Ukucabanga Okucatshangelwayo Kwezinkinga Zobulili Ezingcolile Ngenxa Yokungaziphathi Kokuziphatha Nezindlela Zokusebenzisa Ngokulutha Noma Ngokucindezelayo Izithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile: Ingabe Lezi “Zimo” Ezimbili Zihlukaniswe Ngokwemibono Njengoba Kuphakanyisiwe? (Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Grubbs model incongruence model)

I-Archives yokuziphatha ngokocansi

, Umqulu 48, Ukukhishwa 2, i-417-423 |

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-018-1293-5

UMatias Brand, UStephanie Antons, U-Elisa Wegmann, UMarc N. Potenza

Isingeniso

I-Target Article kaGrubbs, Perry, Wilt, noReid (2018) ukhuluma ngesihloko esibalulekile nesifike ngesikhathi esibhekene nezinkinga abantu abangase bazizwe ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi. Grubbs et al. baphikisa ukuthi kukhona abantu abazisho ukuthi banomlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ngokuhlukumezayo ukusetshenziswa kabi. Grubbs et al. ukuphakamisa imodeli yezinkinga zobulili ezingcolile ngenxa yokuziphatha okungathandeki kokuziphatha (PPMI) "engasiza ekuhumusheni izincwadi zokulahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, ngokugxila ngokucacile ukuthi ukuziphatha okungathandeki kokuziphatha-ngokubanzi, okuhlangenwe nakho kokuhlanganyela emisebenzini ephula izimiso zokuziphatha ezijulile-kungaholela ezinkingeni eziziwayo ezivela ekusetshenzisweni kocansi. "

Imodeli eku-PPMI kufanelekile ukuyicubungula. Isibalo esifingqa imodeli (bheka uFig. 1 kuGrubbs et al., 2018) kufaka phakathi "usizi" njengokuguquguquka okuyinhloko okuncike, kwehlukanisa amazinga amathathu ahlukene: ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwabantu / okwengqondo, ukukhathazeka kwabantu / okuhlobene nobudlelwano, kanye nokukhathazeka ngokwenkolo / ngokomoya. Izinqubo eziphakanyisiwe eziholele ekucindezelekeni zifaka izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: IPathway 1, ebizwa ngokuthi "yizinkinga zezithombe zocansi ngenxa yokwehla kwesisu" kanye nePathway 2, ebizwa ngokuthi "yizinkinga zocansi ngenxa yokungaziphathi kahle kokuziphatha." Grubbs et al. zisho ukuthi iPathway 1, ekhombisa izindlela zokuthuthukisa kanye nokugcinwa kokuluthwa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi, akuyona into ebhekiswe kakhulu kumodeli eyethulwe futhi, kunalokho, bayifanisa namanye amamodeli athile (isb., imodeli ye-I-PACE) (Brand , Omncane, uLaier, uWölfling, noPotenza, I-2016b). Noma kunjalo, Grubbs et al. banqume ukufaka le Ndlela ye-Pathway 1 emfanekisweni wabo, futhi le ndlela iqukethe izici eziningana zokusetshenziswa okuluthayo noma okuhlukumeziwe kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ezinye izici zale ndlela zixhunyaniswa nezinqubo ze-PPMI, isibonelo, kokubili "ukuhlukunyezwa" nokuthi "ukuziphatha okungenakuziphatha" kufanele kuthinte ngokuqondile "izinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezizibona," okuholela ekucindezelekeni.

Siphikisa ukuthi le ndlela-ukufaka indlela ekusetshenzisweni okungasetshenziswanga futhi ukuxhuma le ndlela nge-PPMI-indlela ingacatshangwa yiGrubbs et al. (2018). Ngokombono wethu, bekungeke kube ngcono ukuhlaziya ngokuqhubekayo ekuxhumaneni phakathi kwezinto eziyinhloko zendlela ezimbili ezingase zibe khona futhi ukucubungula ngokugcwele idatha, ikakhulukazi mayelana nezinye izici ezingacatshangwa ngokugcwele kulesi sihloko, ngokuqondene, isibonelo, izizathu zokuziqeda futhi ukwehluleka kokuzithiba kulezi zilungiselelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGrubbs et al. ingabeka imodeli ngaphakathi kwezimo zamanje zamaphekula ezingcolile zobulili nokunye ukuziphatha okuluthayo ngaphakathi kwezimo zenkolo.

