Jimicsi wuxuu hagaajiyaa Hawlaha Fulinta iyo Horumarka iyo Beddelidda Maskaxda ee Isku-dhafan ee Carruurta: Cadaadis Xakameyn Gaaban (2011)

Caafimaadka Maskaxda. Qoraaga qoraaga; waxaa laga heli karaa PMC Jan 1, 2012.
Loo soo daabacay foomka ugu dambeeyey ee la sameeyay:
PMCID: PMC3057917
NIHMSID: NIHMS245691
Nooca ugu dambeeya ee daabacan daabacaha qoraalkan ayaa laga heli karaa at Caafimaadka Maskaxda
Eeg qoraalada kale ee PMC in culayskan maqaalkii la daabacay.

aan la taaban karin

Ujeeddo

Tijaabadani waxay tijaabisay mala awaalka ah in jimicsigu wanaajinayo shaqada fulinta.

Design

Xilliga gogoldhigga, miisaanka culus 7-illaa 11-sano jir ah (N = 171, 56% dhedig, 61% Madow, M ± SD da '9.3 ± 1.0 yrs, tusaha taranka jirka (BMI) 26 ± 4.6 kg / m2, BMI z-score 2.1 ± 0.4) waxaa loo kala soocay 13 ± 1.6 toddobaadyo ah barnaamij jimicsi (20 ama 40 daqiiqado / maalin), ama xaalad xakameyn.

Tallaabooyinka natiijada ugu weyn

Imtixaanno indho la ', indho indheyn xagga maskaxda ah (Nidaamka Qiimaynta Garashada iyo Imtixaanada Woodcock-Johnson ee Guusha III) ee lagu qiimeeyay garaadka iyo guusha waxbarashada. Muuqaalka firfircoonaanta magnetic muuqaalka firfircoon ee maskaxda inta lagu gudajiro howlaha fulinta.

Natiijooyinka

Ujeedada si loo daweeyo falanqaynta ayaa shaaca ka qaaday faa'iidooyinka jawaabta jimicsiga ee jimicsiga ee fulinta fulinta iyo hanashada xisaabta. Caddayn horudhac ah oo ah koritaanka laba geesood ee hore ee laba galka unugyada hore iyo hoos u dhaca howlaha dambe ee cowska dambe ee jimicsiga ayaa sidoo kale la arkay.

Ugu Dambeyn

Iyada oo la raacayo natiijooyinka laga helo dadka waayeelka ah, horumarin gaar ah oo lagu sameeyo shaqada fulinta iyo isbedelka ku dhaca maskaxda sababta oo ah layliga ayaa la arkay. Natiijooyinka garashada iyo kasbashada waxay ku darayaan caddeynta jawaabcelinta qaddarka, waxayna u fidiyaan caddeynta tijaabada ah ilmanimada. Daraasadani waxay bixisaa macluumaad ku saabsan natiijada waxbarasho. Ka sokow muhiimada ay leedahay joogtaynta miisaanka iyo yareynta halista caafimaad inta lagu guda jiro cudurka buurnida caruurnimada, firfircoonaanta jirka waxay cadeyn kartaa inay tahay mid fudud, hab muhiim ah oo lagu xoojinayo qeybaha shaqada maskaxda caruurta ee udub dhexaadka u ah horumarka garashada. Macluumaadkan waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku qanciyaan barayaasha inay fuliyaan nashaadaadka jirdhiska.

Keywords: garashada, jimicsiga aerobic, buurnaanta, antisaccade, fMRI

Hawsha fulintu waxay u muuqataa mid aad uga nugul dhinacyada kale ee garashada tababarka jimicsiga jimicsiga (Colcombe & Kramer, 2003). Hawsha fulintu waxay ka kooban tahay xakameyn kormeerida howlaha garashada si loo gaaro himilo waxaana lagu dhexdhexayaa iyada oo loo marayo horudhaca kiliyaha. Qorshaynta iyo fulinta tallaabooyinka ficil ee ka kooban dabeecada tilmaanta leh waxay u baahan tahay qoondaynta feejignaanta iyo xusuusta, xulashada jawaab celinta iyo xakamaynta, dejinta hadafka, is-xakamaynta, is-kormeerka, iyo adeegsiga xeelado iyo xirfad dabacsan oo dabacsan.Eslinger, 1996; Lezak, Howieson, & Loring, 2004). Qiyaasta hawsha fulinta ayaa lagu soo bandhigay iyadoo lagu saleynayo caddeyn muujineysa in jimicsiga jimicsiga aerobic uu si hagaagsan u hagaajinayo waxqabadka dadka waaweyn ee howlaha howlaha fulinta wuxuuna u horseedaa koror u dhigma dhaqdhaqaaqa kortiga hore (Colcombe et al., 2004; Kramer et al., 1999). Garashada carruurta iyo horumarka neural-ka ayaa laga yaabaa inay xasaasiyad u yeeshaan nashaadaadka jir ahaaneed (Diamond, 2000; Hillman, Erickson, & Kramer, 2008; Kolb & Whishaw, 1998). Xusuus-qorka fikirka ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya dabeecadda dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo horumarka garashada inta lagu jiro carruurnimada waxay ka soo bilaabeen shabakadaha maskaxda ee qiyaasaha illaa dhismaha matalaya ficil-aragtiyeed-ficil (Rakison & Woodward, 2008; Sommerville & Decety, 2006).

Falanqaynta yar-yar ee daraasadaha jimicsiga ee carruurta waxay muujisay kor u qaadista garashada jimicsiga; hase yeeshe, natiijooyinka tijaabooyinka aan kala sooca lahayn ayaa iswaafajin (Sibley & Etnier, 2003). Saameyn firfircoon oo jimicsi lagu sameeyo howlaha fulinta ayaa sharxi kara natiijooyin tijaabooyin isku dhafan oo laga helay carruurta (Tomporowski, Davis, Miller, & Naglieri, 2008). Daraasadaha loo adeegsado howlaha garashada ee u baahan howl fulinta ayaa muujisay faa iidooyinka jimicsiga (Davis et al., 2007; Tuckman & Hinkle, 1986), halka kuwa isticmaalaya tillaabooyin xasaasiya aan sidaa u weyneynLezak et al., 2004, p. 36, 611 – 612; tusaale ahaan, Ismaaciil, 1967; Zervas, Apostolos, & Klissouras, 1991). Warbixin horudhac ah oo daraasaddan lagu sameeyay, oo leh muunad yar, ayaa muujisay faa iidada jimicsiga ee howlaha fulintaDavis et al., 2007). Natiijooyinka ugu dambeeya ayaa lagu soo bandhigay halkan.

