Umsebenzi wezinzwa zesikhumba ozwela isikhumba kubantu ngesikhathi sokuchazwa kwezithombe ezithwele ngokomzwelo: umehluko wobulili (2014)

Front Physiol. I-2014; 5: 111.

Ishicilelwe ku-intanethi Mar 19, i-2014. doi:  10.3389 / fphys.2014.00111

abstract

Ngenkathi kuyaziwa ukuthi ukukhathazeka noma ukuvusa ngokomzwelo kuthinta umsebenzi we-skin sympathetic (SSNA), impendulo ye-galvani yesikhumba (i-GSR) iyim parameter esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukukhulisa ku-SSNA ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka noma izifundo zomzwelo. Sesanda kubonisa ukuthi i-SSNA inikeza isilinganiso esibucayi besimo somzwelo kunokuba izimpendulo zesikhungo zithathwe. Inhloso yesifundo samanje kwakuwukuhlola ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana kobulili ekuphenduleni kwe-SSNA kanye neminye imingcele yemvelo efana nokucindezelwa kwegazi, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphuma kwegazi lesikhumba kanye nokukhukhumeza, ngenkathi izifundo zibhekwa njengezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi noma ezithintekayo ngokomzwelo we-International I-Affective Picture System (IAPS). Izinguquko ku-SSNA zihlolwe ngokusebenzisa i-microneurography kwizihloko ze-20 (i-10 yindoda ne-10 wesifazane). Amabhulogi we-positive-charged (erotica) noma amahle-alayishe izithombe (ukuguqulwa) athulwe ngendlela ehamba ngokungahleliwe, ngokulandela imidwebo yezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi, ne-block ngayinye equkethe izithombe ze-15 ne-2 min min. Izithombe zombili i-eerotic and mutilation zenze ukwanda okukhulu kwe-SSNA, okwenyuka kunabantu abakhulu ababuka i-etica futhi bebaningi besifazane ababukeka bebukeka. Ukwanda kwe-SSNA kwakuvamise ukuhlanganiswa nokukhishwa kwesithukuthelo kanye ne-vasoconstriction ye-cutaneous; Kodwa-ke, lezi zimpawu azifani kakhulu kunezo ezikhiqizwa ngokubuka izithombe ezingathathi hlangothi futhi azizange zihambisane njalo nama-SSNA. Siphetha ngokuthi i-SSNA ikhuphuka ngemifanekiso emihle ngokomzwelo futhi ekhokhiswayo, kodwa ukuhlukana kobulili kukhona.

Amagama angukhiye: umsebenzi wesikhumba ozwelayo, ukucubungula ngokomzwelo, ukuhlukana kobulili, ukukhukhumeza ukukhishwa, i-microroneurography

Isingeniso

Sekuyisikhathi eside umzwelo womuntu ucwaningwa, ngezinkomba eziningi ezihlongozwayo kanye nezindlela ezahlukene ezahlukahlukene ezisetshenziselwa ukuphenya ukusabela ngokomzwelo nokucubungula. Enye yezinkolelo zokuqala zemizwelo esekelwe ekucwaningweni kobuciko kuyi-James-Lange theory, ephakamisa ukuthi imizwelo yenziwa ngenxa yemicimbi yemvelo; umuntu uzizwa edabukile ngoba bayakhala futhi hhayi enye indlela ezungezile (uJakobe, 1884; Lange, 1885). Kodwa-ke, umbuzo we-causation, kanye nolwazi olusanda kutholakala ngezinqubo zemizwelo, lisho ukuthi le ncazelo ishiyiwe ikakhulukazi (Ngokukhanyako, 1953). Kukhona ukuqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkolelo ezingokomzwelo, nakuba sekucacile ukuthi ukushintshwa komsebenzi wezitho ezilawulwa uhlelo lwezinzwa ezizimele (ANS) kuhileleke ekushintsheni komzwelo (Lacey and Lacey, 1970), njengalapho ukuhlwitha okuncane (i-vasodilatation) kwenzeka ebusweni bomuntu ohlukumezayo lapho ehlazeka emphakathini.

