Ukuphawula: Esinye isibonelo somthelela weCollodige kwizilwane ezincelisayo.
I-Braz J Med Biol Res. 2004 Jun; 37 (6): 847-51. I-Epub 2004 May 27.
Cohn DW, I-Tokumaru RS, Izikhangiso C.
I-Departamento de Psicologia Isilingo, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
abstract
Ezinhlotsheni eziningana ezinama-rodent, ukwanda noma ukuvuselelwa kokuziphatha kobulili kungabonakala lapho abesilisa abanesifiso sokuya ocansini bethintwa nowesilisa ongasho lutho. Ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wokungabinaki kwabesifazane ekuziphatheni kwezingulube ze-guinea (Cavia porcellus), abesilisa abane abadala babonwa ngezikhathi ezine zamaminithi ayi-15 ngenkathi behlangana nabesifazane abakhulelwe (izikhathi ezifanayo zabesifazane). Kwethulwa intokazi ngesikhathi seseshini yesihlanu (iseshini eshintshwa ngabesifazane). Isikhathi semikhakha yokuziphatha satholakala kumarekhodi e-videotape kusetshenziswa isoftware yokubheka. Ukusuka kokuqala kuze kube kwesesibili, bonke abesilisa banciphise isikhathi esabelwe ukuphenya (ukuhlwitha nokukhotha), belandela, futhi befaka izintokazi, futhi leyo mpendulo ayizange ibuye ngokuphela kwezikhathi zabesifazane ezifanayo. Akukho ukuthambekela okufanayo kokuncipha okutholakele ezigabeni zokujikeleza noma ze-rumba. Ukwanda okuphawulekile kokuphenya kwenzeka kubo bonke abesilisa kusuka esimisweni sokugcina sowesifazane-wokugcina (8.1, 11.9, 15.1 kanye nesikhathi samaphesenti angama-17.3) kuya kowesifazane oshintshiwe (16.4, 18.4, 37.1 kanye nesilinganiso samaphesenti angama-28.9, ngokulandelana). Ukwanda kokulandela nokujikeleza kwabhalwa kwabesilisa abathathu kwabane, nokwalulama ngokuphelele kokufakwa kowesilisa oyedwa. Akukho zinguquko ezingaguquguquki ekuphenduleni kwabesifazane kwabesilisa (okulandelayo noma okuhlaselayo) okwabonwa kulo lonke ukuhlolwa. Le miphumela ihambisana ne-hypothesis yokuthi abesilisa bezingulube ze-Guinea bayabona abantu besifazane ngamunye nokuthi izimpendulo zathandekayo zingahle zibe nenkambiso yendawo yokuhlala / yokuthola kabusha elawulwa yintsha yintsha.
Amagama agqamile: Ukuziphatha kwe-Courtship, inoveli yabesifazane, izingulube zaseGuinea, iCavia porcellus
Uhlelo lokuzala lwezingulube ze-guinea (Cavia porcellus) luhlobo lwe-polygynic, olubonakala ngokulungela okuphezulu kwabesilisa ukuya kwabesifazane ezinkantolo, ngisho nabakhulelwe. Ukuziphatha kwabantu besifazane, njengoba kubonwa emakoloni, kufaka phakathi ukuhlola kwezenhlalo, ukulandela umuntu wesifazane futhi, lapho kusondelene, ukunyakaza okujikijelayo kwengxenye yangaphandle yomzimba, i-rumba (1), ehlotshaniswa nokukhipha isici esibonisa okuphansi- imisindo ekhethiweyo, purr (2,3). Abesilisa abahamba phambili baphephisa abesifazane futhi, ngamaqembu amakhulu ahlukaniswe iziqeshana, bangakha ubuhlobo obuhlala isikhathi eside nabesifazane bezitho zabo (4-6). Ukuqashelwa komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuqina kunendima ebalulekile empilweni yezenhlalo yengulube futhi kungasiza ekuqineni kwesakhiwo senhlalo nasekunciphiseni kwengcindezi (6). Impendulo yokuxineka kwe-neuroendocrine yezingulube zesilisa ezifakwa lapho ifakwe endaweni ebiyelwe engashintshiwe incishiswa kakhulu lapho owesilisa onesibopho ekhona kodwa ethinteka kancane ngokuba khona kowesifazane ongaziwa noma ngokuba khona kowesifazane ojwayelekile, ongaboshiwe.