Caruurta dhexdeeda, nashaadaadka jirka oo xoog leh ayaa lala xiriiriyay heerar wanaagsan (Coe, Pivarnik, Womack, Reeves, & Malina, 2006; Taras, 2005), jimicsi jir ahaaneed oo lagu gaaro guusha waxbarasho (Castelli, Hillman, Buck, & Erwin, 2007; Dwyer, Sallis, Blizzard, Laasaros, & Dean, 2001; Wittberg, Northrup, Cottrell, & Davis, waa la aqbalay), iyo culeys xad dhaaf ah oo liidataCastelli et al., 2007; Datar, Sturm, & Magnabosco, 2004; Dwyer et al., 2001; Shore iyo al., 2008; Taras & Potts-Datema, 2005). Gunaanadka ugu adag ee la soo bandhigi karo ee la xiriira saameynta dhaqdhaqaaqa jireed uu ka gaaro guusha waxbarashada, hase yeeshe, waa inaysan wiiqi karin guusha, xitaa marka ay ka qaadato waqtiga fasalka (Dwyer, Coonan, Leitch, Hetzel, & Baghurst, 1983; Sallis et al., 1999; Shephard et al., 1984). Sababta oo ah cayilku waa astaan ​​u ah firfircoonida aan joogtada ahayn (Must & Tybor, 2005), culeys xad dhaaf ah, carruurta jilicsanaanta waxay u badan tahay inay ka faa'iideysan karaan jimicsiga marka loo eego carruurta caatada ah.

Aasaaska aasaasiga ah ee daraasadani waxay ahayd in carruurta jilicsan, miisaanka culus ee loo xilsaaro jimicsi ay horumarin doonaan in ka badan carruurta xaalad xakameyn ku ah shaqada fulinta, laakiin ma aha habab kale oo garasho sida caabbinta mashquulka, geeddi-socodka iyo hab-socodka caqliga, iyo isku xigxiga. Hal-ku-dhig labaad ayaa ahayd in la arko jawaab ku saabsan xaddiga jawaabta inta u dhexeysa jimicsiga iyo garashada. Saamaynta ku aaddan guusha waxbarasho ayaa la sahamiyay. Iyada oo ku saleysan daraasadihii hore ee dadka waaweyn ee muujinaya isbedelada la xiriira jimicsiga ee shaqada maskaxda, saamaynta firfircoonaanta hoormoonka hore ee kortex ayaa la sahamiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo sawirka firfircoonaanta magnetic (fMRI) qayb hoosaadka kaqeybgalayaasha.

Habka

Daraasada Ugu Weyn

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Ardayda ayaa laga qorey iskuulada intii lagu jiray 2003 – 2006 si loogu tijaabiyo jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga ee caafimaadka carruurta. Carruurtu way u qalmaan haddii ay miisaankoodu culus yahay (≥85-aad boqolkiiba boqolleyda BMI) (Ogden et al., 2002), aan firfircooneyn (ma jiro barnaamij jimicsi oo joogto ah> 1 hr / wk), mana lahan xaalad caafimaad oo saameyn ku yeelan doonta natiijooyinka daraasadda ama xaddidaya dhaqdhaqaaqa jirka. Boqol iyo toddobaatan iyo kow carruur ah oo da'doodu tahay 7-11 sano ayaa la kala soocay (56% dumar ah, 61% Madow, 39% Caddaan ah, M ± SD da'da 9.3 ± 1.0 yrs, qiyaasta culeyska jirka (BMI) 26.0 ± 4.6 kg / m2, BMI z-score 2.1 ± 0.4, waalid (ie daryeelaha aasaasiga ah) heerka waxbarasho 5.0 ± 1.1, halkaas oo 1 = ka hooseeya 7th fasalka, 2 = 8th ama 9th, 3 = 10th ama 11th, 4 = qalinjabinta dugsiga sare, 5 = qaar kuleejo, 6 = qalinjabiya kulleej, 7 = postgraduate). Hal cunug ayaa laga saaray muddadii ugu dambeysay xaalad cusbitaal dhimirka ah oo ku yimid ka dib markii la kala soocay. Caruurta waxaa lagu dhiirigeliyay in ay dhexda u geliyaan iyadoon loo eegin u hoggaansanaanta wax ka qabashada. Kow iyo toban caruur ah oo daawo u qaadanaya cilladaha tabinta ayaa lagu soo daray (waxayna u qaateen dawadooda sidii caadiga ahayd; n = 4 gacanta ku jira, n = 4 qiyaasta hoose, iyo n = 3 oo koox sare ah) si kor loogu qaado wadajirka. Caruurta iyo waalidku waxay dhammeystireen oggolaansho qoraal ah oo oggolaansho iyo oggolaasho Daraasada waxaa dib u eegay oo ay ogolaadeen Gudida Dib u eegida Machadka Caafimaadka Kuliyada Caafimaadka ee Georgia. Tijaabinta iyo dhexgalka ayaa ka dhacay Kuliyadda Caafimaadka ee Georgia. Jaantuska socodka ka-qaybgalaha ayaa lagu soo bandhigay gudaha Berdihii. 1.

Berdihii. 1 

Jaantuska socodka ka-qaybqaataha.

Daraasadda Daraasada

Caruurta waxaa si aan kala sooc lahayn loo qoondeeyay istaatistikada qiyaasta hoose (20 daqiiqadii / maalintii) ama qaadashada sare (40 daqiiqadood / maalin) jimicsi jimicsi, ama koontarool la'aan. Sifeyn la'aanta waxaa lagu kala saaray jinsiyad iyo jinsi. Meelaynta ayaa la qariyey ilaa iyo inta la dhammaystirayo imtixaanka aasaasiga ah, ka dibna lala xiriiriyay isuduwaha daraasadda, kaas oo ku wargeliyey maaddooyinka. Xaaladda kontaroolada ma bixin wax barnaamij dugsi ama dugsi kadib ama gaadiid. Xaaladaha jimicsigu waxay u dhigmaayeen xooga, waxayna ku kala duwanaayeen muddada (tusaale, kharashka tamarta). Shan wada-hawlgalayaal ah ayaa kaqaybqaatay daraasadda muddo ka badan 3 sano.

