Xhumanisa esihlokweni sokuqala
Ngesikhathi sokubhala, manje seziningi izifundo kufaka phakathi ukubuyekezwa okuningana kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwe-inthanethi, okubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphoqayo kwezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, njengezidakamizwa noma utshwala, kuyimilutha. Kodwa-ke kukhona abanye abacwaningi, ososayensi ngisho nodokotela abenqaba ukwamukela ukuthi ezocansi noma ezocansi ze-Intanethi zingaba umlutha. Bayiqembu elincane kodwa, njengoba isisho sihamba, esincane akusho ukuthi kuthule. Eqinisweni, bakhuluma kakhulu ngamazwi abo futhi bavame ukuboniswa kwabezindaba ngokubanzi ngokuthi “ochwepheshe” emkhakheni. Oyedwa ovelele waze wanikeza ukwelashwa iseluleko ngokusebenzisa isiza se-inthanethi sezithombe zocansi. Eqinisweni ukusesha nje okuvamile kwi-intanethi kuzokunikeza ama-athikili amaningi athi 'akhipha' inganekwane 'yezocansi kanye / noma umlutha we-porn, ecaphuna abacwaningi abambalwa abacwaningiwe nezifundo ezisekela isimo sabo se- "porn ayinangozi" noma ukuchaza imiphumela emibi ebike njenge "inkolelo”Ukuthi ungumlutha we-porn oyinkinga, hhayi imikhuba yakho yokubuka uqobo. Kubonakala sengathi kunempi ye-Twitter yamanje neqhubekayo yezinhliziyo nezengqondo zanoma ngubani onaka ukulalela lokho okungabizwa ngokuthi “umlutha”.
Kungani kunjalo? Noma ngubani onendaba ukwenza ucwaningo lwabo lwangempela kulolu daba uzothola izifundo eziningi kanye nenani elikhulayo lokubuyekezwa okuhleliwe kocwaningo (ukubukeza okuhleliwe yilapho ucwaninga ngesihloko, uhlanganisa zonke izifundo ozitholayo, futhi uzama woza ngokuvumelana kwalokho okufundwa okubikiwe). Kodwa-ke, uGary Wilson wewebhusayithi yakho I-Brain yakho ku-Porn unomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlanganisa uhlu olude lokubuyekezwa nezifundo ngemiphumela ye-porn ongangena kuyo lapha - Uma uneviki lamahhala noma ungahamba ngalo lonke! Into engingakutshela yona ngokubheka nje ukuthi lezi zifundo zonke ngokuyinhloko zihlolisiswa izindatshana zocwaningo futhi ezinye ziwukubuyekezwa kocwaningo. Kunzima ukuphikisana nokuphikisana nezincwadi eziningi zalapho manje ezikhuluma ngesihloko, nokho iT'war (Twitter War) iyaqhubeka nokuhlasela. Kukhona futhi izinqubo zomthetho kuyaqhubeka kukhombisa ukuthi okuqale njengenkulumompikiswano yezifundo manje sekungubucayi obukhona emhlabeni jikelele, lapho inqwaba yabantu abafaka izingcolile imangalela umcwaningi othile obonakala sengathi uthathe izinto uqobo.
Ukubuyekezwa kwami okuningiliziwe kwezincwadi, engizisekela isifundo sami, ukuthi ucwaningo ngokusetshenziswa kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile luncike ekuhlukaniselweni kwalesi simo njengento eyimikhuba 'yokuziphatha'. Okusho ukuthi, umuntu "umlutha" entweni ethile noma ekuziphatheni, kunokuba entweni ethile. I-American Psychiatric Association's Incwadi Yokuhlola Nezibalo Zezinkinga Zengqondo (I-DSM) isivele ifake ukulutha kokuziphatha okukodwa esigabeni sayo esibizwa nge- "Substance Use & Addictive Disorders" (APA, 2013). Kodwa-ke, ngokuthakazelisayo, igama elithi DSM-5 alisebenzisi igama elithi "umlutha" ukuchaza noma yikuphi ukuxilongwa kulesi sigaba, naphezu kokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "umlutha" esihlokweni sesigaba. Eqinisweni, njengoRichard et al. (2019) baveze, basho ngqo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ukuluthwa" kususiwe ngenxa yencazelo yayo "engaqinisekile nencazelo engaba khona engemihle '(APA, 2013, p. 485). Yize libukeka limukelekile noma lingamukelekile isimo salo sesivakashi, igama elithi “umlutha” liyenqaba ukushiya iqembu ngomusa. Iyaqhubeka nokulenga ngokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile nakuzo zombili imibuthano yemidiya yezemfundo nezenhlalo, icasha njengomngane okungekho muntu ofuna ukuvuma ukuthi uyazi.