Umsebenzi we-ANS nobubanzi bawo obubanzi bokuphendula komzimba manje sekufundwa kabanzi phakathi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zomzwelo noma izinselele, kodwa nokho ukuphikisana kusekhona ngokuphathelene nomphumela ongakahleleki wale mphenyo (Hare et al., 1970; Umshayeli no-al., 1992; I-Lang et al., 1993; Fox, 2002; Ritz et al., 2005; UCarter et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2012). Kunombono ovamile wokuthi umehluko wobulili nemikhuba ikhona. Ngempela, kukhona ubufakazi obuvelayo bokuhlukana kobulili ekusetshenzisweni ngokomzwelo, nabesifazane abathola ukuthi banokuqonda okungokomzwelo futhi banemizwa enomvuthwandaba nangokwengeziwe kunabesilisa (Whittle et al., 2011), nokho kunezincwadi ezincane kakhulu ezihlola ubulili kanye nomzwelo. Nakuba kuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana okukhulu kobulili ekusakazeni kwemizwa yokucindezeleka ngokomzwelo (Gater et al., 1998), kuneziphumo ezixubekile kulabo cwaningo abaye bahlola ukuhlukana kobulili ngokuqondene nezinqubo ezithile zomzwelo (uBradley et al., 2001; McRae et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2010; Lithari et al., 2010; I-Bianchin ne-Angrilli, 2012).

Ngakho-ke, inhloso yesifundo samanje kwakuwukwandisa ekufundeni kwethu kwangaphambilini (Brown et al., 2012) ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ukuhlukana kobulili kunomthelela ekuphenduleni kokuzimela ngesikhathi sokuboniswa kwe-visuli. Ngokuvusa ukuvuswa kwemizwelo ngokungathí sina sasigwema ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo okuhloswe ngezifundo ezisebenzisa ukucindezeleka kwengqondo, njengokuhlolwa kombhalo we-Stroop noma izibalo zengqondo. Sifuna ukusebenzisa ukuqoshwa okuqondile kwe-microneurographic yesikhumba senzwa yesikhumba (SSNA) futhi uqhathanise lokhu nezimpendulo zemizimba njenge-blood pressure, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula, nokukhishwa kwesithukuthezi nokuphuma kwegazi, ngenkathi kubonisa izihloko ezithintekayo noma ezithintekayo ngokomzwelo izithombe ezivela kwi-International Affective Picture System (i-IAPS) -isethi esetshenzisiwe esetshenziswa kakhulu (Lang et al., 1997). Kubonakala ngokucacile ukuthi ukucindezeleka ngokomzwelo kuvusa ukukhukhumeza ukukhipha nokunciphisa isikhumba segazi (ie, ukujula okubandayo), kanye nokubangela izinwele ukuba zime (i-goosebumps); lezi zimpendulo zemizimba zikhiqizwa ngokuzibandakanya kwe-Vasoconstrictor, i-sudomotor, ne-pedomotor neurons. Ngesikhathi ukuqoshwa kwama-single-unit we-vasoconstrictor kanye ne-sudomotor neurons (Macefield naseWallin, 1996, 1999), nakuba kungenjalo ngenkathi kushicilelwa ngokomzwelo, ukurekhodwa okuqondile kwe-SSNA ngokuvamile kubhalisiwe-okuhlinzekwa inzuzo ukuthi ukuphuma kokuzwela kunendawo yesikhumba kungalinganiswa. Njengoba ukukhukhuma ukukhulelwa kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukukhuphuka ngesikhathi sokufunda ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka nomzwelo, futhi siyazi kusukela ekufundeni kwethu kwangaphambilini ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwe-SSNA nokukhululwa okukhukhulayo kuyampofu, enye inhloso yocwaningo kwakuwukuqhubeka nokuqinisa umqondo oqondile ukurekhodwa kwe-SSNA kunikeza isilinganiso esiphezulu sokuphuma kokuzwela okuphelele kwesikhumba bese u-sweat release kuphela.

