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Imiphumela Yengqondo Nezengqondo Zosuku Lwanamuhla I-Pornography
Lapho ngisondelene nenye intombazane, ngaqala ukuqaphela ukuthi i-porn iyithinte kanjani impilo yami yocansi… .Angisazizwa lutho ngesikhathi socansi. Ngicabanga ukuthi ngisesigcawini se-porn… futhi noma nini lapho ngilahla ukugxilwa kwami isikhashana, ngicishwa ngokuphelele. Lokhu akufani nokwenza uthando engangikade ngikwenza ngothando lwami lokuqala, lwangempela - umuzwa engiwukhumbula kakhulu. (Reddit)
Isingeniso
Ngamasayithi angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-26 ezinikezwe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokungezwa okwengeziwe nsuku zonke, i-intanethi ivule izindlela ezintsha abantu abangakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, abantu abangaba ngu-29 abayizigidi emhlabeni wonke, abangu-66% babo besilisa, babheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Gallagher, 2010). Lokhu ukufinyelela okukhululekile nokulula kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akukaze kube khona emlandweni wesintu futhi imiphumela yayo ebuchosheni bomuntu nangokwama-psyche ayengafundiwe ngokuphelele. Kuleli phepha ngizochaza ukuthi kungani ukutholakala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zanamuhla kuhlukile kunezizukulwane zangaphambilini nokuthi lokhu kuvezwa kwezinto ezingcolile kungaba nemiphumela emibi kangakanani.
Umlando wezithombe zocansi
Ukubonakaliswa kwabantu ngezenzo zobulili kudlula kude njengoba sinamarekhodi empucuko. Imidwebo yama-paleolithic emaphandleni avela eminyakeni engu-12,000 eyedlule ibonisa ukubonakaliswa kwezitho zofuzo zomuntu (amaSandars, i-1968). Kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka, okuphakathi okwashiwo izenzo zocansi kwakuyizithombe. Ukudweba, ukuqoshwa, izithombe, bese kuba omagazini, konke kwasetshenziswa ngesinye isiko noma enye ukukhombisa izenzo zocansi. Ku-1895, ukuguqulwa okukhulu kweparadigm emithonjeni ecacile ngokobulili kwenzeka ngokusungulwa kwesithombe sokunyakaza. Ngonyaka ofanayo lapho abazalwane bakaLumière babonisa khona ukuqala kombukiso wesithombe sabo sokunyakaza, ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu yezocansi kwaqala (Le Coucher, I-1895). Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube yi-1980, ukusabalalisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubangelwa kakhulu ngefilimu nomagazini. Ngokuguqulwa kwedijithali nokufika kwe-intanethi namakhompiyutha abo kumakhaya ajwayelekile, ukufinyeleleka kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zashintsha ngokujulile ngokuthanda amavidiyo digital kanye nezithombe esikhundleni samafilimu namafilimu angokwenyama. Ku-1980 kuphela, ukudayiswa kwamamagazini kuyehla i-50% futhi kuye kwaqhubeka kwehla kusukela ngaleso sikhathi (Kimmel, 2005). Manje, ekhulwini le-21st, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zicishe zifanane ne-intanethi okuyiyona eyisisusa esikhulu kunazo zonke sezindaba zobulili ezingcolile. Ingxenye yesine yazo konke okulandwayo okwenzeka ku-intanethi kuyizingcambu zobulili ezingcolile futhi ngaphezulu kwezingcingo ezihlobene nocansi ezingu-68 zenziwa ngezinjini zokusesha (i-Gallagher, i-2010).
