Eminyakeni yamuva, ukutholakala kwezinzwa ze-neuroscience mayelana nesimiso somvuzo kanye nobulili besintu kuye kwaveza ukukhanya okusha kokuziphatha okubi kobulili okunenkinga.
Njengoba kungalindelwa nanoma iyiphi i-paradigm entsha, noma kunjalo, ezinye izimangalo ezingathandabuzi ze-neuroscience ziye zavela kumaphephandaba. Njenge-neurosurgeon kanye nomlobi wamaphepha amaningana ngokuziphatha okubi kocansi kanye nokudla / indlela yokuvuza yobuchopho, ngezinye izikhathi ngisiza ukulungisa lezi zingxabano. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezingaba nesithakazelo kubafundi bethu.
ERROR #1 - "I-Dopamine ayinamathelisi"
Ezinye izimangalo ezivelele mayelana ne-dopamine zivele ezinyangeni zamuva, ezifana "Uma ufuna ukuphikisa ukuthi i-porn isilutha, ungakwazi, kepha uma uthembela ku-dopamine ukwenza. lol, ulungile"Futhi"Sicela uyeke ukubiza i-dopamine i-neurochemical yokulutha emlutha. "
I-Dopamine idlala indima eminingi enobungozi emzimbeni wethu, njengokusiza ukuhamba nokukhetha. Kodwa-ke, bonke ochwepheshe emkhakheni wokulutha noma i-neuroscience bayavuma indima ebalulekile ye-dopamine ekudakwa.
Eqinisweni, umlutha awukwazi ukuthuthukisa ngaphandle kokuphakama okuphezulu, kodwa okufushane, okuncane okubhekene nomuthi wokulutha noma umsebenzi. Njengabachwepheshe uVolkow noKoob bachaze ku-a iphepha lamuva, lezi zinsipho ze-dopamine zenza izibonakaliso zomvuzo ezingeni le-receptor cell, okuyinto eqala okuthiwa ukufunda iPavlovian. Izindlela zamangqamuzana ezenza le nqubo ibe lula kubonakale kufana zonke izinhlobo zokufunda nokukhumbula. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe komvuzo (isibonelo, ukubheka izithombe ezingcolile) kuhlotshaniswa nesimiso esimweni somsebenzisi esandulela.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngemva kokuvezwa ngokuphindaphindiwe kumvuzo ofanayo (kulesi sibonelo, i-porn), amangqamuzana e-dopamine avame ukuvutha kakhulu ukulindela yokubuka kunokuba kuhlangene nokubukwa kwangempela - nakuba intsha engathí sina ye-intanethi ye-intanethi isho ukuthi ukusebenzisa nokulindela kuhlangene, ngokuphambene nalokho, kusho umkhuba we-cocaine. Njengoba kunoma yikuphi ukulutha, ukukhuluma kanye nokukhubaza, njengokuzwa igama lezinkanyezi ze-porn, isikhathi sodwa, noma isimo sengqondo esihlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwangaphambilini (isithukuthezi, ukulahlwa, ukukhathala, njll) kungafaka isimo esimisiwe, ukuphuma ngokungazelelwe kokukhululeka kwe-dopamine. Lezi ziphazamiso zenza ukuthi izifiso zisebenzise noma zibheke. Izimpendulo ezifana nezimo zingase zifakwe ngokujulile futhi zingabangela ukufisa okuqinile ngisho nangemva kokuba umuntu eshiye ukusebenzisa i-porn.
Yize kwesinye isikhathi i-dopamine icatshangwa njenge “molecule yenjabulo,” lokhu akulungile ngokomthetho. Ukushayela kwe-Dopamine ukufuna nokuhlola for umvuzo - ukulindela, abafunayo. Kwezinye abantu abampofu, lokhu kufuna kuyangena esiyinkinga eyaziwa ngokuthi Ukuba umlutha wezithombe. Ukusesha okungafuneki komsebenzisi ukuxhaswa (okuyinto ekugcineni kuvame ukufakazela noma okungafinyeleleki) kuyaqhubeka kuze kube seqophelweni lokucindezeleka okuphawulekayo noma ukulimala okuphawulekayo emndenini, emndenini, emphakathini, ezemfundo, emisebenzini, noma kwezinye izindawo ezibalulekile zokusebenza.
Kodwa-ke, umlutha manje awuchazwa kuphela ngale ncazelo yokuziphatha. Iphinde ichazwe ngokwengeziwe njengendlela yokufunda umvuzo ongahlanzekile. Njengoba IKauer noMalenka wathi, "ukulutha umlutha kumelela uhlobo oluthile lokufunda nokukhumbula." Yingakho i-American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) ukulutha kabusha komlutha njengoba kufaka kokubili izinto kanye nokuziphatha. Isikhundla sika-ASAM ukuqaphela indima ebalulekile yobuchopho ekushayeleni lokho uMarc Lewis akubiza ngokuthi "i-rut, umugqa wezinyawo emzimbeni we-neural, owenza lukhuni futhi ungagcini." (Lewis, Imemori yeBrained Addicted, 2011).