Ukuhlangenwe nakho komphakathi ngakho-ke kubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwendlela yokuziphatha kwezengulube nowesilisa ngokocansi (6,8). Umbuzo othokozisayo ngukuthi ngabe ukuphathana kwabantu kungaphansi kokulawulwa kwento entsha yensikazi. Ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezinama-rodent ezinjenge-hamsters (9,10) kanye namagundane (11), kepha hhayi ngama-monogamous prairie voles (12), ukwanda noma ukuvuselelwa kokuziphatha kobulili kungabonakala emadodeni aneliswe ngocansi uma kufakwa kuxhumano lwenoveli eyamukelayo. umlingani, umphumela obizwa ngokuthi yi-Coolidge effect.
Esikhundleni sokwembula ingulube yesilisa kowesifazane oyedwa kuze kufinyelele kuziphatho zocansi, bese sihlaziya indlela owesilisa asabela ngayo lapho umuntu esethula ngokushesha inoveli ngokwesimilo seklasikhi le-Coolidge, esifundweni samanje samukela uhlelo lapho lowesifazane ofanayo wethulwa ngesikhathi semizuzu emine engu-15 ngosuku, eshintsha ngesikhathi seseshini yesihlanu neyokugcina yosuku. Injongo bekuwukuhlola izindlela zokuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nezinqubo zokuphinda zenziwe ezingathandeki ekuziphatheni kwezingulube zeguinea. Sisebenzise izinsikazi ezikhulelwe njengesikhuthazo senhlalo ukuze sikwazi ukulawula ushintsho olunokwenzeka ekutholakaleni okuncike ekuxhumaneni kwabesifazane nomuntu abashade naye. Ezingubeni zezinsikazi zensikazi, i-estrus inqanyulwa ukukopishwa, mhlawumbe ngesici esikuyo i-ejaculate yendoda (13). Abesifazane abakhulelwe bacatshangelwa ukuthi bahlinzeka ngokwengeziwe ukuvuselelwa komphakathi okudingekayo ekuhlolweni kwemiphumela yokuvuselela isimo sendawo ekuziphatheni kwezithandani.
Kwasetshenziswa abesilisa abane abadala kanye nezintokazi ezine ezikhulelwe eziphakathi nendawo kuze kube sekupheleni kokukhulelwa kusuka egunjini lengulube yegatsha lomnyango we-Experimental Psychology (University of São Paulo). Lezi zilwane bezingajwayelekile komunye nomunye ekuqaleni kwalesi sivivinyo futhi zithathwe emabhokisini lapho zazigcinwe khona ngamaqembu emindeni enziwe ngowesifazane ozalayo, owesilisa ozalayo nenzalo yabo. Izilwane zagcinwa ngazinye isonto elilodwa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa. Owesilisa ngamunye wabe esebhanqwa ngokungemthetho kowesifazane okwakuvivinywe kuye ngesikhathi semizuzu emine yansuku zonke ye-15 ebhokisini le-60 x 90 x 30 cm. Ngosuku lwesihlanu, ababili bahlelwa kabusha ngokungahleliwe, owesilisa ngamunye ebhangqiswa nomunye wabesifazane abathathu, ongajwayelekile.
