Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile: Ukucatshangelwa Kwenqubomgomo Yezomthetho Nezempilo (2021)

Inhloso Yokubuyekeza

Imibiko yodlame lwezocansi, ikakhulukazi olubhekiswe kwabesifazane nezingane, yanda ngokushesha. Ngasikhathi sinye, amazinga okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuyinkinga (PPU) ayashesha emhlabeni wonke futhi. Inhloso yalokhu kubukeza ukubheka ucwaningo lwakamuva nge-PPU kanye negalelo layo ebudloveni bezocansi. Le ndatshana inikeza ukuholwa kohulumeni ngokungenelela okungenzeka kwezinqubomgomo zezempilo kanye nezenzo zomthetho ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-PPU nokunciphisa izehlakalo zodlame lwezocansi emphakathini.

Okutholakele kwakamuva

Ukusebenza ngokombono womthengi, sikhomba i-PPU bese sibuza ukuthi zingakanani izithombe zocansi ezidingekayo ukudala iPPU. Sihlola ukuthi i-PPU ikwenza kanjani ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi ezinganeni, ebusheni nakubantu abadala. Umthelela we-PPU ekuziphatheni kwabanye abathengi uphakamisa ukuxhumana okukhulu nodlame lwasekhaya. Ukuklinywa ngokocansi kugqanyisiwe njengesibonelo. Ama-algorithms obuhlakani bokufakelwa adlala indima enkulu embonini yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi kubonakala sengathi kushayela ukwanda kwezinto ezinodlame oluthe xaxa, okwenza amazinga aphezulu okukhubazeka ngokocansi kubathengi nokwakha izifiso zokubuka izinto zokuhlukumeza izingane ngokocansi (CSAM).

Isifinyezo

Ukutholakala kalula kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kuholele ekwandeni kwe-PPU nodlame lwezocansi. Ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-PPU kuyahlolwa, njengokuphambuka okungokomthetho kobuhlanga nobobugebengu obuvela kwi-PPU. Amakhambi asemthethweni nemithelela yenqubomgomo kahulumeni kuxoxwa ngayo ngokubuka komgomo wokuqapha. Amasu ahlanganisiwe afaka ukuqinisekiswa kweminyaka yobulili bezithombe zocansi, imikhankaso yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nezixwayiso zezempilo ezifakiwe nezomthetho kubasebenzisi ekuqaleni kwezikhathi zezithombe zocansi kanye nezifundo zabafundi mayelana nomthelela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ebuchosheni.

Kusukela cishe ngonyaka ka-2008, ukutholakala kwezithombe zocansi ze-inthanethi ngobuchwepheshe beselula kudale izimo ezifanele zenjini ka-Cooper kathathu-A, okuwukuthi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyafinyeleleka, ziyafinyeleleka futhi azaziwa.1]. Kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwezocansi oku-inthanethi okuqinisiwe nokusheshisayo. Namuhla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zilethwa kakhulu ngedivayisi ephaketheni lakho.

Ngokuhambisana nokusabalala okusheshayo kokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi, izinga lokulimala empilweni yengqondo nangokomzimba kubasebenzisi abaningi bezithombe zocansi nalo liyashesha [2]. Izinombolo ezikhulayo zabasebenzisi zibika ngaphandle kokulawulwa noma ukusetshenziswa okuyizinkinga kwezithombe zocansi (PPU). Izinombolo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zincike kakhulu kubantu abachaziwe nokuthi ngabe i-PPU iyazihlola yini noma inqunywe ngaphandle [3, 4]. Ku-2015, idatha yabafundi baseyunivesithi yaseSpain ikhombe i-9% ngephrofayili yokuziphatha okuyingozi namazinga okusetshenziswa kwe-pathological ka-1.7% kwabesilisa no-0.1% kwabesifazane [5]. Ngaphakathi kwesampula elimele abantu base-Australia, inani labantu ababika imiphumela emibi lenyuka lisuka ku-7% labikwa ngo-2007 laya ku-12% ngo-2018 [6].

I-PPU ayithinti umsebenzisi kuphela kepha ingathonya nokuziphatha kwabo kwabanye. Izinga eliphakeme le-PPU lithinta indlela umphakathi osebenza ngayo. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, sekuthuthukiswe kakhulu izincwadi ezibonisa ubudlelwano obucacile phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ikakhulukazi izithombe zocansi ezinodlame, nokuziphatha kwabesilisa nezingane kwabesifazane nezingane [7,8,9,10]. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kokubili ngezindlela ezisemthethweni nezingekho emthethweni, kungaba nomthelela ebugebengwini obufana nokuba nezithombe ezingcolile zezingane noma ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuhlukumeza izingane ngokocansi (CSAM) [11,12,13,14,15,16]. Futhi kungakhuphula amathuba nokuqina kokudlwengulwa, udlame lwasekhaya, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi, ukwabelana ngezithombe zomuntu siqu ngaphandle kwemvume, ukukhanya kwe-cyber, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi nokuhlukunyezwa ku-inthanethi [17,18,19,20,21,22].

Ukuziphatha okuluthayo kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo, kufaka phakathi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi, kuthinta ikhono lomuntu lokulawula imizwa yakhe; isifiso sabo sokuphinda basebenzise isikhuthazi; ukuthinteka kalula ekukhangiseni futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuvimbela isimilo sokungahloniphi umphakathi njengokuphoqelelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa nokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi [23,24,25].

Sibheka ukuthi ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe nguCastro-Calvo nabanye lunikeza incazelo enhle yokusebenza kwe-PPU.

"Ngokuphathelene nokuqanjwa kwayo ngokwezigaba nokuhlukaniswa kwayo, iPPU ibhekwe njengohlobo oluthile lweHypersexual Disorder (HD; [26]), njengendlela yokulutha ngokocansi (SA; [27]), noma njengokubonakaliswa kweCompulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD; [28])… Ngenxa yalokho, izitayela zamanje zokuziphatha kocansi okungalawuleki zibheka i-PPU njengombhalo ongaphansi kwe-SA / HD / CSBD (okuvelele kunazo zonke) kunokuba njengesimo somtholampilo esizimele [29], futhi sicabanga nokuthi iziguli eziningi ezethula ne-SA / HD / CSBD zizokhombisa i-PPU njengokuziphatha kwabo okuyinkinga okuyisisekelo kwezocansi. Ezingeni elisebenzayo, lokhu kusho ukuthi iziguli eziningi ezethula i-PPU zizotholakala zinenye yalezi amalebuli 'ejwayelekile' yomtholampilo, kanti i-PPU izovela njengesicacisi kulolu hlaka lokuxilonga ”[30].

