Kubudirira Kunzwisisa Neuroscience
Volume 25, June 2017, Mapeji 209-220
Munyori anobatanidza anovhura pamusoro pevhu repaneriAhna BallonoffSuleimanaAdrianaGalvánbK. PaigeHardencRonald E.Dahla
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004Wana kodzero uye zviripo
Muchidimbu
• Kunyangwe kufambira mberi mukukudziridza kwemitsipa yekukura kwekuyaruka, kwave kusinga tariswe zvakanyanya pabonde nekudanana.
• Maumbirwo emuchato wekubika unofanirwa kufunga nezvebetertal brain maturity sezvazvinodiwa kuti ubudirire uye kubereka kubudirira.
• Developmental neuroscience ine mukana wekuvandudza kuyaruka zverudo, zvepabonde uye kubereka.
ngovepo
Iko kutanga kwekuyaruka inguva yekuchinja kukuru mukukurudzira, kuziva, maitiro, uye hukama hwemagariro. Iripo iripoodeodemental mhando dzakabatanidza kunzwisisa kwedu zvazvino kwekuyaruka brain development; zvisinei, pakave nekushamisika kushoma tarisa pakukosha kwekuyaruka inguva yakaomarara yekusimudzira kurara pamwe kwevanhu pabonde. Vechidiki pavanopinda mukuyaruka, rimwe rebasa ravo rekutanga kuwana ruzivo uye ruzivo zvichavabvumidza kutora zvinzvimbo zvevakuru, kusanganisira kuita zvehukama nehukama. Nekudzokorora zvinyorwa zvevanhu uye zvemhuka zvinowanikwa muvanhu, pepa iri rinoratidza nzira yatinofanira kufamba kupfuura nekufunga kwekuyaruka sekungochinjika kwezimwe shanduko dzinokosha pakubereka kubereka. Panzvimbo peizvozvo, kuyaruka kunobatanidzawo neyakagadziriswa yeanorobiological iyo yakakosha iyo yemagariro, yemanzwiro, uye yekuziva yakakwenenzverwa yakakodzera kubudirira kubereka. Vavariro yekutanga yepepa iri kuwedzera kuwanda kwekutsvagurudza uye hurukuro pamusoro pevachiri kuyaruka kudanana uye kuita zvepabonde, netariro yekusimudzira kunzwisisika pabonde nekudanana sekukosha kwezvikamu zvehutano pamwe nekugara zvakanaka mukuyaruka.
Keywords
Kuvandudzwa kwerudo
Kuvandudzwa kwebonde
Adolescence
Developmental neuroscience
Kuberekwa
“Muhucheche vanhu vanovimba nehupenyu hwavo chaihwo pamhuri yembereko; mukukura, ivo vanoita basa rekugara zvakanaka kwevakaroora uye vana uye nekutsvaga izvo zvido uye chinzvimbo chemhuri chemuchato. Kune yenguva pfupi yekuyaruka, ivo havana kana kutendamira sezvavaive kana kuita sevane mutoro sezvavachave. Ndipo pekuti hukama nevezera zvinogona kutora kukura kwehukama hwavanoshaya pane mamwe matanho muhupenyu kutenderera… ”- (Schlegel naBarry, 1991 Schlegel & Barry III, 1991, peji. 68)
1. ziviso
Neurodevelopmental mhando dzakaratidza kutanga kwekuyaruka, yakamisikidzwa neyekushanduka kwehupenyu kubva mukuyaruka, senguva yekuchinja kukuru mukukurudzira, kuziva, maitiro, uye hukama hwemagariro. Aya mabhaisikopo akabatsira kuziva nguva yekubatika senguva yakaoma yekudzidza, kunyanya kudzidza kwehukama uye kwepamoyo kunodiwa kuti utarise mamiriro matsva emagariro uye maitiro anobuda anozvibata anodiwa (Telzer 2016; Crone uye Dahl, 2012. Nekudaro, kunyangwe nekubuda kweazhinji akanaka mhando dzinoratidza kukosha kwekuyaruka kwe kukura kwemasero uye idzva, yekudzidza inoshandira (semuenzaniso (Blakemore 2012; Braams et al., 2015; Crone uye Dahl, 2012; Giedd et al., 2006; James et al., 2012; Pepereri uye Dahl, 2013), idzi mhando dzinopa kufunga kwakadzama nezvekukosha kwekuyaruka seshiri yakaomarara yekuvandudza rudo uye zvepabonde. Muzviitiko zvishoma apo kudanana uye zvebonde zvinotariswa mune idzi nzira dzekuvandudza, ivo vanowanzosimbisa kukura kwebonde seyakaipa njodzi maitiro (kureva, njodzi-hwaro hwebonde) (Ewing et al., 2014; Goldenberg et al. 2013; James et al., 2012; Victor naHariri, 2015. Kunyangwe isu tichibvuma kukosha kwekufunga zvisina kunaka budiriro traomsories zvine chekuita nengozi kana kusaremara tsika dzepabonde, zvakakoshawo kufunga nezve zvakajairika, zvine hutano hwepabonde uye hwepamoyo kukura, uye neurodevelopmental underpinnings yekudzidza nezverudo uye zvepabonde maitiro.
Zvidzidzo zvichishandisa njodzi yekuita bonde zvakabatsira kuziva mamwe eepasi pekushongedza neural kubatana nehutano hunokuvadza zvepabonde kuita sarudzo, asi, zvinosuruvarisa, izvi zvidzidzo hazvina kuita zvishoma kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwetsika dzakajairika dzekuvandudzwa kwebonde traomsories. Semuenzaniso, pakati pevachiri kuyaruka vanoita zvepabonde (15-17 makore ekuzvarwa), inozviti nenjodzi yekuzvibata pabonde inotora zvisirizvo pamwe nekuvhurwa kweiyo prefrontal cortex (PFC) panguva yerabhoritari mhinduro inhibition basa (Goldenberg et al., 2013. Saizvozvo, mune kudzidza kwe14-15 vakadzi vechidiki vane makore, kuita sarudzo yakanyanya yekurara pabonde nebasa kwakabatana nekuvhiya mu anterior cingulate (Hensel et al., 2015. Izvi zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vane huwandu hwakawedzera kudzora kwekuziva panguva yekupindura inhibition uye kushomeka kushoma mune anterior cingate kunogona kuita zvakanyanya kuita zvepabonde zvisarudzo, asi ita zvishoma kusimudzira kwedu kunzwisisika kweanowanzoitika developmental trajectories. Kufamba usingapfuure ne njodzi muhurongwa hwekutsvairwa kwemitsipa kwakakosha kuti uzive maitiro e neural ane hukama nehutano hwakanaka hwekudyidzana uye hwebonde.
Kunze kwemaoko mashoma ezvidzidzo zvehurongwa hwekuongorora njodzi dzebonde zvinotora, pakave nekushomashoma kwekuedza kuongorora iko kwekunze kwekuvandudza kufarira kwekuita kufarira uye kuita rudo uye zvepabonde. Vechidiki pavanopinda mukuyaruka, rimwe rebasa ravo rekutanga kuwana ruzivo uye ruzivo zvichavabvumidza kutora chinzvimbo chevakuru, kusanganisira kuita zvehukama nehukama (Crone uye Dahl, 2012. Hukama hwehudiki hwevakadanana, kubva kuzvikoro zvepuraimari zvinokanganisa apo vanhu vaviri vanogona kushamwaridzana zvishoma, kune hukama hunobatanidza nekudyara kwakakosha kwemanzwiro, nguva, uye simba, zvinowanzonzi hazvina basa. Muchokwadi, hukama uhwu hunobatira zvakakosha mukusimudzira zvinangwa, uye ndiwo musimboti wevadiki kuti vaongorore kuzivikanwa kwavo kwepabonde uye kuwana chiitiko chepabonde (Furman naShaffer, 2003; Furman et al., 2007. Mukutarisira kuwana chinzvimbo chemagariro uye kukunda hushamwari hwevakaroorana vanodiwa, vachiri kuyaruka vanokurudzirwa zvikuru kudzidza nzira yekufamba nekunetsana kwekubatana munharaunda inobatanidzwa kutanga uye kuchengetedza hukama hwerudo. Kugona kwemunhu kuita hunhu hunoita kuti huve hukama hwepedyo uye izvo zvinogadzira mikana yekuita zvepabonde uye kubereka ndizvo zvinowanzoitika mukukura kwekukura.
Kuzvara, chiitiko chekubereka chinotanga muhuropi, chinosanganisira kurovera kwekuchinja kwemahomoni uye kushandurwa kwakasimba kwemuviri uye kwomuviri kunozoguma nekukwanisa kubereka (Sisk 2016; Sisk uye Foster, 2004. Iko kuvandudzwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvevakuru zvebonde, kusanganisira shanduko muhupi hwemuviri, zvepabonde zvinomutsa, uye orgasm, zvinonzwisisika. Kunyangwe kuchinjika kuchikurudzira kuchembera uye hunhu hwepabonde, pakave nekushoma kwakanyanya kutsvaga kubuda kwehunhu hwepabonde muvanhu vachiri kuyaruka. Mukupesana, kutsvagurika kwedzimwe mhuka kunosanganisira kuongorora kwakadzama kwekutanga kwekurara pamwe nekuzvara matambiro ane hukama neiyo nguva yekubvuma, kubvuma kuti kubuda kwehunhu hwehutsika hunhu kunoda kurongeka kwakakura kwekuchinja kushanduka muuropi. endocrine system, uye system yetsinga. Nekudaro, mhuka dzinoongorora dzinoona zviitiko zvepamberi zvebonde kwete chete semaitiro maitiro, asiwo seyakaja zvinovaka muviri izvo zvinoumba neural uye mahormone basa nekusimudzira (semuenzaniso ,. Nutsch et al., 2014, 2016; Will et al., 2015. Iko kudiwa kwezivo nezve iko kudzidza uye kudzokorora kwekudzokorora mhinduro dzakabatanidzwa mukutanga kwemurume uye zviitiko zvebonde zvinoratidzira tarisiro yakakosha mumhando dziripo dzekukura kwevanhu mukuyaruka. Pnguva imwechete, nepo mhuka dzemhuka dzichipa humbowo hwakakosha mukunzwisisa hunhu hwebonde hwekuvandudza, ivo havawedzere kunzwisisa kwedu kwehukama hwehukama uye zviitiko, kana kuita chiratidzo chekusimudzira chakakodzera kune aya anokosha emagariro. Zvakare, chimiro chemakwikwi emhando yemhuka chinopa chete chimiro chechisimba chekusimudzira pabonde, uye nekudaro zvinodzikamisa kunzwisisa kwedu kwekusiyana uye kusanzwisisika kwekukwezva, hunhu, uye kuzivikanwa kuripo muhupombwe hwevanhu.