Amazwana ku-Pathway 1 yoModeli: Sebenzisa i-Pornography esebenzayo

Indlela yokuqala emfanekisweni ngumfanekiso ocacile wezinqubo ezihilelekile ekuthuthukiseni nasekugcineni lokho uGrubbs et al. uchaza njengendlela yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ezihlukumezayo. Le ndlela, ngesimo sayo samanje, ihlanganisa izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezihlukile (isib. Ukungahambi kahle, ukufunwa kwezinzwa, ukubhekana nokulahlekelwa), njengezici eziholela ekuboniseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezilandelwa ukuhlukunyezwa. Lesi sibalo sibonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuhlukumezayo kuholela ekuhluphekeni, kokubili ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile, ngezinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezizibonayo. Noma kunjalo, izici eziyinhloko ezihlotshaniswa nokuhlukunyezwa kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zikhulunywa ngokungaqondile futhi ngokungafani neze nguGrbs et al. (2018). Nakuba le ndlela ayiyona into eyayihloswe ngayo imodeli, yayiyozuza ngokufaka ulwazi oluthe xaxa ngokuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kabi kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze kuhlukaniswe kangcono (noma ukuxhuma) lezi zindlela ezimbili.

Izifundo eziningana sezivele zigcizelele ukuthi kunezinye izici ezingeziwe ezingakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziluthayo noma ezilawulwayo. Izibonelo ezivelele zifaka ukujabula kwezocansi nokugqugquzela (iLaier & Brand, 2014; Lu, Ma, Lee, Hou, & Liao, 2014; Stark et al., 2017), izinkomba zomphakathi (Whang, Lee, & Chang, 2003; I-Yoder, Virden, ne-Amin, 2005), kanye ne-psychopathology (Kor et al., 2014; I-Schiebener, i-Laier, ne-Brand, 2015; Whang et al., 2003). Lezi zici kungenzeka zingabi nomthelela oqondile ebukhali besifo sokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziluthayo, kepha imiphumela ilinganisiwe futhi / noma ilanyulelwe ukusabela okuthintekayo nokuqondayo kuzimbangela zangaphandle noma zangaphakathi nemisebenzi ephezulu (yokuvimbela ukulawula) okuholele esinqumweni sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ( Allen, Kannis-Dymand, & Katsikitis, 2017; Ama-Antons noMkhiqizo, 2018; I-Brand et al., I-2016b; Schiebener et al., 2015; I-Snagowski noMkhiqizo, 2015). Okumaphakathi ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile okuluthayo ukucubungula kabusha -ukuphinda ufune izimpendulo (isib. 2018; Umkhiqizo, uSnagowski, uLaier, noMaderwald, 2016a; I-Gola et al., 2017; IKraus, iMeshberg-Cohen, iMartino, iQuinones, nePotenza, 2015; ILaier, iPawlikowski, iPekal, iSchulte, neBrand, 2013; Snagowski, Wegmann, Pekal, Laier, & Brand, 2015; Weinstein, Zolek, Babkin, Cohen, & Lejoyeux, 2015). Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuthokoza okuhlangenwe nakho lapho ukusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuqinisa-ngenxa yezinqubo zokubeka isimo (Banca et al., 2016; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016; Snagowski, Laier, Duka, & Brand, 2016) -Izimpendulo ezithinte ngenhla eziphathelene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni okuqhubekayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (bheka uBrand et al., I-2016b). Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lubonisa ukuthi ukuhlambalaza kwezinhlelo zokubuyisa ubuchopho, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlanganisa i-ventral striatum, zihlotshaniswa nokwanda kokulangazelela nezinye izimpawu zokusetshenziswa kocansi okuluthayo (Brand et al., 2016a; IGola, i-Wordecha, iMarchewka, ne-Sescousse, 2016; I-Gola et al., 2017).