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-World Health Organisation, i-PPU ingatholwa njengokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha ngocansi, noma njengoba kusanda kusikiselwa iBrand nabanye, ngaphansi kwe- "Disorders because of addictive behaviour" [31].

Abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi bayakha kanjani iPPU? Izinkampani ezithengisa izithombe zocansi zisebenzisa amasu afanayo nayo yonke imboni ye-inthanethi ukwenza ukuthi izinhlelo zazo "zinamathele". Amasayithi wezithombe zocansi aklanyelwe ukugcina abantu bebuka, bechofoza futhi bephenya. Abathengi babuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi bashaya indlwabu ukuze bazinikeze umvuzo onamandla we-neurochemical nge-orgasm. Lo mjikelezo inqubo yokuziqinisa yokuqinisa ukungezwani kwezocansi. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokungafani nocansi lwangempela nabalingani, i-intanethi ngokushesha ibanikeza isikhuthazi senoveli sokuphinda inqubo futhi, ad infinitum [32]. Futhi ngokungafani nokushaya indlwabu ngaphandle kwe-porn, noma ucansi lwangempela nabalingani, abasebenzisi abaningi babika izikhathi ezinwetshiwe, kuze kufike emahoreni ambalwa ngasikhathi, besebenzisa inqubo "yokuhlela". Inhloso yomthengi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukukhipha kuphela izingcindezi zocansi lapho zizoba nomthelela onamandla. Umuntu ohlela angafeza amathafa aseduze ne-orgasm, kepha ajabule kancane. Ngokuhlala kule ndawo evuselelwe, kepha engeyona i-orgasmic, bangakha isikhathi nendawo lapho bengakhohlisa khona ubuchopho babo ukuthi bahlanganyela ekuzijabuliseni okungavinjelwe ezweni langempela labalingani abahle, ama-orgasms angapheli kanye nemikhosi yasendle.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaveza ushintsho ezintweni ezimpunga ezingxenyeni ezithile zobuchopho ezidingeka ukuvimbela isenzo sokuxhamazela [33]. Abaphenyi baseYunivesithi yaseCambridge bathola izinguquko ekwakhekeni kobuchopho nokusebenza kwabasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziphoqayo [34]. Ubuchopho babafundi baphendule ezithombeni zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngendlela efanayo nobuchopho babalutha be-cocaine kwimifanekiso ye-cocaine. Izinguquko zobuchopho ezihlobene nokulutha zilimaza ikhono lomsebenzisi lokubeka amabhuleki ekuziphatheni okungacabangi. Kwabanye abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi eziphoqayo lokho kusho ukwehluleka ukulawula ukuqhuma kodlame. Ingafaka isandla ebudloveni basekhaya nakwezinye izenzo zobugebengu ezibhekiswe kwabesifazane nezingane. I-PPU ilimaza ingxenye yobuchopho ebhekene "nombono wengqondo" [35] futhi kubonakala kuthinta ikhono lomsebenzisi nge-PPU lokuzwelana nabanye [36].

Kudingeka Zingakanani Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Ukukhiqiza iPPU?

Umbuzo uthi abasebenzisi kufanele babuke malini nokuthi isikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokuba ingozi engaba yingozi iphenduke ingozi ebonakalayo? Lo ngumbuzo ojwayelekile kepha ongasizi ngalutho ngoba uwushaya indiva umgomo we-neuroplasticity: ubuchopho buhlala buyafunda, buyashintsha futhi buzivumelanise nezimo.

Akunakwenzeka ukukhomba inani elithile ngoba bonke ubuchopho buhlukile. Ucwaningo lokuhlola ubuchopho baseJalimane (hhayi kwizidakamizwa) ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezihambisana nezinguquko zobuchopho ezihlobene nokulutha kanye nokwenza kusebenze okuncane ezithombeni ezingcolile [33].

Isikhungo semiklomelo ebuchosheni asazi ukuthi yini izithombe zobulili ezingcolile; ibhalisa kuphela amazinga okukhuthaza nge-dopamine nama-opioid spikes. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kobuchopho bombukeli ngamunye nesikhuthazo esikhethiwe kunquma ukuthi umbukeli ushelela ekuluthekeni noma cha. Okusemqoka ukuthi ukulutheka akudingeki ekushintsheni kobuchopho obulinganisekayo noma imiphumela emibi.

Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kwama-80% abafuna ukwelashwa kokucindezelwa kokuziphatha ngokocansi babike ukwehluleka ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi, yize kube nemiphumela emibi [28, 30, 37,38,39,40]. Lokho kufaka imiphumela emibi ebudlelwaneni, emsebenzini nasekonakaleni kocansi.

Inselelo eyodwa ecacile ukuthi ezinsukwini zokuthomba amahomoni ezocansi aqhuba umuntu omusha ukuba afune imizwa yezocansi. Kubantu abaningi, kulula ukuthola okuhlangenwe nakho kocansi nge-inthanethi kunangempilo yangempela. Ubusha futhi buyisikhathi sokukhula kobuchopho lapho abantu abasha bekhiqiza okuningi, futhi bezwela kakhudlwana, kumakhemikhali emizwa yokuzijabulisa [41]. Le ntshisekelo nokuzwela kokuhlangenwe nakho kocansi kuhlangene nokufinyelela okulula kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kwenza izizukulwane ezizayo zithonywe kakhulu yi-PPU kunezizukulwane zangaphambi kwe-inthanethi [42, 43].

Abantu abadla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile bangabhekwa njengamazembe amabili.

Eyokuqala isuselwe ezilinganisweni ezithile zenani lezithombe zocansi ezisetshenziswayo. Ingabe badla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezanele ukuze babe namandla okuthuthukisa ukuziphatha okuphoqelelayo noma ukulutha kokuziphatha okususelwa esifisweni sokudla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Impendulo ecacile inguyebo. Izibalo zethrafikhi ye-Pornhub zikhomba ukuthi le nkampani iyodwa isebenzise izikhathi ezingamabhiliyoni angama-42 ku-2019 [44]. NgoJuni 2021, indawo ehamba phambili yokusekelwa kontanga yeNoFap.com ibinamalungu angama-831,000 abecabanga ukuchitha isikhathi sabo sokuphumula bezama ukungasebenzisi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuwumsebenzi ofanele [45]. Ukuseshwa ku-Google Scholar ngomhlaka 18 Juni 2021 mayelana "nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zocansi" kubuyise izinto ezingama-763, okukhombisa ukuthi iPPU ingaphansi kophenyo oluningi oluqhubekayo.

