TALO YBOP: Cilmi-baarayaashu waxay abuureen oo tijaabiyeen qalab cusub oo qiimeyn ah, oo ku salaysan shuruudaha Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee ICD-11 ee Ciladda Ciyaaraha. Waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu qiimeeyo dhowr cillado-isticmaalka internetka gaarka ah (qabatinka habdhaqanka ee internetka) oo ay ku jiraan "cilad-xumada isticmaalka porn-ka."
Marka lagu daro cilladda ciyaaraha ee ICD-11, shuruudaha ogaanshaha ayaa loo soo bandhigay cilladan cusub. Shuruudahan ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqi karaa cilladaha kale ee suurtagalka ah ee isticmaalka internetka, kuwaas oo laga yaabo in lagu sifeeyo ICD-11 sida cillado kale oo ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay, sida khalkhalka wax iibsiga ee internetka, online xumaanta isticmaalka sawir-qaadkakhalkhalka isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada, iyo khamaarka khadka tooska ah. [xoojinta ayaa lagu daray]
ICD-11 waxa ay liis garaynaysaa khalkhalka Habdhaqanka Galmada ee Qasabka ah (CSBD), kaas oo dad badani u malaynayaan in isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee dhibaatada leh uu yahay calaamadda ugu weyn ee dabeecadda, sida xanuunka xakamaynta kicinta. Ciladda wax iibsiga-iibsiga ee qasabka ah ayaa lagu taxay tusaale ahaan marka loo eego qaybta 'xannuunnada xakamaynta kicinta ee kale ee la cayimay' (6C7Y) laakiin iyada oo aan la kala saarin noocyada online iyo offline. Kala duwanaanshuhu sidoo kale laguma samayn su'aalaha aadka loo isticmaalo ee lagu cabbirayo iibsashada khasabka ah (Maraz iyo al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Ciladda isticmaalka-shabakadaha-bulshada wali laguma tixgalin ICD-11. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira doodo ku salaysan caddaynta mid kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda cudur si loo kala saaro dabeecadaha la qabatimay (Brand et al., 2020; Gola iyo al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). [xoojinta ayaa lagu daray]
aan la taaban karin
Taariikhda iyo ujeeddooyinka
Marka lagu daro cilladda ciyaaraha ee ICD-11, shuruudaha ogaanshaha ayaa loo soo bandhigay cilladan cusub. Shuruudahan ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqi karaa cilladaha kale ee isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah, kuwaas oo laga yaabo in lagu sifeeyo ICD-11 sida cillado kale sababtoo ah dabeecadaha la qabatimay, sida khalkhalka wax iibsiga-online-ka, cillad-isticmaalka sawir-qaadka internetka, isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada. khalkhalka, iyo khamaarka internetka. Sababo la xiriira kala duwanaanshaha aaladaha jira, waxaan ujeednay inaan horumarino cabbir dhaqaale oo joogto ah oo ah noocyada waaweyn ee cilladaha isticmaalka Internetka ee gaarka ah ee ku saleysan ICD-11 ee cilladda ciyaarta.
Dariiqooyinka
Qiimaynta cusub ee 11-ka shay ee Shuruudaha Cilladaha Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah (ACSID-11) waxay cabbirtaa shan dabeecadood oo la qabatimo oo leh walxo isku mid ah iyadoo la raacayo mabaadi'da CAAWINTA WHO. ACSID-11 waxaa la siiyay isticmaalayaasha Internetka ee firfircoonN = 985) oo ay weheliso la qabsiga Toban-Qaad ee Imtixaanka Ciladda Ciyaaraha Internetka (IGDT-10) iyo baarayaasha caafimaadka dhimirka. Waxaan isticmaalnay Falanqaynta Qodobbada Xaqiijinta si aan u falanqeyno qaab-dhismeedka qodobka ACSID-11.
Natiijooyinka
Qaab dhismeedka afar-factor ee la malaynayo waa la xaqiijiyay oo wuu ka sarreeyay xalka midaysan. Tani waxay khusaysay cilladda ciyaaraha iyo cilladaha kale ee gaarka ah ee isticmaalka internetka. Dhibcaha ACSID-11 waxay la xidhiidhaan IGDT-10 iyo sidoo kale cabbirada cidhiidhiga nafsiga ah.
Dood iyo Gunaanad
ACSID-11 waxay u muuqataa inay ku habboon tahay qiimeynta joogtada ah ee cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ( suurtagal ah) oo ku saleysan shuruudaha ogaanshaha ICD-11 ee cilladda ciyaarta. ACSID-11 waxay noqon kartaa qalab faa'iido leh oo dhaqaale oo lagu baranayo balwadaha kala duwan ee dabeecadda oo leh shay isku mid ah iyo horumarinta isbarbardhigga.
Hordhac
Qaybinta iyo helitaan sahlan ee internetka ayaa ka dhigaya adeegyada khadka si gaar ah soo jiidasho leh waxayna bixiyaan faa'iidooyin badan. Ka sokow faa'iidooyinka dadka intooda badan, dabeecadaha internetka ayaa laga yaabaa inay u qaataan qaab qabatin la'aan ah shakhsiyaadka qaarkood (tusaale,, King & Potenza, 2019; Young, 2004). Gaar ahaan ciyaartu waxay noqotaa mid aad iyo aad u badan arrin caafimaadka bulshada ah (Faust & Prochaska, 2018; Rumpf et al., 2018). Ka dib markii la aqoonsaday 'cilad-darrada ciyaaraha internetka' ee dib-u-eegga shanaad ee Buugga Baadhista iyo Tirakoobka ee Cudurrada Maskaxda (DSM-5; Ururka cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanka, 2013) xaalad ahaan daraasad dheeri ah, cilladda ciyaaraha ayaa hadda lagu daray ogaanshaha rasmiga ah (6C51) ee 11-aad ee dib-u-eegista Caalamiga ah ee Cudurrada (ICD-11; Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018). Tani waa tallaabo muhiim ah oo wax looga qabanayo caqabadaha caalamiga ah ee ka dhasha isticmaalka waxyeellada leh ee tignoolajiyada dhijitaalka ah (Billieux, Stein, Castro-Calvo, Higushi, & King, 2021). Baahsanaanta adduunka ee cilladda ciyaaraha waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 3.05%, taas oo u dhiganta xanuunnada kale ee maskaxda sida cilladaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha ama cilladaha qasabka ah (obsessive-compulsive disorders).Stevens, Dorstyn, Delfabbro, & King, 2021). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiyaasaha baahsanaanta ayaa aad u kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran qalabka baaritaanka ee la isticmaalo (Stevens et al., 2021). Waqtigan xaadirka ah, muuqaalka qalabku waa kala duwan yahay. Tallaabooyinka intooda badani waxay ku saleysan yihiin shuruudaha DSM-5 ee khalkhalka ciyaaraha internetka midna uma muuqdo mid si cad loo doorbidi karo (King et al., 2020). Si la mid ah waxay khusaysaa dabeecadaha kale ee suurtagalka ah ee internetka, sida isticmaalka dhibka leh ee sawir-qaadka khadka tooska ah, shabakadaha bulshada, ama wax iibsiga onlaynka ah. Dabeecadahan dhibka leh ee internetka ayaa laga yaabaa inay la socdaan cilladda ciyaarahaBurleigh, Griffiths, Sumich, Stavropoulos, & Kuss, 2019; Müller et al., 2021), laakiin sidoo kale waxa laga yaabaa inay tahay cid gaar ah. Qaab-dhismeedka aragtiyeed ee dhawaa sida is-dhexgalka qofka-saamaynta-garashada-fulinta (I-PACE) model (Brand, Young, Laier, Wölfling, & Potenza, 2016; Brand et al., 2019) ka soo qaad in hababka nafsiga ah ee isku midka ah ay hoosta ka xariiqayaan noocyada kala duwan ee dabeecadaha qabatinka ah (online). Malo-awaalku waxay la socdaan habab hore oo loo isticmaali karo in lagu sharaxo waxyaabaha ay wadaagaan ee u dhexeeya cilladaha la qabatimay, tusaale ahaan, ee ku saabsan hababka neuropsychologicalBechara, 2005; Robinson & Berridge, 1993), dhinacyada hidaha (Blum et al., 2000), ama qaybaha guud (Griffiths, 2005). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qalab baadhis oo dhamaystiran oo loogu talagalay (suurtogal ah) cilad-isticmaalka gaarka ah ee internetka oo ku salaysan isla shuruudo hadda ma jiro. Baaritaannada lebbiska ee noocyada kala duwan ee cilladaha ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay ayaa muhiim ah si loo go'aamiyo waxyaabaha la wadaago iyo kala duwanaanshaha si sax ah.