Uma ukuboniswa kwabantu ngokobulili kube yingxenye cishe yonke imiphakathi esinerekhodi, kungani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zanamuhla zihlukile? Kunezici eziningana kwimpendulo yalo mbuzo. Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwe-intanethi, ukufinyeleleka ezintweni eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile kwakunciphise iminyaka, imali, nokutholakala. Ukuze uthole omagazini nezithombe, umuntu uzodinga ukuphuma ngokomzimba futhi awuthenge. Imithetho kaningi idinga ukuba umuntu abe neminyaka encane ukuze athenge izinto eziphathekayo zobulili ezingcolile, ngakho ukuchayeka kwenzeka ngesikhathi esizayo. Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu akuzange kubambe njalo, kanti izingane cishe zathola izici zobulili ezingcolile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwakudinga umzamo omkhulu kubo futhi ngakho-ke impahla eyabangela yayinganiselwe. Ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, isidingo esisodwa sokuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuthi sibe nekhompyutha noma i-smartphone ekhaya kanye nekhono lokumaka ibhokisi lokuhlola eliqinisekisa ukuthi umsebenzisi ungaphezu kweminyaka engu-18 ubudala. Omunye umehluko phakathi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zanamuhla nezithombe zangaphambili zocansi yizo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezitshalo ezinikezwa kwi-intanethi. Ukutholakala kwe-porn kwakulinganiswa nobukhulu bomagazini kanye nenani lezithombe. Nge-porn ye-intanethi, izithombe ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ze-1.3 ziqinisekisa ukuthi kuzohlale kutholakala izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingatholakali umsebenzisi. Leliveli lezinto ezintsha nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zobulili ezingcolile kuyinto engekho muntu ngaphambi kokufinyelela kwe-1990.
Imiphumela Yemvelo
Umbuzo uwukuthi, ingabe lokhu kushintshwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunomphumela kithi? Ingabe iyashintsha indlela esiyibheka ngayo umhlaba noma ingabe imiphumela yayo ifana nemifanekiso ecacile ngokocansi etholakala emidwebeni yodonga eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezedlule? Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uNorman Doidge uphikisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinomthelela wokuphila ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo okwenza kube umlutha. Ubika ukuthi waqaphela kanjani amaklayenti amaningi abesilisa abeza emtholampilo wakhe ngezinkinga zobulili ezithinta ubuhlobo bawo. Akekho kulaba abesilisa abadabukile, noma abahoxisiwe emphakathini. Bonke babengamadoda emisebenzi ekhululekayo ebuhlotsheni obuvamile noma emishadweni. U-Doidge waphawula ukuthi la madoda angabika, evame ukudlulela, ukuthi nakuba babecabanga ukuthi abalingani babo bobulili bakhangayo, babe nobunzima obukhulayo bokuvuswa. Lapho bebuzwa ngokuqhubekayo, bavuma ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zasebenzisa injabulo encane ngesikhathi socansi. Esikhundleni sokujabulela isenzo sobulili, baphoqeleka ukuba bacabange ngokuba yingxenye yeskripthi se-porn ukuze bavuswe. Abaningi bacela ukuthi abalingani babo benze njengabanye izinkanyezi ezingcolile, ukuze benze izimo ababezibonile kwi-intanethi-ngokuvamile izigcawu ezibandakanya ubudlova. Lapho bebuzwa kabanzi mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, bathi bakudinga izithombe ezingcolile ezingaphezulu kakhulu ukuze bafinyelele ezingeni labo langaphambili lokuvusa (Doidge, 2007).
Isihluthulelo salolu shintsho singachazwa yi-neurotransmitter ebuchosheni okuthiwa i-dopamine. I-Dopamine idlala indima eminingi ebuchosheni, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, iphethe ukufundwa okuqhutshwa ngumvuzo. Cishe zonke izinhlobo zomvuzo eziye zacwaningwa endaweni yokubhubhisa kubonise ukwanda kwezinga lokudlulisa i-dopamine ebuchosheni (Stolerman, 2010). I-Dopamine yikhemikhali evamile etholakala emzimbeni womuntu. Phakathi kwemisebenzi lapho kuvame ukukhishwa kungukuthi ngesikhathi sokulala, uma i-orgasm ivela Kodwa-ke, njengoba nje kusebenza ne-heroin, umzimba uqhubeka ubekezelelana ne-dopamine ekhishwe ngenkathi ubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lokhu kuhlukile kune-orgasm ngesikhathi sokulala ngokocansi uma kunezinguquko eziningi zamakhemikhali nama-hormonal ezenzeka ngaphambi nangemva kokukhululwa kwe-dopamine, okwenza kube nokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi emzimbeni okwenza ukuba kungakhulumi ukubekezelelana kunoma yikuphi amahomoni nama-neurotransmitters ikhishwe (Doidge, 2007).