Ngokwehlukana, kufanele kube nobukhulu besikhathi. Ngabe abasebenzisi bakugcina lokhu kusetshenziswa isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuthi babe nokuziphatha okuluthayo noma okuphoqelelayo okugxilwe ekuziphatheni kwabo? Ingqondo yomuntu ngamunye ihlukile futhi kunezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, amasiko nezenhlalo ezingabeka abathengi enkanjini yokusebenzisa okungajwayelekile, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungahle kungabi nemiphumela ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwabanye abantu, kunamathuba acacile okungena ekamu le-PPU.

Ukukhonjwa nokwelashwa kwe-PPU

Izinketho zokwelashwa ze-PPU zabuyekezwa nguSniewski et al. ngo-2018 [46]. Lolu cwaningo luthole isisekelo esibucayi sokucwaninga ngesilingo esisodwa sokulawulwa okungahleliwe kanye nezifundo zakuqala ezinhlobonhlobo zokwelashwa kokuziphatha nezidakamizwa. Bakhombe isidingo samathuluzi okuxilonga angcono njengezakhi zokwelashwa okungcono. Lesi sidingo manje sesifeziwe. I-PPU manje isingakhonjwa ngokuthembekile kubantu nakubantu bonke. Kule minyaka embalwa edlule, kuye kwasungulwa amathuluzi amaningi okukhomba i-PPU, alinganiswa futhi ahlolwa kabanzi [47]. Isibonelo, Isikali Sokusetshenziswa Kwezingcolile Zobulili Ezingcolile manje sesitholakala ngazo zombili isikhathi eside [48] futhi kufushane [49] amafomu asekelwa ububanzi bokuhlolwa komphakathi [50, 51]. Ukuthembeka kwesihenqo esifushane sezithombe zocansi nakho kukhonjisiwe [52, 53].

U-Lewczuk et al. kuphawulwe "Kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abathanda kakhulu okuqukethwe okusobala okungajwayelekile, njengezithombe zocansi ezifanekiswayo noma izigcawu ezinodlame oluningi, bangakhathazeka ngokuthandwa umuntu futhi bafune ukwelashwa ngenxa yalesi sizathu" [54]. UBőthe nabanye bathole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezivame kakhulu kungahle kungabi yinkinga ngaso sonke isikhathi [55]. Kuya ngomuntu futhi kuthonywa izinto eziningi [56].

Abanye abantu bayabona ukuthi abakwazi ukuyeka isimilo ngokwabo, noma ngabe bakhuthazwa ukwenza kanjalo. Lokhu kubaholela ekutheni bafune usizo lochwepheshe kodokotela bemindeni, abelaphi bezocansi, abeluleki bezobudlelwano nabaqeqeshi bokululama [57, 58]. Abanye abantu bajoyina amaqembu okuzisiza ezinkundleni zokuxhumana eziku-inthanethi noma emiphakathini enezinyathelo eziyi-12. Emhlabeni jikelele, sibona inhlanganisela yamasu asukela ekuziqedeni okuphelele kuze kulimaze izindlela zokwehlisa [59].

Kumawebhusayithi wokuthola izithombe ezingcolile (www.nofap.com; rebootnation.org), Abasebenzisi besilisa babika ukuthi lapho beyeka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi izingqondo zabo zigcina zivuselele noma zelaphile, ububele babo ngabesifazane buyabuya. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinkinga eziningi zempilo yengqondo njengokukhathazeka komphakathi nokudangala, nezinkinga zempilo engokomzimba njengokukhubazeka ngokocansi, kunciphisa noma kunyamalale [36]. Kunconywa olunye ucwaningo lwezifundo kumawebhusayithi wokutakula njengoba kuncane okushicilelwe [60].

I-PPU nezingozi zabantu abadala

Uma uqhathanisa imvamisa yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisebenzisa ubunzima be-PPU, Bőthe et al. ithole ukuthi i-PPU inezixhumanisi ezinhle, ezilinganiselayo ezinkingeni zomsebenzi wezocansi kwabesilisa nabesifazane kuzo zombili izampula zomphakathi nezomtholampilo [61]. Amadoda ane-PPU angakha izinkinga zocansi ezifana ne-erectile dysfunction (PIED) ebangelwa yizithombe zocansi, ukubambezeleka kwe-ejaculation kanye ne-anorgasmia [36, 62,63,64].

Manje kukhona ezinye izifundo ezibheka izixhumanisi eziphakathi kwe-PPU kanye nezinkinga ezithile ezithile zokukhula noma zempilo yengqondo. Ku-2019, uBőthe nozakwabo babheka ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) njengesinye sezifo ezivame kakhulu ze-comorbid ku-hypersexuality. Bathola ukuthi izimpawu ze-ADHD zingadlala indima ebalulekile ebucayi bocansi phakathi kwabobulili obuhlukile, kepha "izimpawu ze-ADHD zingadlala indima enamandla kuphela ku-PPU phakathi kwabesilisa kepha hhayi abesifazane" [65].

Kunolunye ucwaningo olukhomba ubunzima abantu abane-autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) abanabo maqondana nokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezocansi okungaba nomthelela ekuziphatheni okuhlukumeza ngokocansi [66]. Njengamanje, ubudlelwane obuphakathi kwe-ASD nokubukwa kwe-CSAM abaziwa kahle futhi abuqondwa kahle ngokwanele ngumphakathi jikelele nangabasebenzi bezokwelapha nabezomthetho. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, asikaze sikhombe noma yiziphi izincwadi ezithile ezixhumanisa i-PPU ne-ASD ngaphezu kocwaningo lwamacala lwakamuva [35].

I-PPU nokuhlukumeza ngokocansi ezinganeni nasebantwaneni

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezinganeni (ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-18) kunemithelela eyengeziwe. Ishintsha indlela abantu abasha abafunda ngayo ukwenza ucansi futhi evame ukuholela ekuqaleni kokuqala kwezocansi. Lokhu-ke kuba yingozi, njengoba ukuqala ngokocansi kwangaphambilini kwenza abantu abasha bakwazi ukuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni okungahambisani nomphakathi [30, 67, 68] futhi maningi namathuba okuhlukumeza ngokocansi enganeni nengane [69, 70].

