Ukushaya I-Target: Ukucatshangelwa Kokuhlonza Okuhlukile Uma Uphatha Abantu Ngokusetshenziswa Kwezinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile (2018). (Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Grubbs modeli incongruence model)

I-Archives yokuziphatha ngokocansi

, Umqulu 48, Ukukhishwa 2, i-431-435 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1301-9

UShane W. Kraus, uPatricia J. Sweeney

I-Grubbs, i-Perry, i-Wilt, ne-Reid (2018aUhlongoze imodeli yokuqonda izinkinga zabantu ngezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha (PPMI). Ngokuqondile, babeka ukuthi abanye abasebenzisi bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile babhekana nokucindezeleka kwengqondo nezinye izinkinga ngoba ukuziphatha kwabo akuhambisani nezindinganiso zabo (okungukuthi, ukungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha), futhi ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lunikeze ukusekela le modeli ehlongozwayo (Grubbs, Exline, Pargament, Volk, & Lindberg, 2017; AmaGrubbs, Wilt, Exline, Pargament, & Kraus, I-2018b; Volk, Thomas, Sosin, Jacob, & Moen, 2016).

Esihlokweni sabo, uGrubbs et al. (2018a) ihlongoze izindlela ezimbili zokusetshenziswa okubucayi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Indlela ye-1 ibonisa ukuthi izinkinga ezihlobene nezocansi zihlobene nokuhlukunyezwa (okungukuthi, ukusetshenziselwa ukucindezela), futhi iNdlela ye-Pathway 2 ichaza izinkinga zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yokungahambisani nokuziphatha. Zombili izindlela zicabangela isipiliyoni esibucayi sokucindezeleka esivumayo kuyindaba ebalulekile yokubhekana nabantu abafuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ekusebenzeni kwethu emitholampilo, sithole ukuthi isipiliyoni esibucayi sokucindezeleka, esivela ekuhlanganyeleni ukukhathazeka, ukuhlazeka, kanye / noma ukuzithoba, ngokuvamile kuvame ukugqugquzela amaklayenti abafuna usizo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze unikeze izincomo zokwelapha ezifanele kubantu ngabanye, kuhlanganise nalabo abazibiza ngokuthi "abayisilonda socansi," kudingeka sithole ukuthi bangalawula kanjani ukuziphatha kwabo ngokobulili. Sithole ukuthi amaklayenti amaningi afuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kabuhlungu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile abika ukucindezeleka okuphawulekayo kanye nemizamo eminingi ehlulekile ukulinganisela noma ukugwema ekuziphatheni, okuhlangenwe nakho kwemiphumela emibi noma emibi ekusebenziseni kwabo, nokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa naphezu kokungajabuli kuso.

Uhlaka lokuhlonza ngokuziphatha okuphoqelela ngokocansi (CSB) luye lwaphikiswa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva (iKraus, Voon, & Potenza, I-2016b). I-CSB iye yacatshangelwa njengokulutha kobulili (Amakhadi, 2001), ukuxhumene ngokocansi (Kafka, 2010), Ukuzibandakanya ocansini (IBancroft neVukadinovic, 2004) noma ukulutha kokuziphatha (Kor, Fogel, Reid, & Potenza, 2013). Njengoba impikiswano iqhubekile, siye saqonda ukukhathazeka okuphakanyiswe ngabaningana babacwaningi (uMoser, 2013; Winters, 2010) maqondana namandla okuzibandakanya ngokweqile ekuziphatheni ngokocansi okuvamile, yingakho sikholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukubheka ukutholakala kwamaphethini wokuziphatha noma izinkomba ezengeziwe zenhloso yokuthi imisebenzi ejwayelekile yocansi iyinkinga futhi ayilawuleki (Kraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016a).