Dhexgalka jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga

Caruurta loo qoondeeyay jimicsiga ayaa loo raaci jiray barnaamij jimicsi kadib dugsiga maalin kasta oo dugsi ah (arday: saamiga macalinka ee ku saabsan 9: 1). Ahmiyadda ayaa lasaaray xoojinta, raaxada, iyo amniga, ee ma ahan tartan ama xoojinta xirfadda. Hawlaha waxaa loo xushay iyadoo lagu saleynayo fududaanta fahamka, madadaalada, iyo isku xirida dhaqdhaqaaqa firfircoon ee firfircoon, waxaana ka mid ahaa cayaaraha orodka, xargaha boodhka, iyo wax ka badalka kubbadda koleyga iyo kubadda cagta (Gutin, Riggs, Ferguson, & Owens, 1999). Buug-gacmeedka barnaamijka ayaa la heli karaa markii la codsado. Kormeerayaasha heerka garaaca wadnaha (S610i; Polar Electro, Oy, Finland; 30 ilbidhiqsi labaad) ayaa loo isticmaalay in lagu daawado qiyaasta. Celceliska garaaca wadnaha ee canug walba inta lagu guda jiro kalfadhiyada ayaa la duubay maalin kasta, iyo dhibcaha la siiyay si loo ilaaliyo celcelis ahaan> 150 garaac daqiiqadii. Qodobbada waxaa lagu soo furtay abaalmarinno toddobaadle ah. Carruurta loo qoondeeyey xaaladda qiyaasta sare waxay dhammaystireen laba 20 daqiiqadood oo isku dhac ah maalin kasta. Carruurta ku jirta xaaladda qiyaasta hoose waxay dhammaystireen hal 20 daqiiqo oo dagaal ah, ka dibna muddo 20 daqiiqo ah oo hawlo fadhiid ah (tusaale ahaan ciyaaraha guddiga, kaararka kaararka, sawir qaadista) qol kale. Wax tababar ah lama bixin muddadan. Kalfadhi kastaa wuxuu ku bilaabmay shan daqiiqo oo diirimaad ah (dhaqdhaqaaq wadnaha oo dhexdhexaad ah, istiraatiijiyad iyo dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon). Ciyaarahu waxay ku dhammaadeen nasasho biyo, iftiin qabow dhaqdhaqaaqa wadnaha, iyo fidinta istaagga.

Intii lagu gudajiray 13 ± 1.6 usbuucyada waxqabadka (13 ± 1.5, 13 ± 1.7 xaaladaha qiyaasta hoose iyo sare, siday u kala horreeyaan), xaadiritaanka wuxuu ahaa 85 13 85% (12 ± 85, 14 ± 166). Celceliska garaaca wadnaha wuxuu ahaa 8 ± 167 garaac daqiiqadii (7 ± 165, 8 ± 150). Carruurtu waxay gaareen isku celcelis garaaca wadnaha> 87 garaac daqiiqad kasta daqiiqadaha maalmaha badankood (10 ± 89% guud ahaan; 8 ± 85, 12 ± 19 xaaladaha qiyaasta hoose iyo sare, siday u kala horreeyaan). Muddada waxqabadka, celceliska kaqeybgalka, garaaca wadnaha, iyo saamiga waqtiga himilada garaaca wadnaha la gaadhay waxay lamid ahaayeen xaaladaha jimicsiga, waqtiga udhaxeeya aasaaska iyo imtixaanka kadib wuxuu lamid ahaa dhammaan xaaladaha tijaabada (3.3 ± 18, 2.6 ± 18, 2.5 ± XNUMX toddobaadyo xakameyn, xaalado hooseeya, iyo heer sarre leh, siday u kala horreeyaan).

Cabbiraadaha

Batariga maskaxda ee caadiga ah ayaa lagu qiimeeyay garaadka iyo guusha aasaasiga ah iyo kan ugu dambeeya. Caruurta badankood (98%) waxaa lagu qiimeeyay isla tijaabiyaha, waqti isku mid ah maalinta, iyo isla qolka asalka iyo dhejinta. Imtixaan qaadayaashu kama warqabaan xaaladda tijaabada ee ilmaha. Dhibcaha caadiga ah ayaa la falanqeeyay. Isku soo wada duuboo, isku duwayaasha 5 waxay bixiyeen xog ku saabsan garashada iyo wada shaqeynta 4 ee guusha. Habku wuxuu ku dhacay tirada caadiga ah (Shaxda 1).

Shaxda 1 

Garashadaa iyo guulb dhibcaha (M ± SE) koox ahaan gundhigga ah iyo tan ugu dambeysa, iyo hab lagu hagaajiyay boostada

Heerka caadiga ah, aragtida ku saleysan (Das, Naglieri, & Kirby, 1994; Naglieri, 1999) Qiimeyn garasho oo leh tayo sare oo maskaxeed, Nidaamka Qiimaynta Garashada, ayaa la isticmaalay (Naglieri & Das, 1997). Nidaamka Qiimaynta Garashada waxaa lagu jaangooyey muunad weyn oo wakiil ka ah carruurta da 'ahaan u dhaxaysa 5 – 17 sano kuwaas oo si dhaw ula mid ah dadka Mareykanka tirada badan ee is bedbedelka tirakoobka (tusaale ahaan, da'da, midabka, gobolka, dejinta bulshada, kala-sooca waxbarashada, iyo waxbarashada waalidiinta). Waxay si xoog leh xidhiidh ula leedahay guusha waxbarasho (r = .71), in kasta oo uusan ka koobnayn shay u eg guusha (Naglieri & Rojahn, 2004). Waxaa lagu yaqaanaa in laga jawaabo wax ka qabashada waxbarashada (Das, Mishra, & Poole, 1995), oo waxay soo saartaa jinsiyado yar yar iyo kala duwanaansho qowmiyadeed marka loo eego tijaabooyinka sirdoonka ee dhaqameed, taasoo ka dhigaysa tan ku habboon qiimaynta kooxaha liitaNaglieri, Rojahn, Aquilino, & Matto, 2005).

