makore. Misiyano yakaenzana yaifungidzirwa bvunzo dze ANOVA. Bvunzo dze ANOVA dzakaratidza huwandu hushoma hwekusiyana pakati pemapoka emazera, kureva chiringa uye Kudzora (F = 4.444, p = .013; uye F = 5.008, p = .008 zvichiteerana). Post-hoc bvunzo uchishandisa iyo Bonferroni maitiro akawana kuti kuCuriosity, iyo 18-24 yemakore zera boka iri rakakura kwazvo kupfuura iro 25-34 makore emakore boka (zvinoreva musiyano = 0.800, p = .016). Yekutonga, iro 35 + makore zera boka rakawanikwa riine mazinga akakurisa kupfuura iro 25-34 makore emakore boka (zvinoreva musiyano = 0.731, p = .006). Pakanga pasina mimwe misiyano yakakosha mune iyo data. Saka, tinozviona izvozvo H6b - mhedzisiro yekubata kwekuziva uchishandisa SNS haizosiyana nezera - inotsigirwa zvishoma.

Iyo ANOVA miedzo yekuona misiyano yekuziva kunyorova zvinoenderana nedzidzo kuwanikwa haina mhedzisiro yakakosha. Naizvozvo, H6c - mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekushandisa kana uchishandisa SNS hazvisiyane nekuwana dzidzo - inotsigirwa.

4.6. Kuziva kwekuziva uye kupindwa muropa nemushandisi

Yedu yekupedzisira akateedzana bvunzo kunoongorora hukama huri pakati pehupamhi hwekupindwa muropa uye huwandu hweCC hunosangana nevashandisi vemamwe mafoni uye SNS. Kuti tiite iyi bvunzo takagadzira mapoka evashandisi vane yakakwira, yakaderera uye isina kupindwa muropa, sezvakatsanangurwa muchikamu chemaitiro.

Yedu yekutanga ANOVA bvunzo yakaongorora CA mutsauko uye smartphone kupindwa muropa (ona Tafura 6), Kuona kuti CA yakasiyana zvakanyanya neboka renhanho yehutachiona hwehutachiona (F = 19.572, p <.001). Nepo iyo Dhijitari subcomponent yeCA yanga isina kukosha (F = 2.359, p = .98), mamwe ese madiki eCCA aive akakosha, mhedzisiro yakakura iri iyo yekukanganisa nguva (F = 35.229, p <.001), ichiteverwa nekutarisa kunyudza (F = 7.514, p = .001), kuziva (F = 5.255, p = .006), uye kuwedzera kunakidzwa (F = 4.484, p = .009). Pakazara, vashandisi kubika yakakwira yehupamhi hwepamhepo yakataura yakakwirira yeCCA pane vashandisi vari kutaura zvakaderera zvekupindwa muropa, nepo vashandisi vane yakaderera manotsi ehurongwa hwe smartphone vakataura huwandu hweCAP pane vashandisi vasina huwandu hwekupindwa muropa kweApple. Saka H7 -Avo vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neiyo smartphone vanozove nehupamhi hwepamusoro pekuziva - inotsigirwa.

Tafura 6. Kuongororwa kwekusiyana kwekuziva kwekuziva uye kushandisa kwemafoni kupindwa muropa.

mamirire	1. Kupindwa muropa kukuru (n = 67)	2. Kupindwa muropa kwakaderera (n = 47)	3. Hapana kupindwa muropa (n = 26)	P (F-kukosha)	ANOVA
Kunzwisisa Kuziva	5.15	4.76	3.94	<.001 (19.572)	1> 2^∗∗, 1> 3^**, 2> 3^^b
Akanyatsotarisa Kunyudzwa	4.58	4.24	3.69	.001 (7.514)	1> 3^∗∗^a
masimba	4.77	4.48	4.26	.098 (2.359)	Asiri-sig.^b
Nguva Inotsausa	6.06	5.33	3.62	<.001 (35.229)	1> 2^∗∗, 1> 3^***, 2> 3^∗∗^b
chiringa	4.87	4.60	3.79	.006 (5.255)	1> 3^∗∗^a
Kunzwa Kunakidzwa	5.23	5.08	4.43	.009 (4.854)	1> 3^*^b

Cherechedza: ^a Bonferroni; ^b Tamhane's T2 yakashandiswa nekuda kweheteroscedasticity; ^***p <.001; ^∗∗p <.01; ^*p <.05; df_{betweengroups} = 2, df_neingroups = 137, df_chizere = 139.

Tevere, isu takaongorora CA misiyano uye vashandisi 'mazinga eSNS kupindwa muropa (ona Tafura 7). Isu tinoona kuti CA yakasiyana zvakanyanya neboka rekupindwa muropa (p <.001). Vashandisi vanotaura zvakakwirira zveSNS kupindwa muropa kunoratidzirwa mazinga epamusoro eCCA kupfuura vashandisi vane yakaderera masosi eSNS kupindwa muropa uye vashandisi vasina mazinga eSNS kupindwa muropa. Zvekare, iyo Dhijitari subcomponent yeCA yanga isina kukosha, kana zvakare iyo subcomponent Kuda kuziva. Kupiwa izvi zvabuda, H8 -Avo vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neSNS vanozove nemazamu akakwira ekuziva - - inotsigirwa.

Tafura 7. Kuongororwa kwekusiyana kwekuziva kwekuziva uye SNS kushandisa kupindwa muropa.

mamirire	1. Kupindwa muropa kukuru (n = 53)	2. Kupindwa muropa kwakaderera (n = 37)	3. Hapana kupindwa muropa (n = 50)	P (F-kukosha)	ANOVA
Kunzwisisa Kuziva	5.25	4.82	4.35	<.001 (13.902)	1> 2^, 1> 3^**^b
Akanyatsotarisa Kunyudzwa	4.72	4.25	3.94	.001 (7.871)	1> 3^***^a
masimba	4.85	4.40	4.45	.092 (2.425)	Asiri-sig^.a
Nguva Inotsausa	6.14	5.55	4.50	<.001 (18.777)	1> 2^∗∗, 1> 3^***^b
chiringa	4.91	4.58	4.26	.080 (2.571)	Asiri-sig.^a
Kunzwa Kunakidzwa	5.38	5.18	4.63	.004 (5.827)	1> 3^***^a

Cherechedza: ^a Bonferroni; ^b Tamhane's T2 yakashandiswa nekuda kweheteroscedasticity; ^***p <.001; ^∗∗p <.01; ^*p <.05 df_{betweengroups} = 2, df_neingroups = 137, df_chizere = 139.

Tafura 8 inopa pfupiso yemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwe hypothesis. Sezvatinogona kuona, pamafungidziro gumi akaedzwa, mhedzisiro yekudzidza kwedu inopa rutsigiro kwechinomwe chazvo (H1, H2, H5, H6a, H6c, H7 uye H8. Isu tinowanawo tsigiro yekutsigira yemamwe ma hypotheses maviri (H4 uye H6b); kunyanya, kupindwa muropa kwe-smartphone kwakawanikwa kuchisiyana nedzidzo (kutsigira H4b), nekupindwa muropa nevapindura kuchikoro chepamusoro kudarika icho chevane madhigirii, nepo kupinza kwekuziva muSNS kwakawanikwa kwakasiyana pakati pemazera emakore nekuda kuziva uye kutonga. Imwe pfungwa haina kutsigirwa nedata redu (H3).

Tafura 8. Pfupiso yebvunzo dze hypothesis.

Inofungidzira	mugumisiro
H1: Kupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone kuchave kwakakura kupfuura kupindwa muropa neSNS.	akatsigira
H2: Iyo yakananga mhedzisiro yekuziva kupinza pane kupindwa muropa ichave yakakura kune SNS pane smartphones.	akatsigira
H3: SNS service kupindwa muropa ichasiyana ne: (a) murumekadzi; (b) zera; uye (c) dzidzo.	Kwete kutsigirwa
H4: Smartphone kupindwa muropa kuchasiyana ne: (a) murumekadzi; (b) zera; uye (c) dzidzo.	Zvakatsigirwa
H5: Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekunyengedzera pane kupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone ichave yakaganhurirwa nekupindwa muropa neSNS.	akatsigira
H6a: Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekuziva ichave yakasimba kune vechikadzi pane yevanhurume kana uchishandisa SNS.	akatsigira
H6b: Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekubata uchishandisa SNS haizosiyane nezera.	Zvakatsigirwa
H6c: Mhedzisiro yekuziva kwekushandisa uchishandisa SNS haizosiyana nekusvika pakudzidza.	akatsigira
H7: Vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neiyo smartphone vanozove nemazamu akakwirira ekuziva kubata.	akatsigira
H8: Vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neSNS vanozove nemazamu akakwirira ekuziva kubata.	akatsigira

5. Zviwanikwa uye hurukuro

Pepa riripo rinopa humboo husingaoneki hwakanangana nekupindwa muropa naro smartphones kupesana kupindwa muropa ne pasocial network zviridzwa. Nepo paine yakajeka yakajeka mitsetse yekutsvagira maererano kupindwa muropa neApple kifaa uye kupindwa muropa nawo social networking sites izvi hazvina kunyatsobatanidzwa, kunyangwe nyaya yacho ichitaurwa muzvidzidzo zvichangoburwa (De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016; Jeong et al. 2016; Pearson & Hussain, 2015. Hapana kudzidza nanhasi, zvakadaro, chakasiyanisa pakati pokupindwa muropa nema Smartphones nekupindwa muropa nemabasa iwo avanokwanisa kupa vashandisi, kana kumwezve kuyedza kubatanidza iwo maonero maviri. Isu tinoona kuti kupindwa muropa nemadhayeti akakura pane kupindwa muropa neSNS; saka pane parizvino chikamu chakakura chekupindwa muropa nechokushandisa kazhinji pane kune yese yevhisi yakapihwa pazviri.