Manje kungani igama elithi “umlutha” liphikisana kangaka?
Esikhungweni salesi siphepho sezemfundo kanye nezokuxhumana kwabezindaba kubukeka sengathi igama elithi “umlutha” uqobo. Ukuze senze umqondo othile wempikiswano enesifiso esisaqhubeka njengoba sikhuluma, ngacabanga ukuthi kungaba isikhathi sokubhekisisa leli gama elingaguqukiyo, elinenkinga kodwa eliqinile nelilinamathele. Okokuqala, ngizobheka izincazelo ezithile, khona-ke ngizozama ukubheka umlando waleli gama futhi ekugcineni ngizobe ngifaka owami umbono, othobekile, umbono ekugcineni.
I-American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) ichaza umlutha kabanzi, ngokuthi "isifo esiyisisekelo, somqondo ongapheli womvuzo wobuchopho, isisusa, inkumbulo nokujikeleza okuhlobene. Ukungasebenzi kule mibuthano kuholela ekubonakalisweni okubonakalayo kokuphilayo, kwengqondo, kwezenhlalo nangokomoya. Lokhu kubonakala kumuntu ngamunye ophishekela okokugcina ngokomqondo kanye / noma ukukhululeka ngokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha. Umlutha ubonakala ngokungakwazi ukwenqena, ukuthikamezeka ekuphatheni kokuziphatha, ekulangazeleleni, ekunciphiseni ukuqashelwa kwezinkinga ezinkulu ngokuziphatha komuntu kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu, kanye nokuphendula okungafanele ngokomzwelo. ”
Isikhungo sokuchazwa komlutha ka-Advocate ngokufanayo ebanzi, “Ukulutha kuyisifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esivame ukwenzeka emvelweni, esithinta ukusebenza kwengqondo nomzimba. Kubanga nomonakalo omkhulu emindenini, ebudlelwaneni, ezikoleni, ezindaweni zokusebenza kanye nakomakhelwane. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu ukuba umlutha wukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokulawula, ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo yize kunemiphumela emibi, ukuzibandakanya kakhulu ekusebenziseni, imizamo ehlulekile yokuyeka, ukubekezelela nokuhoxa. ”
Iwebhusayithi eyaziwa kakhulu nge-psychology, Psychology Namuhla uthi ukuthi umuntu "ongumlutha usebenzisa into ethile, noma azibandakanye ekuziphatheni, lapho imiphumela emihle inika isisusa esinamandla sokuphinda umsebenzi, ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi. Umlutha ungahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana utshwala, ama-inhalants, ama-opioid, i-cocaine, Futhi i-nicotine, noma izimilo ezinjengokugembula. ”
The I-APS ichaza umlutha ngokuya ngemibandela yokuhlonza okuhlobene nokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa, futhi ikhuluma kuphela ngokugembula kanye nemidlalo ye-inthanethi njengezibonelo zokuluthwa kokuziphatha ngokuhambisana ne-DSM eyishicilelayo.
Vele, kukhona abanye kepha ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi uwuthola umbono. Ingqikithi ejwayelekile ibonakala yilena: Umlutha uthinta isikhungo somvuzo we Ubuchopho, obangela umuntu ongumlutha ukuthi afune ukuzibandakanya kulowo msebenzi noma asebenzise into ephindaphindwayo, okuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi enze umuntu angakwazi ukuyeka noma anciphise ukusebenzisa leyo nto yize efuna, futhi nasebusweni bezinkinga ezandayo ezibangelwa umlutha. . Kepha igama langempela elithi “umlutha” lisho ukuthini futhi livelaphi?