Gudaha ICD-11, cilad-xumada ciyaaraha waxay ku taxan tahay wax ka baxsan khamaarka khalkhalka qaybta 'dhibaatooyinka ka dhasha dabeecadaha la qabatimay'. Shuruudaha ogaanshaha ee la soo jeediyay (labadaba) waa: (1) xakamaynta daciifka ah ee dabeecadda (tusaale, bilawga, soo noqnoqda, xoojinta, muddada, joojinta, macnaha guud); (2) kordhinta mudnaanta la siiyo hab-dhaqanka ilaa xad in hab-dhaqanku uu ka hormariyo danaha kale iyo hawl-maalmeedka; (3) sii wadida ama kordhinta habdhaqanka inkastoo cawaaqib xumo In kasta oo aan si toos ah loogu sheegin shuruudo dheeraad ah, waa qasab in la ogaado in qaabka habdhaqanku uu keeno (4) daciifnimo xagga shaqada ah ee meelaha muhiimka ah ee nolol maalmeedka (tusaale, shakhsi ahaan, qoys, waxbarasho, ama arrimo bulsho) iyo/ama cidhiidhi muuqda (Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018). Sidaa darteed, labada qayboodba waa in lagu daraa marka la baranayo dabeecadaha la qabatimay. Guud ahaan, shuruudahan ayaa sidoo kale lagu dabaqi karaa qaybta 'ciladaha kale ee la cayimay oo ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay' (6C5Y), kaas oo khalkhal-iibsiga-iibsashada, cillad-isticmaalka-lula-taagga, iyo cillad-isticmaalka-isku-xidhka-bulsheed laga yaabo in la kala saaro (Brand et al., 2020). Ciladda wax-ka-iibsashada-tooska ah waxaa lagu qeexi karaa si xad-dhaaf ah, wax-iibsiga online-ka ah ee alaabta macaamiisha ah ee soo noqnoqda in kasta oo cawaaqib xun ay jirto sidaas awgeedna waxay noqon kartaa cillad isticmaalka internetka gaar ah (Müller, Laskowski, iyo al., 2021). Cilad-darrada isticmaalka sawir-qaadka waxaa lagu gartaa xakamaynta la dhimay isticmaalka (online) waxyaabaha xun-xun ee xunxun, taas oo ka soocday dabeecadaha kale ee galmada ee khasabka ahKraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016; Kraus et al., 2018). Khalkhalka isticmaalka bulshada-shabakadda-shabakadda waxa lagu qeexi karaa isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee shabakadaha bulshada (ay ku jiraan shabakadaha xidhiidhka bulshada iyo codsiyada kale ee isgaadhsiinta ee internetka) oo lagu garto hoos u dhaca xakamaynta isticmaalka, kordhinta mudnaanta la siinayo isticmaalka, iyo sii wadida isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada inkastoo la kulma cawaaqib xun (Andreassen, 2015). Dhammaan saddexda balwad ee suurtogalka ah waxay ka kooban yihiin ifafaale caafimaad ahaan la xidhiidha oo muujinaya la mid ah dabeecadaha kale ee la qabatimay (tusaale, Brand et al., 2020; Griffiths, Kuss, & Demetrovics, 2014; Müller et al., 2019; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Magac, & Strahler, 2018).
Qalabka qiimeynaya noocyada gaarka ah ee cilladaha isticmaalka internetka waxay inta badan ku saleysan yihiin fikrado hore, sida noocyada wax laga beddelay ee Imtixaanka qabatinka Internetka ee dhalinyarada (tusaale, Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013; Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015ama miisaanka "Bergen" ee ku salaysan Griffiths' qaybaha qabatinka (tusaale, Andreassen, Torsheim, Brunborg, & Pallesen, 2012; Andreassen et al., 2015), ama waxay cabbiraan dhismooyin aan caadi ahayn oo ku salaysan shuruudaha DSM-5 ee cilladda ciyaaraha (tusaale, Lemmens, Valkenburg, & Gentile, 2015; Van den Eijnden, Lemmens, & Valkenburg, 2016) ama cillad khamaarka (dib u eegis eeg Otto iyo al., 2020). Qaar ka mid ah tillaabooyinka hore ayaa laga soo qaatay cabbirrada cilladda khamaarka, cilladaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha ama si aragti ahaan loo soo saaray (Laconi, Rodgers, & Chabrol, 2014). Qaar badan oo ka mid ah qalabkani waxay muujinayaan daciifnimo maskaxeed iyo iswaafaqla'aan sida lagu muujiyay faallooyin kala duwan (King, Haagsma, Delfabbro, Gradisar, & Griffiths, 2013; Lortie & Guitton, 2013; Petry, Rehbein, Ko, & O'Brien, 2015). King et al. (2020) la aqoonsaday 32 qalab kala duwan oo lagu qiimeeyo cilladda ciyaaraha, taas oo muujinaysa isku dheelitir la'aanta goobta cilmi-baarista. Xataa qalabka aadka loo soo xigtay ee sida aadka ah loo isticmaalo, sida Imtixaanka Qabatinka Internetka ee dhalinyaradaYoung, 1998), si ku filan uma matalaan shuruudaha ogaanshaha cilladda ciyaaraha, midkoodna DSM-5 ama ICD-11. King et al. (2020) Qodob dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan daciifnimada cilmi-nafsiga, tusaale ahaan, la'aanta ansaxinta la taaban karo iyo in inta badan qalabka la nashqadeeyay iyadoo lagu salaynayo male-awaal dhisme midaysan. Waxay muujinaysaa in wadarta calaamadaha gaarka ah la tiriyo halkii la eegi lahaa inta jeer ee iyo xoojinta khibradda shakhsi ahaaneed. Imtixaanka Qalalaasaha Ciyaaraha Internetka ee Toban-Shayood (IGDT-10; Király et al., 2017) hadda waxay u muuqataa inay si ku filan u qabsato shuruudaha DSM-5 laakiin guud ahaan mid ka mid ah qalabka uma muuqan mid si cad loo doorbidi karo (King et al., 2020). Dhawaan, tiro miisaanyo ah ayaa loo soo bandhigay sidii qalabkii ugu horreeyay ee baarista ee qabsaday shuruudaha ICD-11 ee cilladda ciyaarahaBalhara iyo al., 2020; Higuchi iyo al., 2021; Jo et al., 2020; Paschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2020; Pontes et al., 2021iyo sidoo kale khalkhalka isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshadaPaschke, Austermann, & Thomasius, 2021). Guud ahaan, waxa loo qaadan karaa in astaamuhu aanay qasab ahayn in si isku mid ah loo waayo, tusaale ahaan, si isku mid ah marar badan ama si isku mid ah. Sidaa darteed waxay u muuqataa mid la jecel yahay in qalabka baadhistu awood u yeeshaan inay qabtaan labadaba, guud ahaan waayo-aragnimada calaamadaha, iyo wadarta calaamadaha midkiiba. Hase yeeshe, habka kala duwan ayaa laga yaabaa inuu baaro calaamaduhu si go'aan leh, ama marxalado kala duwan, horumarinta iyo dayactirka dabeecadda dhibaatada leh, oo la xidhiidha heerka sare ee dhibaatada, ama haddii ay tahay arrin xitaa muhiim ah.
Dhibaatooyinka la midka ah iyo iswaafaqla'aantu waxay soo baxaan marka la eego qalabka lagu qiimeeyo noocyada kale ee cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah, kuwaas oo ah khalkhalka wax iibsiga ee internetka, khalkhalka isticmaalka sawir-qaadka online-ka ah, iyo isticmaalka-shabadhka-shabakadda-shabakadda. Cilladahan gaarka ah ee isticmaalka internetka si rasmi ah looguma kala saarin ICD-11 marka loo eego cilladaha ciyaaraha iyo khamaarka. Gaar ahaan marka laga hadlayo khalkhalka khamaarka, qalabyo badan oo baadhiseed ayaa hore u jiray, laakiin badankoodu ma haystaan caddayn ku filan (Otto iyo al., 2020), oo aan ka hadlin shuruudaha ICD-11 ee khalkhalka khamaarka mana diiradda saarin khalkhalka khamaarka ee inta u badan.Albrecht, Kirschner, & Grüsser, 2007; Dowling et al., 2019). ICD-11 waxa ay liis garaynaysaa khalkhalka Habdhaqanka Galmada ee Qasabka ah (CSBD), kaas oo dad badani u malaynayaan in isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee dhibaatada leh uu yahay calaamadda ugu weyn ee dabeecadda, sida khalkhalka-xakamaynta. Ciladda wax iibsiga-iibsiga ee qasabka ah ayaa lagu taxay tusaale ahaan marka loo eego qaybta 'xannuunnada xakamaynta kicinta ee kale ee la cayimay' (6C7Y) laakiin iyada oo aan la kala saarin noocyada online iyo offline. Kala duwanaanshuhu sidoo kale laguma samayn su'aalaha aadka loo isticmaalo ee lagu cabbirayo iibsashada khasabka ah (Maraz iyo al., 2015; Müller, Mitchell, Vogel, & de Zwaan, 2017). Ciladda isticmaalka-shabakadaha-bulshada wali laguma tixgalin ICD-11. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira doodo ku salaysan caddaynta mid kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda cilladood si loo kala saaro dabeecado la qabatimo (Brand et al., 2020; Gola iyo al., 2017; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018; Wegmann, Müller, Ostendorf, & Brand, 2018). Marka laga soo tago la'aanta la isku raacsan yahay ee ku saabsan kala soocida iyo qeexidda cilladahan isticmaalka internetka gaarka ah ee suurtagalka ah, waxaa sidoo kale jira iswaafaqla'aan isticmaalka qalabka baaritaanka (fiiri eeg Andreassen, 2015; Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021; Hussein & Griffiths, 2018; Müller et al., 2017). Tusaale ahaan, waxaa jira in ka badan 20 qalab oo loo malaynayo in lagu cabbiro isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee dhibaatada leh (Fernandez & Griffiths, 2021Laakiin midna si ku filan uma daboolo shuruudaha ICD-11 ee cilladaha ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay, kuwaas oo aad ugu dhow shuruudaha ICD-11 ee CSBD.
Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ayaa u muuqda inay wada dhacaan, gaar ahaan ciyaaraha khalkhalka leh iyo isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (Burleigh iyo al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021). Isticmaalka falanqaynta profile qarsoon, Charzyńska, Sussman, iyo Atroszko (2021) waxa la aqoonsaday in isku xidhka bulsheed ee xumaaday iyo dukaamaysiga iyo sidoo kale ciyaaraha aan fiicnayn iyo isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee inta badan si wada jir ah u dhacaan. Muuqaalka oo ay ku jiraan heerarka sare ee dhammaan cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ayaa muujiyay fayoobaanta ugu hooseysa (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Tani waxay sidoo kale xooga saaraysaa muhiimada ay leedahay baaritaan dhamaystiran oo isku mid ah oo ku saabsan dabeecadaha kala duwan ee isticmaalka internetka. Waxaa jiray isku dayo la isku dayay in la isticmaalo qaybo la mid ah ciladaha isticmaalka internetka ee kala duwan, sida Miisaanka Isticmaalka Sawirka Galmada ee Dhibaatada leh (Bőthe et al., 2018), Miisaanka Qabatinka Baraha Bulshada ee Bergen (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017) ama Miisaanka Qabatinka Wax iibsiga ee Onlineka ah (Zhao, Tian, & Xin, 2017). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, miisaannadan waxaa loo qaabeeyey iyadoo lagu salaynayo qaabka qaybaha Griffiths (2005) hana daboolin shuruudaha hadda la soo jeediyay ee cilladaha ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay (cf. Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka, 2018).