Kunyange isu tichiona kuti SNS yekupindwa muropa nebasa haisi kusiyana neanhu, zera kana dzidzo, tinoona kuti kupindwa muropa neema smartphone kunosiyana nedzidzo. Kunyanya isu tinoona kuti vashandisi vane yakaderera mwero we kuwana dzidzo yakaratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone. Nei vashandisi ve-smartphone vane huwandu hwakaderera hwekusvika pakudzidza vachifanirwa kuona zviitiko zvepamusoro zvekupindwa muropa hazvisi kunyatsojeka; pamwe boka iri rine rakaderedzwa mukana kuzvidzora yavo inomanikidzirwa kushandisa kwavo smartphone.

Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa kwakanyanya kwekupindwa muropa kwehutongi mune zvidzidzo zvemberi uye kufungidzira kune dambudziko rekushandiswa kwe smartphone, kunyanya sezvo paine misiyano yakakosha pakati pekupindwa muropa. to smartphones kupesana nemirimo on smartphones. Sezvo Emanuel (2015) rinoti: "takapindwa muruzivo neruzivo, varaidzo, uye nehukama hwepamoyo" zvinounzwa ne "smartphone", asi zvakajeka kushandisa zvine hukama nebasa riri kuitwa. Sezvo ma-smartphones achiwedzera kuomarara - pamwe nekubatikana kwemabasa avanogona kuita iye zvino uye mune ramangwana - isu tinofanirwa kunzwisisa mutsauko uri mumhando yekupindwa muropa pakati pe smartphones neSNS (pamwe nemamwe mabasa akawanda ari kuitwa).

Mubvunzo wakakodzera kubvunza ndewekuti vanopindwa muropa nemafoni nemaSNS mafomu sei? Kuverengera tsika dzekupindwa muropa (dzakadai sekupindwa muropa neApplebook) zvine chekuita kunyanyisa kana kutsamira ndekwekushomeka kwekushandiswa kunokonzerwa nekudhakwa kwezvinodhaka (semuenzaniso zvinodhaka, doro, fodya), kana nenyaya yemafoni, 'chinhu' icho hukama hwehukama uye masevhisi avanopa. Senzanga, vanhu vazhinji vane chinokwezva chekuita varaidzo isingagadzirisike uye vanochengetedza hukama hwemagariro, uye mafoni anokaka nharo zvine mukurumbira zvishandiso kuita izvi. Asi hazvo kunyangwe akawanda mafoni “… ashandura magariro uye achinja maitiro atinoita bhizimisi … Zvinoshamisa isu tine zvishoma zvekufunga pamusoro pehunhu hwavo mu [hupenyu hwedu] ”(Katz & Akhus, 2002. Izvi zvinoshamisa nekupihwa kuri kukura kwemishumo yevanopindura vachishandisa smartphone kuti vadzivise kudyidzana kwevanhu, kana kuti zvimwe vagara vachishandisa mudziyo wavo mu mamiriro ekushamwaridzana (Belardi, 2012; Merlo, Dombo, & Bibbey, 2013. Kubatana kwave kuita mutyairi we maitiro emagariro shanduko; padanho rakanyanyisa, zvisinei, kuve nemafashama nemameseji, zvinyorwa, maimeri uye zvinogadzirisa zvinogona kutiita kuti tifananidze avo vakatipota, tichivabata sezvimiro zvemadhijitari (Turkle, 2017).

Kujairika kushandisa zvishandiso senge smartphones kunotungamirwa neiyo 'kutya kurasikirwa "(Baral, 2017. Maitiro anoumbwa kuburikidza nemaitiro a kusimbisa kudzidza kutenderedza mamwe maitiro akatipa mubayiro kare; smartphones ari kubatsira kuve nechokwadi kuti vashandisi havapotsa zviitiko kana kudzokorodza, nekudaro zvichideredza kumanikidzwa kwenzanga. Seizvo Elliot Berkman - purofesa wezvepfungwa paUniversity yeOregon - anoti, “smartphones inogona kupukunyuka kubva boredom nekuti iwindi kune nyika zhinji kunze kwekoko pamberi pako ”(Baral, 2017. Kudzvinyirira kujairira kushandiswa kwemafoni evamwe vashandisi kunogona kukonzera kunetseka uye kusagadzikana. Mafungiro evashandisi anozoitawo basa mukutyaira kupindwa muropa, izvo zvatino funga zvakadzama zvinotevera.

Ichi chidzidzo chiripo chekutanga chakawedzerwa kudzidza kusimbisa basa rekunzwisisa kwevashandisi (kuyerwa kuburikidza nezinga rekuziva kubata (Agarwal & Karahanna, 2000)) pane kupindwa muropa nechero smartphone. Isu tinoona kuti kukanganisa kwakananga kweCL pakupindwa muropa kwakakura kune SNS kupfuura smartphones, pamwe nekuda kwechimwe chezvakaburitswa nemazamu akadzika ekuziva - kusakwanisa kuzvidzora kunogona kuita kana kukuvadza maitiro, kunyanya aya anotungamirwa kuburikidza nekuzivikanwa kwe SNS. Kupfuurirazve, tinoona kuti kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekupinza muropa ne smartphone kunopindirana nekupindwa muropa neSNS. Mune mamwe mazwi, kupindwa muropa neSNS (senge Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, nezvimwewo) achaita sekunyengedzera kana kunyengerera kwese kupindwa muropa nemudziyo uye mutserendende kugadzirisa kunzwisisika kunyudza. Nekudaro, kukurumidza kumuka kwekutorwa kwe smartphone uye kushandiswa kunoenderana nezvakakosha kupera yeSNS, uko SNS inoshandisa anofambisa smartphone kupindwa muropa.

Isu tinoona kuti vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neiyo smartphone zvakare inoratidzira yakakwirira mizhinji yeCCA pane vashandisi vane yakaderera kana isina zvikamu zvekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone. Kupfuurirazve, tinoona zvakare kuti vashandisi vanopindwa muropa neSNS vane yakakwirira mibairo yeCB. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinopa humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti sei vamwe vashandisi vakapindwa muropa nepo vamwe vasingaratidzi kushandiswa kwakaomarara, kunyangwe kutsvaga kwakawanda kuchidikanwa kutsvaga vatyairi vekupindwa muropa nemidziyo yeaSmarts neSSS.

Kutendeukira kune demographic zvinhu yekuziva inobata, isu tinotanga kuona kuti mhedzisiro yekuziva kubata yakasimba kune vanhukadzi pane vanhurume kana uchishandisa SNS; iyo nguva dissociation subcomponent ye CA yakaonekwa ichityaira izvi, zvichiratidza kuti vanhukadzi vanoona kusakwanisa kunyoresa kufamba kwenguva vachiita SNS kushandiswa vachienzaniswa nevarume. Izvi zvinoratidzira sekunge nguva inoita kunge ichipfuura nekukasira, kurasikirwa nekutevera nguva, uye kushandisa nguva yakawandisa pamawebhusaiti ekushamwaridzana nevanhu pane zvavakafunga. Nezve CA uye zera, kumwe kusiyana kwakacherechedzwa asi izvi zvaive zvishoma uye nekudaro hazviratidze zvakajeka zvakawanikwa. Chekupedzisira, mhedzisiro yeCCA kana uchishandisa SNS haina kusiyana nekusvika kwedzidzo.