Zvinyorwa zvemhuka zvinoshanda sechiyeuchidzo chakakomba chebonde rekuberekera uye yekudzokorora mhinduro loops dzakabatanidzwa mune zvepamoyo uye zvepabonde zviitiko, izvo zvakaregeredzwa zvakanyanya mumhando dzekukura kwevanhu kuyaruka. Uye zvakare, mhuka dzemhando uye kushoma kwevanhu kutsvakira vakaita zvishoma kuti vaone kuti kuyaruka kunogadzira sei mikana yekudzidza nezve zvichireva zvetsika dzerudo neyebonde.Fortenberry, 2013. Kune rimwe ruoko, kukosha kwehunhu hwekuzvara kunogona kuitika nehunyanzvi, ruzivo kana ruzivo; kune rumwe rutivi, kubva pakuona kwekushanduka-shanduka, kukwikwidzana munharaunda mukukwezva mukwanyina uye kubudirira mukubatanidza kunovimba zvakanyanya pakubata kwechigadziro chakaomesesa chehunyanzvi hwemagariro uye maitiro uye maitiro. Kudzidza kwakakodzera pakuwana hunyanzvi nezivo inodiwa kuti vafambise zvinoenderana nehukama hwemagariro uye hwepabonde kukurudzira kunobuda neanoyaruka kuri musimboti wetsika yakasarudzika yemagariro, yekubatana, uye yekuziva kusimukira muvanhu. Naizvozvo, kubhuroka kwemanyorero (uye kuwedzera kwechisimba kukurudziro yemagariro kusanganisira kufarira zvebonde uye zvehukama) zvinokwanisa kumiririra hwaro hwekudzidza-kwete nezve maitiro emuchato, asiwo nezve maitiro akaomarara uye epfungwa izvo zviri chikamu chekufamba achipomerwa mhosva, yakakwirira-yakadzika pfungwa inosanganisirwa mukukudziridza kuzivikanwa semunhu wepabonde.
Mune ino pepa, isu tinonzvera maitiro anochenjera uye ezvehukama-anobatsira kuitika kubva mukuyaruka anogadzira mukana wakasarudzika wemukana kune vechidiki kuti vaite mukukura kwakakodzera mikana yekudzidza inoenderana nekufamba kwerudo nezviitiko zvepabonde. Isu tinoti shanduko iyi mukuchinja neural circry yakabatana nekushamwaridzana uye kushungurudzika kugadzirisa kunogona kuvhura wechipiri yekuvandudza hwindo (ichitevera iyo iri yepakutanga mwana) yekudzidza nezverudo uye yekubatirana hukama. Tinoenderera mberi tichifungidzira kuti aya maitiro ekudzidza anotanga nekushandura kwepanyama uye neanorobiological shanduko inokurudzira kukurudzira, asi zvakadaro inonyanya kuvimba nehukama uye hukama pakati pevanhu panguva ino. Tevere, kudhirowa pane zvese mhuka nekutsvagirwa kwevanhu, tichaongorora mashandisiro anoita mahormone, neural, uye hutachiona pakuzvara vechidiki kuita tsika dzerudo nedzepabonde. Chekupedzisira, tinosimbisa mimwe mibvunzo yakakosha, yakanakisa pamusoro pehukama hwehunhu hwekudanana nehunhu hwehukama pamwe nehukama, kusanganisira kuti budiriro inokanganiswa sei nekusangana kwenzvimbo kwekuyaruka, izvo zvave kuwedzera kusasimukira kwepadanho mukukwirirana kwetsika kubva kutsananguro dzetsika dzekukura. Pepa rese, isu tinotaridzawo mikana yevanotsvaga yekuongorora mibvunzo yakati wandei isina kupindurwa. Chinangwa chekupedzisira cheiyi pepa kuwedzera kuwanda kwekutsvagurudza uye hurukuro pamusoro pevachiri kuyaruka rudo nekuvandudzwa kwebonde, netariro yekusimbisa mukana wekutsvagisa neuroscience kuti ishandiswe kugadzirisa izvi zvakakosha trajectories.
2. Kutarisira kudzidza nezve rudo, kushamwaridzana uye kudanana
Mazhinji emagetsi emamiriro ezvinhu anoratidza kuti neuroplasticity kunoitika pakuyaruka kunovhura hwindo rinoerera muuropi, iro rinotungamira iro remunhu akasiyana nemamwe marudzi ekudzidza (Crone uye Dahl, 2012. Mukushandiswa kwayo kwakanyanya, iyo term neuroplasticity inosanganisira dzakasiyana siyana dzeanodaptic uye dzisiri-synaptic maitiro anotsigira kugona kweuropi kuti asimbise kudzidza, pamwe chete nepfungwa ye 'hwindo rakatarisa' hwedzidzo yakakosha. Greenough et al's (1987) mwana achiri mudiki 'ruzivo-anotarisira chimiro' anokurudzira kuti huro hwechecheche hunotarisira mhando dzekufunda, dzinozvikurudzira kuti dziite kudzokorora kudzokorora uye kugona zviitiko zvedzidzo (semuenzaniso kufamba). Izvi zviitiko zvekufunda, zvinowedzerawo kushora kukura kwemasero (Greenough et al., 1987. Zvichangoitwa kutsvagurudza mune masero maitiro uye mashandiro eanoroplasticity akafambira mberi nekukurumidza uye akasimbisa iye achiri kuyaruka brain development, kutanga nekutanga kwekuyaruka, inogona kumiririra musanganiswa wakasarudzika wekugadzikana uye plastiki. Iko kusanganiswa kunogadzira yakakosha hwindo remukana wekudzidza uye ruzivo rwekugadzira kukura neural networks nenzira dzinotsungirira (Hensch 2014; Takesian naHensch, 2013; Werker naHensch, 2015).
Iko kutanga kwekuyaruka kunoratidzika kurongedza kutarisisa kukuru uye kusagadzika kune hwemagariro uye emifungo-yekugadzirisa ruzivo rwenzizi, dzakanyanya kukoshesa kufarira kudanana uye tsika dzepabonde (Dahl 2016; Nelson et al., 2016. Zvikurukuru, kuchembera kunotungamira mukukudziridzwa kwebumbiro maitiro emagariro nemhinduro kuzvinhu zvichangobva kubuda munharaunda (Brown et al., 2015. Panguva imwechete iyo vanhu vechidiki vanotanga kushandisa nguva yakawandisa nevezera ravo, vanonzwa mutsva, zvepabonde manzwiro ekukwezva ayo anokurudzira hukama-kufambisa maitiro. Tichifunga kuti chinangwa chebonde chekuyaruka ndechekuita kubereka kubereka, zvine musoro kuti chiyero pakati peipurasitiki nekusimba mune yakasarudzika yeparutivi. neural system yaizogadzira hwindo remukana wekudzidza uye kukurudzira kwakakodzera kune rudo uye zvepabonde maitiro. Funga nezve hunyanzvi izvo mwana achiri kuyaruka anofanira kudzidza mune ino domain, kusanganisira kubata nemanzwiro ane chekuita nekuwana munhu anoyevedza, kuvaka mataurirwo ehunyanzvi kuti abvunze mumwe munhu musi, uchiona bonde nemusikana, uchiona zvinoguma zvaitika munharaunda yekufambidzana nemumwe munhu kana asinganyanyofarirwa, kutsungirira nekurambwa kana kuputswa, uye kuenzanisa chishuvo chebhaibheri chekuve nacho zviitiko zvepabonde nemanzwiro akaomarara ane chekuita nekuchengetedza hukama hwekudanana. Hwakasiyana-siyana hwepakutanga kwevakadanana uye zvepabonde zviitiko zvinogona kuve zvinokudziridza neural network mukutsungirira nzira dzekutsigira hupenyu hwese hwerudo uye zvepabonde trajectories.
Imwe yedzakanyanya kukosha shanduko dzinoitika panguva yekuyaruka kukurudzira uye chishuvo chekuda kuita mukati kudanana. Kunyange vacheche vachidzidza vachiri vadiki kukosha kwehukama hwehukama uye rudo rwevabereki, hazvisi kusvikira mushure mekutanga kweiyo shanduro yekuchinja kuti vanhu vadiki vafarire rudo. Rudo rweRudo rwakafambiswa senge chinhu chakakosha chinobatanidzwa, uye zvidhoma zvevakuru zvinoshamwaridzana zvinowanzotarisa magirazi avakawana nevabereki vavo sevacheche (Hazan naShaver, 1987. Pamusoro pezvo, zvese rudo rwemudiwa uye rudo rwevabereki runogonesa kuumbwa, uye ita kuti kugadzirwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvisungo izvi zviitike uye zvinemubairo zviitiko (Bartels naZeki, 2004. Kunyangwe yakakosha kuwanda muchinangwa, hunhu, neurohormone nzvimbo dzinosunga, uye neural correlates pakati pevabereki uye nerudo rudo, panewo mutsauko wakakosha (Bartels naZeki, 2004. Zvese zviri zviviri rudo rwevabereki nerudo runogonesa kukurira, kubata, kubata nekutarisira, asi rudo rwerudo runosanganisirawo mitezo yakajeka, yakadai sekudzorerana masimba masimba uye chishuwo chebonde. Isu tinofunga kuti kushandurwa kwemahomoni kunoenderana nekuyaruka kunobatsira mukushanduka kwemukati kunokonzeresa uropi kuti vadzidze nezverudzi urwu rworudo, kuitira kuti kuitisa kubereka, kubereka, uye kutarisira vana.
Kunyangwe zvikave zvichizivikanwa kuti mazhinji ehurongwa hwemasystem anosanganisira rudo rwebonde uye zvepabonde anotarisana nekukosheswa kwakakosha, kubatana, uye kushandurwa kunoshanda panguva yekuyaruka, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvekuti izvi zvinopesana sei neyakajairika rudo rwebonde uye yekusimudzira yekusimudzira tsika. Kubatanidza izvo zvinozivikanwa nezve neural underpinnings yerudo rwepamoyo uye chishuwo chebonde / kumutswa muvakuru nemabhuku pane pubertal neurodevelopment inonongedza kumimwe mibvunzo inonakidza. Kunyange zvichidarika pari pepa iri kupfupisa muviri uyu wekuverenga, mhando dzevechiri kuyaruka dzakaratidza zvakajeka kurara kwakadzama-kwakanangana nekudzidziswa kweuropi panguva yekuyaruka (Dennison et al., 2013; Giedd naDenker, 2015. Kunyangwe kupesana kwekuita zvepabonde mune izvi trajectories, uropi hwevachiri kuyaruka vanogadziriswa kuti vabhadhare kudzidza (Galván, 2013. Nekutanga dopamine-mupfumi, mubayiro kuronga uye zvinokurudzira system, zvese rudo rwebonde uye zvepabonde zvinangwa-zvinotungamirwa zvinofambiswa nemhinduro dzakasimba dzemanzwiro (Aron et al., 2005; Fisher et al., 2010. Kutanga nekuyaruka, shanduko dzekuvandudza muhunhu hwehuropi dzakabatanidzwa mukukurudzira, mubairo, uye kugadziriswa kwemagariro-nemafungiro kunogona kuve kwakasarudzika nzvimbo yekuratidzira rudo uye kurara nemurume pabonde kuti uwane mibairo yakanaka.