Izikhathi zavotwa futhi isikhathi semikhakha yokuziphatha kwabesilisa nabesifazane satholwa kumarekhodi e-videotape kusetshenziswa isoftware yokuhlola i-EthoLog 2.2 (14). Imikhakha yokuthandana kwabantu besilisa ekhethiwe ukuthi ihlaziywe yilena: ukujikeleza (ukujikeleza isiyingi ezungeze isifazane), kulandela owesimame, ukuphenya (ukuhlwitha nokukhotha insikazi), i-rumba (ukwenza ukunyakaza kokujikisa, nge-orrap (ngaphandle kwe-purr vocalization) nokukhuphuka (ukubeka phezulu ngowesifazane, ngokunyakaza noma ngaphandle kokuphathelene). Imikhakha yokuthandana kwabantu besifazane ekhethiwe ukuthi ihlaziywe yile: ukuphenya (ukuhlwitha nokukhotha owesilisa) kanye nokuhlasela (ukuphinda kuhlukumeze noma ukuhlukumeza owesilisa). Imininingwane ibikwa njengesikhathi sesenti sesikhathi esichithwa kwenziwa isigaba. Njengoba imibukiso ehlaselayo ibimfushane kakhulu, imvamisa yabo esikhundleni sesikhathi samaphesenti yaqoshwa. Njengoba i-2-yabesifazane i-2 pair ingasasebenzi ngokuphelele ngesikhathi seseshini ye-1 efanayo, lesi seshini salahlwa futhi iseshini ye-2 yathathwa njengeseshini yabo yokuqala yokusebenzisana.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi, kusukela kokuqala ukuya ezigabeni zesibili, zonke izifundo zesilisa zinciphise isikhathi esabelwe ukuphenya, ukulandela nokwanda (Umdwebo 1). I-Rumba nokujikeleza akubonisanga ushintsho oluhleliwe phakathi nesikhathi. Isikhathi seseshini samaphesenti esinikelwe i-rumba kusuka kumaseshini 1 kuya ku-4 kwakungu: 0, 1.1, 1.1, 1.7 (i-1 yesilisa); I-0, 0, 0.2 (i-2 yesilisa); I-5.3, 3.2, 3.5, 1.4 (i-3 yesilisa); I-3.4, 6.6, 8.6, 2.4 (i-4 yesilisa), ngokulandelana. Isikhathi seseshini samaphesenti esinikelwe ukujikeleza kwakungu-0.2, 0, 0, 3.4 (i-1 yesilisa); I-0, 2.0, 2.0, 0.3 (i-2 yesilisa); I-15.9, 1.0, 1.0, 0.9 (i-3 yesilisa); I-4.2, 0.9, 0.5, 8.8 (i-4 yesilisa), ngokulandelana.
Ukushintshwa kwabesifazane kulethe ukubuyiselwa kokuphenya kubo bonke abesilisa. Abesilisa i-1, i-2 ne-3 bakhombise ukwanda kokujikeleza kusuka kumaseshini 4 kuya ku-5 kanye nabesilisa 1, 2 kanye 4, okuwukunyuka okulandelayo. Abesilisa i-1 babonisile ukukhuphuka kwamazinga okufaka (Umfuziselo 1).
Abesifazane abaze bakhombise ukwehla emaphesenti asetshenziswe ekuphenyeni kuzo zonke izikhathi lapho bevezwa khona owesilisa oyedwa. Isikhathi seseshini samaphesenti esinikelwe ukuphenya kusuka kumaseshini 1 kuya ku-4 kwakuyi-4.6, 4.2, 5.7, 2.2 (i-1 yabesifazane); I-0, 0.7, 1.2, 0.3 (i-2 yowesifazane); I-3.2, 8.8., 2.7, 2.7 (i-3 yowesifazane); I-2.3, 2.4, 1.5, 3.2 (i-4 yowesifazane), ngokulandelana. I-3 yabesifazane kuphela eye yanda ukuphenya lapho ivezwa kunoveli wesilisa esimweni sesihlanu (amaphesenti wesikhathi sesenti: 3.0).
Ukuhlasela imvamisa ngabesifazane kwakuphansi futhi akuzange kulandele iphethini ehlelekile kuzo zonke izikhathi zokuhlala. Amafrikhwensi kwakungu-1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0 (i-1 yowesifazane); I-0, 4.0, 2.0, 1.0 (i-2 yowesifazane); I-0, 0, 1.0, 1.0 (i-3 yowesifazane), ne-7.0, 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 (i-4 yabesifazane), ngokulandelana. Owesifazane 2 (imvamisa: 10.0) ne-4 yowesifazane (imvamisa: 7.0) bakhombise ukwanda kokuhlaselwa lapho behlangabezana nowesilisa omusha kuseshini 5.