Esimweni sabo, uGrubbs et al. (2018) kungase kube khona umqondo owaziwa kakhulu wokuzikhandla ngaphansi kwegama elithi dysregulation ngokomzwelo. Kodwa-ke, ukunxanela kungaphezu kokuhlukunyezwa ngokomzwelo, ngoba kubonisa ukuphendula ngokomzwelo, okugqugquzelayo, kanye nokusebenza komzimba ekukhusheni okuhlobene nokulutha izidakamizwa (uCarter et al., 2009; UCarter noTiffany, 1999; UTiffany, uCarter, noSingleton, 2000) okuholela kuzo zombili izindlela zokuthambekela nokugwema (iBreiner, iStritzke, neLang, 1999; URobinson neBerridge, 2000). Ukubaluleka kokufunda izinqubo zokulangazelela maqondana nokutholakele okuvezwe yiCyber ​​Pornography Use Inventory-9 (CPUI-9) (Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, I-2015b) kuye kwaphawulwa, ikakhulukazi njengokutholwa okuphathelene nokusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (njengoba kusetshenziswa isici esithi "ukucindezelwa okubonakalayo" kwe-CPUI-9) kubonakala kuzwela kuzo zombili izisusa zokugwema izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nemvamisa yokusetshenziswa lapho uzama ukungavumi (UFernandez, Tee, noFernandez, 2017).

Ingxenye "yokuzithiba okuphansi" esimisweni sikaGrubbs et al. (2018) okungenzeka ukuthi ihlanganisa noma ibhekisele emisebenzini ephansi yokunciphisa kanye nokulawula okuvimbela, njengama-inhibitors wezimpendulo zokulangazelela (Bechara, 2005), okuqhubeka nokusiza ukunciphisa ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwezindlela zokulawula, njengokusebenza okuphezulu, lapho ubhekene nezimo zocansi nokubhekana nengcindezi, kutholakale ukuthi kuyimpofu kubantu abanokuthambekela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zocansi eziluthayo (iLaier & Brand, 2014; ILaier, iPawlikowski, neBrand, 2014a; I-Laier, i-Pekal, ne-Brand, I-2014b). Ukuhlukunyezwa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaholela ekuziphenduleleni okuthuthukisiwe ekubhekiseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuthanda nokunciphisa izindlela zokulawula ezikhuthazwa yizici ezithile ezifana nesisusa esiphakeme socansi, isizungu, isifo sengqondo (Brand et al., I-2016b; Stark et al., 2017), nokungafisi (ama-Antons noMkhiqizo, 2018; U-Romer Thomsen et al., 2018; I-Wéry, i-Deleuze, iCanale, neBillieux, 2018). Esimweni sikaGrubbs et al., Lezi zinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi zilinganiselwe kumbono owodwa ofingqa ngokuningiliziwe ezinye zezici. Kodwa-ke, ukuveza ubunzima be-Pathway 1 kungaba usizo ekuhlukaniseni ngokucacile ukuthi i-etiology yezinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngokuvamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka ngenxa yokuziphatha okungathandeki kokuziphatha kanye / noma ukusetshenziswa komlutha noma okungekho emthethweni.

Amazwana ku-Pathway 2 yoModeli: Izinkinga Ezihlangenwe nakho Ezihlobene Nezithombe Zobulili Ezingcolile Zisebenzise Ngenxa Yokungabi Nengqondo Yokuziphatha

Ngokususelwa kwizifundo zangaphambilini, uGrubbs et al. (2018) kubonisa ukusebenzisana kwemiqondo eminingana ehlotshaniswa ne-PPMI. Ngenkathi lokho okutholakele kusekelwe ocwaningweni olushicilelwe ngaphambili, bahlushwa yizicabango mayelana "nokulutha okubonakalayo" futhi kungase kube yingxenye yokwenza i-dichotomy yamanga ngokusekelwe kwendlela yokwakhiwa nesilinganiso esisebenza ngayo, kanye nokusekelwe ezinombolweni ezincane zezifundo ezilinganiselwe kwenziwa kuze kube yimanje.

Grubbs et al. (2018) bathi inkolo iyisandulela sokuqala sezinkinga ezihlobene nokuzicabangela ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nemizwa yokucindezeleka ePathway 2. Ukwahlulela kusuka kwimicibisholo, uGrubbs et al. Kubonakala ngathi kusikisela (okungenani okuyingxenye) umphumela oqondile kusuka enkolweni kuya ezinkingeni ezizibonayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGrubbs et al. kufaka phakathi umcibisholo osuka enkolweni ngokungaziphathi kahle kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuya ekuziphatheni okungafanele bese ubheka nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuzicabangela ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile nemizwa yokucindezeleka (bheka uFig. 1 kuGrubbs et al., 2018). Lokhu kubonakala kubonisa ukuxazululwa okuncane okuvela enkolweni kuya ezinkingeni ezithinta izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezizibona ezizimele futhi imizwa yokucindezeleka futhi abalamuleli bangase bangafuni ukuziphatha, ukusetshenziselwa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nokuziphatha okungenakuziphatha. Kulokhu, kungaba mnandi ukubona ukuthi yiziphi izici ezengeziwe ezingase zibe nomthelela ekusebenziseni izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngoba inkolo nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusemandleni. Ngamanye amazwi: Kungani abantu abanezindinganiso ezithile zokuziphatha basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kuphula izimiso zabo zokuziphatha?