Nidaamka Qiimeynta Fahamka wuxuu cabiraa awoodaha maskaxda ee caruurta oo lagu qeexay ayada oo salka ku haysa afar geedi socod oo is faham ah: Qorsheyn, Ujiid, Isku mar, iyo Guul. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah afarta miisaaman wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex qaybood. Kaliya qiyaasta Qorsheynta waxay cabirtaa howlaha fulinta (tusaale, tabaha istiraatiijiyadda iyo codsi, is-xakameyn, ujeedo, iyo adeegsiga aqoonta; isku halaynta gudaha r = .88). Qiyaasta Qorshuhu waxay leedahay isku halaynta oo ka wanaagsan tijaabooyinka neerfaha ee shaqada fulinta (Rabbitt, 1997). Miisaaniyada soo haray waxay cabiraan dhinacyada kale ee waxqabadka garashada, sidaa darteedna waxay go aansan karaan in saameynta jimicsiga ee carruurta ay ku xoog badan tahay fulinta hawsha marka loo eego howlaha kale ee garashada. Imtixaanada feejignaanta ayaa u baahan diiradda, firfircoonida garashada ee firfircoon iyo iska caabinta mashquulin (isku halleyn gudaha ah r = .88). Hoos-u-dhigga isku mar ah ayaa ku lug leh su'aalo la xiriira arrimaha iyo macquulka ah oo ay ka kooban yihiin waxyaabo aan hadal iyo hadal ahayn (isku halleyn gudaha ah r = .93). Hawlaha guuleysta waxay ubaahanyihiin falanqeyn ama dib loogu xasuusto dhiiri galin loo habeeyay isku xigxigta, iyo sameynta dhawaaqyada si hagaagsan (isku halleyn gudaha ah r = .93). Natiijooyinka horudhaca ah ee cabbirkan waa la daabacay (Davis et al., 2007). Hal cunug ayaa si khaldan loo maamulayay nooca '8-yr' ee imtixaanka asalka ah markii ilmuhu da 'ahaan jiray 7 sano.

Guulihii waxbarasho ee carruurta waxaa lagu cabiray iyadoo la adeegsanayo laba qaab oo iskudar ah oo ah Imtixaanada Woodcock-Johnson ee Guusha III (McGrew & Woodcock, 2001) kuwaas oo si aan kala sooc lahayn looga hor yimid. Isugeynta qaybaha akhriska iyo Xisaabaadka ballaaran waxay ahaayeen natiijooyinka xiisaha. Boqol iyo afartan iyo kow caruur ah oo iskuxiran 4 ayaa bixiyay xogta guusha.

Falanqaynta tirakoobka

Ujeeddadiisu tahay in lagu daaweeyo falanqaynta isku-duwidda ayaa tijaabisay kala duwanaanshaha kooxda ee garaadka iyo gaarista ugu dambeysa, hagaajinta dhibcaha asalka ah. Falanqaynta waxaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo indho indhayntii ugu dambeysay ee loo sii waday carruurta 7 ee aan bixin xogtii ugu dambeysay. Covariates (koox isku duuban, midab, jinsi, waxbarashada waalidka) ayaa lagu soo daray hadii ay laxiriiraan doorsoomaha ku tiirsan. Qorsheynta, isku mar, dareenka, iyo cabirka guusha, iyo sidoo kale qeybaha akhriska iyo Akhriska ballaaran. A priori isbarbar dhigaya tijaabada qaab toosan, iyo isbarbardhiga kooxda xakameynta labada koox jimicsi, waxaa la sameeyay, oo ay weheliso orthogonal labajibbaaranaha iyo kuwa hooseeya iyo kuwa isbarbar dhiga ee heerka sare. Muhiimadda tirakoobka waxaa lagu qiimeeyay α = .05. Baadhitaanno muhiim ah ayaa lagu celceliyey marka laga reebo carruurta 11 oo u qaadanaysa dawooyin loogu talagalay cilad-la’aanta feejignaanta, iyo marka laga reebo 18-da 'da' toddobo-jir ah, kuwaas oo da 'ahaan da' ahaan loogu maamulay nooc ka yara duwan ee Nidaamka Qiimaynta Garashada. Cabirka muunadda ah ee maaddooyinka 62 kooxdiiba waxaa lagu qiyaasey inay bixiso awoodda 80% si loo ogaado kala duwanaanshaha u dhexeeya kooxaha cutubyada 6.6.

Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'FMRI Substudy'

Ka qaybgalayaashu

Labaatan iyo labaatan carruur ah oo ka mid ah kooxdii ugu dambeysay ee daraasadda ayaa ka qeybqaatay daraasad tijaabo ah oo fMRI ah oo ka kooban aasaaska (xakameynta n = 9, jimicsiga n = 11) iyo posttest (xakamaynta n = 9, jimicsiga n = 10) baaritaannada maskaxda. Caruurta bidix iyo kuwa ku xiray muraayadaha indhaha waa laga reebay. Hal kal-fadhi oo ka dambeeyay kooxda jimicsiga ayaa la diiday. Ma jirin kala duwanaansho muhiim ah oo ku saabsan astaamaha u dhexeeya kabadan (9.6 ± 1.0 sano, 40% dheddig, 40% Madow, BMI 25.3 ± 6.0, BMI z-score 1.9 ± 0.46) iyo muunadda inteeda kale. Kooxaha jimicsiga ee heerka hooseeya iyo kan sare (14 ± 1.7 wks jimicsiga) ayaa loo dumiyay falanqaynta fMRI.

Naqshadeynta iyo Nidaamka

Sawirada waxaa laga qaatay GE Signa Excite HDx 3 Tesla MRI system (General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI). Dhiirrigelinta aragga ayaa la soo bandhigay iyadoo la adeegsanayo muraayadaha indhaha ee isku-habboon ee MRI (Resonance Technologies, Inc., Northridge, CA), iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa indhaha ayaa la kormeeray iyadoo la adeegsanayo nidaamka la socodka indhaha kaasoo u oggolaaday baarayaasha inay ogaadaan in maaddooyinka ay soo jeedaan oo ay ku hawlan yihiin hawsha. Maadooyinku waxay xidheen barkado dhegaha madaxooda ayaa lagu xakameeyay iyagoo adeegsanaya barkimo faaruq ah. Kahor helitaanka xogta MRI, iskuxirka magnetka waxaa lagu hagaajiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo hannaan qaab dhismeedka iswada kaasoo go’aamiya qiyamka qaab dhismeedka hooseeya iyadoo la sameynayo ugu hooseeya labajibaaraneyaasha khariidadaha muuqaalka magnetic oo si toos ah u adeegsanaya qiimeynta hoos udhaca ah ee hadda socda ee X, Y, iyo Z mawjadaha isku shaandheynta masar Sawirro firfircoon ayaa laga helay iyada oo la adeegsanayo iskudhiska sawirka echo planar taxane ah (waqtiga ku celcelinta (TR) 2800 ms, waqtiga echo (TE) 35 ms, xagal 90 °, goob firaaqeed (FOV) 280 × 280 mm2, matrix 96 × 96, xaleefyooyinka 34, dhumucdiisuna waxay u eg tahay xNUMX mm). Marka xigta, sawirro qaab-dhismeed ah ayaa laga helay iyada oo la adeegsanayo qaab-xajmi xawli ah oo ah 3.6-cabbir deg deg ah oo is-daba-joog ah echo taxane ah (TR 3 ms, TE 9.0 ms, xagal fids 3.87 °, FOV 20 × 240 mm2, matrix 512 × 512, xaleefyooyinka 120, dhumucdiisuna waxay u eg tahay xNUMX mm). Sawirada qaabdhismeedka sare ee xallinta ayaa loo isticmaalay in caadi ka dhigaan sawirrada shaqeynaya oo loo beddelo meel ay ku badan yihiin falanqaynta falanqaynta (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988).