ENgilandi naseWales, phakathi kuka-2012 no-2016 kube nokwenyuka kwama-78% emacaleni okuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi enganeni nengane abikwe emaphoyiseni [71]. EScotland ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwaba nokunyuka okungu-34% kwamacala anjalo, okwenza uMmeli Jikelele wasungula iqembu lochwepheshe elizophenya ngezimbangela. Embikweni wabo owashicilelwa ngoJanuwari 2020, bathi "Ukuvezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuya ngokuya kukhonjwa njengeqhaza ekuveleni kokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili" [25].

E-Ireland ngo-2020, izinsizwa ezimbili ezisencane zalahlwa yicala lokubulala u-Ana Kriegel oneminyaka engu-14. Babenenqwaba yezithombe zocansi ezinodlame kuma-smartphone abo [72]. Ingabe kukhona isixhumanisi? Amaphoyisa akholelwa kanjalo.

Iningi lamacala okuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi enganeni nengane enziwa ngabafana emantombazaneni emndenini. Ukulala nesihlobo noma okubizwa nge- “faux incest” kungenye yezinhlobo ezidumile zezithombe zocansi ezitholakalayo [73].

Ukufinyelela okungavinjelwe ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi kuthonya izingqondo zezingane nentsha futhi kuzilungiselela ukuba ngabantu abadala ngokuthanda izinto zocansi ezibunjwe yizinhlobo zobulili ezinodlame kakhulu, eziphoqayo neziyingozi. Isibonelo, kukhona ucwaningo lwabafana abasebasha olukhombise "ukuvezwa ngamabomu ezintweni ezinodlame lwe-x ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwabikezela ukwanda okuphindwe cishe kasithupha ezenzakalweni zokuzibika zokuhlukumeza ngokocansi" [17]. Futhi, kukhona ucwaningo olukhombisa ukuphakama okuphawulekayo ekuqalisweni kokuqala kodlame lwezocansi okuvela eminyakeni eyi-16 [18].

Ucwaningo lwase-Australia olwenziwe nguMcKibbin et al. ngo-2017 [69] ekuziphatheni okubi ngokobulili okwenziwa yizingane nabantu abasha bathola ukuthi kubanga cishe uhhafu wazo zonke izehlakalo zokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi kwezingane. Ucwaningo lukhombe amathuba amathathu okuvimbela asuselwa ezingxoxweni nabenzi bobubi abasha: ukuguqula imfundo yabo yezocansi; lungisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kokuhlukunyezwa; futhi basize ukuphathwa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi.

Ukuvikela iPPU kungcono kunokwelapha. Kushibhile, kuhle emphakathini, kuphephe imibhangqwana futhi kungcono ngempilo engokwengqondo nengokomzimba yabantu. Ukuvimbela kusebenza ngokufanayo ekunciphiseni imithwalo ebangelwe yi-PPU ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa. Lapho umuntu ene-PPU, ikhono lakhe lokubikezela imiphumela emibi evela ekuziphatheni kwabo likhubazekile, njengoba kunjalo nekhono labo lokuphindisela ekuziphatheni okungathatheki. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kokuxhamazela kufaka phakathi ukuzibandakanya ocansini olunobudlova.

Uma izindleko zokunakekelwa kwezempilo nezomthetho zokubhekana ne-PPU ziqala ukukhuphuka kakhulu, njengoba okwamanje kubonakala kungenxa yokuthi amakhulu ezigidi zabantu basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kuzoba yinkinga yenqubomgomo ebalulekile kohulumeni. Isibonelo, ngo-2020, amawebhusayithi wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwakuyizindawo ezivakashelwa kakhulu zabasebenzisi be-inthanethi e-8, 10, 11 no-24.74]. Ngaphezulu kwe-10% yabantu emhlabeni abasebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile usuku ngalunye. Ingxenye yabo bonke abantu besilisa abadala base-UK ivakashele i-Pornhub.com ngo-Septhemba 2020-kwabesifazane isibalo sasingu-16% [75].

Akekho owabikezela ubhadane lwango-2020 lwe-COVID-19, kepha ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ze-intanethi, kufaka phakathi amadoda, izingane kanye nabantu abasha abanesithukuthezi ekhaya, kukhule kakhulu ngonyaka odlule. Lokhu kusizwe ukufinyelela kwamahhala kumasayithi we-premium akhokhelwe ngenye indlela womhlinzeki omkhulu wezithombe zocansi i-Pornhub [76, 77]. Izinhlangano ezinikela ngodlame lwasekhaya zibike ngokunyuka okumangazayo kwezikhalazo zodlame lwasekhaya [78]. Ukutholakala kalula kwezingosi ze-inthanethi zocansi kungenzeka kube nomthelela [79]. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunemiphumela eminingi futhi yingakho indlela yezokwelapha kanye neyesayensi yezenhlalo ibalulekile ukubhekana nalo mthombo wezempilo yomphakathi nobungozi bezomthetho.

Inani elandayo lamadoda litholakala linecala lokuhlukumeza abesifazane lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kwakuthinteka. Izincwadi ezixhumanisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziselwa ukona ngokocansi, ukuhlukumeza ngokocansi nokuhlukumeza manje sekunamandla [62, 80, 81].

Yini eyenza udlame ngaphakathi kwezithombe zocansi, ikakhulukazi udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane? Lesi yisikhala esiphikiswa kahle esenziwe imephu ngabaphawuli abanobudlova besifazane [7,8,9,10]. Ukuqhubeka kusuka ebangeni lokushaywa okulula nokudonsa izinwele zomunye umuntu kuye emisebenzini efana nokuklinywa. Isibonelo, eminyakeni yamuva nje, amaphoyisa abike ukwanda okukhulu ezimweni zokuklinywa okungabulali, okungenye yezindikimba ezithandwa kakhulu ezitholakala ezithombeni zobulili ezingcolile namuhla. Ucwaningo lwakamuva luchaza "ukulimala okuhlukahlukene okubangelwa ukuklinywa okungabulali okungabandakanya ukuboshwa kwenhliziyo, isifo sohlangothi, ukuphuphuma kwesisu, ukungalawuleki, ukuphazamiseka kokukhuluma, ukuquleka, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izinhlobo zokulimala kwengqondo isikhathi eside" [82]. Ukukhubazeka “… futhi kuyimpawu ebalulekile yobungozi besikhathi esizayo: uma owesifazane eklinyiwe, ithuba lokuthi abulawe kamuva liphindaphindwe kasishiyagalombili” [83].