Enye into okumele ikhulume ngayo yiyo ukuthi izifundo ezifakwe ekuhlaziyweni kwe-meta okucwaningwe ikakhulukazi kubantu besilisa abangamaKristu. Isibonelo, esifundweni sikaGrubbs, Exline, Pargament, Hook, neCarlisle (2015a), I-59% yabahlanganyeli kwakungamaKristu (ama-36% amaProthestani noma amaKristu angamavangeli, ama-23% amaKatolika amaKatolika), ephakamisa umbuzo uma ngabe imodeli yenzelwe ingxenye encane yabantu abathile benkolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu (32%) yabahlanganyeli kule sampula yayingabonakali ngokwenkolo kuhlanganise nabakholelwa kuNkulunkulu kanye nama-agnostics. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi indlela iPathway 2 yesimodeli ku-PPMI ingase ibe yenzelwe abantu abangewona onkolo uma inkolo ingukuqala kokuzilungiselela. Kukhona ukuxhumana okukhona okungenzeka phakathi kwezici zabantu kanye nenkolo okungenzeka ukuthi ihileleke ekubhekaneni nokucindezeleka okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi okungahlobene nokuqukethwe kocansi. Isibonelo, kubantu abanezilinganiso ezingekho ngokobulili (okungenani i-10% yabahlanganyeli ku-Grubbs et al., 2015a), kungahle kube nokungqubuzana phakathi kwenkolo yomuntu kanye nokuthanda / okhetha ucansi (okungahle kwephule izinkolelo zenkolo), futhi lezo zingxabano zingathinta imizwa yosizi ehlobene nokusetshenziswa kwalezi zithombe zocansi (isb. Ukuxhumana okunjalo okungenzeka kubalulekile ukukucabangela lapho kuhlaziywa imiphumela yenkolo ku-PPMI. Ngokufanayo, nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zamanje zivame ukukhombisa udlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane nokuba nezindikimba ezithandwayo zokudlwengula nezihlobo (Bridges, Wosnitzer, Scharrer, Sun, & Liberman, 2010; O'Neil, 2018), uma okuqukethwe okunjalo kungacatshangwa uma kuhlolwa ukuziphatha okungathandeki? Ngeshwa, lezo zici ezishukumisayo nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile azihlanganisiwe ngokucacile endleleni / imodeli. Siphikisa ukuthi izici eziholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile naphezu kokungahambisani nokuziphatha kanye / noma izinkolelo zenkolo cishe ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinamafutha kunokuba zinikezwe.

Ezinye izizathu zokuthi ukucubungula kungabandakanya izici eziqondene nabezindaba kanye nezici ezithile. Izibonelo zezici eziqondene nabezindaba, ezifingqiwe nguGrubbs et al. (2018), zikwazi ukukwazi ukukwazi ukukwazi, ukungaziwa, nokufinyeleleka (i-injini A-triple) njengoba kuphakanyiswe ngu-Cooper (1998), nokubona ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Internet zinikeza ithuba lokubalekela empeleni, njengoba kuphakanyisiwe ku-ACE-model by Young (2008). Izinto eziholela ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, noma ngabe ukusetshenziswa kuphula izimiso zomuntu zokuziphatha, kungase kube nokuziphatha okuhlukile, okufana nesisusa sobulili (Stark et al., 2017). Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile (isib. Ukuzithokozisa okuhlangenwe nakho nokugculiseka ngokocansi) (bheka uBrand et al., I-2016b), futhi kungandisa amathuba okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (ngokuqhubekayo), uma kunikezwa ukuthi ukuziphatha ngokocansi kuyaqinisa ngokwemvelo (cf.Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012).