Ukuqonda umkhuhlane we-dopamine uchaza ukuthi kungani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zishintsha ukuziphatha. Kusukela ekubukeni komzimba, ubuchopho buyakha ukubekezelelana nezinto ezizibonayo, njengoba nje umzimba uqinisa ukubekezelela izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswayo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile bebika ukuthi badinga amavidiyo aqhamuka kakhulu ukuze bavuswe (Doidge, 2007). Esikhathini esidlule, lokhu bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthola, kodwa nge-intanethi, ukukhuphuka kungenzeka kwenzeke kalula. Kodwa-ke, i-dopamine ayibangeli nje ushintsho lomzimba kodwa nokuziphatha okufanayo. I-Dopamine ibangela isifiso esinamandla emzimbeni uma ingena. Uma umuntu ekhukhumezekile nge-dopamine ngesikhathi ebukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kudala impendulo enamandla kulazo zobulili ezingcolile. Ingqondo ihlanganisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nge-dopamine, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuphindaphinda ukuziphatha okukhipha i-dopamine, okungukuthi ubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Njengoba isilinganiso sokubuyela ku-dopamine sinciphisa, amazinga aphezulu wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile adingekayo ukuze athole umuzwa ofanayo wesifiso kusuka ku-dopamine (Doidge, 2007). Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-dopamine iyisifo se-neurotransmitter esibangela isifiso, hhayi injabulo. Lokho kusho ukuthi amaklayenti amaningi afika ochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo usizo ngoba izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zibhubhisa umbiko wabo wobudlelwane zingatholi injabulo ngokubuka izinto zobulili ezingcolile kodwa zisakwazi ukumisa.
Imiphumela Yengqondo
Lolu shintsho lwezinto eziphilayo ebuchosheni lunemithwalo yangempela engokwengqondo nokuzenhlalo. Esicwaningweni esenzelwe ukuhlola umphumela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ekuzibophezelweni kobudlelwane, imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi abantu abadala abadla amazinga aphezulu wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungenzeka babonise ukuzibophezela ukuzibophezela kubalingani babo (uLambert, 2012). Kulesi sifundo, abahlanganyeli babehlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili futhi banikwe omunye wemisebenzi emibili. Iqembu elilodwa lacelwa ukuba libale ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zesonto ngenkathi iqembu lokulawula linikezwa umsebenzi ongeyena olawula ukuzilawula. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi iqembu eladla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngesikhathi sokucwaninga cishe likwazi ukudlala ngothando nabalingani abangaphezu kwamanye amazwe ekuphethweni kwalo. Ebudlelwaneni obuvamile, lokhu kungase kusho ukuthi amathuba okwehla komshado angase akwazi ukuphela ubuhlobo.
Lokhu kuhlolwa kusekelwa ezinye izifundo eziningi futhi. Iningi labesifazane abalingani babo abasebenzisa njalo izithombe zobulili ezingcolile baqaphela ukuthi abalingani babo basebenziseni ukuba bangabisongela ubuhlobo babo (Bergner kanye namabhuloho, i-2002). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwandisa amathuba okuba imibhangqwana iyohlukanisa noma isehlukaniso (Schneider, 2000). Ngesikhathi salo mbiko, angikwazi ukuthola izibalo ezifanayo zamadoda abalingani bawo abavame ukudla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Ngaphandle kokukhulisa amathuba okuqeda ubuhlobo, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokwehlisa ukwaneliseka ebuhlotsheni. Ekuhlolweni kokuqala, kwafunyanwa ukuthi amadoda adle izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ayengabusa futhi angaboni ngokucophelela kubalingani bawo (uZillman noBryant, 1988). Amadoda azibophezele ukutholwa injabulo encane kwezocansi nabalingani babo, ngisho nalapho bengabika ukwehla kwezinga lomkhwenyana wabo (I-Philaretou, i-2005). Abaningi bathi ukuze bavuswe ngokugcwele kanye ne-orgasm, kumele babone ngeso lengqondo izigcawu zobulili abazibonayo ngaphambilini (Doidge, 2007).