Marka la soo koobo, ICD-11 waxay soo jeedisay shuruudaha ogaanshaha cilladaha ay sabab u tahay (inta badan khadka tooska ah) dabeecadaha la qabatimay, kuwaas oo ah khalkhalka khamaarka iyo cilladda ciyaarta. Isticmaalka sawirada qaawan ee internetka ee dhibka leh, wax iibsiga online-ka ah, iyo isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu meeleeyo ICD-11-hoosaadka 'ciladaha kale ee la cayimay oo ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay' kuwaas oo shuruudo isku mid ah lagu dabaqi karo (Brand et al., 2020). Ilaa hadda, muuqaalka aaladaha baarista ee kuwan (suurtogal ah) cilladaha isticmaalka Internetka ee gaarka ah waa mid aan is waafaqsanayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cabbiraadda joogtada ah ee dhismooyinka kala duwan ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah horumarinta cilmi-baarista ku saabsan waxyaabaha la wadaago iyo kala duwanaanshaha noocyada kala duwan ee cilladaha sababtoo ah dabeecadaha la qabatimay. Hadafkayagu waxa uu ahaa in aan horumarino qalab baadhis oo gaaban laakiin dhamaystiran oo loogu talagalay noocyada kala duwan (suurtogal ah) cilladaha isticmaalka Internetka ee gaarka ah oo daboolaya shuruudaha ICD-11 ee khalkhalka ciyaaraha iyo khalkhalka khamaarka, si aan uga caawino aqoonsiga hore ee dabeecadaha online-ka ah ee gaarka ah.
Dariiqooyinka
Ka qaybgalayaashu
Ka qaybqaatayaasha waxa lagu shaqaaleysiiyay onlayn iyada oo loo sii marayo adeeg bixiye kooxeed marin u helka kaas oo si gaar ah loogu abaalmariyay. Waxaan ku soo darnay isticmaalayaasha internetka ee firfircoon ee ka yimid aagga looga hadlo Jarmalka. Waxaan ka saarnay xog-ururinta aan dhamaystirnayn iyo kuwa tilmaamaya ka jawaabida taxadar la'aanta. Midda dambe waxaa lagu aqoonsaday cabbir gudaha ah (shayga jawaabta la baray iyo cabbirka is-warbixinta) iyo hoc-hoc (waqtiga jawaabta, qaabka jawaabta, Mahalanobis D) xeeladahaGodinho, Kushnir, & Cunningham, 2016; Meade & Craig, 2012). Tusaalaha ugu dambeeya wuxuu ka koobnaa N = 958 ka qaybgalayaal (499 lab ah, 458 dumar ah, 1 quusayaal) inta u dhaxaysa 16 iyo 69 sano jir (M = 47.60, SD = 14.50). Ka qaybgalayaasha intooda badani waxay ahaayeen kuwo si buuxda u shaqeeya (46.3%), (hore) hawlgab (20.1%), ama shaqaale wakhti-dhiman ah (14.3%). Kuwa kale waxay ahaayeen arday, tababarayaal, haween guri/- niman qaba, ama aan loo shaqayn sababo kale. Heerka ugu sarreeya ee waxbarashada farsamada gacanta ayaa la qaybiyey marka la dhammeeyo tabobarrada farsamada gacanta (33.6%), shahaadada jaamacadeed (19.0%), dhammays tir-dugsiyeedka farsamada (14.1%), ka qalin jabinta dugsiga sare/ akadeemiyada farsamada (11.8%) iyo shahaadada farsamada gacanta (10.1%). Kuwa kale waxay ku jireen waxbarasho/arday ama shahaado ma haysan. Tusaalaha ku habboonaanta randomka ayaa muujisay qaybinta la mid ah doorsoomayaasha bulsho-bulsheed ee ugu muhiimsan sida dadka isticmaala Internetka Jarmalka (cf. Statista, 2021).
Cabbiraadaha
Qiimaynta Shuruudaha loogu talagalay Cilladaha Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah: ACSID-11
ACSID-11 waxaan ujeednay inaan ikhtiraacno qalab lagu qiimeeyo cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah si gaaban laakiin dhammaystiran, oo joogto ah. Waxaa lagu saleeyay aragti ay sameeyeen koox khabiiro ah oo cilmi-baarayaal iyo daaweeyayaal qabatinka. Alaabooyinka waxaa laga soo qaatay wadahadalo badan iyo shirar la isku raacsan yahay oo ku saleysan shuruudaha ICD-11 ee cilladaha ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay, sida lagu qeexay ciyaaraha iyo khamaarka, iyadoo loo maleynayo qaab dhismeed badan. Natiijooyinka falanqaynta Talk-Aloud ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo wanaajiyo ansaxnimada nuxurka iyo fahamka alaabta (Schmidt et al., la gudbiyay).
ACSID-11 waxay ka kooban tahay 11 shay oo qabata shuruudaha ICD-11 ee cilladaha ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay. Saddexda shuruudood ee ugu waaweyn, kontoroolka daciifka ah (IC), mudnaanta kordhinta ee la siinayo dhaqdhaqaaqa khadka tooska ah (IP), iyo sii wadida/kordhinta (CE) ee isticmaalka Internetka in kasta oo cawaaqib xumo, ayaa midkiiba uu u taagan yahay saddex shay. Laba shay oo dheeri ah ayaa la sameeyay si loo qiimeeyo daciifnimada shaqada ee nolol maalmeedka (FI) iyo cidhiidhi calaamadsan (MD) oo ay ugu wacan tahay dhaqdhaqaaqa khadka. Su'aal horudhac ah, ka qaybgalayaasha waxaa la faray inay tilmaamaan waxqabadyada intarneedka ee ay isticmaaleen ugu yaraan marmar 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Dhaqdhaqaaqyada (sida, 'ciyaaraha', 'dukaanka internetka', 'isticmaalka sawir-qaadka internetka', 'isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada', 'khamaarka khadka', iyo 'kale') ayaa lagu taxay qeexitaan u dhigma iyo xulashooyinka jawaabta 'haa' 'ama 'maya'. Ka qaybgalayaasha oo ku jawaabay 'haa' kaliya shayga 'kale' waa la baadhay. Dhammaan kuwa kale waxay heleen ACSID-11 walxaha dhammaan waxqabadyadaas oo lagu jawaabay 'haa'. Habkan dhaqan-dhaqaale badan waxa uu ku salaysan yahay Imtixaanka Baadhitaanka Khamriga, Sigaarka iyo Ka-qaybgalka Walaxda ee WHO (ASSIST; WHO CAAWINTA Kooxda Shaqada, 2002), kaas oo baadhaya qaybaha ugu waaweyn ee isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo cawaaqib xumadeeda iyo sidoo kale calaamadaha hab-dhaqanka balwadda ee hab joogto ah oo la xidhiidha walxaha gaarka ah.
Marka loo eego ASSIST, shay kasta waxaa loo qaabeeyey si toos ah si toos ah loogaga jawaabi karo hawsha ay khusayso. Waxaanu isticmaalnay qaab jawaab celin laba qaybood ah (eeg Berdihii. 1), kaas oo ka qaybgalayaashu ay tahay inay ku tilmaamaan shayga hawl kasta inta jeer waxay waayo-aragnimada lahaayeen 12-kii bilood ee u dambeeyay (0: ’marna’, 1: ’ naadir’, 2: ‘mararka qaarkood’, 3: ‘badanaa’), iyo haddii ugu yaraan “ naadir ah”, sida daran Khibrad kastaa waxay ahayd 12kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay (0: 'ma aha mid aad u daran', 1: "halkii aad u daran', 2: "halkii aad u daran', 3: 'aad u daran'). Iyadoo la qiimeynayo inta jeer ee iyo sidoo kale xoojinta calaamad kasta, waxaa suurtagal ah in la baaro dhacdada calaamad, laakiin sidoo kale si loo xakameeyo sida calaamadaha daran loo arko in ka baxsan inta jeer. Shayada ACSID-11 (tarjumaada Ingiriisiga ee la soo jeediyay) ayaa lagu muujiyay Shaxda 1. Shayada asalka ah (Jarmalka) oo ay ku jiraan weydiimo hore iyo tilmaamo ayaa laga heli karaa lifaaqa (eeg Lifaaqa A).
Shayga tusaalaha ah ee ACSID-11 (tarjumaadda Ingiriisiga ee la soo jeediyay ee shayga asalka ah ee Jarmalka) oo muujinaya cabbirka inta jeer ee (Tiirarka bidix) iyo xoojinta (Tiirarka midig) ee xaaladaha la xidhiidha waxqabadyada khadka tooska ah ee gaarka ah. Notes. Jaantusku waxa uu tusinayaa shay ku dayasho mudan oo ah xakamaynta Impaired factor (IC) sida soo bandhigay A) shakhsiga isticmaala dhamaan shanta hawlood ee online ka ah sida ku cad su'aashii hore (fiiri Lifaaqa A) iyo B) qof tilmaamay inuu isticmaalo wax iibsiga onlaynka ah iyo shabakadaha bulshada oo keliya.