Iphuzu lethu eliyinhloko ukuthi ukuxhumana okuningi phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kubalulekile ukucabangela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kusukela eGrubbs et al. (2018) baphikisana ngokuthi bahlose ukufaka isandla ekuhumusheni izincwadi zokulahla izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Grubbs et al. uthi: "Ngokulula, njengoba sibukeza ngezansi, ukulutha okubonakalayo (njengoba kubhekwe ezincwadini zangaphambili) ngokuvamile kuvame ukusebenza njengomphenyi ngokubukwa okuvamile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kusetshenziswa njengenkinga ngenxa yokuziphendulela kokuziphatha."

Siyavumelana "nokulutha okubonakalayo" hhayi isikhathi esikahle futhi okungaba nzima kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwenani eliphelele le-CPUI-9 ukuchaza ukuthi "ukulutha okubonakalayo" akubonakali kufanelekile ukuthi lezi zinkokhelo ezintathu azihlolisisi izici ezihlukahlukene zokulutha. Isibonelo, ukunxanela akukwenziwe ngokufanele (bheka ngenhla), ukulutha umlutha akuchazwa ngamaningi amaningi / ukuvama (lokhu kungase kuguquke kakhulu ngokuphazamiseka kokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa; bheka futhi ingxoxo yamanani / ubuningi bezinyathelo ezihlobene nezikolo ze-CPUI-9 kuFernandez et al., 2017), nezinye izici eziningi eziphathelene nezidakamizwa azibhekwa ngokwanele (isib. ukuphazamiseka ebuhlotsheni, emsebenzini, esikoleni). Imibuzo eminingi ye-CPUI-9, njengaleyo ehlobene nokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo futhi etholakala ezinyathweni ezihlobene nemikhuba yokuziphatha / engokwenkolo, ayihambisani kahle ne-CPUI-9 ehlanganisiwe kakhulu ehlobene nokucindezela nokufinyelela (Grubbs et al. , 2015a). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abanye abacwaningi (isib. Fernandez et al., 2017) sitshele ukuthi, "okutholakala kwethu kubanga ukungabaza ngokufaneleka kwe-Emotional Distress subscale njengengxenye ye-CPUI-9," ikakhulukazi njengoba kuyi-Distress Emotional Distress ingxenye engabonakali ubuhlobo obuningi bokusetshenziswa kocansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kwalezi zinto ngesilinganiso esichaza "ukulutha okubonakalayo" kungase kubenze ukutholakala okunciphisa umnikelo ovela ekuboneni ukusetshenziselwa ukuphoqeleka nokuphefumula umnikelo we-incongruence yokuziphatha ebonakalayo (Grubbs et al., 2015a). Ngenkathi le datha ingahlinzeka ukusekelwa kokuhlukaniswa kwalezi zinto kusuka kwabanye abasesikhathini (okungenzeka kusekela imodeli ehlongozwayo), izinto zigxila kuphela ekuzizwa zigula, zihlazekile noma zicindezelekile lapho zibuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Le mizwa emibi ibonisa kuphela imiphumela engalungile ephathelene ne-Inthanethi-ukusetshenziswa kocansi, futhi okuxhunyaniswa ngokuqondile nezici ezithile zezinkolelo ezithile zenkolo. Ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa komlutha kanye ne-PPMI, kubaluleke kakhulu ukucabangela hhayi kuphela uhlangothi lwe-PPMI, kodwa futhi ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwezinqubo zokusetshenziswa komlutha noma okungahleliwe kanye nalabo abafaka isandla ku-PPMI ukuze baqonde kangcono lezi zimo ezimbili nokuthi ngabe, hlukile. Grubbs et al. (2018) ngxabano (esigabeni: "Kuthiwani ngomzila wesithathu?") ukuthi kungase kube khona indlela eyengeziwe yezinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okungaba inhlanganisela yokuthola "ukuhlukunyezwa komgomo" kanye ne-PPMI ngesikhathi esisodwa. Siphikisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kokubili kokuhamba kungase kungabi ingxenye yesithathu, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi inqubo "kokubili" izinkinga zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Ngamanye amazwi, sibeka ukuthi ezinye izinqubo ezihlobene nokulutha umlutha kanye nezici ezishukumisayo zingasebenzisa i-PPMI kanye "nokusetshenziswa okusetshenzisiwe." Lokhu kufana kungase kube khona ngisho noma isikhathi esichithwa ukubukela izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungahluka ngokuqondene nokudala ukucindezeleka noma ukukhubazeka ku-PPMI nokuthi " ukusetshenziswa kokuhlukumezeka. "" Kuzo zombili izimo, "izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zisetshenziselwa okungaphezu kokuhloswe, okungabangela imiphumela emibi nokucindezeleka, nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kuqhubeka naphezu kwemiphumela emibi. Izinqubo zengqondo ezincike ekusetshenzisweni okunjalo zingase zibe okufanayo, futhi lezi kufanele ziphenywe ngokuningiliziwe.