Okokugcina, ukuzibika kwamadoda abamukela ukuthi badla izinto ezingcolile zobulili kubonisa ukuthi isihloko esihlala njalo yisiguquko sokusondela kwabesifazane. Ucwaningo olwenziwe e-Yale lubonisa ukuthi kunokuba ihlose abesifazane, ukutholakala kocansi kuyenza abantu "baphile" abesifazane. Amadoda athola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile abonisa ukuthi baningi amathuba okuphatha abesifazane njengokungabikho amandla okucabanga okucabangelayo nokucabanga ngenkathi bebaphatha njengabakwazi ukuphendula ngokuqinile ngokomzwelo (Grey, 2011).
Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingazuzisa ubudlelwane (Hald neMalamuth, 2008). Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa okucishe kakhulu kwezifundo kubonisa ukuthi iningi lezinto ezifunyenwe azibonisi ukwanda kwenhlalakahle yobuhlobo bomlingani kodwa kunalokho kuthuthukiswa okubikiwe kokusebenza ngokocansi kanye nesimo sengqondo. Imibiko evela kubalingani yinto engathandeki kakhulu futhi idatha yemininingwane ibonisa ukuthi ucansi luyancipha ngokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kungenzeka nokuthi abaphendulayo abazibikayo ukuthuthukiswa bafuna indlela yokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
Isiphetho
Yimiphi imiphumela eyenziwa yilezi zitholakala emkhakheni wokwelashwa kwempilo yengqondo? Okubaluleke kakhulu, abahlengikazi bezempilo yengqondo kudingeka baqaphele imiphumela ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingaba nobuhlobo. Abahlengikazi abangazi ngalokhu bangase bahlukane kahle nobuhlobo futhi banikeze ukwelashwa okungasebenzi. Kwesinye isifundo ucwaningo, umbhangqwana washiya ukwelashwa kwesinye isazi futhi wathola omunye owatholile ngokuqondile ukuthi ubudlelwane obunzima bomshado babuwumphumela wokulutha kobulili obungcolile hhayi ukuntula okuthembekile (Ford, 2012). Lolu cwaningo luveza ukuthi kungase kube khona imibhangqwana eminingi eya kumtholampilo ongaqapheli ukushiyeka kokulutha kobulili ezingcolile futhi ngaleyo ndlela ayinikezwa usizo abayidingayo, okungenzeka kuholele ekupheleni kobudlelwane obuhle.
Indima evamile yobulili ezingcolile emphakathini wanamuhla inezimo eziningi ezingalindelekile. Kuleli phepha, ngixoxile ukuthi kungani izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zanamuhla zihlukile kunezithombe zobulili ezicacile esikhathini esidlule. Lokhu kuguquka kuye kwaba nezinguquko ezinzulu ebuchosheni bomuntu nokuziphatha komuntu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyisisekelo nje se-iceberg. Ucwaningo locansi kuleli subfield lunqunyelwe futhi kunezinkinga eziningi ezingaphenduliwe. Zikhona yini izinguquko ezifanayo kubesifazane ababuka njalo amavidiyo angcolile? Ingabe ubuhlobo phakathi kwamadoda nabesilisa nabesifazane nabesifazane buthinteka ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Ingabe isimo sengqondo sokuqala somuntu ngokuqondene nobulili ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile sishintsha indlela esithinta ngayo? Iziphi izinto ezandisa amathuba okuba umuntu angathinteka ngokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Lezi ezinye zezinto eziningi ezidinga ukuphendulwa futhi zibonise ukuthi lokhu kuyindawo encane enezinto eziningi zokucwaninga okuqhubekayo.
Okubhekwayo
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