Lapho kuba nzima khona ukuthi ukuklanywa kungaba yinto umuntu ayicelayo. Eminye imisebenzi ye-Bondage, Domination, Sadism, Masochism (BDSM) isuselwa esifisweni sokwehliswa komoya-mpilo ngesikhathi se-orgasm ukukhulisa ukuvusa ucansi. Bese futhi, umuntu oyedwa angaklinya omunye ngesikhathi socansi ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, ngoba unodlame futhi unesihluku. Idatha yeGen Z ku-BDSM kanye nobulili oburhabaxa imayelana. Abesifazane abasebasha ngokuphindwe kabili kunabesilisa bathi ucansi olunolaka ne-BDSM yinto abathanda ukuyibuka [84]. Futhi uma bezibuka ezithombeni ezingcolile, bangathonywa ukuba babonise le mpilo empilweni yangempela. Uma abesifazane becela ukuklinywa ukuze bafeze izinga eliphezulu lokuya ocansini, lokhu kungaba namthelela muni ekuvikeleni imvume ngokusemthethweni? Lesi yisibonelo sokwejwayelekile kwezithombe zocansi ezisetshenziswa ngabesifazane.

Umthethosivivinywa kaHulumeni wase-UK "Womthetho Wodlame Lwasekhaya" ufuna ukucacisa umthetho ngokuphinda, ngokomthetho, umthetho obanzi osungulwe ecaleni lika-R v Brown, ukuthi umuntu akakwazi ukuvuma ukulinyazwa komzimba noma ukulimala okubi kakhulu noma, ngu ukunweba, ekufeni kwabo uqobo.

“Akukho ukufa noma okunye ukulimala okungathi sína - noma ngabe yiziphi izimo - okufanele kuvikelwe ngokuthi 'ucansi olubi aluhambanga kahle' yingakho sikwenza kucace bha ukuthi lokhu akwamukeleki neze. Abenzi balobu bugebengu akumele babe nemibono engekho - izenzo zabo ngeke neze zithethelelwe nganoma iyiphi indlela, futhi bazolandelwa kanzima ezinkantolo ukufuna ubulungiswa kulabo abahlukumezekile nemindeni yabo. ” UNgqongqoshe Wezobulungiswa u-Alex Chalk [85].

Kucacile ocwaningweni olunzulu ukuthi kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokuhlukunyezwa kwasekhaya, udlame olujwayelekile olubhekiswe kwabesifazane nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi [7,8,9,10]. Akungabazeki ukuthi ziningi izinto ezifaka isandla kulesi sixhumanisi, kepha ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi kungathinta ubuchopho futhi kuphazamise amandla okwenza izinqumo zomsebenzisi oyimpoqo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isiko lokuxhuma emazweni amaningi liyindlela ejwayelekile yezenhlalo kubantu abasha namuhla. Kodwa-ke, ukungabi bikho kokungenelela kukahulumeni okuphumelelayo ekuhlukunyezweni kwabesifazane sekuholele ekutheni abanye besifazane abasebasha bathathe izinyathelo ngokwabo ukugqamisa ukwanda kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi ezikhungweni nasezikoleni. Amawebhusayithi afana nokuthi “Umenyiwe Wonke Umuntu” (omkhanse.nl) libhala inani elikhulayo labesifazane ababika ukudlwengulwa noma ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi okungakaze kusetshenzwe ngokwanele ngabe abaphathi bezemfundo noma ngamaphoyisa. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izinsizwa ezine-PPU ziphoqelela abalingani ngaphandle kokuthola imvume, okuholela ekumangaleleni ngokuhlukumeza ngokocansi noma ngokudlwengula.

Ukuthuthukiswa "kwamaslutpage", ikakhulukazi e-USA, kuyisibonelo sezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezizenzele zona lapho abesifazane bevezwa kolunye uhlobo lokuziphatha okugqugquzela izithombe zocansi [86].

I-PPU nokukhuphuka

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Intanethi zisebenza njengefomu lokufundisa ngocansi lapho abasebenzisi abasha ikakhulukazi befaka ngaphakathi imisebenzi abayibona iyindlela "yesikripthi sezocansi". Kunezici ezimbili ezenza ukuthi imibhalo yezocansi ibe namandla kakhulu ekushintsheni indlela yokuziphatha kwabathengi bezithombe zocansi. Okokuqala, abantu abathambekele ebudloveni banamathuba amaningi okulingisa lokho abakubukayo [87]. Okwesibili, bonke abathengi basengozini yokuthi izindlela ze-intelligence intelligence (AI) ezisetshenziswa kumawebhusayithi ezentengiselwano zikhohlisa abathengi ukuthi bakhuphukele ekubukeni izinhlobo ezivusa inkanuko zezithombe zocansi. Ukusebenza kwama-algorithms ekushayeleni ukwanda kuboniswa ngendlela abasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi abangaqaphela ngayo ukuthi ukuthanda kwabo kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi; ngakho-ke, kulolu cwaningo lwaseYurophu, "Amaphesenti angamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye asho okungenani kwesinye isikhathi ukufuna okuqukethwe kwezocansi noma ukubandakanyeka kuma-OSA [ezenzweni zocansi ezenziwa online] ebezingabathokozisi phambilini noma abazithatha njengezinyanyekayo" [37].

Ama-algorithm we-AI angashayela abathengi kunoma yiziphi izinkomba ezimbili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bafundisa ubuchopho bababukeli, ngokungazi, ukuhalela isithombe esinamandla, esinobudlova ngokwengeziwe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baqhubela abathengi ekugxileni emisebenzini yezocansi nabantu abasha. Ngakho-ke, sikhuphukela ekuziphatheni okunodlame kanye / noma maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwempahla yokuhlukumeza izingane ngokocansi. Abantu abane-PPU benze izinguquko zobuchopho ezandisa izifiso zokuvuselela okuthe xaxa, mhlawumbe izinto ezinobungozi obukhulu kanye namandla anciphile okuvimba ukusetshenziswa kwabo [11,12,13,14, 35, 38, 63].

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi inqubo yokwenyuka ingaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi ezingekho emthethweni, kufaka phakathi izinto zokuhlukumeza izingane ngokocansi [13,14,15,16]. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CSAM akukho emthethweni emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphakathi kwe-CSAM kukhona nokuqhubeka kokuziphatha kwempahla nempahla yabathengi. Isukela ekubukeni okuqoshiwe okukhona okungakhula ngokungaphezi kuwebhu emnyama naphezu kwemizamo emihle yokuphoqelelwa komthetho ukuyisusa, ngokusakazwa bukhoma lapho abathengi bakhokhela abanye abantu ukuthi badlwengule izingane bebukele. Le nto yokusakazwa bukhoma izogcina isakazwa kuwebhu emnyama nayo [88,89,90,91].