Pakazere, pepa iri rinopa mipiro mitatu yefungidziro. Pakutanga, isu tinogadzirisa iyo 'mudziyo unopokana nezviri kuitika' nharo yekupindwa muropa neiyo smartphone, nekudaro, kupindura kune dzichangobva kufona kuongorora izvi zviitiko (De-Sola Gutiérrez et al. 2016; Jeong et al. 2016; Pearson & Hussain, 2015. Hapana kudzidza kwepashure kwakafananidza mhando dzakasiyana dzezvakanyorwa mune chero chinhu, kana, nekuwedzera, musiyano pakati pekupindwa muropa nechinoshandiswa kupindwa muropa nechinangwa chakati; uyu musiyano usinganzwisisike wakakosha nekuti unotibatsira kunyatsonzwisisa kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone (Jeong et al. 2016. Kechipiri, takaongorora misiyano yevakadzi uye kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone pamwe nemafungiro evashandisi. Yetatu, chidzidzo ichi chiripo chinowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwekunyatsoziva uye ruzivo rwevashandisi zvine chekuita nekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone. Pamwe chete, chidzidzo ichi chiripo chinopa mukana wakasviba wehunyanzvi hwefoni mbozhanhare uye kupindwa muropa nemushandisi, uye basa rekunzwisisa kwevashandisi munzvimbo dzemakomputa.

Kutorwa pamwechete, izvi zvakawanikwa zvinosimbisa kukosha kwekufunga nezve misiyano inogona kuitika pakati pechinhu chero chipi zvacho chine komputa simba rekugadzirisa uye mashandisiro ayo kana zvirimo. Tsvagurudzo yeramangwana parunhare rwekupindwa muropa nefoni uye chinetso parunhare saka inofanirwa kuve yakawanda uye icherekedze izvi zvingangoita zvakakosha misiyano, yakapihwa kubiquity kwechazvino komputa zvishandiso. Zvinoenderana neiyi ibasa rekunzwisisa kwevashandisi; pfungwa dzemushandisi kana uchiita smartphones zvinogona kusiyana zvichienderana nebasa riri kuitwa, zvichiratidza kuti kuongorora kwemberi kunofanirwa kutora izvi mupfungwa kana uchitsvaga zvakasiyana siyana nedambudziko rekushandisa smartphone.

6. Mhedziso

SaRudi Volti (1995) akacherekedza "kusakwanisa kwedu kunzwisisa tekinoroji uye kuona mhedzisiro yatinowana munharaunda yedu uye pachedu ndeimwe yezvinetso zvikuru, kana zvakanyanya kusanzwisisika, zvechizvarwa chakave chakakurirwa zvakanyanya shanduko yetekinoroji. ”Chinoshamisa che smartphone tekinoroji ndeyekuti ine mukana wekusunungura vashandisi panguva imwe chete uye zvakare kuitisa, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvinetso zvevashandisi maitiro uye kunyange kupindwa muropa. Saka nekudaro, zvinoita sekunge kwakakosha kunzwisisa mashandisiro anoita tekinoroji yevashandisi uye neruzhinji, kunyanya rutivi rwakasviba rwetekinoroji. Ichi chidzidzo chinowedzera muviri webasa pane tekinoroji uye nekupindwa muropa nehutachiona mune zvakati wandei Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo chiripo inoratidza kuti zviripo kusiyana kukuru pakati pekupindwa muropa nemidziyo ye smartphone uye SNS maererano neanoshandisa mushandisi; kupindwa muropa nema-smartphone zvishandiso kwakakura kudarika kupindwa muropa neSNS (t = 7.303, p <.001), kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone kunosiyana ne kuwana dzidzo (F = 3.098, p = .048), nepo kushandiswa kweSNS kusingasiyane ne, murume kana mukadzi, zera kana dzidzo. Mhedzisiro iyi inosimbisa kukosha kwekurega kudzora kutsvagurudzo yehunhu hwevashandisi nechero pachayo yakazvimiririra, asi zvakare kubhadhara kubvuma kushandiswa kwayo uye nezvimwe zviitiko zvakaitwa. Isu tinowanawo zvakakosha kusiyana kwemaonero evashandisi; vashandisi vakapindwa muropa nema-smartphones uye SNS vanoona yakakwira nhanho yekufungisisa kunwa (F = 19.592, p <.001; uye F = 13.902, p <.001 zvichiteerana), kunwa kwekuziva kunonzwikwa zvakanyanya nevakadzi kupfuura varume pavanoshandisa SNS (t = 2.421, p = .017). p <.1.766).

6.1. Zvinoreva

Ichi chidzidzo chinoita chiverengero chemipiro kuzvidzidziso, mutemo uye maitiro. Nepo zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaongorora zvikamu zvekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone (ona, semuenzaniso, Bian & Leung, 2015; Rosen et al. 2013; van Deursen et al. 2015) vashoma vakaparadzanisa pakati pezvishandiso uye zvishandiso kuitira kuti vanzwisise zviri nani dambudziko rekushandisa kweApple. Kupfuurirazve, nepo yekutanga tsvagiridzo yakaongorora hunhu uye inomanikidza kushandiswa kwe-smartphone (Lee et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2015), mafungiro evashandisi akafuratirwa. Kuyerwa kuburikidza nekuziva kubata, tinoona kuti vashandisi vakapindwa muropa nemafoni anoziva mamiriro ekuita uye zvakadzama - izvo zvingangotsanangurwa se "inonzwisisika koridhiyo". Naizvozvo, kune zvakakanakira ruzivo rwedu, kudzidza uku ndiko kwekutanga kwekuwedzera tsvakurudzo kudhirowa musiyano uripo pakati pezvishandiso nemashandisirwo ari mumamiriro ekunetseka kwema-smartphone, pamwe nemafungiro evashandisi.

Averengeka zvinorehwa nemutemo inogona zvakare kukwekwe. Pakutanga, isu tinofanirwa kuratidza kungwarira mukurondedzera chiitiko se 'kupindwa muropa', kunyanya kushandisa kweApple, izvo zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nenyaya dzakakura (semuenzaniso. kugadziriswa kusagadzikana). Izvi zvakataura, zvakadaro, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwe smartphone kunogona kukonzera kubviswa munharaunda uye kukuvara hukama hwevanhu. Zvakafanana zvine chekuita nenhaurwa dzakatenderedza Internet addiction nemurau wazvo (Barnes & Pressey, 2014), mutemo wekushandiswa kweApple une dambudziko uye chinyorwa chechinetso chechangobva kuitika munhau, kunyange zvichidarika kudzidziswa kwazvino kudzidza. Chero chero zita rinogona kuverengerwa kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwetekinoroji ye-smartphone - kutsamira, kumanikidza uye kuita tsika, kana kupindwa muropa - ichi inyaya inonetsa mune zvakanyanya nyika dzakabudirira, yakanyanya kupihwa smartphone yekushandisa inenge izere yekuzvidzora. Sezvo zvishandiso uye mapuratifomu zvichawedzera kusimba, zvine mukana wakakura kukurudzira kubatanidzwa kwevashandisi uye kubatanidzwa, iyo, inogona kupedzisira yakanyanya kushandiswa. Kupfuurirazve, kutsvagurudza kwakaratidza kuti kumanikidza kushandiswa kwe-smartphone kunogona kukonzera 'technostress' (Lee et al. 2014) - kusakwanisa kwekurarama nezvitsva macomputer matekinoroji (Brod, 1984), uye vashandisi vanonzwa kunzwa kwekunetseka nekuda kwekutaurirana uye ruzivo rwakanyanyisa (Ragu-Nathan, Tarafdar, Ragu-Nathan, & Tu, 2008).

Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo chiripo zvakare zvinoshanda. Smartphones yave chinhu chakakosha chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva kune vanhu vazhinji, uye nepo hunyanzvi uhu hunowanisa kugona kuita. pasocial network, varaidzo, uye kudzidziswa kuita, zvinogona zvakare zvisinei, zvichikonzera kuderera uye nekumanikidza kushandiswa, uye pakupedzisira psychological distress kune vamwe vashandisi (James & Drennan, 2005; Lee et al. 2014. Iyo indasitiri zvinorehwa nemidziyo iyo inokwanisa kufambisa yakawedzera manhamba ekuziva kuti akangwara anove akapusa, nemishumo yenhau inobvunza kuti smartphones dzinofanira kutakura nyevero dzehutano, uye kunetsekana kwekunetsekana kwema smartphone kushandisa pakati pevechidiki (Pell, 2017; Siddique, 2015. Chimwezve chishandiso chinoshanda chekuti vatsigire vanhu vane dambudziko rekushandiswa kweApple chingave chinodzidzisa Mobile Anwendung inonyora mashandisirwo emashandisirwo kune anoishandisa, ayo anofanirwa kubatsira nawo kuzvidzora.