Ka hortagga Antisaccade

Xogta sawirka firfircoon ayaa la helay iyada oo maadooyinka la dhammaystiray qiyaas kale oo ah hawl fulineed, oo ah shaqo ka soo horjeeddaMcDowell et al., 2002). Waxqabadka saxda ah ee ladagaalanka sunta waxay ubaahantahay horjoogsi jawaabcelin horudhac u ah muuqaalka muuqaalka iyo jiilka jawaabta meesha muraayadda muraayadda sawirkaas ka muuqata (dhinaca ka soo horjeedka, masaafada isla masaafada dhexe). Ka dib mudada bilowga bilowga ah (25.2 seken), tusmo isbadal ah oo lagu badalay inta u dhaxeysa gundhigga (N = 7 baloogyo; 25.2 sekti oo ah iskutallaab lagu soo bandhigay hagaajinta dhexe) iyo tijaabinta (N = 6 baloogyo; 25.2 sec oo ka kooban tijaabooyinka lidka ku ah 8, tijaabooyinka 48 wadarta) xaaladaha (daqiiqaddii daqiiqaddii 5.46; mugga 117; hirarkii ugu horreeyay ee 2 ayaa laga saaray falanqaynta si loogu xisaabiyo xasilloonida magnetization). Intii lagu gudajiray mowduucyada asaasiga ah waxaa la faray inay fiiriyaan iskutallaabta. Intii lagu gudajiray tijaabooyinka maadooyinka lidka ku ah lugaha ayaa la faray inay ku eegaan iskutallaabta dhexe illaa ay ka dhammaaneyso, ka dibna tiirarka ku jira mawduucyada sawir leh si ay u eegaan sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ee suuragalka ah muuqaalka muraayadda goobta ay ku taal, iyadoo aan fiirinta fiiqa lafteeda. Maadooyinku waxay lahaayeen labo kal-fadhi oo kala-duwan oo ka horeeya cashar kasta oo iskaanka si loo hubiyo inay fahmeen tilmaamaha. Shaqaalaha la shaqeeya carruurta inta lagu guda jiro baaritaanka ayaa ka warqabin meelaynta ilmaha.

Falanqaynta sawir

Falanqaynta waxaa loo sameeyay sidii xog hore loogu daabacay sheybaarkeenna (Camchong, Dyckman, Austin, Clementz, & McDowell, 2008; Camchong, Dyckman, Chapman, Yanasak, & McDowell, 2006; Dyckman, Camchong, Clementz, & McDowell, 2007; McDowell et al., 2002) isticmaalaya softiweerka 'AFNI'Cox, 1996). Si kooban, kulan kasta, mugga waxaa loo diiwaangeliyay mugga wakiil si loo saxo dhaqdhaqaaqa madaxa yar (iyo dib-u-habaynnada 6 waxaa loo xisaabiyaa: 1 mid kasta oo loogu talagalay a) wareejin, iyo b) turjumaad madaxa wareejinta ah ee diyaaradda kasta ee 3). 4 mm dherer buuxa oo nus ah ugu badnaan filter Gaussian ayaa markaa kadib lagu dabaqay xog walba. Halkastoo cod, boqolkiiba isbeddelka heerka oksijiinta dhiigga signalada ku saleysan gundhigga waxaa loo xisaabiyay dhibic waqti kasta. Isbeddelka boqolkiiba boqolkiiba ee waqtiga oo dhan ayaa loo habeeyay qulqulaha toosan oo wuxuu la xiriiraa nidaamka tixraaca trapezoidal tixraaca gundhigga (hagaajinta) iyo xaaladaha tijaabinta (antisaccade), adoo adeegsanaya cabirrada dhaqdhaqaaqa ee 6 sida dib u habeynta buuqa. Macluumaadka ayaa markaa loo beddelay goob la dejiyay oo ku saleysan Talairach iyo Tournoux Atlas (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988), oo dib loogu laabto 4 × 4 × 4 mm voxels.

Si loo aqoonsado wareegga neural ee taageeraya waxqabadka antisaccade (Berdihii. 2), xogta waxaa lagu soo uruuriyay kooxo iyo dhibco waqti ah oo lagu falanqeynayay kala duwanaanshaha. Si looga ilaaliyo waxyaabaha been abuurka ah, dariiqa loo maro xirmooyinka waaxaha laga soo qaatay jilitaannada Monte Carlo (oo ku saleysan joomatariiga xog ururinta) ayaa lagu dabaqay F khariidad (Ward, 1997). Iyada oo ku saleysan tusaalooyinkan, qoyska alfa caqli leh at p = .05 waxaa lagu keydiyay khariidad shaqsiyeed oo gaar ah p = .0005 iyo cluster size of voxels 3 (192 µL). Waxa ka dhashay isku urursan F Khariidadda waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu aqoonsado heerka ogsajiinta dhiigga ee heer gobol heerka isbeddelka siggaarka.

Berdihii. 2 

Aragtida axial ee muujineysa heerka hawo qaadashada boqolkiiba boqolkiiba isbeddelka sicirka ee laxiriira waxqabadka antisaccade ka soo qaadista hal-muunad baaritaan saddex heer oo kala duwan oo maskaxda ah. Xogta laga soo qaatay fadhiyada 39 (carruurta 20 ee gundhigga u ah, 19 marka la joogo) waa ...
Gobolka ee falanqaynta xiisaha

Gobol kasta oo isku-dhafan oo muujiya dhaqdhaqaaqyo muhiim ah oo ku dhex yaal kooxaha isku urursan F khariidad (wejiga hore ee isha, isha dheeriga ah, kiliyaha hore, kiliyaha sare eeetetet), lafdhabarta (radius 8 mm, oo la mid ah Kiehl et al., 2005; Morris, DeGelder, Weiskrantz, & Dolan, 2001) waxaa lagu meeleeyay bartamaha cufnaanta, iyadoo waxqabadka laba geesoodka ah uu ka dhacay dhammaan hemispheres. Qiyaasta boqolkiiba isbeddelka sicirka ee gundhigga iyo kan ugu dambeeya waxaa loo xisaabiyaa gobol kasta oo danaynaya ka-qaybgale kasta, iyo dhibcaha kala duwan ee la falanqeeyay. Sababtoo ah qaybinta aan caadiga ahayn ee qiimaha qiyamka dulsaarka, duruufaha tijaabada ayaa la isbarbar dhigaa iyada oo la adeegsanayo Mann-Whitney U Tijaabadada (macquulnimada saxda ah ee 2-taree).