Imodeli yendawo yokuhlala, njengoba ibonwa ukwehla kokuphenya kanye nokuziphatha kocansi kwabesilisa lapho bechayeka kaningi kowesifazane, kubonakala kunamandla ngokwanele njengoba kwenzeka kuzo zonke izilwane noma emikhakheni eminingi yezithandani. Lokhu akunakuhunyushwa ngokuthi kungenxa yeseshini yokumisa ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwabesifazane ngoba lezi zinguquko bezingahlelekile. Okunye ukuhumusha okungenzeka kwehla kokuziphatha kobulili ukuthi kumelela ukuqothulwa kokuqomisana nokulingisa imizamo esimweni lapho abesifazane bengasabeli nge-Lordososis, noma isimo sendawo yokuthandana okuvela ekunciphiseni ubungqingili bokushada.
Ukutholwa kokusebenza kokuthandana kwabesilisa kwenzeka kwezinye izigaba ngesikhathi sesikhathi sokushintshana. Ukubuyiselwa okunjalo kukhombisa ukuthi ukuqomisana kwezingulube ze-Guinea kungalawulwa ngokuvela okusha kowesifazane. Kungabuye kuthathwe njengophawu lokuthi abesilisa bezingulube abahamba ngezinyawo bayaziqaphela izintokazi ezixhumana nazo: ukwanda kokuqomisana nokuhlolwa kwezenhlalo bekungeke kulindelwe uma abesilisa bengambandlululanga umuntu wesifazane onoveli kulokho abajwayelene nakho.
Imiphumela yamanje ivumelana neminye imibiko eminingi yokwamukelwa komuntu ngamunye phakathi kwezingulube ze-Guinea. Kunobufakazi bokuthi zombili izingulube ezifuywayo (C. porcellus) nezasendle (C. aperea) ziyakwazi ukubona ukubumbana okujwayelekile (15-18). UBeauchamp noWellington (19) babike ukuthi izingulube zabesilisa ezingaphansi ziyehlisa ukuphenya kwabo ngomchamo wesidumbu sowesifazane kuzo zonke izethulo eziphindaphindwayo, noma ngabe isethulo sokuqala sasifushane njenge-2 amaminithi futhi uma ukubambezeleka kwokwethulwa kwesibili kwakuyizinsuku ezingama-7 . Imiphumela efanayo yokuvuselela ukwakheka kwemvelo kuye kwabikwa kwezinye izinhlobo zama-rodent ezifana nama-hamsters. Ukuchayeka okuphindaphindiwe kwama-hamsters aqinile kanye nokufakwa endaweni yokuphuma kowesifazane kowesifazane ngokuthembekile kukhiqiza isimo sokuziphatha okuphenywayo. Ukwethulwa kwephunga kusuka kowesifazane wasenoveli kuya kowesilisa ohlala endaweni yakhe kubangela ukwanda okukhuthazwayo ophethwe yi-dishabituation (20).
Yize kungewona wonke amadoda abonisa ukubuyiselwa kokuziphatha okwenziwe ngokuqinile noma okuyi-rumba kowesifazane oseshintshile, kube nokwanda okuqhubekayo kokuphenya kanye nokulandela intokazi yenoveli, izigaba ezifakiwe ekuphindweni okuvamile kokuthandana kwezingulube zabesilisa. Ukuziphatha okwandayo kowesilisa ongu-1 okuphakanyiswe ngokuthintana (kushintshiwe) sowesifazane 3 kubonisa ukuthi, okungenani kwezinye izimo, ukululama okugcwele kungenzeka. Izingulube zabesifazane ezingadalulwanga azikhombisanga indawo yokuhlala noma ukutholwa kokuphenya esimweni sokuhlola samanje. Ukuziphatha kokuhlaselwa, okwenziwa ngabesifazane 2 no-4, esimisweni sokuqala nesesihlanu, kungahle kube ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwezinto zobudoda futhi kubuye kuphakanyiswe ngumphenyi owenziwayo nowenziwayo wokwenza umsebenzi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi owesilisa uyayazi yini noma uyinoveli. Kungakuhle ukuhlola iqhaza lokuphamba kwabesilisa ekulungiseleleni abesifazane ukungena engxenyeni yezithandani.
Imiphumela yethu ikhombisa ubukhona bezingulube zesilisa zenqubo yenqubo / yokubuyiselwa kwezimpendulo zothando ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwezinto ezintsha zabesifazane. Izifundo ezengeziwe zingakhombisa ukuthi ngabe ithonya lokuqamba kwabantu besifazane liyavela yini ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zenhlalo nangokwezemvelo.
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