Ukuhlakulela Izindlebe Kuphakamisa Lezi Zinyoni Zenze Phezulu
Ngu-NATALIE ANGIER
Kuwo wonke ama-psychosocial wokuzungeza lezi zinsuku ngaphezulu kokufaniswa okukhona komama abangama-tiger kanye nobaba bendiza enophephela emhlane, ngivumele ngenze ukuthambeka kwesitayela sabazali bethu buthule seNew Caledonian.
Amagwababa amasha eCaledonia adume ngamakhono awo okwenza amathuluzi.
Ubunkimbinkimbi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi nokujula kokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi abo, amandla abo okusebenzisa izinti, amahlamvu, izintambo, izintambo kanye nanoma yini enye yemvelo noma yobuciko abangayithola edivayisini efanelekile yokudoba ukudla, noma ukudoba kwesibili -, Amathuluzi we-oda wesithathu- noma aphezulu, ama-crows awanabo ontanga ku-vivarium okungeyona eyabantu, futhi lokho kufaka phakathi ukubukeka kobuhlakani obunjengezindlovu, ama-macaque kanye namaqhubu.
Amavidiyo ezifundo zaselebhu kanye nezingwe asefikile ebulilini, okukhombisa izinyoni zenza izinto ezibukeka zishonile. Kwisibonelo esisodwa esidumile esivela Oxford University, Owesifazane ogama lakhe linguBetty ugoba ucezu oluqondile locingo ngaphandle kwensimbi yepulasitiki ukuze enze ukwakheka kwesikhubekiso, abese esifaka kusilinda wasepulasitiki ukukhipha ipulaki ephathwa ngesandla kusuka phansi ngokungazethembi njengoba umuntu edonsa isivimbi esiseleni. Amavidiyo akhuluma ikati awami nje ithuba.
Ngakho-ke, izinyoni zithola kanjani ubuqili kangaka ekuqumbeni? Imibiko emisha kumaphephabhuku i-Animal Behaviour and Learning and Behavior yabacwaningi e-University of Auckland iphakamisa ukuthi ifomula yempumelelo yamakhaza kungenzeka ihluke kakhulu emakhaleni ajwayele ukuhanjiswa kubantu: Vumela inzalo yakho ibe nengane eyandisiwe esitebeleni futhi ikhaya elinothando; ukuhola ngesibonelo; nikeza ukuqiniswa okuhle; bekezela futhi uphikelele; faka ngisho inzalo esondelene nayo ngezikhathi ezithile ngokuvula iqhude elisemlonyeni wayo; futhi uqaphele ukuthi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi i-goshawk ingahle icwenge phansi futhi iluqede lonke uhlelo lokufundisa.
UJennifer C. Holzhaider, umbhali oholayo kule mibiko emibili emisha, wathi ngonyaka owodwa wokufunda kwabo insimu yeminyaka emithathu, amahlumela ababewalandela bazala amathole ayisishiyagalombili.
“Besicabanga ukuthi, sizoba nezingane eziyisishiyagalombili esingazibuka,” kusho yena. Kepha ama-goshawks, amagundane, izikhova kanye nezimvula ezinkulu kwalimala, kanti yinye kuphela yalezo zinkukhu eziyisishiyagalombili eyasinda. “Impilo enzima ehlathini; lokho kuphela, ”kusho uDkt Holzhaider.
Ngokufunda ukwakheka kwezenhlalo nokuziphatha kwezinkalankala nemininingwane yempilo yazo yansuku zonke, abacwaningi banethemba lokuthola ulwazi olusha ngokuvela kokuziqonda kobuhlakani, ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhono lomzimba nelomphakathi, nokubaluleka okulinganayo kwamandla ngamunye akhethekile ekukhuthazeni isidingo sobuchopho besilwane esikhulu.
Abaphenyi bafuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani kunjalo, i-700 noma inhlobo yezinhlobo zamaqhude, amagwababa, izingwejejeje, imijondolo nezimpethu ezakha ingqophamlando yama-corvid ahlakaniphile emhlabeni jikelele, iqhude le-New Caledonia laba ngumthengisi onjalo, i-avian savant, phezulu kwe-YouTube kulayini.
"Ipuzzle enkulu," kusho uRussel D. Grey, inhloko yelebhu yase-Auckland. “Kungani? Kungani le nhlobo esiqhingini esincane ePacific ikwazi ukungasebenzisi nje kuphela kodwa ikhiqize amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, futhi ngendlela eguquguqukayo kunokuba irote noma ihlelwe ngendlela? Kungani bekwazi ukwenza okungenani kanye nama-chimpanzee ekuhlolweni kokukhonjwa kwengqondo okukhombisa ukuqonda komhlaba wezakhiwo zomhlaba kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa ukusuka enkingeni eyodwa kuya kwelandelayo? "
Uma izinyoni zifunda ukugwema izimbobo nemigoqo ekusetshenzisweni kokuhlolwa kwebhokisi le-tubed leplastiki, ngokwesibonelo, zizogwema izimbobo nezithiyo ezimweni ezihlukile kakhulu zetafula lokhuni. "Ukwazi isimo sabo senhlalo," kusho uDkt Gray, "kungenye yengxenye ye-jigsaw."