Zvese zviri zviviri rudo uye chishuvo chebonde ndizvo dopamenergically-mediated zvinokurudzirwa zvinoti zvinogona kukanganisa pasi rose kubata vanhuDiamondi naDickenson, 2012. Tichipa iyo yekuvandudza shanduko inoitika panguva yehudiki inoenderana nekugadziriswa kwemanzwiro uye kudzora kwekuziva, zvave zvichidudzirwa kuti kuyaruka inguva yakafanira yekuongorora izvo zvinonzwisisika uye manzwiro ane hukama nehukama hwepamoyo (Collins, 2003. Izvi zvitsva zvinokurudzira zvinowedzera zvakanyanya mukusagadzikana panguva imwecheteyo kuti vechidiki vanokudziridza kugona kwekuzvidzora kwehumwe hunhu hwekuita hunhu (Fortenberry, 2013. Naizvozvo zvine musoro kuti kusimuka kwemuviri kuperekedzwe nekuwedzera neural plasticity uye kwakasimudzirwa kukurudzira kutsvaga huwandu hwevanosimudzira zvakanyanya, kutyisa zvishoma, kunopa mubayiro, zviitiko zvezvinoitika, uye izvo zvinowedzera mukunzwa kwekutsvaga kunoita kuti vechidiki vawane mukana wekuwana aya akakwira- kusimba zviitiko, sekunge kuti utange kupwanya kana kuita yekutanga kutsvoda, kunakidza (Spielberg et al., 2014. Kuburitswa kwe dopamine uye oxytocin kwakabatana nekudzokororwazve kubatana nemunhu chaiye anofambidzana naye kunopa mukuwedzera kudzidziswa kunofambiswa nekudzidza pamusoro pehunhu hwehukama Kana munhu wechidiki angori nekupwanya uye otanga kuvaka hukama neumwe munhu, ivo vanokudziridza chimiro chemurume kana musikana mukati dopaminergic mubairo unotarisirwa uye unoshamiswa zvakanyanya neiyo chaiyo yakasungwa shamwariLove 2013; Ortigue et al., 2010. Sezvazvose nekudzidza, kufambidzana nemumwe wako kunotora nguva, pamwe nekudzokorora chiitiko, kukudziridza. Kana mhinduro yemurume kana musikana iyi yagadzwa, kuita mukumuka, zviitiko zvinovaka zvinogonesa kuitika kwehukama hwehukama pakati pevakaroorana (Aron et al., 2000. Nekuda kwekukudziridza kwemukati kuri kuitika nekuyaruka, kupindirana kwakanangana muhukama hwepakutanga, kana zvese zvehukama uye zvehukama zviwanikwa, zvinoita kuti zvive zvinonakidza, zvinopa mubayiro, uye zvinogutsa. Kuti ugone kuita hukama hwerudo uye hwepabonde uchibudirira, vayaruka vanofanira kuda, senge, kusvika, uye kudzidza kubva pamabasa ane hunyanzvi hwekubvunza mumwe munhu kubva pazuva rekutanga, kudonha murudo, kusangana nemoyo wakaputsika, uye kuyedza zvakare.
Romantic rudo runosanganisira kuwedzera activation mu dopamine-rakapfuma subcortical kumatunhu ane hukama hwekugadzirisa manzwiro, mibairo, uye kukurudzira; mune yakakwirira-yakarongeka cortical uropi matunhu akabatana ne kugarisana nevamwe uye kuzvimiririra; nekuderedza activation mu amygdala (Ortigue et al., 2010. Kunyangwe chishuwo chebonde / chinoshamisira uye rudo zvichisanganisira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakapfuura dzeo activation, kunyanya mumatunhu e subcortical, kunewo nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuvhiya. Semuenzaniso, rudo rwekudanana, vaviri nepo mumwe munhu achishingairira murudo uye mushure mekunge vasangana nekurambwa kubva pakurambana, asi zvisingaite zvekurara pamwe, zvinosanganisira kuvhurika kwechisimba (kazhinji kwakabatana nemafaro, kutarisisa kutaridzika, uye kukurudzira kutsvaga mibairo), nepo bonde richimutsa, asi kwete rudo, striatal activation (inosanganiswa nekukurudzira uye fungidziro mubairo) (Fisher et al., 2010; Diamondi naDickenson, 2012. Nekuda kwezvikanganiso mukugadzira mabasa akakodzera pahekita, kutsvagurudza kwekutsanangura hakuna kubudirira kusiyanisa chishuwo chebonde- inonzwisisika-inosimudzira nyika yekuita zvebonde-kubva mukumuka pabonde- mamiriro epanyama ekugadzirira zvepabonde.Diamondi naDickenson, 2012. Mazhinji marabhoratm eparamende anoshandisa kukurudzira kwepabonde kwevasingazivi pane vadiwa, uye nekudaro zvingamiririra zvirinani pane kuchiva, asi izvi zvinoramba zvisina kujeka. Tsvagiridzo yekuvandudza trajectory yerudo muuropi hwemunhu yakashomeka zvakanyanya. Kukura kunopa rakasarudzika kukura inflection pacho kana rudo rworudo runobuda. Kufumura iyo neural developmental traomsories inobatsira mukubuda kwerudo uye kurara pamwe kwekunakidzwa kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwezvinhu izvi zvinokurudzira. Uye zvakare, kutsvagurudza kunobatsira kusunungura maitiro ekushanduka kwemukati memutsipa kubva pakuyaruka kushamwaridzana nemaitiro ekutanga echido, rudo rwepamoyo, uye zvepabonde zvaizowedzera zvikuru kunzwisisa kwedu kuti inflection point yekuyaruka inogadzira sei yakasarudzika hwindo rekudzidza nezve zviitiko izvi zvakaoma zvemagariro. .
Sezvinei nechero chiitiko chakakosha kudzidza, vechidiki vanobatsirwa nekuve nekutsigirwa uye kushomeka kuti vafambisire zvakanaka macommentories. Tinoda nzwisiso iri nani yenzvimbo uye mamiriro ezvinhu izvo zvinopa zviitiko zvakanaka zvekudzidza zvine chekuita nekuvandudzwa kwebonde, pamwe neizvo zvinodzora njodzi dzekunetseka kwakashata. Sezvo isu tichinzwisisa kukosha kwekupa nzvimbo yakachengeteka yevacheche vari kudzidza kufamba (uye kudonha vachidzokera), tinogona kuisa mibvunzo nezve nzvimbo dzakagadzikana dzinobatsira vechidiki kuti vaongorore uye kuedza zvishuvo zvavo zvakanyanya nemanzwiro avo, pavanenge vachigadzira hunyanzvi. zvekubata nemanzwiro aya uye kuzvibatanidza kuzvizivikanwa kwavo. Ruzivo rwekusimudzira runogona kupa zvakakosha zvekuziva nezve mhando dze scaffolding iyo inogona kunyatsotsigira ine hutano shanduro dzeiyi yakakwira-yakadzika yekudzidza zviitiko zvevechidiki vese, kusanganisira avo vari kusangana nemanzwiro avo ekutanga echishuvo, kukwezva, kana kumutsa, uye neavo vatove kare kufambidzana uye / kana kuita zvepabonde.
3. Pubertal mahormone, neurodevelopment, uye maitiro
Kuwedzerwa kwehormoni ndiyo dombo repakona yekuchinja. Mahara mamwe ehomwe anobatsira mukusimudzira kweyechipiri hunhu hwepabonde hunewo basa rakakosha pakurongazve neural circry (Schulz naSisk, 2016; Sisk 2016; Sisk naZehr, 2005. Nekudaro, vayaruka vanowana kurudziro yakakura yekutsvaga mibairo, ruzivo rwakawedzerwa rwemibairo, uye kuwedzera kukurudzira kwekuita hukama hwehukama-kusanganisira nerudo uye tsika dzepabonde (Crone uye Dahl, 2012. Pamusoro pezvo, mahormone erubatsiro anogona kubatsira mukuwedzera kwekunzwa-kutsvaga izvo zvinoita kuti yepamusoro-soro rekunzwa riwedzere kunakidza. Beyond gonadal mahormone, akati wandei mamwe mahormone uye neurotransmitters dzinodzidziswa kana kuvandudzwa panguva yekuyaruka, uye dzakabatanidzwa mune zvinoitika kuvanhu kudanana, kusanganisira oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine, Serotonin, uye cortisol (De Boer et al., 2012. Semuenzaniso, sekuwedzera kwemahara ehostellal kunatsiridza munharaunda-inosimudzira maitiro uye kunzwa kwechishuwo, inowedzera mu dopamine uye oxytocin augment kunzwa kwerudo uye kubatana (Rudo, 2013. Pamwe chete, idzi shanduko mumahormone nema neurotransmitters zvinogadzira mamiriro ekunze epanyama ekukurudzira vechidiki kufarira kudzidza nezverudo uye kukwezva zvepabonde. Pazasi, isu kuongorora, kunyanya,, mhinduro sei maviri akakosha pubertal mahormone - Testosterone uye estradiol - batsira kukurira kwepabonde uye kudanana mukuyaruka.
3.1. Testosterone
Testosterone yakabatanidzwa neshanduko mukugadzirisa ruzivo rwemagariro, mubairo wekunzwa, uye kunzwa kwekutsvaga panguva yekuyaruka. Kazhinji inofungidzirwa ine hukama nehukasha, testosterone yakatsanangurwa zvakare seyenzi yemagariro, inokurudzira chimiro-chekutsvaga uye chimiro-kuchengetedza maitiro kuburikidza nehuwandu hwenhandare dzakasiyana, kusanganisira shanduko mukutya kusagadziriswa, kupindura kunetseka, kutyisidzira vakangwarira, uye mubairo kubva pakuwedzera chinzvimbo chemagariro (Eisenegger na Naef, 2011. Pubertal kuwedzera kwe testosterone kwave kwakabatana nekuchinja kweiyo neural activation kutyisidzira cices mune amygdala (yakabatanidzwa nekutyisidzira kudzivirira) uye iyo nucleus accumbens (inoenderana nebasa remubhadharo) (Spielberg et al., 2014. Mukuwedzera, yakawedzera testosterone yakabatanidzwa nekuwedzera njodzi-kutora pane ma laboratori mabasa pakati pevakomana nevasikana (Op de Macks et al., 2011; Pepereri uye Dahl, 2013. Iyo nucleus inounganidza uye amygdala, ayo ari ruzivo rwemagariro-ekugadzirisa uropi network iyo yakanyatso kurongeka munguva yekuzvara, ine huwandu hukuru hwe testosterone receptors (Nelson et al., 2005. Aya maitiro ane testosterone ane hukama anokonzeresa shanduko mune dzerudo nemaitiro epabonde panguva yekuyaruka. Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yekuti kuyaruka inguva yakanetseka ye maitiro of gonadal mahormone, mhuka mienzaniso inoratidza kuti maitiro ekupindura gonadal mahormoni anosiyana pakati pekutanga uye kwepashure-yemhuka. Kusiyana nouropi hwepfungwa isati yatanga, chirwere chepfungwa chinoburitsirwa mahormone echirume kuvhiya maitiro ekubereka (Sisk uye Zehr, 2005).