ERROR #2 - "Ezingeni lobuchopho umsebenzi wezocansi awufani nokudlala namantombazane"
Ngesikhathi ukudlala nezingane kungase kusebenze uhlelo lokuvuza (ngaphandle uma ungumuntu wekati), ukuvuselelwa okunjalo akusekeli isimangalo sokuthi yonke imivuzo yemvelo ingalingani ngokweqile. Okokuqala, ukuvuswa kobulili kanye ne-orgasm kwenza amazinga aphakeme kakhulu e-dopamine nama-opioid angapheli kunanoma yimuphi omunye umvuzo wemvelo. Ucwaningo lwezilinganiso lwembula ukuthi amazinga e-dopamine avela ngokuvuthwa ngokocansi afana nalabo abaholwa ukuphathwa kwe-morphine noma i-nicotine.
Ukuvusa ngokocansi nakho kuyingqayizivele ngoba kusebenza ngokuqondile uhlelo olufanayo lomvuzo wesistimu yesisindo njengezidakamizwa eziluthayo. Ngokuphikisana, kukhona kuphela i- amaphesenti amancane ukuvuselelwa kwamagciwane emzimbeni phakathi kwezidakamizwa zokulutha nemiklomelo yemvelo njengokudla noma amanzi. Akumangalisi ukuthi abacwaningi baye basungula ukuthi umvuzo wemvelo wokudla awubangeli ushintsho olufanayo oluqhubekayo ku-plastic synaptic njengomsebenzi wezocansi (Chen et al., 2008).
Noma kunjalo, lokhu akusho ukuthi umvuzo wokudla awukwazi abe umlutha noma ukuphazamisa abantu ngabanye futhi kunciphisa ukukhathazeka kwezempilo komphakathi, noma kubangele ukuguqulwa kobuchopho emibuthaneni yokuvuza. Noma yimuphi udokotela uyazi ukuthi ukukhuluphala kungukukhathazeka okukhulu kwempilo kudla izigidigidi zezindleko zezokwelapha, futhi i-dopamine receptor ekunciphiseni esikhungweni sokubuyiselwa kwengqondo ebuyela ebujameni obuvamile ngokwesisindo emva kokuhlinzwa kwe-gastric banding. Futhi, imibhalo ye-DNA eveza amaprotheni wesistimu yomvuzo ebalulekile ekukhanukeni okushiwo ukuthi ukukhishwa kasawoti / ukuchithwa kufana nalabo abakhiqizwa ngesifiso sezidakamizwa (ULeidke et al., 2011, i-PNAS). A National Geographic I-athikili kuleli phephandaba ithi izidakamizwa "ukugqekeza" lezi zindlela zomvuzo wemvelo, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso kuwo wonke umlutha, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-poker, i-porn, noma i-popcorn.
Izidakamizwa eziluthayo akugcini nje ukugijima ama cell nerve eqondile kusetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuvusa ngocansi, bakhetha izindlela zokufunda ezifanayo ezenze isifiso sobulili sibe nesifiso. Ukusetshenziselwa kwamaseli afanayo omzimba okwenza ukuvuvukala ngokobulili kusize kakhulu ukuthi kungani i-meth, i-cocaine ne-heroin ingaba umlutha kakhulu. Futhi, kokubili sex futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kungabangela i-transcription factor DeltaFosB, okuholela ekushintsheni kwe-neuroplastiki okuyiyo cishe kufana kokubili kwesimo socansi futhi ukusetshenziswa okungapheli kwezidakamizwa.
Ngenkathi kunzima kakhulu ukucacisa ngokuningiliziwe, izinguquko eziningi zesikhashana ze-neurological and hormonal kwenzeka nge-orgasm lokho okwenzeki nanoma imiphi imivuzo yemvelo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuncipha kwe-androgen receptors, ukuncipha kwe-estrogen receptors, i-enkephaline ye-hypothalamic eyengeziwe, ne-prolactin eyanda. Isibonelo, i-ejaculation ilingisa imiphumela ye-heroin yokuphathwa okungapheli emaseleni omzimba wesisindo (i-ventral tegmental area, noma i-VTA). Ngokuqondile, Ukujula kwe-ejaculation kwehlisa okwesikhashana i-dopamine efanayo eveza amangqamuzana omzimba lokho okwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-heroin okungapheli, okuholela ekugcineni phansi-komthethonqubo we-dopamine esikhungweni sokuvuza (i-nucleus accumbens).