Xigasho: Joornaalka Balwadaha Dhaqanka 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Walxaha ACSID-11 ee ciladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah (tarjumaada Ingiriisiga ee la soo jeediyay).
| Shayga | Su'aal |
| IC1 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, dhib ma kala kulantay la socoshada goorta aad hawsha bilowday, intee in le'eg tahay, intee le'eg tahay, ama xaalad noocee ah ayaad samaysay, ama markaad joojisay? |
| IC2 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, ma dareentay rabitaanka inaad joojiso ama xaddido dhaqdhaqaaqa sababtoo ah waxaad dareentay inaad aad u isticmaalayso? |
| IC3 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad isku dayday inaad joojiso ama xaddiddo hawsha oo aad ku guul darraysatay? |
| IP1 | 12kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad siisay hawsha mudnaanta sii kordheysa ee ka sareysa hawlaha kale ama danaha nolol maalmeedkaaga? |
| IP2 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad lumisay xiisihii aad u lahayd hawlo kale oo aad ku raaxaysan jirtay hawsha awgeed? |
| IP3 | 12kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay ma dayacday ama ma ka tagtay hawlo kale ama dano kale oo aad ku raaxaysan jirtay hawsha awgeed? |
| CE1 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad sii waday ama kordhisay dhaqdhaqaaqa inkasta oo ay kuu hanjabtay ama ay kugu keentay inaad lumiso xidhiidh aad la leedahay qof muhiim kuu ah? |
| CE2 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad sii waday ama kordhisay dhaqdhaqaaqa inkasta oo ay kugu keentay dhibaatooyin xagga dugsiga/tababarka/shaqada? |
| CE3 | 12-kii bilood ee la soo dhaafay, miyaad sii wadey ama kordhisay dhaqdhaqaaqa inkasta oo ay kuu keentay cabasho/xanuuno jir ama maskaxeed? |
| FI1 | Ka fakarka dhammaan qaybaha noloshaada, noloshaada miyay si muuqata u saamaysay hawsha 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay? |
| MD1 | Markaad ka fikirto dhammaan qaybaha noloshaada, hawluhu miyay kugu dhibeen 12 bilood ee la soo dhaafay? |
Notes. IC = xakamaynta daciifka ah; IP = mudnaanta la kordhiyey; CE = sii wadida/kordhinta; FI = naafo shaqada; MD = cidhiidhi calaamadsan; Alaabtii asalka ahayd ee Jarmalka waxaa laga heli karaa Lifaaqa A.
Tijaabada Qalalaasaha Ciyaaraha Internetka ee Toban-Shayood: IGDT-10 - nooca ASSIST
Sida cabbiraadda ansaxnimada isku dhafan, waxaanu isticmaalnay toban-shay IGDT-10 (Király et al., 2017) oo ah nooca la dheereeyey. IGDT-10 waxay hawlgelisaa sagaalka shuruudood ee DSM-5 ee khalkhalgelinta ciyaaraha internetka.Ururka cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanka, 2013). Daraasaddan, waxaan ku kordhinay nooca ciyaaraha asalka ah si loo qiimeeyo dhammaan noocyada cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah. Si tan loo hirgeliyo, iyo si habka loo dhigmo, waxaan sidoo kale isticmaalnay qaabka jawaabta dhaqanka badan ee tusaalaha ASSIST ee halkan. Taas awgeed, shayada ayaa wax laga beddelay si 'ciyaaraha' loogu beddelo 'hawlaha'. Shay kasta ayaa markaa looga jawaabay dhammaan waxqabadyada khadka ee ka qaybgalayaashu ay hore u tilmaameen inay isticmaalaan (laga bilaabo xulashada 'ciyaaraha', 'dukaanka internetka', 'isticmaalka sawir-qaadka internetka', 'isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada', iyo 'khamaarka khadka' ). Shay kasta, hawl kasta waxa lagu qiimeeyay saddex-dhibcood Likert (0 = 'marna', 1 = 'mararka qaarkood', 2 = 'badanaa'). Dhibcuhu waxay la mid ahaayeen nooca asalka ah ee IGDT-10: Shuruudo kasta waxay heshay dhibco ah 0 haddii jawaabtu ahayd 'marna' ama 'mararka qaarkood' iyo dhibcaha 1 haddii jawaabtu ahayd 'badanaa'. Shayada 9 iyo 10 waxay matalaan isla jaangooyo (ie, 'khatarta ama luminta xiriir la taaban karo, shaqo, ama fursad waxbarasho ama shaqo sababtoo ah ka qaybgalka ciyaaraha internetka') oo wada tiriya hal dhibic haddii mid ama labadaba la buuxiyo. Dhibcaha wadarta ugu dambeeya ayaa la xisaabiyay hawl kasta. Waxay u dhaxayn kartaa 0 ilaa 9 oo leh buundooyin sare oo muujinaya darnaanta calaamadaha sare. Marka laga hadlayo cilladda ciyaarta, dhibco shan ah ama ka badan ayaa tilmaamaya muhiimadda caafimaadKirály et al., 2017).
Su'aalaha Caafimaadka Bukaanka-4: PHQ-4
Su'aalaha Caafimaadka Bukaanka-4 (PHQ-4; Kroenke, Spitzer, Williams, & Löwe, 2009) waa cabbir kooban oo lagu garto calaamadaha niyad-jabka iyo walaaca. Waxay ka kooban tahay afar shay oo laga soo qaatay miisaanka Guud ee Walaaca Walaaca-7 iyo moduleka PHQ-8 ee niyad-jabka. Ka qaybgalayaashu waa inay muujiyaan inta jeer ee dhacdooyinka calaamadaha qaar ka mid ah miisaanka afar-dhibcood ee Likert oo u dhexeeya 0 ('maba'') ilaa 3 ('ku dhawaad maalin kasta'). Wadarta dhibcaha waxay u dhaxayn kartaa 0 iyo 12 taasoo muujinaysa midna/ugu yar, khafiif ah, dhexdhexaad ah, iyo heerar murugo nafsi ah oo daran oo leh buundooyinka 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-12, siday u kala horreeyaan (Kroenke iyo al., 2009).
Fayo-qabka guud
Ku qanacsanaanta nolosha guud ayaa la qiimeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo qiyaasta Gaaban ee ku qanacsanaanta Nolosha (L-1) ee nooca asalka ah ee Jarmalka (Beierlein, Kovaleva, László, Kemper, & Rammstedt, 2015) kaga jawaabay 11-dhibcood Likert miisaan u dhexeeya 0 ('aan ku qanacsanayn') ilaa 10 ('gebi ahaanba ku qanacsan'). Miisaanka shayga keliya ayaa si wanaagsan loo ansaxiyay wuxuuna si adag ula xidhiidhaa miisaan-shalaxyo badan oo qiimaynaya ku qanacsanaanta nolosha (Beierlein iyo al., 2015). Waxaan sidoo kale waydiisanay ku qanacsanaanta nolosha ee dhanka caafimaadka (H-1): 'Wax walba oo la tixgeliyo, sidee ayaad ugu qanacsan tahay caafimaadkaaga maalmahan?' ku jawaabay isla cabirka 11-dhibcood (cf. Beierlein iyo al., 2015).
Nidaamka
Daraasada waxaa lagu sameeyay onlayn iyadoo la isticmaalayo aaladda sahanka khadka ee Limesurvey®. ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10 waxaa loo hirgeliyay qaab kaliya hawlihii lagu soo xushay su'aalahii hore loogu soo bandhigay walxaha ay kala duwan yihiin. Ka-qaybgalayaashu waxay heleen xidhiidhyo gaar ah oo ka yimid bixiyaha adeegga adeegga taas oo horseeday sahaminta khadka tooska ah ee aan abuurnay. Dhammaystirka ka dib, ka qaybgalayaasha ayaa dib loogu celiyay mareegaha bixiyaha si ay u helaan dib-u-tiradoodii. Xogta waxaa la ururiyay intii u dhaxaysay Abriil 8 ilaa Abriil 14 ee 2021.
Falanqeynta tirakoobka
Waxaan isticmaalnay falanqaynta qodobbada xaqiijinta (CFA) si aan u tijaabino cabbirka oo aan u dhisno ansaxnimada ACSID-11. Falanqaynta waxaa lagu socodsiiyay nooca Mplus 8.4 (Muthén & Muthén, 2019Isticmaalka labajibaaranaha ugu yar ee miisaanka leh macnaheedu waa iyo qiimaynta kala duwanaanshaha la hagaajiyay (WLSMV). Si loo qiimeeyo qaabka ku habboon, waxaanu isticmaalnay tusmooyin badan, kuwaas oo ah chi-square (χ 2Tijaabi saxda saxda ah, Isbarbardhigga Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis fit index (TLI), Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR), iyo Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA). Sida laga soo xigtay Hu iyo Bentler (1999), Qiimaha goynta ee CFI iyo TLI> 0.95, ee SRMR <0.08, iyo RMSEA <0.06 waxay muujinayaan ku habboonaanta moodeelka wanaagsan. Intaa waxaa dheer, qiimaha chi-square oo loo qaybiyay darajooyinka xorriyadda (χ2/df) <3 waa tilmaame kale oo ku habboon moodeel la aqbali karoCarmines & McIver, 1981). Cronbach's alfa (αiyo Guttman's Lambda-2 (λ 2) ayaa loo adeegsaday cabbirro isku hallayn ah oo leh isku-xirnaan> 0.8 (> 0.7) oo muujinaya joogteynta gudaha ee wanaagsan (la aqbali karo)Bortz & Döring, 2006). Falanqaynta isku xidhka (Pearson) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu tijaabiyo ansaxnimada isku xidhan ee u dhaxaysa cabbirada kala duwan ee isku midka ah ama kuwa la xidhiidha. Falanqayntan waxa lagu socodsiiyay IBM Tirakoobka SPSS (nooca 26). Sida laga soo xigtay Cohen (1988), Qiimaha |r| = 0.10, 0.30, 0.50 waxay tilmaamaysaa saameyn yar, dhexdhexaad, weyn, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Ethics
Nidaamyada waxbarasho waxaa loo fuliyay si waafaqsan Baaqa Helsinki. Daraasada waxaa ansixiyay guddiga anshaxa ee qaybta Sayniska Kombiyuutarka iyo Cilmiga Fahamka ee Kuliyadda Injineerinka ee Jaamacadda Duisburg-Essen. Dhammaan maadooyinka ayaa lagu wargeliyay daraasadda oo dhammaan waxay bixiyeen oggolaansho xog ogaal ah.