Pave nekutsvagirwa kwakawanda muiyo neurodevelopmental trajectories yevepabonde uye yekuzvibata maitiro mune mamemels echirume. Semuenzaniso, mune vanhurume veSyria hamsters, yakanyatsogadziriswa kuti mahwendefa ehormone anofambisa sei chimiro uye basa reasicircuit rinotenderera rinobatanidza ruzivo rweasteroidal uye hwekunzwa, uye kuti izvi zvinoshandurwa sei neural masekete zvinoshandura nzira iyo varume vanopindura munharaunda yekukurudzira uye kuita maitiro ekuchembera. (Romeo et al., 2002. Pamusoro pezvo, kutsvagurudza muzvinyorwa zvisiri zvevanhu kwakaratidza kuti, kusiyana nezvizhinji zvemamalia mhuka, gonadal mahormone mune epimates anonyanya kuita zvepabonde kurudziro, pane ku kugona kutevedzera (Wallen, 2001. Nekuti mhedzisiro yehonadal mahormoni akanangana nekumutsa kukurudzira kwevatano, uyu mutsara wekutsvagisa unoratidza kuti kuchinja mune ruzivo rwemagariro uye mamiriro ari izvo zvinonyanya kukonzera kudzidza nezve maitiro ezvepabonde.Wallen, 2001. Pasina humwe hunhu hwekutsvagurudza zvakare hwakaratidza kukosha kwechikamu chekudzidza chakabatana nekuyaruka uye chiitiko chepabonde. Kunyangwe zvichitarisana endocrine kuyaruka uye kuwedzera kwakabatana kwe testosterone kunoguma nekuwedzera kwehupombwe, chiitiko chekubudirira-kusangana panguva yekurara nemukadzi - ndiyo yekufanotaura kwakanaka kweramangwana remafambiro ezvekurara akasununguka kune testosterone yakakwirisa.Wallen, 2001. Kunyangwe vanhurume vasina kumboona endocrine yekuyaruka vanowedzera maitiro avo ezvebonde zvichitevera zviitiko zvinobudirira zvebonde. Pamwe chete, tsvakiridzo yemhuka inoratidza kukosha kwekudzidza zvakaitika kunoitika pamwe nekushanduka kwehomoni, uye inopa mibvunzo mitsva yekutsvaga muvanhu pamusoro pekuti mahormone, neurodevelopmental, kudzidza, uye shanduko yemamiriro ezvinhu mukuyaruka anogadzira kukura kwehunhu hwepabonde uye hukama hwepabonde. panguva yekuyaruka.
Muvanhu, kunyangwe kana kusawedzera mu testosterone panguva yekuyaruka kunokanganisa zvakati siyanei mukusimudzirwa kwepabonde uye maitiro hazvina kujeka. Yakakwirira testosterone zvine mwero inoenderana nekuwedzera kwepfungwa fungalies muvakomana vechinyakare, asi mhedzisiro inonyangarika mumamodeli ayo anosanganisira kutanga kweanongozvidzora zveusiku uye nezera (Campbell et al., 2005. Kuwedzera testosterone muvakomana vasati vasvitswa vanoratidzika kunge vachibatana nehupombwe hwekuita, kusanganisira kubata vamwe uye kushaya mberekoFinkelstein et al., 1998. Muzvidzidzo zvechinjika, zvakazvimirira zvemitambo uye zera, vasikana nevakomana vane yakakwira testosterone vanonyanya kuita zvepabonde (Halpern et al., 1997, 1998. Mukupesana, mune longitudinal studies, shanduko dzemumwe neumwe mu testosterone dzinosanganiswa nerekunze kwepabonde (yekutanga kuita zvepabonde) yevasikana, asi kwete yevakomana (Halpern et al., 1997. Kune vakomana, nhanho ye pubertal inonyanya kusangana nehukama hwepabonde kupfuura testosterone (Halpern et al., 1993. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidzira kuomarara kwekusabvumidza hutachiona hwekushamwaridzana-hushamwari mahomoni kubva pamagariro-ari pakati nepakati ekushanduka kwemuviri. Kune vakomana, kugona kwemuviri kuburitsa magemenzi uye kubereka kunoitika zvishoma pakutanga kwekuchinja, kunyangwe vakomana vashoma vanoita hupombwe panguva iyoyo. Mukufamba kwekuyaruka, mazinga e testosterone anowedzera, vakomana vanobva vakareba uye vakawedzera muswe, manzwi avo anokura uye bvudzi ravo kumeso rinowedzera. Aya maitiro echikadzi chepiri, ayo anooneka nyore uye anogona kunge achionekwa kana anodakadza nevanogona kuita zvepabonde, anogona kubatsira zvakanyanya kumukomana mikana yekusangana pabonde kupfuura kugona kubereka kana kushanduka kwemasero kukurudzira kunosangana ne testosterone. per se (Halpern et al., 1993. Nekudaro, kunyangwe ichokwadi kuti kuwedzera kwe testosterone kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwehukama-hunoshamwaridzika, hunongedzo-hwakatarisana nehunhu, ivo havangozvishanduri mune hwakawedzera hunhu hwekuita kana chiitiko.
Mhedzisiro kubva kuzvidzidzo zvakaedza kusunungura hukama pakati pe testosterone uye maitiro epabonde mune vanhu vakuru zvinowedzeredza iwo mufananidzo. Semuenzaniso, zvidzidzo nevarume vechidiki vakura vakaona kuti kuve muhukama hwepamurume wekudanana kunofambidzana nekugara uchiita zvepabonde uye panguva imwe chete. declines mu testosterone (Burnham et al., 2003; Grey uye Campbell, 2009. Pakati pevakadzi vakuru, endo native testosterone inodaro kwete ratidza zvakakosha kuwirirana nehunhu hwepabonde (Roney naSimmons, 2013), asi exo native testosterone kurapwa muvakadzi kwakawanikwa kuwedzera chishuwo chebonde, kuita zvepabonde, uye zvepabonde-mufananidzo-Buster et al., 2005; Davis et al., 2006; Shifren et al., 2006. Idzi mbiri data dzinoratidza kuti kusangana pakati pe testosterone nehupombwe hunogona kuvimba zvakanyanya padanho rekusimudzira, uyezve nezveukama hwehukama.
Zvatinoziva nezve testosterone uye maitiro epabonde pamwe chete zvinoratidza kuti panogona kuve nechimwe chikumbaridzo che testosterone icho chinotungamira mukukwanisa kuita zvepabonde, asi hapana hukama hwakaenzana pakati pe testosterone uye chiitiko chinotevera chebonde. Tichifunga nezvekuvandudzwa kweshanduko mumatunhu eneural ane akawanda mavhoriyamu e testosterone receptors uye nekuwedzera kwe testosterone munguva yekuyaruka, tichine zvakawanda zvekudzidza nezvehukama pakati pe testosterone uye rudo uye hunhu hwepabonde muvanhu. Kuwedzera kuongororwa kwehukama kwehukama pakati pe testosterone, kutsvagisa kwekunzwa, kusimudzira kushambadza uye zvinhu zvine chekuita nekudzidza nezve hunhu hwepabonde, zvinobatsira kujekesa mipiro yezvinhu zvipenyu maringe nehukama zvinopa hutano hwepabonde uye zvinotevera zvebonde. Kunyanya, zvidzidzo zvenguva refu zvinogona kutsanangura shanduko mune zvechipiri zvehunhu hunhu kubva shanduko muhonadoni mahormoni zvinogona kubatsira pakuziva chaiwo mahormone maitiro (Harden, Kretsch, Moore, & Mendle, 2014).
3.2. Estradiol
Mukuwedzera kune testosterone, inowedzera mu estradiol uye progesterone batsira kugadzirisa uye kuvandudza kweiyo neural circry yevanhurume nevanhukadzi panguva yekuzvara. Vaviri estradiol uye progesterone vakawanikwa kuti vatambe zvakakomba zviitiko zvepabonde, zvemagariro, uye zvinotora njodzi.Romeo 2003; Tackett et al., 2015; Vermeersch et al., 2009. Kufananidzwa nemamwe mahormone, pakati pevasikana, estradiol ine simba yakanyanya kuenderana nekukura kwemazamu, chiratidzo chekutanga kwekukura.Drife, 1986. Kusiyana nevakomana (nevamwe vese vepwere) avo vanotanga kugadzira zvigadzirwa vasati vatarisa zvepabonde, vasikana vevanhu vanokudziridza hunhu hwepabonde musati vawana kugona kwakakwana kubereka. Izvi zvinoguma nekuita kuti vasikana vanozvara vanehukama vanonakidzwe sevanoratidzika mune zvepabonde uye anodikanwa vasati vangozvara kubereka kana kuona shanduko yedzidziso yekukurudzira inosangana ne testosterone. Chinangwa chekushanduka-shanduka kwekusiyana uku hachinyatsonzwisisike, asi inongedzera kune kukosha kwekunzwisisa basa reestradiol uye progesterone mune yevakadzi maitiro.
Kuchecheudzwa kutsvagurudzo kwakaongorora hukama huri mukati memahomoni echikadzi mune pubertal brain development, kuita zvepabonde, uye kutora njodzi. Pakati pevasikana veertertal, yakawedzera estradiol mazinga akabatanidzwa nekuwedzera white matter kukura uye kuderera kweertertal grey nyaya kuduraHerting et al., 2014. Yakashanda inoshanda neuroimaging research yakabatana estrogen nenjodzi yekutora vasikana vari kuyaruka (Vermeersch et al., 2008. Iyo yakawanda yeanodetivelopmental zvidzidzo muvanhu yakaratidza testosterone, pane estradiol, sehomoni inonyanya kuwirirana nayo striatal chiitiko chine chekuita nekutora njodzi uye kukurudzira munharaunda vanhukadzi (Op de Macks et al., 2011; Pepereri uye Dahl, 2013; Petros et al., 2015. Zvidzidzo zvemberi, kune rumwe rutivi, zvinokurudzira kuti estrogen uye progesterone, pane testosterone, inosanganiswa neshanduko mune zvevakadzi maitiro, uye hukama pakati pehomoni nemaitiro zvinoenderana nemagariro (Wallen, 2001. Miedzo yemuenzaniso uyu muvanhu, zvakare inopa pfungwa yekuti estradiol inosanganiswa nekuwedzera kwechido chepabonde uye progesterone inosanganiswa nekuderera (Wallen, 2001. Mukuwedzera, kufumura vasikana vepamberi yekubikira kuwedzera estrogen mhedzisiro mukuwedzera kutsvoda uye mutsipa maitiro (Finkelstein et al., 1998. Kunyangwe kuwanda kwevasikana vazhinji vanosarudza kusaita hupombwe panguva yekuyaruka, kunzwisisa huropi, mahomoni, maitiro ekuchinja anoitika panguva ino yewindo anowedzeredza kunzwisisa kwedu kwezvinhu zvinotungamira pane zvakasiyana maitiro.