izindlela

Izinqubo ezijwayelekile

Izifundo zenziwa ku-10 wesilisa naku-10 izifundo ezinempilo ezinempilo (iminyaka yobudala ye-20-46) Isihloko ngasinye sanikeza imvume ebhaliwe ngaphambi kokuba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo, futhi kuthiwa bangakwazi ukuhoxisa ekuhlolweni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, njengoba bekwaziswa ukuthi babezobe bebuka ezinye izithombe eziphazamisayo. Lezi zifundo zaqhutshwa ngaphansi kokuvunyelwa kweKomiti Yezokuziphatha Ezomuntu YaseYunivesithi yaseWestern Sydney, futhi yanelisekile iSimemezelo seHelsinki. Izihloko zithembeke kahle esihlalweni endaweni enemizuzu emibili imilenze isekelwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukunakekelwa kuthathwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo enokuthula nokuthula ukuze unciphise izimpendulo zokuvusa okuzenzekelayo. Ukushisa okunethezeka okunamandla nakho kwagcinwa (22 ° C), njengoba ukuphuma kwesikhumba kuzwela kungena ekushiseni okushisayo. I-ECG (0.3-1.0 kHz) ibhalwe ngama-electrodes ase-Ag-AgCl ebusweni, sampuliwe ku-2 kHz, futhi igcinwe kwikhompyutha nezinye iziguquguquko zomzimba usebenzisa uhlelo lokuthola idatha nedatha yokuhlaziya (PowerLab 16SP ne-LabChart 7 software ; ADInstruments, eSydney, e-Australia). Ukucindezelwa kwegazi kubhalwe ngokuqhubekayo usebenzisa umunwe-pulse plethysmography (i-Finometer Pro, i-Finapres Medical Systems, i-Netherlands) futhi isampuliwe ku-400 Hz. Ukuphefumula (i-DC-100 Hz) kubhalwe phansi usebenzisa i-transducer ye-strain-gauge (i-Pneumotrace, i-UFI, i-Morro Bay CA, eU.SA) ehlanganiswe esifubeni. Izinguquko zomsindo wegazi lesikhumba zihloliwe nge-transducer ye-piezoelectric esetshenziselwa i-pad yomunwe; kusukela kuloluphawu lwamapulitude we-signal lubalwa ngokusebenzisa isici se-Cyclic Measurements kuhlelo lwe-LabChart 7. Ukuncipha kwe-pulse amplitude kwasetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukwehla kwegazi lesikhumba. Ikhono lekhanda (i-0.1-10 Hz; i-BioAmp, i-ADInstruments, i-Sydney, i-Australia) ilinganiselwe entendeni yesandla nesandla; Izinguquko esikhwameni sesikhumba ziveza ukukhululwa kwesithuthuthu.

Microneurography

I-nerve ejwayelekile ye-peroneal yayisekhanda le-fibular nge-palpation nokuvuselela kagesi okungenasisekelo nge-probe yangaphakathi (i-3-10 mA, i-0.2 ms, i-1 Hz) ngomthombo ongenamkhawulo wamanje (i-Stimulus Isolator, ADInstruments, eSydney, e-Australia). I-microelectrode e-tungsten engasetshenzisiwe (FHC, Maine, eU.SA) ifakwe ngandlela-thile emgqeni futhi iqhubekela phambili ekubhekaneni ne-fascicle encane ye-nerve ngenkathi ihambisa amaphutha kagesi abuthakathaka (0.01-1 mA, 0.2 ms, 1 Hz). I-microelectrode engasetshenzisiwe engasetshenzisiwe yasebenza njenge-electrode yokubhekisela ne-electrode ye-Ag-AgCl engaphezulu emlenzeni njenge-electrode yomhlabathi. I-fascicle eyinqaba yachazwa njengenjengoba ukugqugquzela kwangaphakathi kwe-intraneural kukhishwe i-paraesthesiae ngaphandle kwemisipha e-muscle emigqumeni yokuvuselela noma ngaphansi kwe-0.02 mA. Ngesikhathi i-fascicle encane yayifakiwe, umsebenzi we-neural wawukhuliswa (thola i-104, bandpass 0.3-5.0 kHz) usebenzisa umsindo ophansi, ohlukaniswe ngogesi, i-headstage (NeuroAmpEx, ADInstruments, Sydney, Australia). Ubunikazi be-fascicle buqinisekiswe ngokuvula ama-mechanoreceptors asezingeni eliphansi-ukuphulula isikhumba endaweni ye-fascicular innervation. Ukuma kwethiphu ye-microelectrode kwabe sekulungiswa ngesandla kuze kube kutholakala ukuqhuma okuzenzakalelayo kwe-SSNA. Ngezinhloso zokuhlonza, ukuqhuma ngakunye kwe-SSNA kwenziwa ngokucela lowo obhekene nesihloko ukuthi athathe isniff esisheshayo noma, lapho amehlo endoda evaliwe, eletha isikhuthazi ebesingalindelekile — njengompompi wasekhaleni noma ukumemeza okukhulu. Umsebenzi we-Neural utholakele (isampuli se-10 kHz), kanye nomsebenzi wezinzwa onozwela uboniswe njenge-RMS-processed (impande isho isikwele, isignali yesilinganiso esisebenza njalo engama-200 ms) futhi yahlaziywa kukhompyutha kusetshenziswa isoftware yeLabChart 7. Ngenkathi ithrafikhi yezinzwa eqondile nozwelo kanye nokugeleza kwegazi okusikiwe nokukhululwa kwezithukuthuku kwakulinganiswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomzimba, kuyaziwa ukuthi ukuqhuma kwe-SSNA ngokuvamile kuvela ngendlela ehambisanayo phakathi kwengalo nemilenze yomlenze, nokuthi kukhona ukusabalala okubanzi ukwenziwa kwezinhlelo ze-vasoconstrictor kanye ne-sudomotor ekuphenduleni isikhuthazo sokuvuka (uBini et al., 1980).