6.2. Zvinogumira uye kutsvagisa kwazvakaita

Chidzidzo ichi chine zvakawanda zvausingakwanisi. Nezve kushanda kwemukati, iko kutsvagisa kunoenderana nevatori vechikamu kuzvidzora, iyo inogona kuve iri munjodzi kune yakajairika-nzira mutsauko. Izvi zvakati, kuzvipupurira pachako kungave iri nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekuongorora hunhu hwevanhu hwepfungwa, sezvo zvidzidzo zvakaiswa zvakanaka kuti zvipe ruzivo rwezvitendero zvavo kupfuura vekunze vanoona. Matambudziko ane hukama neyakajairika-nzira mutsauko, zvisinei, inogona kuwedzeredzwa (Spector, 2006. Chechipiri, maererano chokwadi chekunze, iyo fundo yakavakirwa pamuchinjiko-chikamu ongororo, yakapihwa kumuenzaniso wevadzidzi veUS, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kuwanikwa kwehukama hwehukama mukudzidza. Kutsvaga mune ramangwana kunogona kushandisa longitudinal zvigadzirwa zvekutsvagisa uye mapamfomu akapararira emaforamu mukuyedza kudzokorora zvakawanikwa muchidzidzo chiripo. Kuti uite kudaro, kuenderera mberi kutsvakisisa kunofanira kutarisa kune chaiwo masevhisi uye kutsvaga sampat yakagadziriswa iyo yakawanda mumiririri yehuwandu hweSNS. Yetatu, tikapihwa kuti zvimiro zviviri zvakaburitsa zvisina kukosha maererano nehukama pakati pekuziva kuchenjera uye zvakapindwa muropa, tinogona kutanga kusava nechokwadi kana kuwanikwa kwekuziva kwekuvakwa kwakakodzera mune yazvino nzira yezvidzidzo zvekupindwa muropa nehutano hwevanhu, uye kunyudzwa pasocial network inogona kusiyana nekunyudzwa mune dzimwe dzinogona maitiro akapindwa muropa. Kukudziridzwa nekunatswa mune izvi mamiriro ezvinhu anopa imwe ingangoita nzira yekutsvagiridza mune ramangwana rekuvandudza kushanda kwemukati.

Pane mukana wakakura wekutsvagisa ramangwana nezvekupindwa muropa nema-smartphones nemaapplication avo uye nerima divi reetekinoroji zvakanyanya, kunyanya pakati penhengo dzevanhu vari munjodzi kusanganisira vechidiki nevaya vanobva kumazera echidiki. Mumwe mubvunzo unoda kumberi kutariswa ndewekuti yakawedzerwa smartphone kushandiswa kuri kunyatso kuwedzera kupindwa muropa neInternet. Kupfuurirazve, zvimwe zvikamu zvekunetsa kushandiswa kwe smartphone (semuenzaniso, zvinonzi zvinonzi smartphone zombies), zvichiri kuzotariswa zvakadzama. Isu tinofanirwa kuenderera mberi kubva kuongororo ye'pasi rose 'kupindwa muropa kune chishandiso kune zvimwe nuanced zvidzidzo zvinosiyanisa pakati pechishandiso nemashandisirwo ayo nemashandisi anodhakwa, pamwe nekunzwisisa kwevashandisi' mafungiro ekuziva kwetekinoroji. Chekupedzisira, kupihwa kuwanikwa kwese kwese kwemafoni efoni zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kupokana kwetekinoroji mukukwanisa kwayo kusunungura nekukunda.

Mashoko Okuwedzera. Ongorora Zvinhu

Kunzwisisa Kuziva

Kuparadzaniswa Kwepanyama

•: Nguva inoita kunge ichipfuura nekukurumidza kana ndiri kushandisa social networking apps pane yangu smartphone.
•: Dzimwe nguva ini ndinorasikirwa nekutarisisa nguva kana ini ndiri kushandisa social networkal apps pane yangu smartphone.
•: Nguva inofamba pandinenge ndichishandisa masocial network kumaApps angu.
•: Nguva zhinji pandinoshandisa social networking apps pane yangu smartphone, ini ndinopedzisira ndoshandisa yakawanda nguva yandakanga ndaronga.
•: Ini ndinowanzo pedza nguva yakawanda ndichishandisa social networking apps pane yangu smartphone kupfuura zvandaifunga.

Akanyatsotarisa Kunyudzwa

•: Ndichiri kushandisa zvekudyidzana pasocial apps pane yangu smartphone ini ndinogona kuvhara kunze kwakawanda zvimwe kunze kwenyika zvekunze.
•: Ndichiri kushandisa masocial network kumaApp smartphone yangu, ndakabatikana nezvandiri kuita.
•: Ndichiri kushandisa zvekudyidzana pasocial apps pane yangu smartphone, ini ndakanyudzwa mune iro basa randinenge ndichiita.
•: Pandinenge ndichishandisa masocial network pamasoftware angu, ndinotsauswa nemamwe maitiro ekunze kwenyika zviri nyore
•: Ndichiri kushandisa masocial network kune wangu smartphone, pfungwa dzangu hadzotsauswa kubva-pasiri-renyika nyore.

Kunzwa Kunakidzwa

•: Ndakanakidzwa nekushandisa social networking apps pane yangu smartphone
•: Kushandisa ma social network ekushandisa pa-smartphone yangu kunondinakidza kwazvo.
•: Ndinonakidzwa nekushandisa social networking apps pa-smartphone yangu.
•: Kushandisa ma social network ekushandisa pa-smartphone yangu kunondibatira.

masimba

•: Pandinenge ndichishandisa masocial network kumaApps angu ndinonzwa simba.
•: Ndiri kuona sekuti ini handina simba pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemasocial network kumaApp.
•: Masocial network ekushandisa pa-smartphone yangu anondibvumidza kudzora mashandisiro emakomputa angu.

chiringa

•: Kushandisa ma social network maApp on smartphone yangu kunonakidza kuda kwangu.
•: Kushandisa masocial network pamasoftware angu kunoita kuti ndide kuziva.
•: Kushandisa ma social network's apps pane yangu smartphone kunomutsa kufunga kwangu.

Kupindwa muropa neChipenga

•: Ini dzimwe nguva ndinoregera zvinhu zvakakosha nekuda kwekufarira kwangu smartphone.
•: My hupenyu hwemagariro dzimwe nguva akatambura nekuda kwangu kupindira smartphone yangu.
•: Kushandisa smartphone yangu dzimwe nguva kunokanganisa nezvimwe zviitiko.
•: Kana ndisiri kushandisa yangu smartphone, ini ndinowanzo kunzwa kushungurudzika.
•: Ini ndakaita zvisina kubudirira kuyedza kuti ndideredze nguva yekushandisa yangu smartphone.
•: Ndiri kunzwa kurasika pasina angu pasocial network apps.
•: Ini ndinowanzo kukanganisika nyore necommunity network.

Kupindwa muropa neApp

•: Dzimwe nguva ndinoregedza zvinhu zvakakosha nekuda kwekufarira kwangu kushamwaridzana pamasoftware.
•: Hupenyu hwangu hwemagariro hwave kunetsekana dzimwe nguva nekuda kwangu kudyidzana nemasocial network.
•: Kushandisa magariro ekushamwaridzana pane dzimwe nguva kunokanganisa nezvimwe zviitiko.
•: Pandinenge ndisiri kushandisa webhusaiti yekushamwaridzana, ndinowanzoinzwa kushushikana.
•: Ini ndakaita zvisina kubudirira kuyedza kuti ndideredze nguva yandinopindirana nemasocial network network.
•: Ndiri kunzwa kurasikirwa pasina yangu smartphone.
•: Ini ndinowanzo kukanganiswa nyore nyore ne smartphone.

References

Agarwal naKarahanna, 2000: R. Agarwal, E. KarahannaNguva inomhanya paunenge uchinakidzwa: Kunzwisisa kwekutora uye zvitendero nezve ruzivo rwekushandisa tekinoroji

MIS Quarterly, 24 (4) (2000), mapeji. 665-694

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar
Ajzen, 1985: I. AjzenKubva pane zvinangwa kune zviito: Mufungo wewakarongwa maitiro

J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (Eds.), Chiitiko chekutonga: Kubva pakuziva kune maitiro, Springer-Verlag, New York (1985), mapeji 11-39

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar
Ajzen, 1991: I. AjzenMufungo wechiitiko chakarongwa

Sangano Kuzvibata uye Kuita Kwevanhu Sarudzo Maitiro, 50 (2) (1991), mapeji 179-211

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Al-Barashdi et al., 2015

HS Al-Barashdi, A. Bouazza, NH JaburSmartphone kupindwa muropa pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti: Kuongorora mabhuku

Chinyorwa cheSainzi Kutsvaga uye Mishumo, 4 (3) (2015), mapeji 210-225

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association, 2013

American Psychiatric AssociationKuongororwa uye nhamba yezvinyorwa zvekushushikana kwepfungwa (DSM-5)

(5th ed.), American Psychiatric Association Kudhinda, Washington, DC (2013)

Google Scholar

Baral, 2017

S. BharariMaitiro ekusiyana netsika yekutarisa foni yako nguva dzese

Mic (2017)