4. Mamiriro ekunze
Iko kufurira kwehormertal mahormone hakuitike mumupu. Mazhinji misiyano yakasarudzika apo vechidiki vanoita hukama hwekudanana vakapindirana nenguva yekupanana, asi hukama hwemagariro nemagariro zvinoitawo basa rakakosha pakuumba hukama hwepwere (Collins, 2003. Semuenzaniso, mune imwe kudzidza, kusangana pakati Testosterone uye kusangana kwekutanga kuita zvepabonde kwaive kwakatanhamara kureverwa nekushomeka kazhinji kuenda kuminamato yechitendero. Ichi chidzidzo chinonongedzera kune simba rinogona kuitika renzvimbo-maitiro-kusimudzira mhinduro zvishwe uye kukosha kwenzvimbo dzemasangano sezvo vechidiki vari kusangana neurohormonal shanduko (Halpern et al., 1997. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuenda kuminamato yechitendero kunozivikanwa kuve kwakabatana nekutsvaga kwekutsvaga hunhu (Gaither uye Sellbom, 2010), iyo yakabatana mune rimwe basa nekusiyana mu testosterone uye estrogen mazinga (Campbell, 2010; Roberti, 2004) (kunyangwe iyi iyi link isingaenderane kune ese zvidzidzo sv Rosenblitt et al., 2001. Naizvozvo, iyo nzira iyo migumisiro ye testosterone inotungamirwa chaizvo nekushandurwa kwechiitiko chemagariro, zvichikonzerwa nekuchinja kwekukurudzira, ndeyekufungidzira. Izvi zvinosimbisa zvekare zvatakamboita: Kubvisa matanho akasiyana emahomoni, kukurudzira, uye shanduko yemagariro panguva yekuyaruka zvinonetsa chaizvo. Nekudaro, kumwe kutsvagisa kwakatarisana nekuona kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza zvinogona kunyatsoita kupindira uye zvine mwero hunhu hwekutevera kwekuvandudzika kwemajoini kunodiwa. Kupihwa shanduko dzichiitika mune akati wandei neural system inosangana nebasa rekushamwaridzana uye kukurudzira panguva yekuyaruka, uye chokwadi chekuti hukama hwepamoyo uye hwepabonde zvinoitika mumagariro, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti hukama hwemagariro uye hwemamiriro ezvinhu hunopesvedzera sei chimiro chehuropi, basa rehuropi, uye kuti izvi zvinochinja zvemashure zvinobatsira sei munharaunda mukudzidza uye maitiro .
4.1. Vabereki
Vabereki vanoita basa rakakosha mukupa rutsigiro uye ruzivo rwezvido uye tsika dzepabonde. Hunhu hwehukama nemubereki hukama hunobata zvese hunhu hwepabonde uye kukura kwemasero uye activation, kunyanya mu amygdala, iyo yakabatana nekugadzirisa mubairo (Ernst et al., 2005)Whalen et al., 2013), uye kutya kupindura (LeDoux, 2003. Hunhu hwehukama hwehukama hwepakutanga kuyaruka hwave hwakabatanidzwawo neshanduko mune yekushungurudzika kwehuropi kutenderera. Kunyanya, hukama hwakanaka pakati pevanaamai nevachiri kuyaruka vanove hwakabatana nekuderera kwehuwandu hwekukura kweamygdala (Whittle et al., 2014. Izvi zvabuda zvinoratidza kuti hukama hwevakaroora hunogona kukanganisa brain development trajectories inosanganiswa neyekudzora maitiro.
Basa rinoshanda iro kuvepo kwevabereki pane kuiswa kwehuropi zvakare kunochinja mukuyaruka. Ivo vaviri vana nevayaruka vane yakakwira amygdala reactivity kune zviso zveamai vavo, asi amygdala kudzoreredza kune zviso zvevasingazive kuderera kubva paudiki kusvika pakuyaruka. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti, nepo mhinduro dzakanaka dzevakadzi dzichiramba dzichienderera, kutya, uye kushushikana kune vasingazivikanwe kunoderera mukuvandudzika, zvichifambisa kuwongorora munharaunda (Tottenham et al., 2012. Tsvagurudzo yakaratidza zvakare kuti kuvepo kwevakadzi kunogona kubhinya cortisol kushushikana kupindura muvana, asi iyo haina mhedzisiro imwechete yekukuvadza kune vechidiki (Hostinar et al., 2014. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanaamai vanoshanda kushandira kushungurudzika kwevana vadiki, uye sevana vanotevedzera zvinoitika zvekusimudzira mukuyaruka, vachiperekedzwa nekuderera kwekutya uye kusagadzikana pamusoro pevanhu venyore uye mamiriro ezvinhu uye kuwedzera kuongorora, hutano hwepanyama hwekuvapo kwevabereki hunochinja.
Kupedzisa kutsigisa kwemaitiro neuroscience pane hukama hwevabereki nemwana, tsvakiridzo yehunhu yakaona kuti hukama hwakanaka hwevabereki nevachiri kuyaruka hunosanganisirwa nechido chakaderera chekuita zvepabonde uye nezera rekutanga pakutanga kuita zvepabonde (Van de Bongardt et al., 2014), uye vachiri kuyaruka vanoona vabereki vavo kuti vane hanya vanononoka kutanga bonde (Longmore et al., 2009. Vechidiki vanoshuma kuva nehukama hwakanaka uye kutaurirana pachena nevabereki vavo zvakare vane zvishoma chiitiko chepabonde, kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemakondomu (Parkes et al., 2011),Mutengo neHyde, 2008), vashoma vasina kuronga nepamuviri vechidiki (Miller et al., 2001) uye vashoma vanoita zvepabonde (Kan et al., 2010; Kerpelman et al., 2016).
Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti shanduko mukuyaruka kazhinji kazhinji inoperekedzwa nekuwedzeredza uye kutarisisa kwevabereki, izvi zvemanyoka uye ongororo yehunyanzvi inoratidza kukosha kwekuti vabereki vasazorega kubva pakurera panguva yekuyaruka, asi panzvimbo pezvo kubva mukupa rutsigiro rwepfungwa rwekupa mukupa kwakanyanya kunaka rutsigiro uye scaffolding kuti ifambise inotevera chikamu chekusimudzira. Nehurombo, zvishomana zviwanikwa zviripo kutsigira vabereki mukuchengeta vayaruka uye kunyange vashoma zviwanikwa zvinogadzirira ivo shanduko mukuva diki.
4.2. Vaenzani
Vezera rangu vakaratidzirwawo kupesvedzera sarudzo dzevachiri kuyaruka nezve maitiro ebonde.Choukas-Bradley et al., 2014; Hampton et al., 2005; Suleiman naDeardorff, 2015. Kumwe kutsvakiridza kwakaratidza kuti kuvapo kwevezera, kana kunyangwe kuvepo kwevezera, kunowedzera kurudziro yevachiri kuyaruka mubairo wekutenderera, kunyanya iwo ventral striatum (VS), uye njodzi-inotora maitiro munzira isingaitike kune vana kana vakuru (Chein et al., 2011; Telzer et al., 2014. Imwe dudziro yeizvi inogona kupa pfungwa kuti vayaruka vakasarudzika kutadza kutora njodzi pamberi pevezera, zvisinei, kunzwisisa hukama pakati pekuwedzeredza kweVS uye maitiro ekutora njodzi ari kure kuenda kumberi. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuwedzera kweVS kuenzaniswa nekuwedzera njodzi dzichitora mabasa erabhorari pamberi pevezera (Chein et al., 2011), nepo zvimwe zvidzidzo zvisina kudzokorora zvawanikwa (Peake et al., 2013. Panzvimbo iyi zvidzidzo izvi zvakawana activation mune chenguva chidiki cheparietali, iyo nzvimbo yehuropi inosanganisirwa nekuzvisimbisa imwe, kugadzirisa hukama pakati pevechiri kuyaruka kuwedzera njodzi nekutora uye kugona kwavo kuramba pesvedzero yevezera, kunyanya mushure mekusarudzika munharaunda (Peake et al., 2013. Kuenderera mberi kuomesa zvinhu, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti yakawedzera VS activation panguva yekugadziriswa kwechimiro chechiso, kunyanya kutaura nekufara uye kusuruvara kutaura, yakabatana kuwedzera kuzvisarudzira kurwisa kufurirwa nevezera (Pfeifer et al., 2011. Pamwe chete, uku kuongorora kunoratidza kuti zvinoshamwaridzana uye magariro ezvekuvapo kwevezera zvinogona kukonzera mutsauko mukushanduka kwenyonganiso uye mutsauko mukuita. Shanduko dzinoitika mumagariro uye dzakabatana neural process masisitimu dziri kukurudzira vechidiki kuti vavhurike uye kunakidzwa netaipi zviitiko zvehukama zvinosangana nehukama hwepabonde uye hwepabonde. Ose maplatonic uye evanodanana vezera vanopesvedzera maitiro evechiri kuyaruka uye sarudzo dzevachiri kuyaruka kuti vabatane murudo uye zvepabonde (Ali naDwyer, 2011; Baumgartner et al., 2011; Crockett et al., 2006; Kennett et al., 2012; Potard et al., 2008. Uye zvakare, kuita zvepabonde kwakasimba kune vezera; Kuita zvepabonde nemaplatonic vehukama kwakabatana nekutanga kuita zvepabonde, kakawanda kuita zvepabonde, uye vakawanda vanoita zvepabonde.Ali naDwyer, 2011; Furman et al., 2007; Santor et al., 2000).
4.3. Media
Pamusoro pehukama hwemagariro "muhupenyu chaihwo," vezvenhau venhau uye vezvemagariro vezvematongerwo enyika vanogona kuumba tsika dzepabonde. Mirayiridzo yezvebonde nehukama hwerudo iri kuramba ichitenderera munhau. Pamusoro pe70% yepurogiramu yeterevhizheni ine imwe mhando yezvinyorwa zvepabonde kana hurukuro (Kunkel et al., 2005. Zvichienderana nezviri mukati uye nehuwandu, pakati pe23 ne95% ye10-19-vane makore ekuzvarwa vanotaura kuti vakamboona zvinonyadzisira pamhepo, uye pakati pe28 ne84% yakashuma kuti kuratidzwa kwacho kwaisada kana kusaziva (Peter naValkenburg, 2016; Wolak et al., 2007. Midhiya mizhinji inozivikanwa se "bonde rakanyanya kunaka" rine simba rakakura munharaunda, kunyanya kune vasikana vanowana kubva pakutanga kupfuura vezera ravo (Brown et al., 2005).