Njengoba kuxoxwe ngu Kraus et al. (2018), Ucwaningo olwengeziwe olunemininingwane eqinile luyadingeka ukuxhasa ukwakhiwa kohlaka olunembile lokuhlola i-CSB, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zocansi (iGola & Potenza, 2018; I-Walton neBhullar, 2018). Ukwengeza, siyavumelana noGrubbs et al. (2018a) ukuthi ukuqonda kwamanje ukulutha okubonakalayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kunemikhawulo yamasiko kusukela ekufundeni kwangaphambilini kwenzeka kakhulu eNtshonalanga, emazweni athuthukile anamasampula amakhulu amaKristu. Lokhu kuyimingcele ebalulekile yokucatshangelwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kobulili ezingcolile kuyinkinga kanjani kuchazwe futhi kuphathwa ngoba izinkambiso, izinhlelo zokubaluleka, nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu ngabanye abavela kwezinye izizinda zamasiko zingase zihluke emibonweni yaseWestern Judao-yobuKristu efundwa kahle ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kocansi nokunye ukuziphatha ngokobulili . Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo mayelana nokusetshenziswa okubucayi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo zokuxilonga azitholakali kuphela kodwa ziphinde zihunyushwe kuwo wonke amasiko.

Ukucindezeleka Ukuziphatha Kwezifiso zobulili (CSBD): Ukucatshangelwa kokuthola ukuhlukana okuhlukile

Muva nje, i-World Health Organization (2018) Kunconywa kufaka phakathi i-CSBD ku-11th edition ezayo Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezifo Zomhlaba Wonke (6C72). Kuye kwathathwa indlela eqondile, kanti i-CSBD yahlukaniswa njengengcindezi yokulawula ukucindezela ngoba ubufakazi bokucwaninga abukakwazi ngokwanele ukusiphakamisa njengokuziphatha komlutha. Ngenxa yalokho, izinqubo ze-CSBD zifaka okulandelayo:

I-CSBD ibonakala ngephethini eqhubekayo yokwehluleka ukulawula izifiso ezinamandla, eziphindaphindayo zocansi noma izifiso eziholela ekuziphatheni okuphindayo kwezocansi. Izimpawu zingafaka imisebenzi yezocansi ephindaphindwayo ibe yinto esemqoka empilweni yomuntu kuze kufike ezingeni lokunganaki impilo nokunakekelwa komuntu noma ezinye izintshisekelo, imisebenzi nezibopho; imizamo eminingi engaphumelelanga yokwehlisa kakhulu ukuziphatha okuphindwayo kwezocansi; nokuqhubeka nokuziphatha okuphindwayo kwezocansi naphezu kwemiphumela emibi noma ukuthola ukwaneliseka okuncane noma ukungatholi nhlobo kukho. Iphethini lokwehluleka ukulawula izifiso ezinamandla, zocansi noma izifiso kanye nokuziphatha okuphindaphindayo kwezocansi kubonakala esikhathini eside (isb., Izinyanga eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu), futhi kubangela ukucindezeleka noma ukukhubazeka okukhulu kumuntu, emndenini, kwezenhlalo, kwezemfundo, emsebenzini, noma ezinye izindawo ezibalulekile zokusebenza. Usizi oluhlobene ngokuphelele nezahlulelo zokuziphatha nokungavumi mayelana nezinkanuko zocansi, ukunxenxa, noma isimilo akwanele ukuhlangabezana nale mfuneko (Inhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba, 2018).