Yakadzorerwa Chikunguru 31, 2018:

https://mic.com/articles/164230/how-to-break-the-habit-of-checking-your-phone-all-the-time#.3hArQiBBa

Google Scholar

Barkhuus naPolichar, 2011

L. Barkhuus, VE PolicharSimba mukushandisa seamness: Smart mafoni muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva

Yakabatana uye yeUbiquitous Computing, 15 (6) (2011), mapeji 629-639

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Barnes uye Pressey, 2014

SJ Barnes, AD PresseyKugwinyirwa muWebhu? Hwakamira hunhu mu cyberpace uye basa rechinangwa-kutarisisa

Technological Forecasting uye Kwemagariro Shanduko, 86 (2014), mapeji 93-109

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Barnes uye Pressey, 2017

SJ Barnes, AD PresseyVirtual nyika kupindwa muropa nekunetsa kudhaka

American Kushambadzira Association Summer Vadzidzisi 'Musangano, San Francisco (2017)

Google Scholar

Baron naKenny, 1986

RM Baron, DA KennyIyo moderator-murevereri musiyano musiyano mune zvemagariro tsvakurudzo tsanangudzo: Kufungisisa, kuronga uye kufunga kwehuwandu

Chinyorwa cheMunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology, 51 (6) (1986), mapeji 1173-1182

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Belardi, 18 2012

B. Belardi (Mupepeti.), Vatengi vanoshuva iPhone kupfuura Facebook, bonde (18 June 2012)

Dzoreredzwa Chikunguru 31, 2018 kubva kuPR Newswire webhusaiti:

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/consumers-crave-iphone-more-than-facebook-sex-according-to-gazelle-159430685.html

Google Scholar

Beranuy Fargues et al., 2009

M. Beranuy Fargues, A. Chamarro Lusar, C. Graner Jordania, X. Carbonell SanchezValidación de dos escalas inosvikira pakuongorora kuri paInternet y el abuso del móvil

Psicothema, 21 (2009), mapeji 480-485

Google Scholar

Bernroider et al., 2014

EWN Bernroider, B. Krumay, S. MargiolKwete pasina yangu smartphone! Mhedzisiro yekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone pakushandisa smartphone

25th musangano weAustralia pamisangano yeruzivo, Auckland, New Zealand (2014)

Google Scholar

Bianchi naPhillips, 2005

A. Bianchi, JG PhillipsPsychological kufembera kwedambudziko kushandisa kwefoni

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 8 (1) (2005), mapeji 39-51

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Bian naLeung, 2014

M. Bian, L. LeungKubatanidza kusurukirwa, kunyara, zviratidzo zvekupererwa ne smartphone, uye mapatani ekushandiswa kwe smartphone kune hukuru hwemagariro

Social Science Computer Ongororo (2014), mapeji 1-19

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Bian naLeung, 2015

M. Bian, L. LeungKubatanidza kusurukirwa, kunyara, zviratidzo zvekupererwa ne smartphone, uye mapatani ekushandiswa kwe smartphone kune hukuru hwemagariro

Social Science Computer Ongororo, 33 (1) (2015), mapeji 61-79

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Billieux, 2012

J. BillieuxDambudziko rekushandisa kwefoni kushandisa: Kuongorora mabhuku uye nzira yemigwagwa

Dzazvino Psychiatry Ongororo, 8 (2012), mapeji 1-9

Google Scholar

Block, 2008

J. VimbaNyaya dze DSM-V: Kupindwa muropa neInternet

IAmerican Journal of Psychiatry, 165 (2008), mapeji 306-307

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Bozoglan et al., 2014

B. Bozoglan, V. Anoda, I. SahinDambudziko rekushandiswa kweInternet: Mabasa ekushandisa, kungwara kwekuziva, uye kushungurudzika

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 37 (2014), mapeji. 117-123

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Brancheau naWetherbe, 1990

JC Branchcheau, JC WetherbeKugamuchirwa kwesoftware yekushambadzira: Kuedza maitiro ekusimudzira theory mune mamiriro ekupedzisira-mushandisi komputa

Information Systems Tsvagiridzo, 1 (1) (1990), mapeji 41-64

Google Scholar

Brenner, 1997

V. BrennerPsychology yekushandiswa kwemakomputa: XLVII. Paramitha dzekushandiswa kweinternet, kushungurudzwa uye kupindwa muropa: Iwo mazuva ekutanga makumi mapfumbamwe eiyo internet yekushandisa ongororo

Psychological Reports, 80 (1997), mapeji 879-882

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Mabhiriji uye Florsheim, 2008

E. Mabhiriji, R. FlorsheimHedonic uye zvinoshandisa ekutenga zvinangwa: Icho chiitiko chepamhepo

Chinyorwa chebhizinesi reKutsvaga, 61 (4) (2008), mapeji 309-314

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Brod, 1984

C. BrodTechnostress: Mari yemunhu yekushandura komputa

Addison-Wesley, Kuverenga, MA (1984)

Google Scholar

Cantril naAllport, 1935

H. Cantril, GW AllportPsychology yeredhiyo

Harper, New York (1935)

Google Scholar

Carillo et al., 2017

K. Carillo, E. Scornavacca, S. ZaBasa rekutsamira kwenhau mukufembera mberi kwechinangwa chekushandisa ubiquitous media media

Ruzivo & Management, 54 (3) (2017), mapeji 317-335

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Charlton naDanforth, 2007

JP Charlton, IDW DanforthKusiyanisa kupindwa muropa uye kubatikana kwakanyanya mumamiriro ezvepamhepo mutambo wekutamba

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 23 (3) (2007), mapeji 1531-1548

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Cho na Lee, 2015

S. Cho, E. LeeKuvandudzwa kwechimbo chipfupi kuyera kupindwa muropa ne smartphone pakati pevadzidzi vanoyamwisa

Makomputa, Informatics, Nursing, 33 (5) (2015), mapeji 216-224

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Claisse naRowe, 1987

G. Claisse, F. RoweFoni iri mubvunzo: Mibvunzo pakutaurirana

Computer Networks uye ISDN Systems, 14 (2-5) (1987), mapeji 207-219

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Csikszentmihalyi, 1990

M. CsikszentmihalyiKuyerera: Iyo psychology yeakanyanya ruzivo

Harper naRow, New York (1990)

Google Scholar

Davey naDavey, 2014

S. Davey, A. DaveyKuongororwa kwekupindwa muropa kweiyo smartphone mune vechidiki veIndian: Iyo nzira yakasanganiswa yekudzidza neyakarongedza-ongororo uye meta-ongororo nzira

International Journal of Preventative Medicine, 5 (12) (2014), mapeji 1500-1511

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Davis, 1989

FD DavisYakave nekubatsira, yaona kusheedzwa kwekushandiswa, uye kubvumidzwa kwevashandisi tekinoroji yeruzivo

MIS Quarterly, 13 (3) (1989), mapeji. 319-339

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Davis et al., 1992

FD Davis, RP Bagozzi, PR WarshawExtrinsic uye intrinsic kukurudzira kushandisa makomputa munzvimbo yebasa

Chinyorwa cheAppended Social Psychology, 22 (1992), mapeji 1111-1132

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

De-Sola Gutiérrez et al., 2016

J. De-Sola Gutiérrez, F. Rodríguez de Fonseca, G. RubioNhare-foni kupindwa muropa: Ongororo

Frontiers mu Psychiatry, 7 (2016), p. 175

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Deci naRyan, 1985

EL Deci, RM RyanKufungidzira kwakanyanya uye kuzvisarudzira mune maitiro emunhu

Plenum, New York (1985)

Google Scholar

Demirci et al., 2015

K. Demirci, M. Akgongul, A. AkpinarHukama hwekushandiswa kwema smartphone kudzikisira nehunhu hwekurara, kushushikana, uye kunetseka muvadzidzi veyunivhesiti

Chinyorwa cheMufambiro Wekuzvibata, 4 (2) (2015), mapeji 85-92

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Demirci et al., 2014

K. Demirci, H. Orhan, A. Demirdas, A. Akpinar, H. SertKuvimbika uye kuvimbika kweshanduro yeTurkey yeiyo smartphone kupindwa muropa muhuwandu hwechidiki

Bulletin yeClinical Psychopharmacology, 24 (3) (2014), mapeji 226-234

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Demirer naBozoglan, 2016

V. Demirer, B. BozoglanZvinangwa zvekushandiswa kweInternet uye zvinetso kushandiswa kweInternet pakati pevadzidzi vezvikoro zvepamusoro zveTurkey

Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 8 (4) (2016), mapeji 269-277

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

van Deursen et al., 2015

AJAM van Deursen, CL Bolle, SM Hegner, PAM KommersKufanoridza tsika uye akapindwa muropa nehunhu weemaitiro. Iro basa remhando dzekushandisa kweSmart, kungwara kwepamoyo, kushushikana munharaunda, kuzvitongesa, zera, uye vakadzi