Natiijooyinka

Xogta Maskaxda

Galmada waxay la xiriirtay Qorsheynta Dheer (Wiilasha, 101.3 ± 12.1 vs. gabdhaha, 105.2 ± 12.7, t = -2.0, p = .044) iyo Feejignaan (99.8 ± 12.2 vs. 107.5 ± 12.5, t = -4.1, p <.001) dhibco. Jinsiyadaha waxaa lalaxiriiriyey imtixaan isku mid ah (Caddaan, 109.3 ± 13.6 iyo Madow, 104.0 ± 10.9, t = 2.9, p = .004) iyo Xisaabta (109.0 ± 9.3 vs. 102.0 ± 10.1, t = 4.2, p <.001) dhibco. Waxbarashada waalidka waxaa lala xiriiriyay Qorsheynta imtixaanka dambe (r = .18, p = .02), Akhrinta Balaadhan (r = .27, p = .001) iyo Xisaab Balaadhan (r = .27, p = .001) dhibcaha. Covariates-yadaas waxaa lagu soo daray falanqaynta iswaafajinta.

Tirakoob ahaan muhiim ah mudnaanta isbarbar dhig toosan ayaa muujisay faa iidada jawaabta leylis ee jimicsiga ee howlaha fulinta (ie Qorsheynta, Berdihii. 3; L = 2.7, 95% kalsoonida dhexgalka (CI) 0.6 illaa 4.8, t(165) = 2.5, p = .013). The mudnaanta isbarbar dhig marka la barbar dhigo kooxda koontaroolka kooxaha jimicsiga sidoo kale waxay ahayd mid muhiim ah, oo muujineysa in soo qaadashada mid aad u hooseysa ama mid sare oo ah barnaamijka jimicsiga ay keentay natiijooyinka sare ee Qorsheynta (L = −2.8, CI = −5.3 to −0.2, t(165) = 2.1, p = .03). Sidii la filaayey, wax saamayn ah laguma helin Feejignaanta, Iskudarka, ama Cabbirka Guusha. Qeybta 'Broad Math cluster', oo ah tirakoob ahaan muhiim ah mudnaanta isbarbar dhig toosan ayaa muujisay faa iidada jawaabta layliga ee ku saabsan hanashada xisaabta (Berdihii. 3; L = 1.6, CI 0.04 illaa 3.2, t(135) = 2.03, p = .045). Isbarbardhigga isbarbardhiga xaaladaha jimicsiga iyo xaalada xakameynta ma aheyn mid xisaabeed ahaan mid muhiim ah (p = .10). Wax saameyn ah lagama helin kooxdu aqriska ballaaran.

Berdihii. 3 

Shaqada fulinta (Qorsheynta) heerka ugu dambeysa ee tooska loogu habeeyay galmada, waxbarashada waalidka, iyo dhibcaha asalka ah, iyo hanashada hanashada xisaabta (SE) marka la isku hagaajiyo midabka, waxbarashada waalidka, iyo heerka gundhigga, muujinaya saamaynta jawaabta jimicsiga jimicsiga ...

Shuruudaha hoose iyo kan sare kama duwanaan, mana muuqan isbeddello laba geesood ah oo la soo saaray. Marka laga soo tago dhibcaha asaasiga ah, isuduwaha kaliya ee muhiimka ah ee falanqaynta garashada ama kasbashada waxay ahaayeen galmada falanqaynta Feejignaanta (p <.001) iyo u tartamida Xisaab Ballaaran (p = .03). Natiijooyinku waxay la mid ahaayeen markii laga saaray carruurta naafada ah ee cilladaha liita (taxaddar toos ah oo xagga Qorsheynta ah, t(154) = 2.84, p = .005, Xisaab ballaaran, t(125) = 2.12, p = .04) iyo da 'da' 7-sano jir ah (Qorshaynta, t(147) = 2.92, p = .004, Xisaab ballaaran, t(117) = 2.23, p = .03).

Xogta Neuroimaging

Astaamaha heerka oxygenation dhiigga ee laxiriira antisaccade-ka dhiiga (oo kudhaca guruubka iyo barta waqtiga) ayaa shaaca ka qaaday isku xirnaanta 'saccadic circuitry' (oo ay kujirto wejiga hore ee isha, qeybaha isha dheeriga ah, kortex dhameystetal cortex, iyo kilkilaha hore; Berdihii. 2), oo si wanaagsan loogu qeexay dadka waaweyn (Luna et al., 2001; Sweeney, Luna, Keedy, McDowell, & Clementz, 2007). Falanqaynta danta gobolka waxay muujisay kala duwanaanshaha kooxda ee isbeddelada calaamadaha bilowga ilaa heerka ugu sarreeya ee ahaa laba gobol: cortex labada dhinac ah (xarunta wadaagga ee isku-duwayaasha Talairach (x, y, z)): midig = 36, 32, 31; bidix = - 36, 32, 31) iyo laba-geeska shahwada ee parietal cortex (midig = 25, −74, 29; bidix = −23, −70, 22). Gaar ahaan, kooxda jimicsiga waxay muujiyeen koror labajibbaarane hawlihii hore ee kortex (Berdihii. 4, guddi bidix; U = 20, p = .04) iyo hoos udhaca firfircoonida ee laba-geeska laba-geeska parietal cortex (Berdihii. 4, gole midig; U = 18, p = .03) marka la barbar dhigo kontaroolada. Falanqaynta xiisaha gobolka ee mootooyinka (wejiga hore iyo kuwa dheeriga ah ee indhaha) ma muujin kala duwanaansho weyn oo u dhexeeya kooxaha.

Berdihii. 4 

Baakadaha xajmiga xaladaha tijaabada ah ee muujinaya isbeddelka firfircoonaanta min bilowga ilaa inta ugu dambeysa. Garabka bidix: kiliyaha hore ee hore. Gudida saxda ah: kiliyaha sare ee dambe.

Dood

Tijaabadu waxay tijaabisay saamaynta ku dhowaad 3 bilood ee jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga ee caadiga ah ee ku saabsan shaqada fulinta ee fadhiga, carruurta culeyska sareysa iyagoo adeegsanaya qiimeynta garashada, cabbiridda guusha, iyo fMRI. Qaabkan kala duwan ee loo yaqaan 'multifaceted' 'ayaa daaha ka qaaday cadaymo muujinaya in jimicsiga jimicsiga hawadu uu fiicnaaday waxqabadka garashada. Gaar ahaan si gaar ah, indho-indheyn, qiimeyn heerar ah ayaa muujisay faa iidooyin jawaab-celin gaar ah oo jimicsi oo ku saabsan shaqada fulinta iyo hanashada xisaabta Kordhinta waxqabadka hore ee cortex hore iyo hoos u dhaca howlaha dambe ee unugyada ugudambaysta oo la xiriira barnaamijka jimicsiga ayaa la arkay.