Amazwana Ngamaxhunyiwe Okungenzeka Phakathi Nendlela Ezimbili Esikhundleni Sokuphakamisa Indlela Yesibili

Imibuzo ebalulekile ebalulekile ihlala: Iyini isimo se-PPMI ngokulandela izinqubo ezisekelwe kwengqondo? Ingabe abantu ababika i-PPMI banomuzwa wokunciphisa ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo (okuncane noma okuphakathi) kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Ingabe bazizwa kunzima ukumelana nokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Ingabe bayabhekene nokuxabana phakathi kwesisusa esikhulu sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ngakwesinye isandla futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuzwa ukuthi izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ziyakwenqatshwa ngenxa yezindinganiso zokuziphatha ngakolunye uhlangothi? Kubalulekile ukuqonda kangcono isimo sesifiso nesisusa sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile (Brand et al., 2011; Umbazi, uJanssen, Graham, Vorst, & Wicherts, 2010; Stark et al., 2015, 2017) kubantu abane-PPMI. Isifiso nogqozi lokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, amandla ashukumisayo okuphendula nawokuqonda lapho usebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile — isb. 2016; URobinson neBerridge, 2000) - futhi ngenxa yalokho izinkinga ezinolwazi lokulawula ukusetshenziswa, zingafana nakubantu abane-PPMI nakulabo abanokusebenzisa okungalawuleki / okuluthayo. Kulo mongo, isihloko esibalulekile ukufisa (bheka ngenhla). Ngabe abantu ababika i-PPMI banesifiso kanye nesifiso sokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezimpilweni zabo zansuku zonke? Ingabe bamatasa ngokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Ngabe bahlala becabanga ngokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma ngokuthi ngabe bayazephula yini izindinganiso zabo lapho besebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile? Ingabe banemizwa engemihle lapho bengenalo ithuba lokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile? Le mibuzo kufanele ibhekwe ezifundweni ezizayo nge-PPMI ukuze kuqondwe kangcono i-etiology yalesi simo. Ngokwengeziwe, isihloko esithandekayo sokuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-PPMI nokusetshenziswa okuluthayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kungaba ukulindelwa okuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kwezinye izinhlobo zokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa i-Intanethi, ukulutha kokuziphatha, nokuphazamiseka kokusebenzisa izidakamizwa (iBorges, Lejuez, & UFelton, 2018; I-Taymur et al., 2016; Wegmann, Oberst, Stodt, & Brand, 2017; Xu, Turel, & Yuan, 2012). Ngabe abantu okuthiwa yi-PPMI basebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile ukuze bagweme isimo esingesihle noma ukubhekana nengcindezi yansuku zonke? Ngabe balindele ukuthokozisa okunamandla (Cooper, Delmonico, Griffin-Shelley, & Mathy, 2004) engenakufinyelelwa ngomunye umsebenzi? Ngabe zikhona izimo ezithile lapho bezizwa bengakwazi ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwabo kwezithombe zocansi (Kraus, Rosenberg, Martino, Nich, & Potenza, 2017) noma ngabe ukwephula izindinganiso zokuziphatha?

Ukuxhumana okungahle kwenzeke phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kungaba mnandi kakhulu futhi kungakhuthaza ucwaningo oluzayo. Abaphenyi bangase bahlukumeze izenzakalo eziveza abanye abantu abazibona bengumlutha wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile noma babe ne-PPMI, ngokulandelana, naphezu kokungalingani kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile-sebenzisa ubuningi noma imvamisa.