Natiijooyinka
Tusaalaha hadda jira, habdhaqanka isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ayaa loo qaybiyay sida soo socota: Ciyaarta waxaa muujiyay 440 (45.9%) shakhsiyaad (da'da: M = 43.59, SD = 14.66; 259 rag ah, 180 dumar ah, 1 quusayaal ah), 944 (98.5%) ee shakhsiyaadka ku hawlan wax iibsiga onlaynka ah (da'da: M = 47.58, SD = 14.49; 491 lab ah, 452 dumar ah, 1 quusayaal ah), 340 (35.5%) ee shakhsiyaadka ayaa isticmaalay sawir-qaadka online-ka ah (da'da: M = 44.80, SD = 14.96; 263 rag ah, 76 dumar ah, 1 quusayaal ah), 854 (89.1%) shakhsiyaadka ayaa isticmaalay shabakadaha bulshada (da'da: M = 46.52, SD = 14.66; 425 rag ah, 428 dumar ah, 1 quusayaal ah), iyo 200 (20.9%) shakhsiyaadka ku hawlan khamaarka khadka tooska ah (da'da: M = 46.91, SD = 13.67; 125 rag ah, 75 dumar ah, 0 quusayaal ah). Ka qaybgalayaasha tirada yar (n = 61; 6.3%) waxa la tilmaamay in la isticmaalo hal hawl oo kaliya. Inta badan ka qaybgalayaasha (n = 841; 87.8%) waxay isticmaaleen ugu yaraan wax iibsiga onlaynka ah iyagoo kaashanaya shabakadaha bulshada iyo 409 (42.7%) oo iyaga ka mid ah ayaa sidoo kale tilmaamay inay ciyaaraan ciyaaraha khadka tooska ah. Sideed iyo lixdan (7.1%) ka qaybqaatayaasha ayaa tilmaamay in ay isticmaalaan dhammaan hawlaha online-ka ah ee la sheegay.
Marka la eego in cilladaha ciyaaraha iyo khamaarka ay yihiin labada nooc ee cilladaha ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay ee si rasmi ah loo aqoonsaday oo la siiyay tirada shakhsiyaadka muunadayada ee lagu soo warramey inay khamaarka internetka ku sameeyaan ay xaddidan yihiin, waxaan marka hore diiradda saari doonaa natiijooyinka ku saabsan qiimeynta. shuruudaha cilladda ciyaaraha ee ACSID-11.
Tirakoobyada qeexan
Marka laga hadlayo khalkhalka ciyaaraha, dhammaan walxaha ACSID-11 waxay leeyihiin qiimayn u dhaxaysa 0 iyo 3 taasoo ka tarjumaysa tirada ugu badan ee qiimayaasha suurtagalka ah (eeg Shaxda 2). Dhammaan alaabtu waxay muujinayaan qiyamka dhexdhexaadka ah ee hooseeya iyo qaybinta saxda ah ee la filayo sida muunada aan bukaan-socodka ahayn. Dhibka ayaa ah kan ugu sareeya sii wadida/kordhinta iyo shayada cidhiidhiga ah ee calaamadaysan halka xakamaynta liidata (gaar ahaan IC1) iyo alaabta mudnaanta leh ee la kordhiyay ay yihiin dhibka ugu hooseeya. Kurtosis ayaa si gaar ah ugu sarreeya shayga ugu horreeya ee Sii-wadidda/Kacitaanka (CE1) iyo Shayga Dhibaatada Calaamadsan (MD1).
Tirakoobka qeexan ee walxaha ACSID-11 ee lagu cabbirayo cilladda ciyaarta.
| No. | Shayga | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Xasaasiyadda | Kurtosis | Dhibaato |
| a) | Qiyaasta inta jeer | |||||||
| 01a | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.827 | (0.956) | 0.808 | -0.521 | 27.58 |
| 02a | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.602 | (0.907) | 1.237 | 0.249 | 20.08 |
| 03a | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.332 | (0.723) | 2.163 | 3.724 | 11.06 |
| 04a | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.623 | (0.895) | 1.180 | 0.189 | 20.76 |
| 05a | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.405 | (0.784) | 1.913 | 2.698 | 13.48 |
| 06a | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.400 | (0.784) | 1.903 | 2.597 | 13.33 |
| 07a | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.170 | (0.549) | 3.561 | 12.718 | 5.68 |
| 08a | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.223 | (0.626) | 3.038 | 8.797 | 7.42 |
| 09a | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.227 | (0.632) | 2.933 | 7.998 | 7.58 |
| 10a | FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.352 | (0.712) | 1.997 | 3.108 | 11.74 |
| 11a | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.155 | (0.526) | 3.647 | 13.107 | 5.15 |
| b) | Miisaanka xoojinta | |||||||
| 01b | IC1 | 0 | 3 | 0.593 | (0.773) | 1.173 | 0.732 | 19.77 |
| 02b | IC2 | 0 | 3 | 0.455 | (0.780) | 1.700 | 2.090 | 15.15 |
| 03b | IC3 | 0 | 3 | 0.248 | (0.592) | 2.642 | 6.981 | 8.26 |
| 04b | IP1 | 0 | 3 | 0.505 | (0.827) | 1.529 | 1.329 | 16.82 |
| 05b | IP2 | 0 | 3 | 0.330 | (0.703) | 2.199 | 4.123 | 10.98 |
| 06b | IP3 | 0 | 3 | 0.302 | (0.673) | 2.302 | 4.633 | 10.08 |
| 07b | CE1 | 0 | 3 | 0.150 | (0.505) | 3.867 | 15.672 | 5.00 |
| 08b | CE2 | 0 | 3 | 0.216 | (0.623) | 3.159 | 9.623 | 7.20 |
| 09b | CE3 | 0 | 3 | 0.207 | (0.608) | 3.225 | 10.122 | 6.89 |
| 10b | FI1 | 0 | 3 | 0.284 | (0.654) | 2.534 | 6.172 | 9.47 |
| 11b | MD1 | 0 | 3 | 0.139 | (0.483) | 3.997 | 16.858 | 4.62 |
Notes. N = 440. IC = xakamaynta daciifka ah; IP = mudnaanta la kordhiyey; CE = sii wadida/kordhinta; FI = naafo shaqada; MD = cidhiidhi calaamadsan.
Marka laga hadlayo caafimaadka dhimirka, muunadda guud (N = 958) wuxuu leeyahay celceliska PHQ-4 ee 3.03 (SD = 2.82) waxayna muujinaysaa heerar dhexdhexaad ah oo ku qanacsanaanta nolosha (L-1: M = 6.31, SD = 2.39) iyo caafimaadka (H-1: M = 6.05, SD = 2.68). Kooxda-hoosaadka ciyaarahan = 440), 13 shakhsi (3.0%) waxay gaadhaan goynta IGDT-10 ee kiisaska la xidhiidha kiliinikada ee cilladda ciyaaraha. Celceliska dhibcaha IGDT-10 way ku kala duwan yihiin inta u dhaxaysa 0.51 khalkhal-iibsiga wax iibsiga iyo 0.77 khalkhalka isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (eeg Shaxda 5).
Falanqaynta qodobka xaqiijinta
Qaab afar-factor ah ayaa loo qaatay
Waxaan tijaabinay qaab dhismeedka afarta-factor ee ACSID-11 anagoo adeegsanayna CFA-yo badan, mid kasta oo cilad-isticmaalka Internetka gaar ah iyo si gaar ah loogu talagalay soo noqnoqoshada iyo qiimeynta xoojinta. Qodobada (1) Xakamaynta liidata, (2) Mudnaanta korodhay, iyo (3) Sii wadida/kordhinta waxa sameeyay saddexda shay. Labada shay ee dheeraadka ah ee cabbiraya daciifnimada shaqada ee nolol maalmeedka iyo cidhiidhiga calaamadsan ee ay sabab u tahay dhaqdhaqaaqa khadka tooska ah ayaa sameeyay qodobka dheeraadka ah (4) Naafanimada Shaqada. Qaab dhismeedka afarta-factor ee ACSID-11 waxaa taageeray xogta. Tilmaamaha ku habboon ayaa tilmaamaya ku habboonaanta moodooyinka iyo xogta dhammaan noocyada cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ee lagu qiimeeyay ACSID-11, kuwaas oo ah cilladda ciyaarta, khalkhalka wax iibsiga-toorka, iyo khalkhalka isticmaalka-shabakadaha-bulsheed, isticmaalka sawir-qaadka internetka khalkhalka, iyo khamaarka khadka tooska ah (eeg Shaxda 3). Marka la eego khalkhalka isticmaalka sawir-xumada internetka iyo khalkhalka khamaarka khadka tooska ah, TLI iyo RMSEA waxay noqon karaan eex sababtoo ah cabbirro yaryarHu & Bentler, 1999). Culayska cunsurka iyo isku-xidhnaanta hadhaaga ee CFA-yada codsanaya moodel afar-factor ah ayaa lagu muujiyay Berdihii. 2. Si loo ogaado, qaar ka mid ah moodooyinka ayaa muujinaya qiyam aan caadi ahayn (tusaale, kala duwanaanshiyaha haraaga taban ee doorsoomaha dahsoon ama isku xidhka siman ama ka weyn 1).