Ukuphawuleka kwe-CSBD kuhlolwe ngokuphindaphindiwe kwemizamo yokulawula noma ukucindezela ukuziphatha komuntu okwenza ucansi olubangela ukucindezeleka nokukhubazeka ekusebenzeni, futhi "ukucindezeleka kwengqondo ngenxa yokuziphatha ngokobulili ngokwalo akusho ukuthi ukuxilongwa kwe-CSBD" (Kraus et al., 2018, iphe. I-109). Lawa amaphuzu abalulekile okumele acatshangelwe emtholampilo lapho izithako eziyinhloko zanoma yikuphi ukucubungula kocwaningo oluphumelelayo nokuhlelwa kwezokwelapha ziqala ngokuhlola okuphelele kanye nokuhlonza okuhlukile kokuhlukana. Sithuthukise i-algorithm ku-Fig. 1 ukusiza otholampilo bacabange ukuxilongwa kanye nokwelapha izindlela zamaklayenti abonisa ukusetshenziswa kobuciko bezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Ukuze sisize ukuqonda, manje sizoxoxa ngezibonelo ezintathu zamakhasimende wangempela afuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eMnyangweni Wezilwane Zase-Veterans Affairs (VA). Izibonelo zonke ziye zahlulwa ngokuqondile ukuze zivikele imfihlo yamakhasimende.

Umdwebo 1

Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zinkinga zisebenzisa i-algorithm yokwelapha

Umuntu ngamunye nge-PPMI ne-CSBD

UMnu. S ungumakadebona wezobuzwe, owobulili obuhlukile, indoda eyodwa engashadile eneminyaka eyevile kwengu-20 osebenza amatoho ngenkathi esafunda ekolishi. Ulashelwa esikhungweni sezokwelapha i-VA ngesifo sokucindezeleka kwangemva kwenhlekelele nokudangala okuhlobene nempi yamasosha. UMnu. S naye wafuna ukwelashwa ngoba wayezibiza ngokuthi "ungumlutha wezocansi nocansi" futhi wabika ukuthi usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusukela esemncane. Uthe usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile nsuku zonke. Uchaze imizamo eminingi yokuyeka ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuzibandakanya ocansini nabantu ongabazi nabasebenza ngocansi. UMnu S uzichaze njengomKrestu ongumvangeli oguquliwe futhi wathi ukusebenzisa kwakhe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nezinye izindlela zokuziphatha zocansi "kuyihlazo" futhi "kuyisono" kuye okuholele ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kwengqondo. UMnu S wenqabe ukwelashwa okwedlule kwe-CSBD kodwa wabika ukuthi wayehambela iqembu lamadoda esonto ukuze athole ukwesekwa ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwakhe izithombe zocansi.

Phakathi nokudla komtholampilo, izimpendulo zikaMnu. S enkulumweni yokuhlola zilandelwe indlela yokuhamba emgwaqeni ophakathi. 1. Wavuma i-PPMI ngoba izenzo zakhe zobulili azihambisani nezinkolelo zakhe zenkolo. Ngomlando wakhe kanye nokubika kwezinkinga zamanje, naye wahlangabezana nezimfuneko ezigcwele ze-CSBD. Ngeshwa, uMnu. S akazange asebenze ekwelashweni olulandelayo nomtholampilo wethu wanikeza isithakazelo sakhe ekufuneni usizo kuphela esontweni lakhe. Ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphambi kwesikhathi, izincomo zokwelashwa zikaMnu S zihlanganisa ukuchaza imithi (naltrexone) ukubhekana nokuthanda kwakhe nokuhlinzeka ngemithi yokwelapha engqondweni yokubhekana nezinkolelo nokuziphatha okubangele ukusetshenziswa kwakhe okuphoqelela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

Umuntu ngamunye nge-CSBD kuphela

UMnu. D ungumuntu osemdala waseCaucasus, owesilisa nowesilisa ocansini nobulili, oshadile osanda kweva eminyakeni engama-30 onomlando wokucindezeleka owazibiza ngokuthi "ungumlutha wezithombe zocansi." Uqale ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile njalo eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala yobusha futhi wenza imikhuba yokushaya indlwabu kaningi eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, ikakhulukazi ebuka izithombe zocansi isikhathi eside lapho umkakhe eya emsebenzini. Ubike ezocansi ezigculisayo nonkosikazi wakhe yize ebezwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa kwakhe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuphazamisa ukusondelana kwakhe nobuhlobo bakhe naye. UMnu D uchaze ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile njengokucindezela futhi wabika ukuthi ngeke aneliseke ngakho. Ubike izifiso ezinqala zokubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zokuncishwa okwenze ukuthi asebenzise.