Ukuxhumana okungenzeka phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kungaba:

  • Ukungqubuzana phakathi kokulangazelela nokuziphatha okuhle lapho ubhekene nezinkinga ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile

  • Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinqubo zokuvimbela inzuzo nokuvimbela

  • Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwemizamo yokusebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile nezindinganiso zokuziphatha

  • Ukungqubuzana phakathi kwesitayela sokubhekana nokuphathwa kwezinqubo zokuvimbela inzuzo

  • Ukungqubuzana phakathi kokwenza izinqumo ngokuphathelene nemiklomelo yesikhathi esifushane (ukuxhaswa ngenxa yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile) nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ihlola izindinganiso zokuziphatha

  • Imizwa yokuhlazeka necala ngemva kokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile, okungabangela isimo sengqondo esibi futhi kungase kwandise amathuba okusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile futhi ukuze kuhlangatshezwe nezimo zemizwa emibi nemizwa yokucindezeleka

Siphikisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukucubungula lokhu okungahle kwenzeke khona kwezinqubo zokungeniswa kwamanye amamodeli anemininingwane eminingi yokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile. Lokhu kungasiza futhi ukuvimbela izindlela ezithile ezivamile kumamodeli ahlongozwayo. Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo lungase luzuze ngombono onamandla wokubambisana kunokuba ulandele imigqa emibili yocwaningo ekhombisa ukutholwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kocansi.

Amazwana Ngemihlahlandlela Yomtholampilo

Grubbs et al. (2018): "Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uthola yini izithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile (isib. ukulutha umlutha) noma i-PPMI, siyabonga kokubili ukuboniswa komtholampilo kungabhekiswa ubuhlungu obungokomzwelo, ukuhlupheka kwengqondo, nemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuzibandakanya. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu sithuthukisa isibonelo sethu se-PPMI njengendlela yokucubungula okuhlukile ukusiza ukukhanyisa lokho okumele kugxilwe khona emtholampilo. "Sivumelana nombono wokuthi zombili izimo (kanye nabanye) kufanele zithole ukunakekelwa kwabahlengikazi uma abantu abafuna isipiliyoni sezokwelapha besebenza ukukhubazeka noma ukucindezeleka. Ngokuqondile, njengoba kwaphawulwa abanye abacwaningi ngaphambili (uFernandez et al., 2017), kubalulekile ukucabangela izici ezithile zomtholampilo kuhlanganise nalabo abathinta ukuziphatha ngendlela efanele. Kodwa-ke, umahluko wezokwelapha wokusetshenziswa okuluthayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye ne-PPMI, ukuqonda kangcono izindlela ezivamile nezokuhlukana kwazo zombili lezi zenzakalo kuyimpoqo. Siphinde siphakamise ukuthi inhlanganisela yezinqubo ezihileleke ezinhlobonhlobo zezithombe ezingcolile zobulili ezingcolile zingase zenze ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, ukusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile, nezinye izinto ezihlangene ngabanye futhi kufanele zithathwe ngabanye.