Kusukela kwafika i-intanethi eshesha kakhulu, kube nokwanda okumangazayo phakathi kwezinsizwa emazingeni okungasebenzi kahle kwezocansi ocansini oluhlukanisiwe. Lokhu kuholele egameni elithi "ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile okubangelwa ucansi" (PIED) [63]. Isibalo samadoda ane-PPU ngeke sisakwazi ukuvuswa, noma ngabe sinezithombe zocansi. Kumawebhusayithi wokuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, amanye amadoda abike ukuthi njengoba esethuthukise ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile, adinga isisusa esinamandla sezithombe zocansi ezeqile noma ezingekho emthethweni njenge-CSAM ukuze zivuswe nhlobo.

I-PPU ukuphazamiseka okungavinjelwa. Abantu abakwazi ukuthuthukisa i-PPU ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa isimo samanje sobuchwepheshe, akekho uhulumeni ongathemba ukubeka umthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. I-libido yabantu kanye nemakethe kuzohlala kunqoba noma yikuphi ukuhamba kuleso siqondiso.

Iqiniso ngukuthi amazinga okusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ayaqhubeka nokwanda emhlabeni jikelele. Imiphumela eminingi ye-PPU inezikhathi ezinde zokukhulelwa, ngakho-ke singabikezela ngokuqiniseka ukuthi impilo engemihle nemithelela yezomthetho echazwe ngenhla izoqhubeka nokukhula kuze kube yiminyaka eminingi umhlaba usufinyelele ezinqolobaneni zezithombe zocansi, isikhathi lapho inani labathengi bezithombe zocansi liqala ukwehla . Kulesi sigaba, sihlola amanye amathuluzi ezempilo nawomthetho atholakala kuhulumeni nasemphakathini onamandla okuqala ukuguqula le ndlela, ngokwesibonelo, ukusetshenziswa komgomo wokuqapha, ukuqinisekiswa kweminyaka, izinhlelo zezemfundo ezikoleni, imikhankaso yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nezixwayiso ezithile zezempilo .

Kunamathuba amaningi okungenelela noma ama-nudges ukunciphisa ukubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okungenzeka kube umlutha. Laba basebenzele ugwayi lapho amanye amazwe afana ne-Australia abone amazinga okubhema ehla ngaphezu kwama-70% [92]. Okufanelekile, umthetho kanye nenqubomgomo kahulumeni yezempilo nenhlalakahle kufanele isekele ukungenelela okuthambile okunjalo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zabantu abadala kusemthethweni ezindaweni eziningi [60].

Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CSAM ngabantu abadala akukho emthethweni. Izinhlangano zezobulungiswa emhlabeni jikelele zifuna i-CSAM nalabo abayisebenzisayo. Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho wamazwe omhlaba kuhlose ukunqamula ngokuphelele ukunikezwa kwe-CSAM. Sekukonke ukucindezelwa kwe-CSAM kube yimpumelelo ngokuqhathaniswa, kepha lokho kungenzeka kungahlali kunjalo. Umsebenzi wobuphoyisa osebenzayo ube nomthelela wokushayela imakethe kwiwebhu emnyama kwesinye isikhathi nasezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Yini engenziwa ohulumeni lapho imidondoshiya yezobuchwepheshe efana ne-Facebook yethula ukubethela kokuphela kokugcina okuzokwenza ukuthi kube nzima kwiziphathimandla zezomthetho ukukhomba nokususa i-CSAM kuzingxenyekazi zabo nokwenza ukuthi abenzi bobubi baphendule?

Isimiso Sokuqapha

Ngokwazi kwabalobi, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile azikaze zihlolwe ngokwesayensi ukufakazela ukuthi umkhiqizo ophephile noma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungumsebenzi ongenangozi kubantu bonke. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ucwaningo ngaphakathi komphakathi wesayensi yokulutha umlutha luphakamisa ukuthi abantu, emazingeni abalulekile, bangahlakulela ukuphazamiseka okucindezelayo, noma okuluthayo ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezingalawuleki. Kubukeka sengathi zonke izinhlobo zokuqukethwe kwezithombe zocansi kungaholela ekutheni abanye abathengi bathuthukise iPPU. Lokhu kubonakala kusebenza kubathengi bezithombe zocansi, abazimele ngokweminyaka yabo, ubulili, inkanuko yezocansi noma ezinye izinto zenhlalo.

Okuqukethwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuhlinzekwa yizinhlangano zezentengiselwano nge-inthanethi kukhonjisiwe ukuthi kunemiphumela ehlukahlukene engaholela abathengi ekwenzeni i-PPU. Impikiswano yokuthi abantu abaningi bathola ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile iphephile ayisusi isibopho esisemthethweni embonini yezocansi yezentengiso ukungalimazi abathengi, ikakhulukazi labo abanobungozi noma ubungozi bokuthuthukisa i-PPU: intsha noma abantu abanokungafani kwemizwa noma ukukhubazeka. Ngokuphambene, ohulumeni banomsebenzi wokuvikela izakhamuzi zabo. Ukubonakaliswa kokuphepha kwesikhashana kubantu abadlayo akususi isikweletu esingahle sibe khona sokubangela ukulimala okuvela kuphela esikhathini eside. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ukuvikela ukuthi akukho monakalo osheshayo noma osobala kusetshenziswe imboni kagwayi. Lokhu ekugcineni kuguqulwe ngucwaningo olukhombisa ukulimala ngezikhathi ezinde kakhulu zokukhulelwa.

Lapho kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kokuqukethwe kwezithombe zocansi kanye nokuthuthuka kwesifo esikhombekayo, ikakhulukazi ukucindezelwa kokuziphatha ngokocansi okuphoqelekile, khona-ke ingabe kukhona yini isigaba sesenzo sokulwa nomphakeli wokuqukethwe ngokuya ngomthetho wemfanelo womkhiqizo? Lokhu kudinga ukuqhubeka kophenyo.

Noma ngaphandle kokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, kunezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokunciphisa izingozi emazingeni abantu ngokubanzi nakumuntu ngamunye. Manje sizodingida izindlela ezine ezithembisayo, ukuqinisekiswa kweminyaka, izinhlelo zezemfundo, imikhankaso yezempilo yomphakathi kanye nezixwayiso zezempilo eziyimpoqo.