Tilmaamayaal ku habboon qaababka afarta-factor, unidimensional, iyo nooca labaad ee CFA ee loogu talagalay cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah (suurgalka ah) ee lagu qiyaasay ACSID-11.
| Xanuunka gaming | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Lixaadka | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Qaabka afar-geesoodka ah | 38 | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.031 | 0.051 | 2.13 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.029 | 0.043 | 1.81 |
| Moodeelka midaysan | 27 | 0.969 | 0.961 | 0.048 | 0.087 | 4.32 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.047 | 0.082 | 3.99 |
| Qaabka qodobka labaad ee dalbashada | 40 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.031 | 0.047 | 1.99 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.032 | 0.045 | 1.89 |
| Qalalaasaha wax-soo-iibsashada-tooska ah | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Lixaadka | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Qaabka afar-geesoodka ah | 38 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.019 | 0.034 | 2.07 | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.020 | 0.037 | 2.30 |
| Moodeelka midaysan | 27 | 0.981 | 0.976 | 0.037 | 0.070 | 5.58 | 0.986 | 0.982 | 0.031 | 0.056 | 3.98 |
| Qaabka qodobka labaad ee dalbashada | 40 | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.021 | 0.036 | 2.19 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.023 | 0.038 | 2.40 |
| Qalalaasaha isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee internetka | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Lixaadka | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Qaabka afar-geesoodka ah | 38 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.034 | 0.054 | 1.99 | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.038 | 0.065 | 2.43 |
| Moodeelka midaysan | 27 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.044 | 0.075 | 2.91 | 0.976 | 0.970 | 0.046 | 0.082 | 3.27 |
| Qaabka qodobka labaad ee dalbashada | 40 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.033 | 0.049 | 1.83 | 0.984 | 0.979 | 0.039 | 0.068 | 2.59 |
| Dhibaatooyinka isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Lixaadka | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Qaabka afar-geesoodka ah | 38 | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.023 | 0.049 | 3.03 | 0.993 | 0.989 | 0.023 | 0.052 | 3.31 |
| Moodeelka midaysan | 27 | 0.970 | 0.963 | 0.048 | 0.096 | 8.89 | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.039 | 0.085 | 7.13 |
| Qaabka qodobka labaad ee dalbashada | 40 | 0.992 | 0.989 | 0.027 | 0.053 | 3.39 | 0.991 | 0.988 | 0.025 | 0.056 | 3.64 |
| Khamaarka khadka tooska ah | |||||||||||
| Frequency | Lixaadka | ||||||||||
| model | df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df | CFI | TLI | SRMR | RMSEA | χ2/ df |
| Qaabka afar-geesoodka ah | 38 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.027 | 0.059 | 1.70 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.026 | 0.049 | 1.47 |
| Moodeelka midaysan | 27 | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.040 | 0.078 | 2.20 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.039 | 0.080 | 2.28 |
| Qaabka qodobka labaad ee dalbashada | 40 | 0.997 | 0.996 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 1.58 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.029 | 0.053 | 1.55 |
Notes. Cabbirrada tusaalaha ayaa ku kala duwanaa ciyaaraha (n = 440), wax iibsiga onlaynka ah (n = 944), isticmaalka sawir-qaadka online-ka ah (n = 340), isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (n = 854), iyo khamaarka internetka (n = 200); ACSID-11 = Qiimaynta Shuruudaha Khaladaadka Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah, 11-waxyaabaha.
Culayska isirrada iyo isku-xidhnaanta hadhaaga moodooyinka afar-geesoodka ah ee ACSID-11 (soo noqnoqoshada) ee (A) khalkhalka ciyaaraha, (B) khalkhalka khamaarka khadka, (C) khalkhalka wax iibsiga-toorka, (D) khalkhalka isticmaalka sawir-qaadka online-ka , iyo (E) khalkhalka isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada. Notes. Cabbirrada tusaalaha ayaa ku kala duwanaa ciyaaraha (n = 440), wax iibsiga onlaynka ah (n = 944), isticmaalka sawir-qaadka online-ka ah (n = 340), isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (n = 854), iyo khamaarka internetka (n = 200); Miisaanka xoojinta ACSID-11 wuxuu muujiyay natiijooyin isku mid ah. ACSID-11 = Qiimaynta Shuruudaha Khaladaadka Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah, 11-shay; Qiimayaashu waxay ka dhigan yihiin culaysyo halbeeg ah oo isirka ah, isfaham la'aanta, iyo wada shaqaynta hadhaaga ah. Dhammaan qiyaasuhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim ah p <0.001.
Xigasho: Joornaalka Balwadaha Dhaqanka 2022; 10.1556/2006.2022.00013
Moodeelka midaysan
Sababo la xiriira isdhexgalka sare ee ka dhexeeya arrimo kala duwan, waxaan sidoo kale tijaabinay xalal aan caadi ahayn iyadoo dhammaan walxaha ku raran yihiin hal arrin, sida loo hirgeliyay, tusaale ahaan, IGDT-10. Moodooyinka hal-abuurka ah ee ACSID-11 waxay muujiyeen taam la aqbali karo, laakiin leh RMSEA iyo/ama χ2/df oo ka sarreeya goynta la soo jeediyay. Dhammaan dabeecadaha, moodeelku wuxuu ku habboon yahay moodooyinka afar-geesoodka ah ayaa ka wanaagsan marka la barbardhigo noocyada kala duwan ee midaysan (eeg. Shaxda 3). Sidaa darteed, xalka afar-geesoodka ah wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu ka sarreeyo xalka midaysan.
Qaabka labaad ee nidaamka iyo qaabka laba-jibbaaran
Beddelka xisaabtanka sare ee isdhexgalka waa in lagu daro arrin guud oo matalaysa dhismaha guud, kaas oo ka kooban subdomain-hoosaadyo la xiriira. Tan waxaa lagu hirgelin karaa iyada oo loo marayo moodal-cusbooneysii factor iyo model bifactor. Qaabka qodobka labaad ee nidaamka labaad, qodobka guud (labaad-labaad) ayaa loo qaabeeyey isku dayga lagu sharxi karo isku xidhka qodobbada dalabka koowaad. Qaabka laba-geesoodka ah, waxa loo malaynayaa in qodobka guud uu ku xisaabtamayo wada jirka ka dhexeeya qaybaha la xidhiidha iyo in, intaa dheer, ay jiraan arrimo badan oo gaar ah, kuwaas oo mid kastaa uu leeyahay saameyn gaar ah oo ka baxsan qodobka guud. Tan waxaa loo qaabeeyey si shay kasta loo oggolaado inuu ku shubo qodobka guud iyo sidoo kale qodobkiisa gaarka ah halkaas oo dhammaan qodobbada (ay ku jiraan isku xidhka qodobka guud iyo arrimo gaar ah) lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin orthogonal. Qaabka qodobka labaad waa ka cidhiidhi badan yahay qaabka labajibbaaran wuxuuna ku dhex yaal qaabka labajibbaaran (Yung, Thissen, & McLeod, 1999). Shaybaaradayada, moodooyinka qodobka labaad waxay muujinayaan taam u dhigma sida moodooyinka afar-geesoodka ah (eeg Shaxda 3). Dhammaan hab-dhaqannada, afarta (dalabka koowaad) ee qodobbada ayaa aad ugu sarreeya qodobka guud (eeg Lifaaqa B), taasoo qiil u ah isticmaalka dhibcaha guud. Sida moodooyinka afar-geesoodka ah, qaar ka mid ah moodooyinka nidaamka labaad waxay muujinayaan qiyam aan caadi ahayn (ie, kala duwanaanshiyaha haraaga taban ee doorsoomayaasha daahsoon ama isku xirnaanta siman ama ka weyn 1). Waxaan sidoo kale tijaabinay moodooyinka laba-jibbaaran ee kaabaya kuwaaso muujiyay taam u dhigma, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma aha dhammaan dhaqamada nooc lagu aqoonsan karo (eeg Lifaaqa C).
halaynta
Iyada oo ku saleysan qaab dhismeedka afar-factor ee la aqoonsaday, waxaan ku xisaabinay dhibcaha dhibcaha ACSID-11 hababka walxaha kala duwan iyo sidoo kale guud ahaan buundooyinka celceliska mid kasta oo gaar ah (oo suurtagal ah) cillad isticmaalka internetka. Waxaan eegnay isku halaynta IGDT-10 markii aan isticmaalnay kala duwanaanshaha dabeecadaha badan anagoo raacayna tusaalaha ASSIST (qiimaynta cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ee badan) markii ugu horeysay. Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan joogteynta sare ee gudaha ACSID-11 iyo hoose laakiin sidoo kale la aqbali karo ee IGDT-10 (eeg Shaxda 4).
Cabbiraadaha lagu kalsoonaan karo ee ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10 oo cabbiraya cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah.
| ACSID-11 | IGDT-10 | |||||
| Frequency | Lixaadka | (nooca ASSIST) | ||||
| Nooca khalkhalka | α | λ2 | α | λ2 | α | λ2 |
| ciyaaraha | 0.900 | 0.903 | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.841 | 0.845 |
| Wax iibsiga onlaynka ah | 0.910 | 0.913 | 0.915 | 0.917 | 0.858 | 0.864 |
| Isticmaalka qaawan ee internetka | 0.907 | 0.911 | 0.896 | 0.901 | 0.793 | 0.802 |
| Isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada | 0.906 | 0.912 | 0.915 | 0.921 | 0.855 | 0.861 |
| Khamaarka qadka | 0.947 | 0.950 | 0.944 | 0.946 | 0.910 | 0.912 |
Notes. α = alfa Cronbach; λ 2 = Guttman's lambda-2; ACSID-11 = Qiimaynta Shuruudaha Khaladaadka Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah, 11 shay; IGDT-10 = Toban shay oo ah Imtixaanka Ciladda Ciyaaraha Internetka; Cabbirrada tusaalaha ayaa ku kala duwanaa ciyaaraha (n = 440), wax iibsiga onlaynka ah (n = 944), isticmaalka sawir-qaadka online-ka ah (n = 340), isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (n = 854), iyo khamaarka internetka (n = 200).
Shaxda 5 waxay tusinaysaa tirakoobyada qeexan ee ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10. Dhammaan dabeecadaha, hababka ACSID-11 Qodobbada Sii Wadista/ Kordhinta iyo Naafanimada Shaqada ayaa ah kuwa ugu hooseeya marka la barbar dhigo kuwa arrimaha kale. Xakamaynta Impaired factor waxay muujinaysaa qiimaha celceliska ugu sarreeya ee soo noqnoqda iyo xoojinta labadaba. Wadarta guud ee dhibcaha ACSID-11 ayaa ah kuwa ugu sarreeya cilad-darrada isticmaalka shabakadaha-bulshada, oo ay ku xigto khalkhalka khamaarka khadka iyo khalkhalka ciyaaraha, khalkhalka isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee internetka, iyo khalkhal-iibsiga wax-soo-iibsiga internetka. Dhibcaha wadarta IGDT-10 waxay muujinayaan sawir la mid ah (eeg Shaxda 5).