I-Etymology Yokulutha
Ngokuvumelana ne URichard et al., (2019) umlutha wamagama unomlando omude futhi othokozisayo. Kuvela okokuqala endaweni yokuqala yaseRoma. Impande ye-latin umlutha, ibisetshenziswa njengegama elisemthethweni elisho “ukukhuluma”. Ngenkathi yamaRoma yakamuva, yayisetshenziselwa futhi ukuchaza izikweletu, imvamisa maqondana nezikweletu zokugembula. Ezikhathini zamaRoma umuntu (umlutha) owayenezikweletu zokugembula ngomqondo othile, wayenamathele noma eyisigqila kumkweletu wakhe kuze kube yilapho isikweletu sikhokhwe. Ngezikhathi zika-Elizabethan kwakusetshenziswa ukuchaza ukuthintana okunamandla nomuntu othile, imbangela noma into. Imvamisa igama elithi “umlutha” lalisetshenziswa njengesenzo, ukunamathisela noma ukuzinikela entweni ethile. Izinamathiseli zingaba zinhle noma zingakhi, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwesenzo ngokwako bekungathathi hlangothi. URichard et al. (2019) bathi kungukuguquguquka kokuluthwa kwamagama namandla ayo okusetshenziselwa ukuveza ukunamathiswa okungekuhle noma okuhle okuholele ekuthini kuthathe isikhathi eside futhi kuthandeke ekusebenzeni okuvamile, kanye nokubangela ukufana kokuxilongwa.
Ukuxhunyaniswa kwamagama okulutha nokunamathiselwa kunengqondo kakhulu kimi ngokomtholampilo. Ngenkathi ngisebenzisa iqembu lokubuyiselwa kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa kwabenzi bokubi, ngangivame ukuqala iqembu ngenzalo ebandakanya izincazelo ezahlukahlukene zegama elithi "umlutha" ukuze kwenziwe izingxoxo zibe lula. Kwakunezincazelo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ezinye zezokwelapha, ezinye ezivela emithonjeni esemthethweni njenge-DSM kanye nezingcaphuno ezithile zabasebenzisi abaziwayo bokuqala. Ngizobe sengicela amalungu eqembu ukuthi akhethe ukuthi yisiphi isicaphuni abona sengathi sichazwa ngokwedlule. Isikhathi esiningi abasebenzisi bakhetha isicaphuni esenziwe nguDkt Patrick Carnes, (obhekisisa ekwelapheni umlutha wobulili futhi abhale nezincwadi eziningana ngesihloko kufaka phakathi, Ngaphandle kwamaShadows ) lapho echaza khona umlutha ngokuthi "ubuhlobo be-pathological". Ukuthi lesi sicaphuno, esibhalwe nguchwepheshe wokulutha ngokocansi, bekungukuthi lawa madoda azokhetha kaningi kuyangithakazelisa. Bese bezoqhubeka bachaze ubudlelwane babo nezidakamizwa njengobudlelwano obusondelene kakhulu, obunokwethenjelwa futhi obungaguquguquki abake babuthola. Ukunamathela kwabo emthini wabo wokuzikhethela kwakungokoqobo futhi kaningi, bekungukuphela kwento abangaphendukela kuyo ukuthola induduzo. Iningi lala madoda lalinemilando yezimpilo zomndeni ezingasebenzi kahle, ezihlukumezayo, futhi imvamisa zaziphoxwa yibo kanye laba bantu esilindele ukuthi sibathembe kaninginingi. Akumangalisi ukunamathela kwabo, kwabo Ukuba umlutha wezithombe empahleni yabo kwakunzima kakhulu ukuyiyeka. UCarnes uqhubeka nokusho ukuthi ubudlelwane be-pathological nezocansi buyinto yobudlelwano obunempilo nabantu. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngabasebenzisi bezidakamizwa ngokweqile, ukugembula okuyinkinga nalabo abadla izithombe ezingcolile, okuyilokho okwenziwe ngocwaningo lwami uqobo:
“Anginabo ubudlelwano ngempela. Kungakho ngibuka i-inthanethi engcolile. Kepha amahlandla ambalwa ngiphume ebudlelwaneni besikhashana futhi ngathola impumuzo evela ukwazi ukuthi ngikhululekile ukubuyela ku-inthanethi ye-porn, futhi ngiyazi ukuthi leyo akuyona into enhle ”