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 45 (2015), mapeji. 411-420

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Ehrenberg et al., 2008

A. Ehrenberg, SC Juckes, KM White, SP WalshHunhu uye kuzviremekedza sevashandisi vevechidiki tekinoroji inoshandisa

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 11 (6) (2008), mapeji 739-741

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Emanuel, 2015

R. EmanuelIchokwadi nezve kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

Koreji Mudzidzi Wenhau, 49 (2015), p. 291

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Motorola, 2017

EricssonMotorola kufamba kwekufambisa mushumo, Chikumi 2017

Motorola, Stockholm (2017)

Google Scholar

Fishbein naAjzen, 1975

M. Fishbein, I. AjzenKutenda, mafungiro, chinangwa uye BehaviBehavior: Sumo yefungidziro nekutsvaga

Addison-Wesley, Kuverenga MA (1975)

Google Scholar

Geser, 2006

H. GeserVasikana (kunyangwe) vakapindwa muropa zvakanyanya here? Mamwe maitiro echikadzi ekushandisa mbozhanhare

Sociology muSwitzerland: Sociology yefoni mbozha (2006)

Rakadzoka date, kubva

http://socio.ch/mobile/t_geser3.pdf

Google Scholar

Griffiths, 1996

MD GriffithsNikotini, fodya uye kupindwa muropa

Zvisikwa, 384 (1996), p. 18

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Griffiths, 1997

M. GriffithsPsychology yekushandiswa kwemakomputa: XLIII. Vamwe vanotaura nezve 'kushandisa zvinodhaka kwewebhu' nevadiki

Psychological Reports, 80 (1) (1997), mapeji 81-82

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Griffiths, 1999

MD GriffithsKupindwa muropa kweInternet: Chokwadi kana ngano?

Iyo Psychologist, 12 (1999), mapeji 246-250

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Griffiths, 2000

MD GriffithsInternet uye kombiyuta 'kupindwa muropa' iripo here? Dzimwe nyaya dzinoongorora humbowo

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 3 (2000), mapeji 211-218

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Griffiths, 2001

MD GriffithsDzebonde pa internet: Kucherechedzwa uye zvinokonzeresa kupindwa muropa kwepabonde paInternet

Iyo Nhoroondo Yezve Kuita Bonde Kutsvagurudza, 38 (4) (2001), mapeji 333-342

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Griffiths, 2012

MD GriffithsInternet bonde kupindwa muropa. Kuongororwa kwekutsvagura kwehumwari

Kupindwa muropa Dzidziso uye Tsvakiridzo, 20 (2012), mapeji 111-124

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Bvudzi et al., 2014

JF Bvudzi, WC Nhema, BJ Babin, RE AndersonMultivariate data ongororo

Pearson Dzidzo, Harlow (2014)

Google Scholar

Hakoama naHakoyama, 2011

M. Hakoama, S. HakoyamaKukanganisika kwekushandiswa kwefoni parunhare pasocial network nekusimudzira pakati pevadzidzi vekoreji

IAmerican Association of Behavioral uye Social Science Sayenzi, 15 (2011), mapeji 1-20

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Helmuth, 2001

L. HelmuthKunze kwenheyo yemafaro

Sayenzi, 294 (5544) (2001), pp. 983-984

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Horvath, 2004

CW HorvathKuyera kupindwa muropa kweterevhizheni

Zvinyorwa zveNhepfenyuro & Midhiya Midhiya, 48 (3) (2004), mapeji 378-398

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Jackson et al., 2008

LA Jackson, Y. Zhao, A. Kolenic, HE Fitsgerald, R. Harold, A. von EyeRace, jinsia, uye ruzivo rwekushandisa ruzivo: Iwo mutsva wedhijitari wakakamurwa

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 11 (4) (2008), mapeji 437-442

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

James naDrennan, 2005

D. James, J. DrennanKuongorora kupindwa muropa kwekushandisa kwefoni mbozha

S. Kutenga (Ed.), ANZMAC 2005: Kuwedzeredza miganhu: Kesi mafambiro, 5 Zvita – 7 Zvita 2005. Australia, Western Australia: Fremantle (2005)

Google Scholar

Jang, 2002

HJ JangPsychological Hunhu hwevayaruka vanopindwa muropa vachishandisa mbozhanhare

[chinyorwa]

Sungshin Women University, Seoul, South Korea (2002)

Google Scholar

Jenaro et al., 2007

C. Jenaro, N. Flores, M. Gomez-Vela, F. Gonzalez-Gil, C. CaballoDambudziko internet uye foni-kushandisa foni: Psychological, maitiro uye hutano inogadziriswa

Kupindwa muropa Kunyepedzera uye Dzidziso, 15 (2007), mapeji 309-320

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Jeong et al., 2016

S.E. Jeong, H. Kim, J.Y. Yum, Y. HwangNdezvipi mhando yezvinyorwa izvo vashandisi veSports vakapindwa muropa nazvo?: SNS vs. mitambo

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 54 (2016), mapeji. 10-17

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Jeong na Lee, 2015

H. Jeong, Y. LeeSmartphone kupindwa muropa uye kunzwira tsitsi pakati pevadzidzi vanoyamwisa

Tsamba Dzepamberi zveSainzi neTekinoroji, 88 (2015), mapeji 224-228

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Junco et al., 2010

R. Junco, D. Merson, DW SalterMhedzisiro yehunhu, dzinza, uye mari pavadzidzi vekoreji kushandisa kwehunyanzvi hwekutaurirana

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 13 (6) (2010), mapeji 619-627

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Katz naAkhus, 2002

JE Katz, M. AkhusKusagadzikana kusangana: Nhare yekukurukurirana, hurukuro yakavanzika, basa reruzhinji

Cambridge University Press (2002)

Google Scholar

Vachengeti, 1990

GA VaridziPathological kufunganya nemitambo yemavhidhiyo

Zvinyorwa zveAmerican Academy yeMwana & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 (1) (1990), mapeji 49-50

chinyorwa

Download PDF CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Kibona naMgaya, 2015

L. Kibona, G. MgayaSmartphones 'mhedzisiro pane kuita kwedzidzo kwevadzidzi vepamusoro kudzidza

Chinyorwa cheMultidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2 (4) (2015), mapeji 777-784

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Kim et al., 2014

d. Kim, Y. Lee, J. Lee, JK Nam, Y. ChungKukudziridzwa kweKorea smartphone kupindwa muropa kwechirevo kuyera

PLoS Imwe, 9 (5) (2014), mapeji 1-8

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Ko et al., 2009

C.-H. Ko, G.-C. Liu, S. Hsiao, J.Y. Yen, M.J. Yang, W.-C. Lin, and unto.Mabasa ehupano anobatanidza nemitambo inokurudzira kubhejera kwepamutambo muIndaneti

Chinyorwa chePsychiatric Research, 43 (7) (2009), mapeji 739-747

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Kuss et al., 2013

DJ Kuss, AJ van Rooij, GW Shorter, MD Griffiths, D. van de MheenKupindwa muropa neInternet mune vechidiki: Kufungidzira uye njodzi

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 29 (2013), mapeji. 1987-1996

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Kwon et al., 2013

M. Kwon, D.—J. Kim, H. Cho, S. YangIyo smartphone kupindwa muropa chiyero: Kubudirira uye kusimbiswa kweshanduro pfupi yevayaruka

PLoS Imwe, 8 (12) (2013), mapeji 1-7

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Kwon et al., 2013b

Kwon, J.Y. Lee, W.-Y. Won, J.W. Park, J.-A. Min, C. Hahn, and unto.Kukudziridzwa uye kusimbiswa kweiyo smartphone kupindwa muropa chiyero (SAS)

PLoS Imwe, 8 (2) (2013), mapeji 1-7

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Nzira uye Manner, 2011

W. Lane, C. NziraIko kukanganisika kwehunhu hwehunhu pane smartphone muridzi-ngarava uye kushandiswa

International Journal yeBhizinesi neSocial Science, 2 (2011), mapeji 22-28

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lee, 2015

E.LeeRuzivo rwakanyanya: Runorema smartphone uye Facebook kushandiswa nevanhu vakuru veAfrica American

Chinyorwa cheBlack Zvidzidzo, 46 (1) (2015), mapeji 44-61

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lee et al., 2014

Y.K. Lee, C.-T. Chin, Y. Lin, Z.H. ChengRutivi rwakasviba rwekushandiswa kwe smartphone: Psychological maitiro, ekumanikidza maitiro uye technostress

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 31 (2014), mapeji. 373-383

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lehenbauer-Baum uye Fohringer, 2015

M. Lehenbauer-Baum, M. FohringerTowards kupatsanurwa nzira yeinternet yemitambo kusagadzikana: Kudhirowa kusiyana pakati pekupindwa muropa uye kuita kwakanyanya muGerman sampu yeWorld War War players