Pasinei neiyi kuratidzwa kwakakosha kwezvepabonde uye mameseji panguva yekuyaruka, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezve mhedzisiro yezvinhu zvepabonde pakukura kwehuropi. Kazhinji, midhiya yezvinhu yakawanikwa inokanganisa kushanda kweiyo. Semuenzaniso, kuratidzwa kushoma kwezvemhirizhonga pakati pevechiri kuyaruka kwakawanikwa kuchikanganisa kukura kwehunhu hwepamberi inhibitory system uye subcortical limbic maumbirwo, pamwe nekubatana kuri pakati pawo, uye anogona kunge ane mhedzisiro kune chisimba maitiro (Hummer 2015; Kalnin et al., 2011. Kunyangwe isu tisingazive chero fungidziro yekufungidzira iyo yakaitwa zvakananga pane zvepabonde midhiya, zvinogoneka kuti zvepabonde uye rudo mifananidzo, yakazara mune zvese kubva kunezhinji media kusvika kune zvinonyadzisira, zvakare inogona kukanganisa neural kukura uye maitiro. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutsauko wega wega mune neurodevelopment inogona kuumba kuratidzirwa kune mitezo yepabonde. Semuenzaniso, vakomana vepamberi vezera repamberi vane moyo wakanyanya kutsvaga maitiro vanonyanya kutsvaga online zvinonyadzisira nechinangwa, uye kune kusangana kwakasimba pakati pekuratidzwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira uye zvisingaite zvebonde.Peter naValkenburg, 2016).
Sainzi yebudiriro inopa marongero ekuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu maitiro ezve media munhau dzekuvandudza neural maitiro. Kugadziridza kwekugadziridza kwemaitiro ekukurukurirana kwekukurukurirana neuroscience research (semuenzaniso Falk et al., 2015, 2012) pamwe chete nehunhu hwekutsvagudza kunogona kutibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani neural activation inosangana nevachiri kuyaruka kutarisa mhando dzakasiyana dzerudo nevepabonde midhiya uye kunzwisisa zvirinani mhando dzeakanaka kudzidza zviitiko zvinokonzerwa neaya midhiya mamiriro Kunyoreredza hurongwa hwekuvandudza nzira yekukurukurirana neuroscience kunogona kubatsira kuzivisa kusimudzira kwemafambisirwo ezvevatano uye zvepabonde midhiya mameseji uye kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwe zvinogona kuva zvisina kunaka trajectories inosanganiswa nekutarisa yakawanda inokuvadza mameseji. Muzera rekuwedzera kuwana kune dzakasiyana-siyana dzekudanana uye dzebonde zvemukati midhiya uye nekukurumidza kubuda kweiyo chaiyo yezvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira, kudiwa kweiyi pfungwa kunokosha. Tichifunga kuti kuyaruka inguva yakaoma yekusangana pabonde nekuzivikanwa pabonde, tinoda kunzwisisa kuri nani kwehukama huripo pakati peanododevelopment, kuratidzwa kwezvekudanana uye zvepabonde midhiya, uye hunotevera hunhu hwekuita tsika.
5. Kuvimbisa kududzira mikana yekuvandudza neuroscience
Sezvakaratidzwa pamusoro apa, kune mikana mizhinji yenyanzvi dzezvemagariro kuti vawedzere kunzwisisa kwedu kweyahwo hunhu hwekuyaruka uye hwepabonde kukura. Kunze kwekuwedzera kwedu kunzwisisa kweyakajairika rekusimudzira budiriro, kune nzira dzakanakisa dzekunzwisisa zvakadzika zvecustomical trajectories zvinogona kuzivisa marongero nezviitiko zvine tarisiro yekuvandudza miedzo yehutano hwekuyaruka uye yekubereka. Iyo nguva inotsanangurwa sekuyaruka iri kuramba ichiwedzera kupasirese, uye kunzwisisa mhedzisiro yeiyo elongation pane kukura kwemasero inogona kubatsira zvakanyanya mukunzwisisa kwedu mutengo uye mabhenefiti anoenderana neichi chinhu. Saizvozvowo, kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwekupindirana pakati pekuyaruka, kuyaruka brain development, uye tsika dzepabonde inogona kuzivisa hunyanzvi, mitemo nezviitwa zvine tarisiro yekutsigira nekuvandudza idzi trajectories. Mienzaniso mitatu yemikana iyi inoongororwa pasi apa.
5.1. Muenzaniso 1: kukura kwehuduku
Pakati pevanhu, kuyaruka inguva yekushamwaridzana yakavakwa nekutanga kwehomoni, mupfungwa, uye nekuchinja kwemuviri kunoitika nekukura. Magumo ekuyaruka haanyanyo kutsanangurwa zvakajeka. Zvizhinji zvezvimiro zvehudiki zvakavakirwa munharaunda, asi, pamarudzi ese, zvinoonekwa se "nguva yekugadzirira yevakuru kubereka hupenyu," zvichitora nguva pakati pekuwana kugadzirira kwemuviri kuita chiitiko chebonde uye kubvumidzwa munharaunda kubvumidza kuberekaSchlegel 1995, p. 16. Pakati pemhando dzepamoyo, vechidiki vachiri kuyaruka vanoita chipatapata uye hupombwe asi havawanzo kubereka vana (Schlegel, 1995. Muvanhu, kureba uye zvakaitika zvinosangana nehuduku zvinogona kusiana zvakanyanya; zvakadaro, nguva, inoonekwa nekuwedzera kuzvimiririra, asi yakasununguka pamabatiro evakuru, izere zvakasikwaSchlegel, 1995).
Vechidiki vemazuva ano vanotarisana nenguva yakakura pakati pekugona kwavo kubereka uye kana kubereka kuri munharaunda uye kunodiwa pachako. Munyika dziri pasi rose, zera rekuyaruka rakaramba richidzikira (Mubereki et al., 2003; Sørensen et al., 2012. Kune vasikana, izvi zvakayerwa kunyanya nekuderera kwezvekuenda kumwedzi. Sezvo kuenda kumwedzi kunoitika kunonoka mukirabhu, iyi metric inogona kurerutsa huwandu hwenhoroondo hunoderera muvhareji pazera rekutanga. Ivhareji zera rezvinowanzoitika chiratidzo chekutanga kubereka pakati pevasikana, kuyamwa mazamu, zvakadzikira nekukasira kupfuura zera pakuenda kumwedzi, uye semugumisiro, vasikana vari kupedza nguva yakareba munguva yekuchinja (Mendle, 2014. Sezvineiwo, kuderera kwezera rekutanga kwekukura kwemazamu harina kunyatsobatanidzwa nekutanga kwekuwedzera mukati sex hormones yakabatana nekuyaruka, kusanganisira gonadotropins uye estrogen (Sørensen et al., 2012. Kusiyana neizvozvo, kuderera kwechiratidzo chevachiri kuyaruka kwevakomana, kunyanya kukura kwechipfuva - zvakaenzaniswa nekuchinja kwevamwe mahormoni ane hukama.Sørensen et al., 2012. Musiyano mukukudziridzika kwemafambiro pakati pevakomana nevasikana haunyatsonzwisisike, asi inoratidza kukosha kwekunzwisisa mhedzisiro yemaitiro aya akasiyana pakubudirira kweefetiki, mukati uye pakati pebonde. Kune vese vari vaviri murume kana murume, kune kwakajeka kuderera maitiro muzera iro vanhu vane kubereka vanokwanisa kubereka. Tichifunga nezvekuti humwe hunhu hwekuvandudza kwehuropi hwakasungirirwa zvakanyanya nekuchinja kwehypertal mahormone, zvinoita (kunyangwe iri mubvunzo wakatanhamara) wekushanduka kwekuvandudzwa kunoenderana nekuyaruka zvakare kwakatanga kuitika pakutanga.
Panguva imwechete iyoyo iyo zera rekugona kubereka rakaderera, zera iro pazvinodiwa munharaunda kuti vechidiki kubereka vana rakaramba richikura. Zera iro vakadzi vadiki vari munyika dzakapfuma vanotanga kubereka vana rakawedzera zvakanyanya mumakore apfuura e40, uye maitiro aya ave kutanga munyika zhinji dzakaderera nedzepakatiBearinger et al., 2007; Bongaarts naBlanc, 2015; Mathews naHamilton, 2009; Sedgh et al., 2015; Westoff 2003. Nhasi, pasi rose, zera revakadzi pazvakazvarwa zvekutanga rinobva pamakore 20.9 ane makore ari kumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa, kusvika 25 ane makore ari kuUS (Bongaarts naBlanc, 2015; Mathews naHamilton, 2009).
Kusvika munguva pfupi yapfuura, kugamuchirwa munharaunda kubereka kwave kuchikomberedzwa zvikuru newanano, uye mwana wekutanga kazhinji kazhinji akazvarwa mukati memakore ekutanga ekuroora. Aya maitiro akasangana nekukanganisika mumakore achangopfuura. Kutanga, zvakanyanyisa kupfuura zera rekuzvarwa kwekutanga, zera rekuroora - rakawiriraniswa zvikuru nemagariro uye huwandu hwenzvimbo - hwawedzera kune vese varume nevakadzi pasi rese (Westoff, 2003. Chechipiri, kunyanya munyika dzine zviwanikwa zvepamusoro, kwave kuita tsika yekuroora nekusununguka vana, kune kubereka kwakawanda kunoitika kunze kwemichato yepamutemo, michato mishoma nekuda kwekuita kwepamuviri. uye vakaroora vakamirira kwenguva refu mushure mewanano yekubereka vana (England et al., 2013; Hayford et al., 2014. Kunewo huwandu huri kuwedzera hwevanhu vanoenda kuburikidza nekuzvarwa kwehutachiona hwekuyaruka asi vasingamboite muchato kana kuita mubereki, uye zvakadaro vachine hupenyu hwerudo uye hwepabonde. Pamwe chete izvi zviitiko zvinoratidzira kukosha kwekuwana nzwisiso iri nani pamusoro pekupindirana kwemagariro, tsika, uye zvipenyu izvo zvinokonzeresa zvinowanzoitika zvezvimisikidzo zvebudiriro uye zvepabonde. Izvi zvinonongedza kune dzakasiyana siyana dzemibvunzo isingaenzaniswi yemubvunzo nezvekuti kukura kwemuviri uye kwemukati zvinofambidzana sei nezvinhu zvechimiro kugadzira uye kukurudzira maitiro orudo neepabonde.