Tirakoobka qeexan ee qodobka iyo guud ahaan buundooyinka ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10 (nooca ASSIST) ee cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah.
| Ciyaarta (n = 440) | Wax iibsiga onlaynka ah (n = 944) |
Isticmaalka qaawan ee internetka (n = 340) |
Isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (n = 854) | Khamaarka khadka tooska ah (n = 200) | ||||||||||||||||
| doorsoome | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) | Min | Max | M | (SD) |
| Frequency | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.58 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.78 | (0.88) | 0 | 3 | 0.59 | (0.82) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.69) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.59) | 0 | 3 | 0.48 | (0.71) | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.74) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.13 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.16 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.24 | (0.60) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.18 | (0.48) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.19 | (0.47) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.61) | 0 | 3 | 0.33 | (0.68) |
| ACSID-11_guud | 0 | 3 | 0.39 | (0.53) | 0 | 3 | 0.27 | (0.47) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.32 | (0.49) | 0 | 3 | 0.46 | (0.59) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.39 | (0.64) |
| Lixaadka | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ACSID-11_IC | 0 | 3 | 0.43 | (0.58) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.56) | 0 | 3 | 0.45 | (0.63) | 0 | 3 | 0.60 | (0.76) | 0 | 3 | 0.47 | (0.73) |
| ACSID-11_IP | 0 | 3 | 0.38 | (0.62) | 0 | 3 | 0.22 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.25 | (0.51) | 0 | 3 | 0.40 | (0.67) | 0 | 3 | 0.35 | (0.69) |
| ACSID-11_CE | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.48) | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | (0.39) | 0 | 2.7 | 0.15 | (0.41) | 0 | 3 | 0.19 | (0.45) | 0 | 3 | 0.23 | (0.58) |
| ACSID-11_FI | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.50) | 0 | 3 | 0.15 | (0.45) | 0 | 2.5 | 0.18 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.28 | (0.57) | 0 | 3 | 0.29 | (0.61) |
| ACSID-11_guud | 0 | 3 | 0.31 | (0.46) | 0 | 3 | 0.21 | (0.42) | 0 | 2.6 | 0.26 | (0.43) | 0 | 3 | 0.37 | (0.54) | 0 | 3 | 0.34 | (0.59) |
| IGDT-10_guud | 0 | 9 | 0.69 | (1.37) | 0 | 9 | 0.51 | (1.23) | 0 | 7 | 0.61 | (1.06) | 0 | 9 | 0.77 | (1.47) | 0 | 9 | 0.61 | (1.41) |
Notes. ACSID-11 = Qiimaynta Shuruudaha Khaladaadka Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah, 11-shay; IC = xakamaynta daciifka ah; IP = mudnaanta la kordhiyey; CE = sii wadida/kordhinta; FI = naafo shaqada; IGDT-10 = Toban shay oo ah Imtixaanka Ciladda Ciyaaraha Internetka.
Falanqaynta asluubta
Sida cabbiraadda ansaxnimada dhismaha, waxaanu falanqeynay isku xirnaanta ACSID-11, IGDT-10, iyo cabirrada samaqabka guud. Isku xidhka waxa lagu muujiyay Shaxda 6. Wadarta guud ee buundooyinka ACSID-11 waxay si togan ula xiriiraan buundooyinka IGDT-10 ee leh cabbiro saameyn dhexdhexaad ah iyo mid weyn, halkaasoo isku xirnaanta dhibcaha isla dabeecadaha ay yihiin kuwa ugu sarreeya. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhibcaha ACSID-11 waxay si togan ula xiriiraan PHQ-4, oo leh saameyn la mid ah sida IGDT-10 iyo PHQ-4. Qaababka isku xidhka ee cabbiraadaha qanacsanaanta nolosha (L-1) iyo ku qanacsanaanta caafimaadka (H-1) waxay aad ugu egyihiin darnaanta calaamadaha lagu qiimeeyay ACSID-11 iyo tan IGDT-10. Isku-xidhka ka dhexeeya ACSID-11 wadarta buundooyinka dhaqamada kala duwan ayaa leh saameyn weyn. Isku xirka dhibcaha dhibcaha iyo IGDT-10 ayaa laga heli karaa agabka dheeriga ah.
Xidhiidhka u dhexeeya ACSID-11 (soo noqnoqoshada), IGDT-10, iyo cabbirada fayoobida nafsaaniga ah
| 1) | 2) | 3) | 4) | 5) | 6) | 7) | 8) | 9) | 10) | 11) | 12) | |||
| ACSID-11_guud | ||||||||||||||
| 1) | ciyaaraha | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 2) | Wax iibsiga onlaynka ah | r | 0.703** | 1 | ||||||||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | ||||||||||||
| 3) | Isticmaalka qaawan ee internetka | r | 0.659** | 0.655** | 1 | |||||||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | |||||||||||
| 4) | Isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada | r | 0.579** | 0.720** | 0.665** | 1 | ||||||||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | 854 | ||||||||||
| 5) | Khamaarka qadka | r | 0.718** | 0.716** | 0.661** | 0.708** | 1 | |||||||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | |||||||||
| IGDT-10_guud | ||||||||||||||
| 6) | ciyaaraha | r | 0.596** | 0.398** | 0.434** | 0.373** | 0.359** | 1 | ||||||
| (n) | (440) | (434) | (202) | (415) | (123) | (440) | ||||||||
| 7) | Wax iibsiga onlaynka ah | r | 0.407** | 0.632** | 0.408** | 0.449** | 0.404** | 0.498** | 1 | |||||
| (n) | (434) | (944) | (337) | (841) | (197) | (434) | (944) | |||||||
| 8) | Isticmaalka qaawan ee internetka | r | 0.285** | 0.238** | 0.484** | 0.271** | 0.392** | 0.423** | 0.418** | 1 | ||||
| (n) | (202) | (337) | (340) | (306) | (97) | (202) | (337) | (340) | ||||||
| 9) | Isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada | r | 0.255** | 0.459** | 0.404** | 0.591** | 0.417** | 0.364** | 0.661** | 0.459** | 1 | |||
| (n) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | (192) | (415) | (841) | (306) | (854) | |||||
| 10) | Khamaarka qadka | r | 0.322** | 0.323** | 0.346** | 0.423** | 0.625** | 0.299** | 0.480** | 0.481** | 0.525** | 1 | ||
| (n) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | (123) | (197) | (97) | (192) | (200) | ||||
| 11) | PHQ-4 | r | 0.292** | 0.273** | 0.255** | 0.350** | 0.326** | 0.208** | 0.204** | 0.146** | 0.245** | 0.236** | 1 | |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | |||
| 12) | L-1 | r | -0.069 | -0.080* | -0.006 | -0.147** | -0.179* | -0.130** | -0.077* | -0.018 | -0.140** | -0.170* | -0.542** | 1 |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
| 13) | H-1 | r | -0.083 | -0.051 | 0.062 | -0.014 | 0.002 | -0.078 | -0.021 | 0.069 | 0.027 | -0.034 | -0.409** | 0.530** |
| (n) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (440) | (944) | (340) | (854) | (200) | (958) | (958) | ||
Notes. ** p <0.01; * p <0.05. ACSID-11 = Qiimaynta Shuruudaha Khaladaadka Isticmaalka Internetka ee Gaarka ah, 11-shay; IGDT-10 = Toban shay oo ah Imtixaanka Ciladda Ciyaaraha Internetka; PHQ-4 = Su'aalaha Caafimaadka Bukaanka-4; Isku xirka miisaanka xoojinta ACSID-11 ayaa ku jiray xad la mid ah.
Dood iyo Gunaanad
Warbixintani waxay soo bandhigtay ACSID-11 oo ah qalab cusub oo loogu talagalay baaritaanka sahlan oo dhamaystiran ee noocyada waaweyn ee cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah. Natiijooyinka daraasadda ayaa tilmaamaya in ACSID-11 ay ku habboon tahay in la qabto shuruudaha ICD-11 ee cilladda ciyaaraha qaabdhismeed dhinacyo badan leh. Isku xidhka togan ee qalabka qiimaynta ku salaysan ee DSM-5 (IGDT-10) ayaa sii muujiyay ansaxnimada dhismaha
Qaab dhismeedka la filayo ee kala duwan ee ACSID-11 waxaa lagu xaqiijiyay natiijooyinka CFA. Alaabtu waxay si fiican ugu habboon tahay qaab afar-geesood ah oo matalaya shuruudaha ICD-11 (1) xakamaynta daciifka ah, (2) mudnaanta korodhka, (3) sii wadida / korodhka inkastoo cawaaqib xun, iyo sidoo kale qaybaha dheeraadka ah (4) naafanimada shaqada iyo cidhiidhi calaamadeeyay in loo tixgeliyo inay ku habboon tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay. Xalka afar-geesoodka ah wuxuu muujiyay taam ka sarreeya marka la barbar dhigo xalka midaysan. Kala-duwanaanta miisaanku waa sifo gaar ah marka la barbar dhigo miisaannada kale ee daboolaya shuruudaha ICD-11 ee cilladda ciyaaraha (cf. King et al., 2020; Pontes et al., 2021). Intaa waxaa dheer, ku habboonaanta heerka sare ee qaabka labaad ee nidaamka labaad (iyo qayb ka mid ah qaabka laba-geesoodka ah) waxay muujinayaan in shayada qiimaynaya afarta shuruudood ee la xidhiidha ay ka kooban yihiin "qalalan" guud oo dhismaya oo caddaynaya isticmaalka dhibcaha guud. Natiijadu waxay la mid tahay cilladda khamaarka khadka tooska ah iyo cilladaha kale ee suurtagalka ah ee isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ee lagu cabbiray ACSID-11 ee qaabka akhlaaqda badan ee tusaalaha ah ASSIST, oo ah cillad wax-iibsashada-wax-ka-iibsiga internetka, khalkhalka isticmaalka sawir-qaadka ee internetka, shabakadaha bulshada- khalkhal la isticmaalo. Dhanka dambe, ma jiraan wax qalab ah oo ku saleysan shuruudaha WHO ee cilladaha ay sabab u tahay dabeecadaha la qabatimay, in kasta oo cilmi-baarayaashu ay ku talinayaan kala soociddan mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah (Brand et al., 2020; Müller et al., 2019; Stark et al., 2018). Tallaabooyin cusub oo dhammaystiran, sida ACSID-11, ayaa gacan ka geysan kara sidii looga gudbi lahaa caqabadaha hab-dhaqanka waxayna awood u siin karaan falanqaynta habaysan ee waxyaabaha ay wadaagaan iyo kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya noocyadan kala duwan ee dabeecadaha la qabatimay.