Grubbs et al. (2018) uthi: "Ngamafuphi, sibeka ukuthi i-PPMI iyizinkinga zangempela ezinemiphumela yangempela yengqondo, kepha ukuthi i-etiology yalezo zinkinga ihlukile ekuluthweni kweqiniso. Ezimweni zomtholampilo, ukukwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo ze-etiological cishe kubalulekile. ” Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, siyavumelana nombono wokuthi zombili izici — i-PPMI nokusetshenziswa okungalawulwa kahle — kufanele ukunakwa kuzimo zomtholampilo. Sithanda ukugcizelela leli phuzu njengoba sikholelwa ukuthi imibono evezwe nguGrubbs et al. akufanele ihunyushwe njengokunciphisa umthelela wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kubantu ngabanye nasekusebenzeni kwabo. Lokho wukuthi, sikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi imodeli ye-PPMI akufanele isetshenziselwe ukunciphisa umthelela womtholampilo wokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zocansi eziyinkinga ezethulweni zayo ezahlukahlukene noma ukwenza isiphetho sokuthi ukubuka izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwabantu abane-PPMI ehlongozwayo akunacala, kuyasebenza ngokweqile, noma kungenjalo akubalulekile . Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi izinqubo zokwakhiwa kanye nokugcinwa kokusebenzisa okubonakalayo kokucindezela / kokulutha kanye ne-PPMI zihlukile kakhulu kunalokho okusikiselwe nguGrubbs et al. futhi kungahle kube nokuhambisana noma mhlawumbe ukusebenzisana kunokuba kube izindlela ezi-orthogonal ezichaza ukukhathazeka kwengqondo. Kumele futhi kuqashelwe ukuthi ukucindezeleka kungashintsha ngokuya ngezigaba zokulutha nokuthi le modeli kufanele ihlolwe ezindaweni eziningi zemitholampilo (isb. Kuyacaca ukuthi ama-etiologies wokusebenzisa okuphoqayo / okuluthayo nokucindezeleka kokuziphatha abelana ngezinqubo ezithile ezishukumisayo, ezithintekayo nezingqondo. Sikholelwa ukuthi kunemibuzo evulekile ephathelene ne-etiology kanye nokwelashwa kokusetshenziswa okucindezelayo / okuluthayo noma okucindezelayo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, kanye nezici zokuqonda ezingaphezu kwalezo ezithwetshulwe yi-CPUI-9 futhi zafundelwa kuze kube yimanje ziyadingeka ukuqhubekisela phambili ucwaningo nokwenza imikhuba yokwelashwa. Kule nqubo, ukubhekwa kwezici eziningi zokwethula kubalulekile, kufaka phakathi izisusa zokufuna ukwelashwa, umthelela wokubukwa kwezithombe zocansi, kanye nezinhloso zokwelashwa. Kwezinye izimo, kungenzeka ukuthi kunengqondo ukusebenzisa amasu we-Ukwamukelwa Nokuzinikela Kwezokwelapha, njengoba kusikiselwe nguGrubbs et al. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha kanye nezinye izindlela zokwelashwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo kungasiza uma inhloso yeklayenti ukubhekana kangcono nezifiso zakhe kanye nezifiso zokusebenzisa izithombe zobulili ezingcolile kanye nokuqonda kwakhe, ukulawula okuvimbelayo, nokulindelwe okuhlobene nezocansi (Potenza, Sofuoglu, Carroll, naseRounsaville, 2011). Izici eziningi kufanele zinakwe lapho abantu ababhekene nezinkinga ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile befuna ukwelashwa (IKraus, Martino, & Potenza, 2016). Ngakho-ke, izici eziningi-ukuziphatha okungathandeki nokuziphatha kwezinqubo zokulutha umlutha, njengokuthanda, ukuvimbela ukuvimbela, nokuthatha izinqumo-kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokugcwele lapho uhlola izinkinga zomuntu siqu ezihlobene nezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisebenzisayo ukuze zihlinzekwe ngendlela efanele, ukwelashwa ngokwezifiso.

amanothi

Ukuhambisana Nezimiso Zokuziphatha

Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi abanakho ukuphikisana kwezintshisekelo. UDkt Brand uye wathola izibonelelo ezivela e-German Research Foundation (DFG), uMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe WaseJalimane Wocwaningo Nezemfundo, uMnyango WezeMpilo waseJalimane wezeMpilo kanye ne-European Union. UDkt Brand usenze izibuyekezo zesibonelelo se-ejenti eziningana; uhlele izigaba zamaphephandaba nezihloko; unikeze izinkulumo zemfundo ezikhathini zemitholampilo noma zesayensi; futhi uye wakhiqiza izincwadi noma izahluko zencwadi yabamemezeli bemibhalo yengqondo yengqondo. UDkt. Potenza uye wabonisana futhi weluleka i-Rivermend Health, i-Opiant / Lakelight Therapeutics, ne-Jazz Pharmaceuticals; wathola ukwesekwa kocwaningo (kuya ku-Yale) kusukela kuMohegan Sun Casino naseNational Center for Gaming Respponsible; babonisana noma bacebisa izinkampani zomthetho nezokugembula ezindabeni eziphathelene nokulawula ukucindezela nokuziphatha okuluthayo; kunikezwe ukunakekelwa kwemitholampilo okuhlobene nokulawulwa komfutho nokuziphatha okuluthayo; wenza izibuyekezo zesibonelelo; ukuhlelwa kwamaphephandaba / izingxenye zezintatheli; unikezwe izinkulumo zemfundo emikhulu emikhulu, izenzakalo ze-CME, nezinye izindawo zemitholampilo / zesayensi; futhi wakhiqiza izincwadi noma izahluko kubamemezeli bemibhalo yengqondo yengqondo.

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