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 45 (2015), mapeji. 345-351

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lenhart et al., 2010

A. Lenhart, K. Purcell, A. Smith, K. ZickuhrZvemagariro venhau uye vechidiki vakuru

Pew Internet uye American Life Project (2010)

Yakadzorerwa kubva

http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Social-Media-and-Young-Adults.aspx

Google Scholar

Leung, 2007

L. LeungKutandara, kushushikana, kutsvaga kwekutsvagarira, kuzvishingisa, zviratidzo zvekupindwa muropa uye maitiro ekushandisa kwefoni

EA Konijn, MA Tanis, S. Utz, A. Linden (Eds.), Pakati pekukurukurirana kutaurirana, Lawrence Eribaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ (2007), mapeji 359-381

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Leung, 2008

L. LeungKubatanidza maitiro epfungwa nezvekupindwa muropa uye zvisina kufanira kushandiswa kwefoni mbozha pakati pevachiri kuyaruka kuHong Kong

Chinyorwa cheVana neMedia, 2 (2008), mapeji 93-113

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lin, 2004

XH LinInternet kupindwa muropa kusagadzikana, on-line maitiro uye hunhu: Kuongorora kwekutsvaga

International Journal of Psychology, 39 (5-6) (2004)

272-272

Google Scholar

Lin et al., 2017

YH Lin, PH Lin, CL Chiang, YH Lee, CC Yang, TB Kuo, and unto.Kupfekedzwa kwenharembozha (app) matanho mukuongororwa kwekupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

Chinyorwa cheClinical Psychiatry, 78 (7) (2017), mapeji 866-872

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lin et al., 2015

YH Lin, YC Lin, YH Lee, PH Lin, SH Lin, LR Chang, and unto.Kusvibiswa kwenguva kwakabatana neiyo smartphone kupindwa muropa: Kuzivisa chinzvimbo che smartphone kuburikidza nechiridzwa chekushandisa (App)

Chinyorwa chePsychiatric Research, 65 (2015), mapeji 139-145

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Lopez-Fernandez et al., 2012

O. Lopez-Fernandez, ML Honrubia-Serrano, M. Freixa-BlanxartAdaptación española del 'Nharembozha Yefoni Shandisa Scale' para población tecente

Adicciones, 24 (2012), mapeji 123-130

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Mcllwraith, 1998

RD Mcllwraith"Ndakapindwa muropa neterevhizheni": Hunhu, fungidziro, uye terevhizheni yekuona maitiro evanozvizivisa vakapindwa muropa neTV

Zvinyorwa zveNhepfenyuro & Midhiya Midhiya, 42 (1998), mapeji 371-386

Google Scholar

Merlo et al., 2013

LJ Merlo, AM Dombo, A. BibbeyKuyera zvinetso parunhare kushandiswa: Kubudirira uye yekutanga psychometric zvivakwa zvePUMP chiyero

Chinyorwa chekupindwa muropa (2013)

Google Scholar

Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, 1995

Merriam-Webster's Medical DictionaryMerriam-webster, Springfield, MA

(1995)

Google Scholar

Mick naFortnier, 1998

DG Mick, S. FournierParadoxes ye tekinoroji: Kuziva kwevatengi, manzwiro, uye maitiro ekubata

Nhoroondo yeVatengi Kutsvaga, 25 (Nyamavhuvhu) (1998), mapeji 123-143

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Mok et al., 2014

J.Y. Mok, S.W. Choi, D.J. Kim, J.S. Choi, J. Lee, H. Ahn, and unto.Latent kirasi kuongororwa pa internet uye smartphone kupindwa muropa nevadzidzi vekoreji

Neuropsychiatric Chirwere uye Kurapa, 10 (2014), mapeji 817-828

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Morahan-Martin naSchumacher, 2000

J. Morahan-Martin, P. SchumacherZviitiko uye zvigadziriso zve pathological Internet kushandiswa pakati pevadzidzi vekoreji

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 16 (1) (2000), mapeji 2-13

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Nunnally, 2010

JC NunnallyPsychometric dzidziso 3E

Tata McGraw-Hill Dzidzo, New York (2010)

Google Scholar

Oulasvirta et al., 2012

A. Oulasvirta, T. Rattenbury, L. Ma, E. RaitaMaitiro anoita kuti smartphone ishandise zvakanyanya

Yakabatana uye yeUbiquitous Computing, 16 (1) (2012), mapeji 105-114

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Paki uye Paki, 2014

C. Park, YR ParkIyo conceptual modhi pane smart phone kupindwa muropa pakati pehudiki

International Journal yeSocial Science neHumanity, 4 (2) (2014), mapeji 147-150

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Paternoster et al., 1998

R. Paternoster, R. Brame, P. Mazerolle, AR PiqueroUchishandisa iyo chaiyo yehuwandu hweyedzo yekuenzanisa yakaenzana regression coefficients

Kupara mhosva, 36 (4) (1998), mapeji 859-866

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Pawłowska naPotembska, 2012

B. Pawłowska, E. PotembskaGender uye kuomarara kwezviratidzo zvekupindwa murudzi rwefoni mufoni muPoland gymnasium, chikoro chesekondari uye vadzidzi veyunivhesiti

Matambudziko aripo muPsychiatry, 12 (4) (2012), mapeji 433-438

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Pearson naHussain, 2015

C. Pearson, Z. HussainSmartphone kushandiswa, kupindwa muropa, narcissism, uye hunhu: Kuongorora nzira dzakasanganiswa

International Journal yeCyber Behavior, Psychology uye Kudzidza, 5 (1) (2015), mapeji 17-32

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Pedrero Perez et al., 2012

EJ Pedrero Perez, MT Rodriguez Monje, JM Ruiz Sanchez De LeonAdicción o abuso del teléfono móvil: Revisión de la mabhuku

Adicciones, 24 (2012), mapeji 139-152

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Peele, 1985

S. PeeleZvinorehwa nekupindwa muropa: Chiitiko chinomanikidza uye kududzirwa kwazvo

Lexington, Lexington, MA (1985)

Google Scholar

Pell, 2017

R. PellKupa mwana wako smartphone kwakafanana nekuvapa gramu yeecocaine, anodaro nyanzvi yepamusoro yekupindwa muropa

Kukwana (2017)

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/child-smart-phones-cocaine-addiction-expert-mandy-saligari-harley-street-charter-clinic-technology-a7777941.html

[yapedzisira kuwanikwa: 05/10/2017]

Google Scholar

Pontes uye Griffiths, 2016

HM Pontes, MD GriffithsChiPutukezi chinosimbiswa chetaneti mutambo wemitambo kusagadzikana-pfupi-fomu

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, uye Social Networking, 19 (4) (2016), mapeji 288-293

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Ragu-Nathan et al., 2008

TS Ragu-Nathan, M. Tarafdar, BS Ragu-Nathan, Q. TuMhedzisiro ye technostress yevashandisi vekupedzisira mumasangano: Conceptual development and empirical solidation

Information Systems Tsvagiridzo, 19 (4) (2008), mapeji 417-433

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Roberts naPirog, 2012

JA Roberts, SF Pirog IIIKuongororwa kwekutanga kwekunyanya kuda pfuma uye kushungurudzika sevateedzeri vezvigadzirwa zvehupfumi pakati pevechidiki vakuru

Chinyorwa cheMufambiro Wekuzvibata, 2 (1) (2012), mapeji 56-62

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Roberts et al., 2014

JA Roberts, LHP Yaya, C. ManolisIko kusingaoneki kupindwa muropa: Zviitiko zvefoni-piritsi uye kupindwa muropa pakati pevadzidzi vechirume nevechikadzi vekoreji

Chinyorwa cheMufambiro Wekuzvibata, 3 (4) (2014), mapeji 254-265

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Rogers, 1995

EM RogersKuoma kwezvinhu zvitsva

(4th ed.), Iyo Bure Press, New York (1995)

Google Scholar

Rosen et al., 2013

LD Rosen, K. Whaling, LM Mutakuri, NA Cheever, J. RokkumNhepfenyuro nehunyanzvi hwekushandisa uye maitiro akasiya: Kuongorora kwakasimba

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 29 (6) (2013), mapeji 2501-2511

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Sahin et al., 2013

S. Sahin, K. Ozdemir, A. Unsal, N. TemizKuongororwa kwefoni yekupindwa muropa nezidanho uye kugona kwakanaka muvadzidzi veyunivhesiti

Pakistan Nhoroondo Yezvokurapa Sayenzi, 29 (2013), mapeji 913-918

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Salehan neNegahban, 2013

M. Salehan, A. NegahbanNharaunda kushamwaridzana pane smartphones: Kana mbozhanhare dzava kupindwa muropa

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 29 (2013), mapeji. 2632-2639