Tsika dzepanyika dzekutanga kuyaruka uye kubereka mwana zvinova zvinopa mukana wakanaka kune vechidiki kuti vave nehurefu hwekuwedzeredza, kuwana dzidzo, uye kusimba vasati vatora chikamu chakazara chemitoro yevakuru nebasa. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanhu vazhinji ikozvino vanopedza makore gumi kana anopfuura ehupenyu hwavo vachinzwa biologic, physiologically, uye kukurudzira kukurudzira kuita hukama hwekudanana uye hwepabonde kunze kwemamiriro ekubereka. Saka nekudaro, isu tinofanirwa kunzwisisa zvirinani maitiro ezvekuita uye neural developmental underpinnings yekukurudzira kunosanganiswa nekutanga. kudanana uye zviitiko zvepabonde, kuitira kupa vechidiki inotsigira uye scaffolding iyo inofambisa yakanaka trajectories.
5.2. Semuenzaniso 2: contraception innovation
Mukati memakore ekuyaruka, ruzhinji rwevechidiki vanozoita zvepabonde. Pasi rose, makore akaenzana ezvibodzwa zvepamberi anotangira ku16.5 kusvika pamakore 24.5 evarume uye kubva pa15.5 kusvika pamakore 21.5 evakadzi (Wellings et al., 2006. Nekuda kweizvozvo kuti vechidiki vazhinji vanoita zvepabonde vasati vada kuva mubereki, vechidiki vazhinji vanosarudza kubata kwepamuviri. Kunyangwe makondomu, cervical cap, diaphragms, uye mamwe intrauterine zvishandiso (IUDs) inopa isiri yehomoni yekuzvitakura, nzira dzekutanga dzekusabata nadzo dzinoshandiswa nevachiri kuyaruka dzinosanganisira mahormone. Iyo ichangoburwa mutemo wepasi rose kukurudzira kushandiswa kwemahure-ekudzoreredza marapirwo (LARCs) pakati pevechiri kuyaruka kwakakurudzira kushandiswa kwedzimwe nzira dzinoshanda kwazvo dzisiri dzehomoni, senge mahormone akasununguka. MaIUD, uye yakasimudzira kushandiswa kwakawandisa kweIUD, implants, uye majekiseni ane progestin (Ott et al., 2014. Tichifunga nezve humbowo hwekuti mahormone ehormone anogadzirisa neurodevelopment, zvakakosha kuti uone kana paine zvinogona kukanganisika zvekuvhiringidza yakajairika mahomoni trajectories, uye zvakanyanyisa pesvedzero inogona kuitika mukuvandudza kwemaitiro, panguva yakakosha yekuvandudza windows. Parizvino, isu hatizive chero yakadhindwa dhata danho rekutsvaga mhedzisiro idzi
Kunyangwe irongwa dzedzimwe sarudzo nekusimudzirwa kweLARC, pamwe chete nemuromo (COCs), ine ese ari maviri eestrogen uye progestin, inoramba iri imwe yenzira dzinoshandiswa kwazvo dzekuzvidzivirira pakati pevakadzi vadiki (Ott et al., 2014. Ma COC, ayo anoshanda kwazvo mukudzivirira kubata kwepamuviri kana achishandiswa nemazvo, akawanikwa achidzvinyirira zvakanyanya mahara nemahara Testosterone zviyero kusvika ku50% mune vakadzi vakuru (Zimmerman et al., 2013. Uku kudzvinyirira kwe testosterone kwave kuchifungidzirwa kuve iko kuri pasi pekunze kwekunyunyuta kwakabatana nema COCs, kusanganisira kuderera kwehutano hwakanaka uye hupenyu hwehupenyu, kuderedzwa libido, kukanganisa kwekuziva, uye kuderera kwemapfupa.Zimmerman et al., 2013. Kunyangwe vakadzi pa COCs vaine zvese yakaderera testosterone mazinga, kumwe kutsvagurudza kwakaratidza kuti chinja mu testosterone apo vakadzi vanoita mukukwikwidza mabasa vanoramba vachienderera kunyangwe COC ishandise (Edwards naOnal, 2009. Zvekare, izvi zvinoratidza inonakidza mibvunzo yehushingi nezvekuti Mashandisiro E COC angakanganisa sei mazinga e testosterone muvakadzi vadiki vari pakati pekukura kwe testosterone kuwedzera kunosanganiswa nekuyaruka (Braams et al., 2015).
Pamusoro pematambudziko akashumwa akataurwa nevakadzi vakuru, pane zvimwezve zvinokanganisa mhedzisiro yekudzikiswa kwe testosterone panguva yekuyaruka. Tichifunga nezvekuti testosterone yakaratidzirwa kukurudzira kufarira kwakawanda mukuitika kweanomutsa, kudzivirira mazinga e testosterone panguva yeprubertal kana nguva yekuyaruka inogona kuderedza kukurudzira kwekuita muuwandu hweprosocial njodzi-yekuzvibata maitiro ayo anotsigira yakanaka yekuvandudza traomsories. Izvo zvakare zvakaenzana kuti inhibiting testosterone haizogumisi njodzi kana yakaipa yekutora, nekuti kunyangwe uwandu hwehuwandu hwe testosterone hungadzvinyirirwa mune vakadzi vechidiki vanotora COCs, testosterone yavo mhinduro kukurudzira kunogona kuramba kuchiitika. Kunzwisisa kukanganisika kwe testosterone kudzvinyirira mukuyaruka mukukura neural kungave kwakakosha kuti ubatsire kunzwisiswa zviri nani nzira idzo dzinogona kubatsira kune imwe yeaya angangoita trajectories. Zvakare, kunzwisisa mukati mekukosha kwekusingaperi kudzvinyirira kwe testosterone, mukubatana pamwe neye mahormoni orchestration yekuyaruka, zvinogona kubatsira kusimbisa hunyanzvi sezvo makambani emishonga achigadzira nzira nyowani dzekudzivirira. Ino inzvimbo iyo mhuka yemagetsi neurodevelopmental mayipi inogona kupa kwakakosha kusanzwisisika uko kunogona kuzozoedzwa muvanhu. Isu tinoda kutaura pachena kuti chinangwa chedu hachisi chekuunza zvipingaidzo kuvakadzi vechidiki vanotsvaga nzira dzakavimbika dzekuzvidzivirira nadzo, asi panzvimbo pezvo tarisa kuti kuve neruzivo rwakawanda pamusoro pekudyidzana kuri pakati hormonal contraceplication uye neurodevelopmental trajectories yaizobatsira kuwedzera kuchengetedzeka, kushanda uye kukanganisa kwezvibodzwa zvevakadzi vadiki.
5.3. Muenzaniso 3: kubereka vana uye kuva mubereki
Maitiro epasi rese ekuenda kumashure kwekubereka vana ave maitiro akanaka, sezvo paine kubvumirana kwakajeka kwekuti pakutanga vana kubereka, vasati vasvitsa zera 15, zvinokanganisa hutano, hukama nemagariro, dzidzo pamwe nemagariro.Brooks-Gunn & Furstenberg, 1986; Gibb et al., 2014; Hofferth naReid, 2001; Brooks-Gunn naFurstenberg, muna 1986. Pasinei neruzivo urwu pane zvabuda, isu tine hushoma nzwisiso mukukutukutu kwekuvandudza kubereka vana. Kwemakore anopfuura 100, isu takanzwisisa kuti kubata nhumbu, kubereka mwana, kuyamwisa, uye kuva mubereki kunosanganisira kunyatso kutevedzana kwekuchinja kwehomoni. Mimba inosanganisira inoshamisa kuwedzera mukati chorionic gonadotropin yevanhu (HCG), estrogen, uye progesterone. Basa rinotevera kuwanda kuri kuramba kuchigadzirwa munharaunda yeestrogen uye progesterone yakabatanidzwa pamwe nekuwedzera mukati oxytocin, endorphins, uye prolactin. Kusiyana neizvozvo, kucheneswa kunosanganisira kukurumidza uye kwakasimba kudonhedza mukati gonadal mahormone uye kuwedzera kweprolactin (Russell et al., 2001. Rodent mhando dzinoratidza kuti izvo zvekuzvidira, zvinokatyamadza, zvinoratidzira zvikamu zve hunhu hwevakadzi, inosanganisira kutsvaga uye kutora zvipuka, zvakabatana zvakanyanya nemhedzisiro yemahomoni emimba inomutsa kukura uye kushanda kweiyo mesolimbic dopamine system (Numan naStolzenberg, 2009. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunyangwe zvakabatana sei nemubayiro, iyo dopamine Mhinduro masisitimu zvakakoshawo kuti udzidze nezvekurera. Mukuedza kuyambuka kubva kumhuka kuenda kumhando dzevanhu, Moses-Kolko nevamwe vake vakaedza, asi vakatadza kuwana, kuve mai ava kwakakanganisa izwi remukati. striatal kupindura uchitarisira mubayiro wemari (Moses-Kolko et al., 2016. Kushaikwa kwekuzvidzokorora kunonongedzera kukukosha kwemaitiro ezvekuchengetedzeka kwezvekuyera kwekuyedza fungidziro nezvekukanganiswa kwepamuviri pane zvigadzirwa zveuropi hwekuvandudza, sezvo mubairo wemari wakasiyana zvakasiyana nemubairo wehukama uye wepamoyo unobatanidzwa nekurera mucheche. Vakadzi veese mazera anorondedzera huwandu hwekuchinja kwemuviri uye kwekuziva kwakabatana nekushandurwa kwehomoni kunoenderana nekuzvara vana, asi zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvekuti zviitiko izvi zvehormona sei panguva yekuchinja, kana kunyatsozvitevedzera, zvinokanganisa neurodevelopmental trajectories.
Kunzwisisa kukosha kweanonoka kubereka vana kwakakoshawo sekunzwisisa hunhu hwekutanga kubereka vana. Neural kubadilika, inotsanangurwa sekukura kwayo kudzora kwekuziva uye zvemagariro uye zvakakurudzirana kukurudzira masisitimu anoitwa uye anoshanda mumamiriro akasiyana mamiriro, akawanikwa kuenderera mukati mechitatu makore ehupenyu (Crone uye Dahl, 2012. Kusvika panguva pfupi yapfuura munhoroondo yevanhu, iri panguva ino kuti ruzhinji rwevanhu vanoita mukutana, kubatana, uye mabasa evabereki. Chimiro chazvino chekudzora kubereka, kazhinji kusvika pagumi rechina rehupenyu, kunopa mimwe mibvunzo inonakidza pamusoro pekudyidzana pakati pebhayoroji uye ruzivo mukuchinjisa kukura kwemukati. Uye zvakare, kupatsanurana kuri kuwedzera pakati pekutanga kubereka uye kubereka mwana kwekutanga kunopa mukana wekuti vakomana nevasikana vave nenguva yakareba kana vakawedzera. kuzvitonga uye kusununguka kutevera dzidzo uye zvimwe zvinangwa zvehupenyu. Izvo zvakare zvinoderedza kukosha kwekutanga-kubatana uye panzvimbo iyoyo zvinopa mukana wevechidiki kuti vaongorore rudo uye zvepabonde nevanhu vanoverengeka vakasiyana. Munyika dzine zviwanikwa zvepamusoro senge US neEurope, ruzhinji rwevadiki vane hukama hwekudanana uye zvepabonde vasati vazvipira kune mumwe / murume (Guttmacher Institute, 2014. Zvakare, mune nyika uko huwandu pakati pekuyaruka uye kubereka vana huchangotanga kukura, seSahara yeSahara Africa neSouth America, inenge 25-30% yevasikana vachiri kuyaruka vanoita zvepabonde vasati vaungana.Guttmacher Institute uye Yepasi Pose Yakarongwa Parenzee Federation, 2010. Developmental neuroscience inogona kubatsira kuona akasiyana manonodhivelopmental trajectories inosanganiswa nevechidiki vane akawanda akasimba, kusimba kudanana kwehukama nevanhu vakawandisa, uye vanhu vadiki vane hurefu, hukama hwakanyanya nevashoma. Iyo inogona zvakare kuratidza dzakasiyana neural trajectories pakati pevanhu vanoita mukurera mukati memakumi matatu emakore ekutanga ehupenyu uye avo vanonoka.