Kalsoonida ACSID-11 waa mid sareysa. Cilladaha ciyaaraha, joogteynta gudeedku waa mid la barbardhigi karo ama ka sarreeya inta badan qalabka kale (cf. King et al., 2020). Isku halaynta marka la eego joogteynta gudaha waxay sidoo kale u fiican tahay cilad-isticmaalka kale ee gaarka ah ee internetka ee lagu qiyaaso labadaba ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10. Tan waxaan ku soo gabagabeyn karnaa qaab jawaab celin isku dhafan, sida kan ASSISTWHO CAAWINTA Kooxda Shaqada, 2002) waxay ku habboon tahay qiimeyn wadajir ah oo lagu sameeyo noocyada kala duwan ee balwadaha dhaqanka. Muunadda hadda jirta, wadarta guud ee ACSID-11 ayaa ugu sarraysay cilladda isticmaalka-shabakadaha bulshada. Tani waxay ku habboon tahay baaxadda baaxadda weyn ee dhacdadan oo hadda lagu qiyaaso 14% waddammada shakhsi ahaaneed iyo 31% waddammada ururinta (collective countries).Cheng, Lau, Chan, & Luk, 2021).
ansaxnimada isku dhafka ah waxaa lagu muujiyay xiriiryo dhexdhexaad ah iyo mid weyn oo togan oo u dhexeeya buundooyinka ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10 inkastoo qaabab kala duwan loo kala dhaliyay. Intaa waxaa dheer, isku xirnaanta togan ee dhexdhexaadka ah ee u dhexeeya buundooyinka ACSID-11 iyo PHQ-4 ee cabbiraya calaamadaha niyad-jabka iyo walaaca waxay taageertaa ansaxnimada cabbirka aaladda qiimeynta cusub. Natiijadu waxay la socotaa natiijooyinkii hore ee ururada u dhexeeya (comorbid) dhibaatooyinka maskaxda iyo cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah oo ay ku jiraan cilladda ciyaarahaMihara & Higuchi, 2017; laakiin arag; Colder Carras, Shi, Hard, & Saldanha, 2020), khalkhal isticmaalka sawir-xumadaDuffy, Dawson, & Das Nair, 2016khalkhalka wax iibsigaKyrios et al., 2018), khalkhalka isticmaalka shabakadaha bulshada (Andreassen, 2015), iyo khalkhalka khamaarka (Dowling et al., 2015). Sidoo kale, ACSID-11 (gaar ahaan khalkhalka khamaarka khadka tooska ah iyo cilad-darrada isticmaalka-shabakadaha-shabakadda-bulsheed) ayaa si liddi ku ah ula xidhiidhay cabbirka qanacsanaanta nolosha. Natiijadu waxay la socotaa natiijooyinkii hore ee ururada ka dhexeeya fayoobaanta daciifka ah iyo darnaanta calaamadaha cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah (Cheng, Cheung, & Wang, 2018; Duffy et al., 2016; Duradoni, Innocenti, & Guazzini, 2020). Daraasaduhu waxay soo jeedinayaan fayoobaanta inay si gaar ah u liidato marka cillado badan oo isticmaalka internetka gaar ah ay wada dhacaan (Charzyńska et al., 2021). Dhacdooyinka wadajirka ah ee cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ma aha kuwo soo noqnoqda (tusaale,, Burleigh iyo al., 2019; Müller et al., 2021) kaas oo qayb ahaan sharxi kara isdhexgalka aadka u sarreeya ee ka dhexeeya cilladaha lagu qiyaasay ACSID-11 iyo IGDT-10 siday u kala horreeyaan. Tani waxay hoosta ka xariiqaysaa muhiimada ay leedahay qalab baadhiseed isku mid ah si loo go'aamiyo waxyaabaha ay wadaagaan iyo kala duwanaanshiyaha si sax ah oo ku saabsan noocyada kala duwan ee cilladaha sababtoo ah dabeecadaha la qabatimay.
Xaddidaadda ugu weyn ee daraasadda hadda jirta ayaa ah muunad aan ahayn bukaan-socod, xoogaa yar oo aan matalin. Sidaa darteed, daraasaddan, ma muujin karno in ACSID-11 ay ku habboon tahay qalab lagu ogaanayo, maadaama aanan bixin karin buundooyin goyn cad, weli. Intaa waxaa dheer, naqshadaynta qaybaha ma ogola in la sameeyo fikrado ku saabsan isku hallaynta-tijaabada tijaabada ama xidhiidhada sababa ee u dhexeeya ACSID-11 iyo doorsoomayaasha ansaxinaya. Qalabku wuxuu u baahan yahay xaqiijin dheeraad ah si loo xaqiijiyo isku halaynta iyo ku habboonaantiisa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, natiijooyinka daraasaddan bilawga ah waxay soo jeedinayaan in ay tahay qalab rajo leh oo laga yaabo in lagu tijaabiyo dheeraad ah. Si loo ogaado, saldhig xogeed oo weyn ayaa loo baahan yahay ma aha oo kaliya qalabkan, laakiin dhammaan qaybta cilmi baarista si loo go'aamiyo mid ka mid ah dabeecadahaan loo tixgelin karo hay'ado ogaanshaha (cf. Grant & Chamberlain, 2016). Qaab dhismeedka ACSID-11 wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu si fiican u shaqeynayo sida lagu xaqiijiyay natiijooyinka daraasadda hadda jirta. Afarta arrimood ee gaarka ah iyo qaybta guud ayaa si ku filan loogu soo bandhigay hab-dhaqannada kala duwan, inkasta oo shay kasta laga jawaabay dhammaan waxqabadyada khadka tooska ah ee la sheegay ee la sameeyay ugu yaraan marmar laba iyo tobankii bilood ee la soo dhaafay. Waxaan horay uga wada hadalnay in cilladaha isticmaalka internetka ee gaarka ah ay u badan tahay inay wada dhacaan, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waa in lagu xaqiijiyo daraasadaha dabagalka ah sababta oo ah isku xirnaanta dhexdhexaadka iyo sare ee dhibcaha ACSID-11 ee dhammaan dabeecadaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, qiyamka aan caadiga ahayn ee marmar ayaa laga yaabaa inay muujinayaan in dabeecadaha qaarkood qeexitaanka tusaaluhu u baahan yahay in la hagaajiyo. Shuruudaha la isticmaalay maahan kuwo si siman u khuseeya dhammaan noocyada xanuunada iman kara. Waxaa suurtogal ah in ACSID-11 aysan si ku filan u dabooli karin sifooyinka gaarka ah ee cilladaha ee muujinta calaamadaha. Kala duwanaanshiyaha cabbirka ee noocyada kala duwan waa in lagu tijaabiyaa muunado madax-bannaan oo cusub oo ay ku jiraan bukaannada la ogaaday cilladaha isticmaalka internetka. Intaa waxaa dheer, natiijadu maaha kuwo ka tarjumaya dadweynaha guud. Xogtu waxay u dhigantaa qiyaastii isticmaalayaasha Internetka ee Jarmalka mana jirin wax xidhid ah wakhtiga xog ururinta; si kastaba ha ahaatee, masiibada COVID-19 waxay saameyn suurtagal ah ku leedahay heerarka walbahaarka iyo (dhibaato leh) isticmaalka internetka (Király et al., 2020). In kasta oo hal shay ee miisaanka L-1 uu si fiican u ansaxiyay (Beierlein iyo al., 2015), (Domain-gaar ah) ku qanacsanaanta nolosha waxaa lagu qabsan karaa si faahfaahsan daraasadaha mustaqbalka iyadoo la adeegsanayo ACSID-11.
Gebogebadii, ACSID-11 waxay caddeeyeen inay ku habboon yihiin qiimaynta dhammaystiran, joogtaynta, iyo dhaqaalaha ee calaamadaha (suurtogal ah) cilladaha isticmaalka Internetka ee gaarka ah oo ay ku jiraan khalkhalka ciyaaraha, khalkhalka wax-ka-iibsashada-online-ka, khalkhal-u-isticmaalka sawir-qaadka online-ka ah, shabakadaha bulshada Isticmaalka khalkhalka, iyo khamaarka khadka tooska ah ee ku saleysan ICD-11 shuruudaha ogaanshaha cilladaha ciyaarta. Qiimayn dheeri ah oo qalabka qiimaynta ah waa in la sameeyaa. Waxaan rajeyneynaa in ACSID-11 ay gacan ka geysan karto qiimeyn joogta ah oo ku saabsan dabeecadaha la qabatimada ee cilmi baarista iyo in ay sidoo kale noqon karto mid waxtar u leh dhaqanka kiliinikada mustaqbalka.
Ilaha maalgelinta
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Jarmal Research Foundation) - 411232260.
Kaqaybqaataha qorayaasha
SMM: Habka, falanqaynta rasmiga ah, Qorista - Qabyo-qoraalka asalka ah; EW: Fikradda, Habka, Qorista - Dib u eegis & Tafatir; AO: Habka, falanqaynta rasmiga ah; RS: Fikradda, Habka; AM: Fikradda, Habka; CM: Fikradda, Habka; KW: Fikradda, Habka; HJR: Fikradda, Habka; MB: Fikradda, Habka, Qorista - Dib u Eegista & Tafatirka, Kormeerka.
Isku dhaca xiisaha
Qorayaashu ma sheegaan dhaqaale ama khilaaf kale oo dano khuseeya mawduuca maqaalkan.
Mahadnaq
Shaqada maqaalkan waxaa lagu fuliyay iyada oo loo eegayo Qaybta Cilmi-baarista ACSID, FOR2974, oo ay maalgelisay Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Aasaaska Cilmi-baarista Jarmalka) - 411232260.
Waxyaabaha dheeraadka ah
Macluumaadka dheeriga ah ee maqaalkan waxaa laga heli karaa shabakadda internetka https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2022.00013.
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