Isku soo wada duuboo, natiijooyinkani waxay la jaan qaadayaan kuwa dadka waaweyn ee ku saabsan dabeecadda muuqata iyo isbeddelada dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ee jimicsiga awgeed (Colcombe et al., 2004; Pereira et al., 2007). Waxay sidoo kale ku darayaan caddeynta jawaabcelinta qaddarka, taas oo si gaar ah ugu yar tijaabooyinka jimicsiga ee carruurta (Adag et al., 2005), oo ay bixiyaan macluumaad muhiim ah oo ku saabsan natiijada waxbarashada. Xaaladda qiyaasta sare waxay keentay in celceliska Qorshaha dhibcaha 3.8, ama rubuc ka mid ah kala-baxa caadiga ah (σ = 15), kana sarreeyaan heerka kontoroolka. Tirakoobka muuqaalka kama qeyb qaadin tusaalaha. Natiijooyin kuwan la mid ah ayaa la helay markii carruurta leh culeyska liita ama da'da '7-sano' laga saaray. Sidaa daraadeed natiijooyinka ayaa loosoo koobi karaa si xad dhaaf ah Madow ama Cadaan 7- illaa 11-sano jirka.

Waxqabadka fulintu wuxuu ku barbaariyaa carruurnimada, wuxuuna muhiim u yahay dhaqanka la-qabsiga iyo horumarka (Ugu fiican, Miller, & Jones, 2009; Eslinger, 1996). Gaar ahaan, awoodda loo habeeyo dabeecadda qofka (sida, ka horjoogsashada jawaabaha aan habooneyn, daahitaanka qancinta) waa u muhiim cunugga inuu ku guuleysto dugsiga hoose (Blair, 2002; Eigsti et al., 2006). Saameyntani waxay yeelan kartaa saameyn muhiim ah oo ku saabsan horumarka ilmaha iyo siyaasadda waxbarashada. Raadinta natiijooyinka xisaabta ee la wanaajiyey ayaa ah mid cajiib ah, iyada oo aan la siinin tilmaamo tacliimeed, isla markaana soo jeedinaysa in muddo soo dhexgal dheeri ah ay ka dhalan karto faa iidooyin badan. Hagaajinta lagu arkay guusha waxay gaar u ahayd xisaabta, iyadoo aan wax faa iido ah u laheyn aqrinta.

Waxaan qiimeyneynaa in firfircoonaanta jirka ee joogtada ah ay kor u qaadeyso horumarka carruurta iyada oo loo marayo saameynta nidaamka maskaxda ee hoosta ka xariiqa garashada iyo dhaqanka. Daraasadaha xayawaanku waxay muujinayaan in jimicsiga jimicsiga aerobic uu kordhiyo qodobbada koritaanka sida maskaxda ka soo baxda qodobka neurotrophic, taasoo horseedaysa kordhinta bixinta dhiigga ee unugyada dhiigga iyo kororka neurons-ka cusub iyo sharooyinka, taas oo keentay barashada iyo waxqabadka wanaagsan (Dulman et al., 2006). Daraasadaha tijaabada ah iyo kuwa mustaqbalka la filayo ee lagu sameeyay dadka waaweyni waxay muujinayaan in jimicsiga jirka oo muddo dheer soconaya uu wax ka beddelayo shaqada maskaxda aadanaha (Colcombe et al., 2004; Weuve et al., 2004). Tijaabooyin aan kala sooc lahayn, oo la xakameeyay ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in bilaha 6 ee jimicsiga aerobic ay horseedeen waxqabadka garashada ee dadka waaweyn (Kramer et al., 1999). Warqad muhiim ah ayaa soo bandhigtay caddeyn cad oo ku saabsan saameynta jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga maskaxda ee dadka waaweyn laba daraasadood iyadoo la adeegsanayo farsamooyinka FMRI: Isbarbardhig qeyb-isweydaarsi ah oo ku saleysan shakhsiyaad heer sare ah ayaa muujiyay in waxqabadka hore ee kortex uu la xiriiro jimicsi jireed, iyo tijaabadu waxay muujisay in bilaha 6 ee jimicsiga jimicsiga (socodka) ee fadhigiisu yahay 55- ilaa 77-da’du ay kordhiyeen waxqabadka unugyada hore ee loo yaqaan 'prefrontal cortex' isla markaana horseed u ah horumarin ku saabsan tijaabada howlaha fulinta (Colcombe et al., 2004). Waxa xiisaha lihi leh, falanqaynta 'meta-falanqaynta' looma helin taakulaynta jimicsiga aerobic oo ah dhexdhexaadiye saameynta firfircoonaanta jirku ku yeelan karto garashada aadanaha (Etnier, Nowell, Landers, & Sibley, 2006). Sidaas awgeed, halkii laga dhexdhexaadin lahaa waxtarka wadnaha, isbeddelada garashada ee jimicsiga ayaa laga yaabaa inay noqdaan natiijo toos ah oo kicinta dareemeyaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa. In kasta oo kiiska la sameeyay in nashaada jireed ay saameyn ku yeelan karto shaqada garashada ilmaha si toos ah iyada oo loo marayo isbeddelada sharafta neural, waxaa jira sharaxaado kale oo macquul ah, sida ku lug lahaanshaha hadafka loo jeedinayo, dadaal maskaxeed ku lug leh (Tomporowski et al., 2008).