Ucwaningo olusha lweDNA lubonisa ukuthi ama-corvid aqala ukuvela ekugcineni kwenkathi yedayinaso, cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-65, endaweni ethile engomakhelwane base-Australia, futhi aqala ukuphuma lapho. Okhokho bokweba okusha kweCaledonia abahambanga kude ngaphambi kokuzinza endaweni eyi-220 ebangeni elingamamayela ubude lapho le nhlobo ithola igama lakhona.
Isikhuba sesimanjemanje seNew Caledonia siyisisekelo senkokhelo yezimpaphe nezimpaphe futhi, ngesilinganiso samasentimitha angama-12 ubude nama-12 ounces ngesisindo, uhlobo oluphakathi kwe-corvid: lincane kakhulu kunegwababa elivamile, lincane kakhulu icwecwe kuneqhude elingaziwa laseMelika, kepha i-beefier kune-jay noma i-jackdaw. Usayizi wobuchopho ungolunye udaba.
UDkt Gray wathi: "Zonke izingqondo zobucwebecwebe zinkulu, kepha ubufakazi bokuqala bukhombisa ukuthi ubuchopho be-New Caledonia bukhulu ngisho nangama-corvids." Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchopho bandiswa ngokukhethekile, bubonisa ubuningi obuhlaba umxhwele ekulinganeni kwe-avian okufana nokwangaphambili komzimba. , izakhiwo ezibandakanyeka kakhulu esifundweni esihlangene namakhono emoto amahle.
Izikweletu zabo zibuye zahluka kakhulu, “zifana nesithupha somuntu esiphikisayo kuneqhwa elijwayelekile le-corvid,” kusho uDkt Gray.
Izimali ezikhokhiswayo “zibonakala zisetshenziselwa ukuphatha amathuluzi,” kusho u-Anne Clark, ofunda amakhaza aseMelika e-State University of New York eBinghamton kodwa ophinde waqaphela izinkontsho zaseNew Caledonia enkundleni. “Ngesikhathi ngibabuka, bekubonakala sengathi babamba induku noma nini lapho bekubonakala bengakwazi ukuthola okuthile,” kusho yena, njengoba njengesazi sezibalo sinenkinga yokuxazulula inkinga ngaphandle kwepensela ezandleni.
Izinyoni zingabenzi bamathuluzi abangenakufinyeleleka endle. Bathola amahlumela afanele nje, bawachobole ngaphandle kwegatsha, bese bawajikaza amahlumela abe izingwegwe ezibukhali ezinaliti. Ziklebhula imingcele evela emingceleni enamacembe amaqabunga ePandanus, bese zibopha imichilo ibe yimikhonto emihle ebunjiwe.
Ngezingwegwe zawo nemikhonto yabo bakhipha ama-slugs, izinambuzane namanye ama-invertebrates emifantweni ejulile emhlabathini noma ezihlahleni. Izinyoni zingabalandeli besiko lendawo.
Ngokuhlola okunzima kwe-transisland yamaphethini ashiywe ngamaqabunga ePandanus ngabagobolondo abopha imincele, uGavin Hunt wase-University of Auckland unqume ukuthi izitayela zokwakha amathuluzi ziyehlukahluka kuye ngendawo, futhi lezo zitayela zahlala zizinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Sekukonke, amagwababa amasha eCaledonia anenguqulo yawo yesiko.
Ukukholwa kunenzelwa umsebenzi onzima. Ekufundeni impilo yezinyoni, uDkt Holzhaider nozakwabo bakuqinisekisile okwedlule Amagwababa amasha e-Caledonia awawona ama-butterflies abaphilayo ngokwamaqembu, njengoba kuningi amagwababa namagwababa, kodwa kunalokho ahambisana nelungiselelo lomndeni wenuzi. Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana futhi bahlala unyaka wonke, baqinisekisa isibopho sabo ngemizwa ebukekayo njengokuphana nokuzilolana, ukuhlala eduze ngokwanele ukuze bangathinti, futhi banganaki nakancane uma umlingani wabo edlala ngamathuluzi abo.
Izinyoni ezincane zihlala nabazali bazo iminyaka emibili noma ngaphezulu - ukuncika okwandisiwe, ngamazinga ezinyoni - futhi zidla ndawonye njengomndeni, zixoxa sonke lesi sikhathi. "Banale ndlela yokukhuluma ngezwi elizolile, 'Waak, waak, waak,' okuzwakala kumnandi impela,” kusho uDkt Holzhaider.
Izingane zifuna ukuqeqeshwa isikhathi eside. "Balokhu bephikelela kakhulu, beklebhula futhi begqekeza amaqabunga ePandanus, bezama ukwenza isebenze," kusho uDkt Holzhaider, "kodwa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu, izingane ezincane azikwazi ukwenza ithuluzi."
Ababelethi bangena kulokho kuphula umthetho, banikela ngokudla kwabafundi abakukhululile ngamathuluzi abo amahle. “Ngokubona abazali babo bethola isihlahla esihlahleni, bathola ukuthi kukhona okufanele bakufune,” kusho yena. "Lokho kubenza baqhubeke."
Indlela yekherothi-on-stick: Isebenza ngaso sonke isikhathi.
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