Uma sithatha igama elithi "umlutha" lisho ukumane okunamathiselwe, ukuzinikela, noma ukugqilazwa entweni ethile, noma ngabe iyisidakamizwa, njengotshwala noma izidakamizwa, noma umsebenzi, onjengokugembula, ukugembula noma izithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi, igama elithi ukulutha libukeka lilingana, okungenani njengegama elichazayo uma kungesilo elokuxilonga. Noma yikuphi ukuqondana okungalungile egameni kungahle kunamathiselwe entweni noma ekuziphatheni okuba yinkinga kuleso simo, hhayi igama elithi "umlutha" uqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo zihloko ezithi ukulutha kabi kocansi "akukho" noma "kuyinganekwane" ngoba akubhalisiwe njengokuxilongwa ku-DSM kulungile kwezobuchwepheshe, ngoba, kwi-DSM yamanje akukho siphazamiso ngegama langempela elithi "umlutha ”Kubhalwe nhlobo. Konke kungukuphazamiseka okunamathiselwe entweni noma ekuziphatheni, njengakwi-Alcohol Use Disorder noma i-Opioid Use Disorder njll. - noma ngabe zonke lezi zinkinga ziwela ngaphansi kwesambulela se-Substance Use & Addictive Behaviors.
UGoodman (2001) wenza icala, nokho, eliqinisekisayo legama elithi "umlutha wobulili" ukuchaza izehlakalo zezinkinga zokuziphatha eziphathelene nezocansi. Ubalule ukufana phakathi kokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokuluthwa umlutha wobulili futhi wakuthola kufana ncamashi. Eminyakeni engama-20 eqhubekayo, intuthuko emcabangweni we-neurosciology ikhombisile ukuthi ukufana kuyabonakala emzimbeni. Ngakho-ke, uma igama elithi "umlutha" lapho lingasuswa khona kwinkulumompikiswano ngabe sisale siphikisana ngani? Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile nokuphoqayo kobulili noma kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile akunangozi? Ukuthi abantu abazichaza njengabayimilutha yezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi bayinkohliso noma bangalungile? Angicabangi ukuthi lokho kuyasiza nakancane. Iqiniso ngukuthi, ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi nezocansi kukhona, futhi kuyinkinga yangempela kwabaningi. Labo abahlangabezana nalesi simo ngokwami ngokungangabazeki banendaba kancane ngalokho ofuna ukukubiza ngosizi lwabo, kepha ngaphezulu ngokuthola usizo, ukululama nokwelashwa kulo magazini, noma ngabe kubizwa ini. Njengomeluleki, akuwona umsebenzi wami ukuphikisana namakhasimende ngokuthi ngabe udaba lwawo “umlutha wangempela” noma cha. Umsebenzi wami ukulalela, ukusiza ukwenza ushintsho kanye nokusekela iklayenti lami ukuzakhela impilo engcono nabathandekayo.
I-American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Ibhukwana lokuxilonga nezibalo lokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Umhlaka 5. I-Arlington, VA: Umbhali.
UGoodman, A. (2001) Yini igama? Amatemu okukhetha i-syndrome yokuziphatha okuqhutshwa ngokocansi. Ukulutha Kwezocansi Nokuphoqeleka. 8: 191–213, 2001. I-DOI: 10.1080 / 107201601753459919
URichard J. Rosenthal noSuzanne B. Faris. (2019) I-etymology nomlando wokuqala 'wokulutha', Ucwaningo Lokulutha Umlutha kanye Nethiyori, 27: 5, 437-449, DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2018.1543412
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