Pamusoro pevakadzi, varume vanowanikwazve kushandurwa kwehomoni kunoenderana nekutakura uye kubereka. MuUS, varume vakuru vasina murume vari kutsvaga vekudanana navo uye varume vane paired vari kutsvaga hukama kunze kwevakadzi vekutanga vavakabatana navo vane yepamusoro testosterone mazinga zvichienzaniswa nevarume vari muhukama hwakazvipira uyezve, varume vanababa, zvisinei nehukama hwehukama, vane zvakaderera testosterone mazinga (Grey uye Campbell, 2009. Zvinonakidza kuti, hukama uhwu hunobata mune dzimwe nyika, asi kwete mune vamwe, kukumbira mibvunzo yakakosha nzira yekuperekedza uye hukama hwehukama pakati pemahormone nemamiriro ezvinhu (Grey uye Campbell, 2009. Kuisa chimiro chebudiriro pane iyi tsvakurudzo nezvekubereka vana uye kurera vabereki zvinoratidza kuti nekumhanya kwemweya kubva mukuyaruka kusvika pakukura haugumiswi zvachose panegenetic kurongedza nguva asi yakarongedzwa nezvinodiwa zvemagariro emunhu. Sechizvarwa chose chinovhara kuroora uye kuve mubereki, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvizere, zvingafanira kuti tinzwisise zviri nani nemhedzisiro iyi kuitika kwezviratidzo zvekusimudzira mumakore gumi ehupenyu.
6. Mhedziso
Tsvagiridzo, mutemo, uye maitiro akatarisana nevechiri kuyaruka zvepabonde uye zvehukama hukama zvinowanzo fambiswa zvakanyanya nehukama hwemagariro uye zvirahwe kupfuura nesainzi. Tichifunga nezvekuti gumi ramakore rechipiri rehupenyu rinotora nguva panguva iyo vangangoita vese vechidiki vanoyaruka, uye vazhinji vanofarira uye kuita hukama hwepabonde uye hwekudanana, vanowanzo shandisa kurapa kwepamuviri, uye ungangodaro uine nhumbu kana kubereka, tsvaga muhukama hwehukama pakati peizvi zviitiko, mamiriro ezvinhu munharaunda, uye kukura kwemasero Tinokudziridza zvikuru kunzwisisa kwedu kwekuvandudzwa kwevachiri kuyaruka, uye vangazivisa nhamburiko dzekuvandudza idzi trajectories. Yakabatanidzwa yesainzi yekusimudzira, kusanganisira kusimudzira neuroscience, inopa nzira yekuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwekutanga kudanana uye zvepabonde hukama uye kuwedzera kwedu kunzwisiswa kwemhando dzezvemastery uzoefu zvinotsigira yakanaka trajectories.
Semuenzaniso, kukura kwetsinga neruscience kunopa mukana wekuona mamiriro ezvinhu anowedzera mukana wekuti kutanga kwekudanana uye zvepabonde kwakanaka, hutano hunosimudzira hunhu, pane kuzviita hunenjodzi. Iyo yekuvandudza neuroscience yekutsvaga pane vehukama vehukama yaizosimbiswa nekuve nezvimwe zviyero zvekupokana nevehukama zvinopa ruzivo rwedu rwemhando dzakasiyana dzeonation activation dzinoitika pamberi pevekudanana nevanopesana neplatonic vezera. Kutsvaga kwevakuru neuroimaging kwakavhenekesa musiyano wakakosha mukushandurwa kwemaitiro kwakabatana nemhando dzakasiyana dzerudo, uye zvingave zvinobatsira kuti unzwisise kuti zvinopindirana sei neiyo inovandudza trajectory yekuyaruka. Tine ongororo diki diki dudziro yekuti chiitiko chendangariro cherudo chinoshanduka kubva pakuyaruka kuva munhu mukuru, uye kuziva zvimwe pamusoro pezvakadzika zvemukati zvehurongwa hwekusimudzira pamwe nekukura kwetembiricha ino shanduko inogona kubatsira kuzivisa nguva uye mhando dzekutsigira uye dzakasungwa dzinodiwa. Iyo pubertal shanduko inopawo mukana unonakidza wekuongorora kuti kudanana nekuita zvepabonde kunochinja sei kushamwaridzana nevezera. Vechidiki vano shandurwa kubva kuhukama vakasununguka zvachose pabonde neyekunakirwa kukwezva kune mamiriro uko ndiko kumwe kwepamusoro kwekutanga. Isu patinoenderera mberi nekukudziridza mitsetse yemaitiro emuchadenga inoongorora pesvedzero yevezera, kusimudzira kwemukati mutsvairo kwakagadzirirwa kupa kungwara kwakasiyana mune ino shanduko yenharaunda.
Isu tinoziva kuti kupa zano rekuita tsvagisa nezvevadiki vevadiki rudo uye zvepabonde hukama hahusi pamwe nekunetsa kwayo. Vabereki uye mabhodhi ezvinyorwa zvekuongororwa kwevanhu anogona kunge ainetsekana nekubvunza vechidiki nezve manzwiro avo erudo, kukwezva uye kugona kwevatano. Izvo zvakakosha kuti zvigadzire kukura-kwakatarisirwa, matanho akasimbiswa kuunganidza ruzivo rwakajeka nezvehunhu, zvazvinoreva, uye hunhu hwehukama nehukama hwehukama. Kuita izvi zvakanaka kunoda kutarisisa, sezvo vayaruka vari kushoma pane vakuru kuzvienzanisa nemapato akasimba ezvepabonde kana kuzivikanwa zvechikadzi.Savin-Williams et al., 2012; van Anders, 2015. Kunyangwe kuona kana hukama huri "hwerudo" kunogona kuva kwakaoma, kunyanya kana vechidiki vari kuyaruka vasingabvumirani pamusoro pekupatsanura hukama hwavo. Saka nekudaro, rudo rwepamusoro rune rudo rwekuyaruka kune shamwari runogona kubuda pakati pekuveplatinic, rudo, uye zvepabonde, uye isu tinoda matanho anogona kunyatsobata hunhu hwehukama hwehukama hwavo. Isu tinocherechedzawo zvakapihwa hukama hwakaomarara huripo pakati pezvokubereka bonde, mahormone, uye kukura kwemukati, pane mukana wakawanda wekusiyana-siyana pakati uye mukati mebonde zvinoenderana nerudo uye tsika dzepabonde. Kugadzirisa izvi, zvichave zvakafanira kugadzira kutsvakisisa kwakasimba kwakawandisa kuti awone mutsauko uyu. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, tinotenda kuti mabhenefiti eaya mitsetse yekubvunza anoita kuti ive yakakosha.
Vechidiki vane ruzivo rwekugona kufamba kwepamoyo uye zviitiko zvepabonde zvakachengeteka, uye zvakadaro ivo vanoda kutsigirwa kwakakodzera kuti vadaro nekubudirira (Harden et al., 2014a, b. Chinangwa chikuru chevechiri kuyaruka kudzidza kudzidza kuita uye kushamwaridzana kudanana uye zvepabonde. Pamusoro pezvo, idzi hukama hwepakutanga hwekudanana zvine zvadzinoreva kukudziridzwa kwehunhu, kudzidza nezvekuita zvepabonde, uye hukama hwemberi hunoteveraFurman naShaffer, 2003. Vabereki, varapi, uye vadzidzisi vanogona kupa mikana yakakodzera yekudzidza munharaunda ino, asi panguva imwecheteyo, ruzhinji rwekudzidza rwakakodzera runobva kune ruzivo rwemunhu (Fortenberry, 2014. Kunzwisisa zviri nani mashandiro ehuropidhiya ehurongwa hwekuvandudza hunhu hwebonde uye hwepabonde hunobata vimbiso huru yekuzivisa nzira dzekupindira uye kuedza kutsigira kwakanyanya kunaka trajectories.
Developmental neuroscience, uye yakanyatsobatanidzwa yakasarudzika yesainzi yekusimudzira, yakanyatsoiswa kuti itungamidze kuyaruka kwepabonde kubva pamumvuri une maruva ekuzivikanwa kwevechiri kuyaruka kumberi kwekukura kwetsika. Neuroimaging ine mukana wekuzivisa zviri nane kunzwisisa kwedu kana kwekutanga kudanana kwakabatana nemubhadharo kana kuzvizivikanwa pachako kugadzirisa. Saizvozvo, zvakapihwa kuti kuchembera kunoratidza kutanga kwe kudanana, neuroimaging research panguva ino inogona kutibatsira zviri nani kusasarudzika akasiyana eemumhepo underpinnings yemhando dzakasiyana dzerudo uye kuwedzera edu emamero e-neurodevelopmental. Uye zvakare, kukura kwehuropa nehunyanzvi kune mukana unoshamisa wekuongorora kana rudo rwepamoyo uye chiitiko chebonde chiri chimwe chinhu uropi hwepwere anotarisira kudzidza nezve uye / kana maitiro ruzivo yemhando dzerudo neyekuita zvepabonde zvinoguma nekukonzera kusimudzira kwakasviba maitiro. Chekupedzisira, zvinogona zvakare kutipa nzwisiso yakakosha yekuzivisa kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekuzvimba uye kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwenguva yekuzvara vana. Sezvo isu tichinzwisisa zviri nani zvinosimudzira uye maitiro eaya anozvimiririra, akakwirira-hukama hukama mukuyaruka, tinokwanisa kushandura nhaurirano pamusoro pemhando dzezvirongwa nemitemo yatinoda kunyatsozvikwenenzesa. Izvi zvinopa nzira yekusimudzira yakanaka traomsories mukutanga kuyaruka. Kukundikana kwedu kunzwisisa zviri nani kuyaruka kwevakawanda kuyaruka kwehukama nehukama hwepabonde hakuvatadzi kuitika. Vachiri kuyaruka vanokurudzirwa kuti vadzidze nezverudo uye zvepabonde, uye zvaizoshanda isu tese kuti tinzwisise maitiro aya ekudzidza zviri nani.
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