Ucwaningo lwe-2000 fMRI uma kuqhathaniswa nokusetshenziswa kobuchopho ngokusebenzisa imivuzo emibili yemvelo ehlukene, enye yazo yayiyi-porn. Ukulutha kwe-Cocaine kanye nokulawula okunempilo kubheka amafilimu: 1) okuqukethwe okucacile ngokobulili, i-2) izigcawu zemvelo zangaphandle, ne-3) abantu ababhema i-crack cocaine. Imiphumela: izidakamizwa ze-cocaine zase zifana namaphethini wokusebenzisa ubuchopho lapho zibukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi zibukeka zihlobene nokulutha. (Ngokusobala, kokubili izidakamizwa ze-cocaine nokulawula okunempilo kunamaphethini okusebenza okufana nobuchopho.) Nokho, kokubili ukulutha nokulawula, amaphethini wokusebenza kobuchopho lapho ukubukela izigcawu zemvelo kuhluke ngokuphelele kumaphethini lapho ubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngamafuphi, zikhona izizathu eziningi eziphilayo sizwa i-orgasm ngokuhlukile ekudlaleni nemidlwane noma ekubukeni kokushona kwelanga. Izigidi zabafana abasakhulayo namantombazane andayo awabuki nje imidlwane ku-Intanethi, kanti iMindgeek iyazi ukuthi ukwenza izinkulungwane zezigidi emalini etholakalayo ubiza isayithi “i-Pornhub,” hhayi “iPuppyHub!”
ERROR #3 - "Umphumela wezobuchopho zanamuhla wezobucayi awufani neze nezithombe ezingcolile zesikhathi esidlule"
Lesi simangalo sisho ukuthi zonke izithombe zobulili ezingcolile azilimazi ngendlela efanayo. Kodwa-ke, njengephepha lamuva Park et al., 2016 kuveza ukuthi ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-porno yevidiyo ivuselela kakhulu ngokobulili kunezinye izinhlobo ze-porn. (Angazi ucwaningo olwenziwe nge-VR porn okwamanje.) Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhono lokuzikhethela izinto lenza ukuthi i-intanethi ivusa kakhulu kunokuqoqa okukhethiwe. Umsebenzisi wanamuhla we-porn angakwazi futhi ukugcina noma ukukhulisa ukuvusa ngocansi ngokuchofoza endaweni yesehlakalo, ividiyo entsha noma uhlobo olusha. Ukubukwa kocansi kwendabuko kubangela ukuvusa okukhulu, ukujula okusheshayo, nokusebenza komzimba nokukhiqiza okungaphezulu kunokwaziswa okujwayelekile.
Ngakho-ke i-porn ye-digital yanamhlanje, enezifiso zayo ezingenamkhawulo, ukulethwa okunamandla (i-hi-def ividiyo noma i-virtual), futhi kalula lapho umsebenzisi angakhuphuka khona ekudleni okuningi, kubonakala sengathi yakha "i-stimulus ye-supranormal. "Le nkulumo, eyakhiwe yiNobel u-Nikolaas Tinbergen, owawunesibopho sikaNobel, ibhekisela ekulandiseni okwedlulele kwesimo sokuthi uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo luye lwavela ukuze luqhutshwe ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kodwa okungaholela ekuphenduleni kwe-neophysical (dopamine) kunalokho okushiwo yi-stimulus .
I-Tinbergen yasithola ukuthi izinyoni, izimvemvane nezinye izilwane zingase ziphonswe ekukhethweni kwezindawo zokufakelwa ezenzelwe ukubonakala ezikhangayo kakhulu kuneziqanda ezivamile nezilwane. Njengoba nje uThimbergen's and 'Magnus pornography' 'bephumelela ngokuphumelela ukunakekelwa kwebesilisa ngenxa yezinsikazi zangempela (I-Magnus, i-1958; I-Tinbergen, i-1951), ngakho-ke i-porn namuhla iyingqayizivele emandleni ayo okuncintisana nabasebenzisi ngokubambisana nabalingani bangempela.
Amaphutha amathathu okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla ajwayelekile kubahlaziyi abanesifiso sokuziba indima ebalulekile yobuchopho ekuthandeni komuntu, ekuziphatheni, nasemizweni. Esinye isazi sezocansi sabhala, "Kukhona isayensi yobuchopho kanye ne-neuroscience, kepha akukho okunye lokho okusebenza kwisayensi yezocansi." Ngokuphambene nalokho, labo abafundiswe kwi-biology bazoqonda ngokwengeziwe indima ebalulekile yobuchopho kuyo yonke imisebenzi yabantu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, odokotela bobulili kanye nososayensi bezinzwa ngokufanayo kufanele baqonde ukuthi izitho zangasese zithatha imiyalo yazo yokumasha ebuchosheni, isitho sokuqala socansi.
U-Donald L. Hilton Jr, MD, FACS, FAANS ungumprofesa wokuxhumana we-neurosurgery eYunivesithi yaseTexas Health Science Centre eSan Antonio, umqondisi wobudlelwane bomgogodla kanye nomqondisi wokuqeqeshwa kwe-neurosurgical eMjikelezweni weMethodist Hospital. Ubhale izihloko eziningi futhi ukhuluma ngamazwe nakwamanye amazwe ku-neurobiology yokusetshenziswa kocansi.
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