Ukuqinisekisa Ubudala

Izingane kanye nabantu abasha yibona abasengozini enkulu ekuluthekeni kwe-inthanethi kwazo zonke izinhlobo, ngenxa yobuthakathaka bobuchopho babo kulesi sigaba esibucayi sokukhula ngesikhathi sobusha. Lesi yisikhathi sempilo lapho iningi lezimo zempilo yengqondo nokuluthwa kukhula. Imibhalo yezemfundo ikwenza kucace ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi kunomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni kwentsha [17, 18, 93,94,95]. Njengoba ukubuyekezwa kwakamuva kukaGassó noBruch-Granados kusho "ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile yintsha kuye kwaxhunyaniswa nokwanda kwama-paraphilias, ukwanda kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi nokuhlukunyezwa, futhi ... nokwanda kokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi online" [96].

Ngezingane ezisencane, kufanele sigxile ekuvikeleni i-PPU kanye nokusiza labo asebevele babanjiswa ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, ukuze kuthi lapho beya phambili, bangabenzi ubudlova bezocansi kulabo ababazungezile noma benze imikhuba yezocansi. Umthetho wokuqinisekisa iminyaka uyisinyathelo esibalulekile kulokhu.

Ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa iminyaka buthuthukiswe kahle futhi busetshenziswa ezindaweni eziningi zemikhiqizo kubandakanya ugwayi, utshwala, ukugembula, izinyibilikisi nezikhali. Banamandla amakhulu okunciphisa izingozi ezinganeni nakubantu abasha ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi [97]. Ubuchwepheshe bokuqinisekisa ubudala abuzisusi ngokuphelele izingozi ezinganeni ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi, kepha bunamandla okunciphisa kakhulu amazinga okufinyelela ezintweni eziyingozi, ngaphandle kokuba nomthelela onzima noma omubi emphakathini wonke.

Izinhlelo Zokufunda Ezikoleni

Kwaziwa ukuthi umthetho wokuqinisekisa iminyaka uwodwa ubungeke wenele ukunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngabantu abasha nokuthi imfundo yezocansi iyinsika eyengeziwe ebalulekile. Kubantu abaningi abasha, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile seziwumthombo oyinhloko wemfundo engakahleleki yezocansi, imvamisa ngokungazenzisi. Imfundo yezocansi ehlelekile ijwayele ukugxila kakhulu kwi-biology yokuzala kanye nendaba yemvume. Yize imvume ibaluleke kakhulu, yehluleka ukubhekana nomthelela wezithombe zocansi empilweni yengqondo nangokomzimba yabasebenzisi, iningi labo eliyizintombi futhi ezingahlanganyeli ocansini oluhlukanisiwe. Kungasiza kakhulu uma izingane zifundiswa ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi njengesikhuthazo esingajwayelekile kanye nomthelela wazo ebuchosheni.

Izinhlelo zokufundisa ngezithombe zocansi zingaba nezinhloso eziningi, ezinye zazo ezingasiza. Izinhlelo zokufunda ngocansi sezithandwa kakhulu [98], sithatha umugqa wokuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zingocansi oluyinganekwane oluphephile ukubuka ngaphandle kokuthi abasebenzisi bayabona ukuthi akulona iqiniso. Ubuthakathaka bale ndlela ukuthi alinaki iqiniso lokuthi kokubili ubulili nanoma yikuphi ukuziphatha okunodlame okuboniswayo kungokoqobo kunokulingiswa. Ihluleka futhi ukuphendula ngokushintsha kobuchopho okudalwe ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nakho zokulimala empilweni yengqondo kanye / noma yomzimba. Manje sekunezikole '99, 100nezinhlelo zabazali [101] ezifaka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezilimaza ukuqaphela okuhambisana nendlela yezempilo yomphakathi.

Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwa e-Australia nguBallantine-Jones lukhanyisa izinhlobo zemithelela imfundo engayenza, kanye nokuveza imingcele ethile. Kuphethe ngokuthi:

“Lolu hlelo lwalusebenza ngempumelelo ekunciphiseni imiphumela eminingi emibi evela ekuvezweni kwezithombe zocansi, ekuziphatheni okuya ocansini kwezokuxhumana nabantu, kanye nokuzikhuthaza kokuziphatha kwezokuxhumana, besebenzisa amasu amathathu emfundo yokufundisa, ukuzibandakanya kontanga, nemisebenzi yabazali. Ukuziphatha okuphoqelekile kuthikameze imizamo yokunciphisa ukubukwa kwezithombe zocansi kwabanye abafundi, okusho ukuthi usizo olungeziwe lokwelashwa lungadingeka ukuxhasa labo abalwela ukukhiqiza ushintsho lokuziphatha. Ukwengeza, ukuzibandakanya kwentsha nemithombo yezokuxhumana kungaveza izici ezedlulele ze-narcissistic, ezithinta ukuzethemba, futhi ziguqule ukuxhumana kwazo nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuziphatha kwezokuxhumana kwezocansi "[102].

Imikhankaso Yezempilo Yomphakathi

Ku-1986, umhlangano wokusebenzela wase-US Surgeon General wezithombe zocansi nezempilo yomphakathi wethule isitatimende sokuvumelana mayelana nemithelela yezocansi. Ngo-2008, uPerrin et al. [103] uphakamise izindlela eziningi zemfundo yezempilo yomphakathi yokwehlisa ukulimala emphakathini wonke, ngaphandle kokuthola ukudonsa okuningi. Namuhla izingozi ezingaba khona abaxwayise ngazo sezifezekisiwe, ngokwakhiwa kwe-PPU kanye nokulimala kwayo okuhambisana nakho.

Kodwa-ke, uNelson noRothman [104] baqinisile abathi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi akuhlangabezani nencazelo ejwayelekile yenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile akuyona inkinga efanele ukungenelela kwezempilo zomphakathi. Ngokuvamile, ucwaningo lusekela umbono wokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi okuholela ku-PPU akunakwenzeka ukuthi kubulale abathengi abaningi. Kodwa-ke, asazi ukuthi amazinga okucindezeleka abhekene nabantu abathile abane-PPU kungenzeka ukuthi aholele ekuzibulaleni, amanani awo akhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva phakathi kwezinsizwa, abasebenzisi abakhulu bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe kulokhu kuhlanganiswa luyadingeka.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okunenkinga nakho kubonakala kunegalelo emazingeni aphezulu okubulawa kwabantu ngodlame lwasekhaya noma udlame oluhlobene nezocansi olubhekiswe kwabesifazane. Lapha, asiboni ukulimala okungakhomba noma ukufa kwabathengi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokwabo, kepha njengento eqhamuka ezenzweni ezalandela zalabo abathengi. Kwanele ukuthi i-PPU ingaba nomthelela ekulimaleni kwabesifazane nezingane ukuze sibheke njengomphakathi ukuthi singazama kanjani ukunciphisa noma ukuqeda lezi zinkanuko ezinodlame emadodeni [105].