Phakathi nokudla komtholampilo, uMnu D akazange avume ukubhekana nokucindezeleka ngenxa ye-PPMI kodwa wabhekana nobunzima bokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwakhe kocansi. Uhlolwe futhi watholakala ukuhlangabezana nezimo ezigcwele ze-ICD-11 ze-CSBD njengoba kuboniswe kuFi. 1. UMnu D wanikezwa imishanguzo (i-naltrexone, i-50 mg / ngosuku), futhi wabamba iqhaza nasezifundweni ezithile zokwelashwa kokuziphatha kokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa okwashintshwa ukubhekana nokusetshenziswa kwakhe okuyizinkinga kwezocansi. Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa, uMnu D wehlise ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi futhi wabhekana ngokuphumelelayo nezifiso zakhe. Uphinde wabika ngokwanda kokuzibandakanya nezinto ezimnandi nomkakhe nabangane njengokuhamba izintaba nokuhamba.

Umuntu ngamunye nge-PPMI kuphela

UMnu Z ungumuntu waseCaucasus, ongumlwi owesilisa owesilisa nowesilisa ocansini nabesilisa abaseminyakeni yama-40 ubudala oseshade iminyaka eminingana. Uqashiwe futhi unengane eyodwa. UMnu Z ubike umlando wokudangala futhi wasebenzisa nezithombe zocansi ngaphakathi nangaphandle kule minyaka engama-20 eyedlule okuholele ekuxabaneni nabalingani abathandana nabo, kubandakanya nonkosikazi wakhe wamanje. Wenqabile ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngezikhathi lapho ayelala khona nonkosikazi wakhe, kodwa wathi ubengakaze asondelene naye eminyakeni eminingana. Njengamanje, ubebheka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye noma kabili ngesonto ukushaya indlwabu kepha enqabe noma ikuphi ubunzima bokuyeka noma ukunciphisa. Ubike ukuthi usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ikakhulu ngoba akanayo enye indawo yokuya ocansini, kepha ukusebenzisa kwakhe izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kumenza azizwe "esabekayo" futhi "enengeka" ngoba indlela yakhe yokuziphatha yayingahambisani nezinkolelo zakhe mayelana nokuthi amadoda "kufanele aziphathe kanjani" esimeni somshado. Wathola ubunzima obukhulu, ikakhulukazi ukucindezeleka, okuhlobene nezinga lokungaziphathi kahle phakathi kwamanani akhe nokuziphatha kwakhe ngokocansi.

Phakathi nokudla komtholampilo, uMnu Z uthe akazange afune ukwelashwa ngalolu daba ngaphambili. Wavumela okuhlangenwe nakho okuzenzekelayo kokucindezeleka ngenxa ye-PPMI futhi wahlangabezana nemigomo yokuxilongwa kokubili ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka kokukhathazeka kodwa hhayi i-CSBD evezwe kuFi. 1. Ukwelashwa komuntu ngamunye kugxile ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka kukaMnu. Z mayelana nokuqala ubulili nomkakhe. UMnu. Z nomkakhe nabo babambe iqhaza emitholampilo lapho umbhangqwana ebeka imisebenzi engajabulisi ngokocansi ukuze lo mbhangqwana ukwenze ngenkathi ukwandisa ukuxhumana kwabo. UMnu. Z wabika ukwehla kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile lapho yena nomkakhe beqala ukubambisana ngokomzimba. Uphinde wabika ukukhulumisana okwedlulele nomkakhe kanye nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka nokukhathazeka okwamenza wayeka ukwelashwa.