Daraasadani waxay leedahay xad. Natiijooyinka waxay ku xaddidan yihiin muunad miisaan culus oo Madow iyo Cadaan ah 7- illaa 11-sano jir ah. Caruurta saxda ah iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda qowmiyadaha kale ama kooxaha da'da ayaa si kala duwan uga jawaabi kara. Lama oga in faa iidooyinka garashada ay sii soconayaan ka dib muddadii wax baabi'inta. Haddii gargaarku isu uruursado waqti ka dib, si kastaba ha noqotee, tani waxay muhiim u tahay koritaanka ilmaha. Waxaa jiri kara xilli xasaasi ah oo dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa uu saameyn gaar ah ku yeelan doono maskaxda (Knudsen, 2004). Waxaa weli la go'aaminayaa haddii noocyada kale ee jimicsiga, sida tababarka xoogga ama dabaasha, ay iyaguna waxtar yihiin. Kaqeybgalayaasha iyo shaqaalaha wax ka qabashada ma loo indho indheyn karin xaaladda tijaabada ama fikradaha daraasadda; si kastaba ha noqotee, qalabka qoritaanka ayaa carrabka ku adkeeyay faa'iidooyinka caafimaadka jirka halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen kuwa garashada. Xaddid kale ayaa ah in isticmaalka xakameynta ka hortagga fara-gelinta aysan u oggolaanayn maxkamaddu inay meesha ka saarto sharraxaadaha kale (tusaale, dareenka dadka waaweyn, raaxada). Isbeddellada cilmi-nafsiga ah waxay ku dhici karaan carruurta ka qeybqaata jimicsiga sababtoo ah is-dhexgalka bulshada ee dhaca inta lagu jiro kalfadhiga intii loo sameyn lahaa jimicsiga awgeed per se. Qaabka jawaabta xaddiga natiijooyinka ayaa diidaya sharaxidan, hase yeeshe, maxaa yeelay labada koox jimicsi ayaa waqti isku mid ah ku qaatay xarunta cilmi baarista barayaasha iyo asaxaabtooda.

Daraasadu ma helin farqi u dhexeeya kooxaha qiyaasta jimicsiga. Tani kama hor imaaneyso helitaanka jawaabta xaddiga, oo muujineysa in faragelinta jimicsigu sababay horumar garaadkaHill, 1965). Marka la eego in isbarbardhiga xariiqa uu muujiyey saameyn ku saleysan daaweynta, labada isbarbardhiga labada dhinac ayaa isweydiinaya su'aal dabagal ah, in hal cabir gaar ah uu ka sarreeyo mid kale (Ruberg, 1995). Tijaabada jawaabta jawaab-celinta ee guusha gaartey waxay ahayd mid weyn, laakiin isbarbardhigga kooxda xakameynta ee labada koox jimicsi ma aheyn, iyadoo siineysa qeyb ah taageerada mala-awaalka in jimicsigu wanaajiyo guusha xisaabta.

Natiijooyinka fMRI waxaa ku xaddidan cabir yar oo muunad ah mana bixiyaan tijaabinta jawaabta qaddarka, taas oo u horseedi doonta inay ku sii sharaxdo sharraxaad kale. Si kastaba ha noqotee, isbeddelo gaar ah ayaa la arkay, iyo jihada isbedelada ayaa ku kala duwanaa gobolada hore iyo finetal, iyagoo ka doodaya isbedelka adduunka ee howlaha maskaxda. In kasta oo waxqabadka khaldan ee ka soo horjeedda iyo waxqabadka maskaxdiisa lagu beddelo da'da (Luna et al., 2001), tani waa isku imaatin aan macquul aheyn maxaa yeelay kooxdu waxay ahaayeen da 'isku da' ah.

Xogtan tijaabada ah waxay soo bandhigaysaa caddeyn muujineysa in barnaamij aad u xoogan ka dib barnaamijka jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga jimicsiga uu hagaajiyay shaqada fulinta ee xaddiga qaabka jawaab celinta ee carruurta miisaankoodu culus yahay; arrimaha bulshada ayaa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geysteen saameyntaas. Isbeddellada ku yimid qaababkii dhaqdhaqaaqa maskaxda ayaa la arkay. Natiijooyinkaani waxay sidoo kale bixiyaan qayb ka mid ah taageerada faa'iidada laga helo waxqabadka xisaabta. Ku meelaynta xaaladaha waa mid aan kala sooc lahayn oo qiimeyntii natiijada ayaa indho tirtay, yareyneysa eexda ama jahwareerka. Caruurta miisaankoodu badan yahay waxay ka badan yihiin sedex meelood meel carruurta Mareykanka waxaana si aad ah ugu baahsan dadka danyarta ah. Ka sokow muhiimada ay leedahay yareynta halista caafimaad inta lagu jiro cudurka buurnida ee caruurta (Ogden et al., 2006), nashaada jimicsiga aerobic wuxuu cadeyn karaa inuu yahay hab muhiim ah oo lagu kobcinayo dhinacyada shaqada maskaxda ee caruurta taasoo udub dhexaad u ah horumarka garashada (Welsh, Friedman, & Spieker, 2006).

Mahadnaq

CA Boyle, C. Creech, JP Tkacz, iyo JL Waller waxay gacan ka geysteen ururinta macluumaadka iyo falanqaynta. Iyada oo ay taageerayaan NIH DK60692, DK70922, Machadka Daraasaadka Caafimaadka ee Georgia, oo ah deeq Bilaash ah oo ku saabsan Biyoolajika Biyoolajiga ee Xarunta Georgia ee Kahortaga Cayilnaanta iyo Dhibaatooyinka La Xiriira, iyo maalgelinta buundada ee Kuliyadda Caafimaadka ee Georgia iyo Jaamacadda Georgia.

Qoraalada

Diidmada Daabacaha: Qoraallada soo socda waa qoraalkii ugu danbeeyay ee la aqbalay. Laguma soo koobin nuqulkii ugu danbeeyay, xaqiiqda baaritaanka, iyo caddaynta loo baahan yahay daabacaad rasmi ah. Ma aha qoraal dhammaystiran, daabacaad rasmi ah oo la xaqiijiyay. Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka iyo Golaha Tifaftireyaashu waxay ka-saaraan wixii masuuliyad ama khasaare ah ee khaladaadka ama maqnaashaha nuqulka qoraalkan, oo ah nooc kasta oo laga soo qaatay qoraalkan NIH, ama qaybaha kale ee saddexaad. Nooca la daabacay ayaa laga heli karaa www.apa.org/pubs/journals/hea

Macluumaadka Wadaagga

Catherine L. Davis, Machadka Kahortagga Georgia, Caafimaadka Caruurta, Kulliyada Caafimaadka ee Georgia.

Phillip D. Tomporowski, Waaxda Kinesiology, Jaamacadda Georgia.

Jennifer E. McDowell, Waaxda Cilmi-nafsiga, Jaamacadda Georgia.

Benjamin P. Austin, Waaxda Cilmi-nafsiga, Jaamacadda Georgia.

Patricia H. Miller, Waaxda Cilmi-nafsiga, Jaamacadda Georgia.

Nathan E. Yanasak, Waaxda Raadiyoolajiyada, Kulliyadda Caafimaadka ee Georgia.

Jerry D. Allison, Waaxda Raadiyoolajiyada, Kulliyadda Caafimaadka ee Georgia.

Jack A. Naglieri, Waaxda Cilmi-nafsiga, Jaamacadda George Mason.

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