Akudingekile ukukhombisa ubungozi kuzo zonke izimo ngaphambi kokuba sisebenzise inqubo yokuqapha futhi sibheke ukunciphisa ukulimala komphakathi ngokuqeda abashayeli abaziwayo bokuziphatha okungafanelekile kubasebenzisi bezithombe zocansi. Le ndlela isivele isebenza kuphuzo oludakayo nokubhema okungatheni.

Ngokombono wezempilo yomphakathi, kunengqondo ukuthola nokusebenzisa izindlela zokwehlisa isifiso sabesilisa sokuthola izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezinodlame ezinamandla okubhebhezela udlame lwasekhaya nodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane nezingane.

Izexwayiso Zempilo Zabasebenzisi Bezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile

Izexwayiso zezempilo kumawebhusayithi ezithombe zocansi zingamathuluzi angaba namandla wokunciphisa umonakalo osetshenziswa yizithombe zocansi. Umqondo ukuhlinzeka umthengi ngenduduzo yokubakhumbuza izingozi ezingaba khona ezihambisana nezithombe zocansi ngomyalezo ekuqaleni kwazo zonke izikhathi zokubuka izithombe zocansi.

Izexwayiso zomkhiqizo zisetshenzisiwe nemikhiqizo kagwayi esikhathini eside futhi kufakazelwe ukufaka isandla ngendlela enhle ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi [92, 106, 107]. I-Reward Foundation yethule lo mqondo wezimpawu zobulili ezingcolile emhlanganweni we-Coalition to End Sexual Exploitation owawuseWashington DC ngo-2018 [108]. Sincoma ividiyo, kunokuxwayisa ngombhalo, njengoba ihambisana nabasebenzisi abaphakathi abasebenzisa. Uhlelo lwamakheli we-IP asetshenziswa yi-intanethi luvumela uhulumeni ukuthi abeke umthetho ukuze izixwayiso zakhe zezempilo zisetshenziswe endaweni ethile.

Isithende esikhulu sezobuchwepheshe i-Achilles esithendeni sokusetshenziswa kwamakheli e-IP ukulawula ukufinyelela ku-geography ethile ukusetshenziswa kwamanethiwekhi angasese angasese (VPNs). Ama-VPN avumela abathengi ukuthi benze sengathi bakwenye indawo. Lokhu kusebenza kunganqotshwa ngokusebenzisa isheke elihlikihliwe ne-Global Positioning System (GPS) ukuqinisekisa indawo ye-mobile phone. Yize kungebona ubuwula, ngaphezu kwama-80% ezikhathi zocansi ezenzeka emhlabeni wonke kumadivayisi weselula [44], iningi lazo elizobe livulwe i-GPS. Kunezinketho ezahlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe bendawo yangempela engakhonjwa ngumhlinzeki wezithombe zocansi ezentengiso, kufaka phakathi i-HTML Geolocation API [109]. Ithuba eliyinhloko lapha akukhona ukugxila kunoma yisiphi isixazululo esithile sobuchwepheshe, kunalokho ukuqaphela ukuthi kukhona ubuchwepheshe obukhona, obuvuthiwe obutholakalayo obungaqaliswa ngezindleko ezincishisiwe uma izishayamthetho zizibona zidingeka.

Njengobufakazi bomqondo, ku-2018, sisebenze nabafundi bokuklama imidwebo e-Edinburgh College of Art ukwenza amavidiyo ayizibonelo, ngalinye liyi-20 kuye kwangama-30 ubude. Lokhu bekuhloswe ukuthi kudlalwe ekuqaleni kweseshini esemthethweni yokubuka izithombe zocansi, kunikeze umthengi isexwayiso sezempilo. Amavidiyo ayisithupha ahamba phambili enziwe yisigaba ahlanganiswa akhonjiswa engqungqutheleni yaseWashington [108]. Isifinyezo kulolu hlelo lokuzivocavoca kwabafundi bekuzogxila kumthelela wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile empilweni yezocansi yombukeli, ikakhulukazi emadodeni. Kungasebenza ngokulinganayo ukudala amavidiyo agxile kokutholakala kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukugqugquzela udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane nezingane nokuxwayisa ngobungozi bokukhuphukela ku-CSAM. Isikimu esisebenzayo sizoba nemiyalezo eminingi ehlukene, siyivumele ukuthi ivele ngokulandelana okungakhulisa umthelela wayo.

Umbuso wase-Utah e-USA waba yindawo yokuqala esemthethweni yokwenza uhlelo olunjalo, lapho bekhetha amalebula asuselwa embhalweni [110].

Kukhona isikhala sokudlulisa izindleko zokwenza lezi zinhlelo kubathengisi bezithombe zocansi ezentengiso. Uhulumeni udinga ukuqoka umlawuli ozophoqelela inqubo yokufaka ama-video futhi anikeze nemiyalezo efanelekile yokunqanda ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ngokweqile. Ukuletha imilayezo kungazenzekela ngokuphelele kumawebhusayithi ezinkampani zezithombe zocansi. Izindleko zokwenza lokhu zizoba zincane. Kungaba yintengo nje abathengisi bezithombe zocansi abazoyikhokha ukuze bafinyelele emakethe ethile yabathengi.

Eziphethweni eziningi emhlabeni wonke, izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisemthethweni, noma-ke zihlala endaweni empunga lapho ezinye izici zingaba semthethweni kanti ezinye zingekho emthethweni. Eziphethweni eziningi, umthetho kanye nenqubomgomo kahulumeni kumane nje akuzange kuhambisane nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe nezenhlalo ezihambisane nokukhula kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi ezisuselwa ku-inthanethi. Imboni yezithombe zocansi inxenxe kanzima ukufeza nokugcina le ndawo elula yokulawula [7,8,9,10].

Kunobubanzi obanele bohulumeni nabenzi benqubomgomo ukuthi bavikele izakhamizi ngokwengeziwe futhi babambe izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi izinkampani zezithombe zocansi, ezibhekele ukulimala okuvela emikhiqizweni yazo. I-PPU kungenzeka ingabi yisifo esingaqedwa, kepha ngokubusa okuhle kanye nemfundo yomphakathi esabalele ayidingi ukuba ubhadane.

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