Amazwana Wokugcina

Inhloso yethu nale Commentary ukuqhubeka nenkhulumomphendvulwano edingekayo mayelana nokucutshungulwa kwamakhasimende afuna ukwelashwa kokusetshenziswa kabuhlungu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Njengoba kuxoxwe nguGrubbs et al. (2018a), isihloko sokungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha siyasebenza lapho kunqunywa ukuthi ngabe iklayenti elinezinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile lihlangabezana yini nenqubo ye-ICD-11 ye-CSBD. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi abanye abantu babika izingqinamba ezibalulekile zokumodareyitha kanye / noma zokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi okuholela ekucindezelekeni nasekukhubazekeni okuphawuleka ezindaweni eziningi zokusebenza kwengqondo (Kraus, Potenza, Martino, & Grant, I-2015b). Ngokufakwa okungenzeka kwe-CSBD ku-ICD-11 nokuphakama okukhulu kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile emazweni amaningi aseNtshonalanga, silindele ukuthi abantu abaningi bazofuna ukwelashwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi esikhathini esizayo. Kodwa-ke, akubona bonke abafuna ukwelashwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuzothola izinqubo ze-CSBD. Njengoba kuxoxwe ekuqaleni, ukuqonda izizathu ezenziwa izinqumo zamakhasimende ngokufuna usizo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile kuyinkinga enkulu ukuze kutholakale ngokufanelekile ukuhlela nokuthola ukwelashwa okuqondile kumakhasimende.

Njengoba kuqokonyiswe yizibonelo zamakhasimende ethu, kuyadingeka ukuthi sihlukanise imvelo yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga ukucaciselwa ukuxilongwa kanye nezincomo zokwelashwa okufanele zinikezwe. Izindlela zokwelashwa eziningi sezivele zakhiwe futhi zahlolwa i-CSB, kufaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwezithombe zocansi. Ubufakazi bokuqala busekela ukusetshenziswa kokwelapha ukuziphatha kwengqondo (Hallberg, Kaldo, Arver, Dhejne, & Öberg, 2017), ukwelashwa kokuzibophezela kokwamukela (Crosby & Twohig, 2016) noma izindlela ezenzelwe ukucabanga (Brem, Shorey, Anderson, & Stuart, 2017; Reid, Bramen, Anderson, & Cohen, 2014). Ngokwengeziwe, kunobunye ubufakazi bokuxhasa ukungenelela kwemithi (iGola & Potenza, 2016; Klein, Rettenberger, & Briken, 2014; IKraus, iMeshberg-Cohen, iMartino, iQuinones, nePotenza, 2015a; URaymond, uGrant, noColeman, 2010). Njengoba kuboniswe kwizibonelo zethu zeklayenti kanye nomdwebo. 1, amaklayenti anezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziyinkimbinkimbi anezethulo ezihlukahlukene zemitholampilo nezizathu zokufuna usizo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwelashwa okulungele ngokufanele ukuxazulula ubunzima nezimo ezibucayi zenkinga ezisebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.

amanothi

Izimali

Lo msebenzi usekelwa uMnyango Wezilwane Zase-Veterans Affairs, i-Veterans Health Administration, i-VISN 1 New England yokugula ngengqondo yengqondo, imfundo kanye ne-clinical centre.

Ukuhambisana Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo

Abalobi abanakho ukungqubuzana kokuthakazelisa ukudalula kokuqukethwe kwesifundo samanje. Imibono evezwe yile yabalobi futhi ayibonakali isimo noma inqubomgomo yoMnyango Wezilwane Zase-USA, eU.SA.

Ukwamukelwa kokuziphatha

Zonke iziqondiso zokuziphatha zilandelwa njengoba kudingwa nguMnyango Wezezilwane. Lesi sihloko asiqukethe izifundo ngezifundo zabantu noma izilwane ezenziwe ngabalobi. Ukusetshenziswa kwezigameko zokungena ezifakiwe ezifakiwe kuhlanganisiwe ngenhloso yokuqeqesha kuphela.

Okubhekwayo

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