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Samaha naHawi, 2016

M. Samaha, N. HawiHukama pakati peiyo smartphone kupindwa muropa, kushushikana, kuita kwedzidzo, uye kugutsikana nehupenyu

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 57 (2016), mapeji. 321-325

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Sanchez Martinez naOtero, 2009

M. Sanchez Martinez, A. OteroZvinhu zvinofambidzana nekushandiswa kwefoni mbozha muvadiki munharaunda yeMadrid (Spain)

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 12 (2009), mapeji 131-137

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Sapacz et al., 2016

M. Sapacz, G. Rockman, J. ClarkIsu takapindwa muropa nemafoni edu?

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 57 (2016), mapeji. 153-159

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Shambare et al., 2012

R. Shambare, R. Rugimbana, T. ZhowaNhare mbozha ndiko kupindwa muropa kwezana ramakore rechi21 here?

African Journal yeBhizinesi Management, 62 (2) (2012), mapeji 573-577

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Shin naDey, 2013

C. Shin, AK DeyKuzviona otomatiki nekushomeka kwekushandisa smartphones, UbiComp'13

(2013), mapeji 335-344

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Shotton, 1991

MA ShottonMari nezvibatsiro zve 'kupindwa muropa nekombuta'

Behaeve and Information Technology, 10 (3) (1991), mapeji 219-230

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Siddique, 2015

H. SiddiqueSmartphones ndeyekupinda muropa uye inofanira kutakura yambiro yehutano, vanodaro vekudzidza

Chivabvu 2015

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/04/smartphones-addictive-make-people-narcissistic-say-academics

[yapedzisira kuwanikwa: 05/10/2017]

Google Scholar

Sobel, 1986

ME SobelMimwe mhedzisiro mitsva pane zvisina kunangana mhedzisiro uye yavo yakajairwa zvikanganiso mu covariance chimiro

Sociological Methodology, 16 (1986), mapeji 159-186

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Spector, 2006

PE SpectorNzira yekusiyana-siyana mukutsvakurudza kwesangano

Sangano Rekutsidzira Nzira, 9 (2) (2006), mapeji 221-232

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Takao et al., 2009

T. Takao, S. Takahashi, M. KitamuraHunhu hunopisa uye zvinetso zvekushandisa mbozhanhare

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 12 (2009), mapeji 1-9

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Taneja, 2014

C. TanejaIyo psychology yekunyanyisa kushandisa foni

Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 17 (2014), mapeji 448-451

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Tavakolizadeh et al., 2014

J. Tavakolizadeh, A. Atarodi, S. Ahmadpour, A. PourgheisarKuwanda kwekushandiswa kwakanyanya kwefoni mbozha uye hukama hwayo nehutano hwepfungwa mamiriro uye huwandu hwevanhu pakati pevadzidzi veGonabad yunivhesiti yezvechiremba zvekurapa muna 2011-2012

Razavi International Journal yeMishonga, 2 (1) (2014), mapeji 1-7

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Tellegen, 1981

A. TellegenKudzidzira izvo zviviri kudzidzisa kuzorora uye kujekesa: Taura nezve 'basa reye mhinduro mune electromyograph mhinduro: Kufanirwa kwekutarisisa' nezvikonzero uye sheehan

Chinyorwa cheAcyumental Psychology: General, 110 (2) (1981), mapeji 217-226

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Tellegen, 1982

A. TellegenBhurukwa bhurawu rewakawanda multidimensional hunhu mibvunzo

Dhipatimendi rePsychology, Yunivhesiti yeMinnesota, Manuscript asina kunyorwa (1982)

Google Scholar

Tellegen naAtkinson, 1974

A. Tellegen, G. AtkinsonKuvhurika kwekutora uye kuzvichinja-zviitiko ('kunyudza'), hunhu hune hukama ne hypnotic

Chinyorwa cheAnormal Psychology, 83 (3) (1974), mapeji 268-277

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Trevino naWebster, 1992

LK Trevino, J. WebsterKuyerera mukukurukurirana pakati pamakomputa: E-mail tsamba uye kuongorora inzwi mail uye kukanganisa

Kukurukurirana Kwekutaurirana, 19 (5) (1992), mapeji 539-573

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Turel naSerenko, 2010

O. Turel, A. SerenkoKupindwa muropa neemail kwakadarika here?

Kukurukurirana kwe ACM, 53 (5) (2010), mapeji 41-43

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Turel et al., 2011

O. Turel, A. Serenko, P. GilesKubatanidza tekinoroji kupindwa muropa nekushandiswa: Kuongorora kwakasimba kwevashandisi vepamhepo vepamhepo

MIS Quarterly, 35 (4) (2011), mapeji. 1043-1061

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Turkle, 2017

S. TurkleUri wega pamwechete: Nei isu tichitarisira zvakawanda kubva kuhunyanzvi uye zvishoma kubva kune imwe neimwe, Hachette UK

(2017)

Google Scholar

Vallerand, 1997

RJ VallerandToward yeiyo hierarchical yemhando yekukosha uye yekuwedzera kukurudzira

Kufambira mberi muKwayedza Ruzhinji Psychology, 29 (1997), mapeji 271-360

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Volti, 1995

R. VoltiSangano uye shanduko yetekinoroji

(3rd ed.), St. Martin's Press, New York (1995)

Google Scholar

Wang et al., 2015

J.L. Wang, H.-Z. Wang, J. Gaskin, L.H. WangBasa rekushushikana uye kukurudzira mune zvinetso smartphone yekushandisa pakati pevadzidzi vekoreji

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 53 (2015), mapeji. 181-188

chinyorwa

Download PDF CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Webster naHackley, 1997

J. Webster, P. HackleyKudzidzisa zvinobudirira mune tekinoroji-iri pakati kudzidza kudzidza

Academy of Management Journal, 40 (6) (1997), mapeji 1282-1309

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Webster uye Ho, 1997

J. Webster, H. HoKuita kwevateereri mune midhiya mharidzo

ACM SIGMIS - Dhata Dhata, 28 (2) (1997), mapeji 63-77

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Makungwa nemaMaka, 2007

PM Yellowlees, S. MakoDambudziko rekushandisa internet kana kupindwa muropa ne internet?

Makomputa muHutano hweBantu, 23 (3) (2007), mapeji 1447-1453

chinyorwa

Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Muduku, 1998

KS MudikiKupindwa muropa neInternet: Iko kubuda kwechirwere chitsva chekiriniki

CyberPsychology uye Maitiro, 1 (3) (1998), mapeji 237-244

CrossRef View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Muduku, 1999

KS MudikiKupindwa muropa neInternet: Zviratidzo, kuongororwa uye kurapwa

Kuvandudzwa muClinical Exercise: Bhuku reSource, 17 (1999), mapeji 19-31

View Record in Scopus Google Scholar

Zhang et al., 2014

KZK Zhang, C. Chen, MKO LeeKunzwisisa basa revavariro mukupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

Pacific Asia musangano wezveruzivo mafambiro, pepa 131 (2014)

Google Scholar

Mobile ubiquity: Kunzwisisa hukama pakati pekufungisisa, kushandiswa kwefoni yefoni uye webhusaiti yehutano (2019)

Muchidimbu

ngovepo

Keywords

1. ziviso

1.1. Tsanangudzo uye kuongorora kwemabhuku

1.2. Technology kupindwa muropa

1.3. Dambudziko rekushandisa smartphone

1.4. Kubatwa nekuziva

2. Hypothesis kuvandudza

2.1. Smartphone kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa neSNS

2.2. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekupinza pa smartphone uye SNS kupindwa muropa

2.3. Demographic zvinhu uye smartphone kupindwa muropa

2.4. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekuziva pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

2.5. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekubata nekubatwa kwevanhukadzi, zera uye dzidzo

2.6. Kuziva kwekuziva uye kupindwa muropa nemushandisi

3. Nzira yekutsvagisa

3.1. Dhizaini yekugadzira

3.2. Kuunganidzwa kwedata uye kuongorora

4. Mhinduro

4.1. Smartphone kupindwa muropa nekupindwa muropa neSNS

4.2. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekuziva kupindwa muropa

4.3. Demographic zvinhu uye kupindwa muropa

4.4. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekuziva pane kupindwa muropa kwe smartphone

4.5. Iko kukanganiswa kwekuziva kwekubata nekubatwa kwevanhukadzi, zera uye dzidzo

4.6. Kuziva kwekuziva uye kupindwa muropa nemushandisi

5. Zviwanikwa uye hurukuro

6. Mhedziso

6.1. Zvinoreva

6.2. Zvinogumira uye kutsvagisa kwazvakaita

Mashoko Okuwedzera. Ongorora Zvinhu

Kunzwisisa Kuziva

Kupindwa muropa neChipenga

Kupindwa muropa neApp

References

Quick Links