Isisusa somzwelo

Izinguquko zombuso womzwelo zenziwa ngokubuka izithombe ezijwayelekile ezivela kwi-International Affective Picture System (IAPS: Lang et al., 1997). Isithombe ngasinye esetshenziswe ohlelweni siye sahlolwe kakhulu futhi silinganiswa ngobuqotho (isithintelo sayo esivela phansi, esukela embi kakhulu kuya enhle kakhulu) futhi ivuke. Esifundweni sethu, imizwelo emihle yavuswa ngokubuka izithombe ze-eerotica ezinokulinganisela okuphezulu kwe-valence, kuyilapho imizwelo emibi yavuswa ngokubuka izithombe ze-mutilation ene-valence ephezulu; bobabili amasethi babe nezilinganiso eziphakeme zokuvusa. Uma isayithi elingaphakathi le-intraneural elinama-SSNA okuzenzakalelayo atholakala futhi isihloko sasikhululekile, isikhathi sokuphumula se-2 serekhodiwe, ngemuva kwalokhu isihloko siboniswe izithombe ze-30 ezingathathi hlangothi, isithombe ngasinye sihlala ku-8 s, esilinganiselwa ku-4 min. Lokhu kulandelwe ibhokisi lezithombe ze-15 (noma i-eerotica noma i-mutilation) ehlala i-2 min. Izithombe ze-eerotica noma i-mutilation zihanjiswe ngendlela ye-quasi-random ngesikhathi esingaziwa ezifundweni, ne-block ngayinye ye-2 yemibiko ekhishwe ngokomzwelo elandela ukuvimba kwe-2 min minithi yezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi. Ngokuphelele, isihloko ngasinye sibheke amabhlokhi we-3 we-eerotica kanye ne-3 amabhlokhi we-mutilation nge-block ye-6 yokungenelela kwezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi. Zonke izifundo zazingenayo imifanekiso ye-IAPS.

Analysis

I-peak amplitudes ye-SSNA, elinganiselwe ngaphezu kwama-1-s-epochs alandelanayo, kanye nenani eliphelele lama-bursts azwelayo, alinganiswa ngaphezu kwe-block ngayinye ye-2. Ukuhlola okubukwayo, okuhambisana nokuqashelwa okubukhali kwesignali ye-neural, kwasetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukuqhuma komuntu ngamunye we-SSNA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisekelo sokuqala sichazwe ngesandla kwisignali esetshenzisiwe nge-RMS futhi ikhompuyutha ibalwe ukuphakama okuphezulu ngaphezu kwesisekelo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-beat-beat kwenziwa ngenhliziyo, ukucindezelwa kwegazi, ukuphuma kwegazi lesikhumba, ikhono lesikhumba, kanye nesilinganiso sokuphefumula ngaphezu kwe-block ngayinye ye-2 kanye nenani elibalulekile lebhokisi ngalinye kwisifundo ngasinye sithathwe. Iqembu elibiza inani ngalinye le-2-min block lingabalwa futhi lushintshe ngokuphelele. Izinguquko ezingapheliyo ezikhungweni zesikhumba kanye nokugeleza kwegazi kwesikhumba zazijwayelekile kumuntu ngamunye isilinganiso sokuphumula. Ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okuphelele kwe-block ngayinye ye-2, izinguquko ezihambelanisiwe ezijwayelekile ezibekwe eceleni azibalwa isikhathi sokuphumula nemifanekiso emihle neyibi-isilinganiso sebhlokhi ngalinye elingathathi hlangothi lahlukaniswa njenge-100% ngakho-ke, amanani kwezinye izithiyo zezithombe baboniswa ngokuhambisana naleso sibalo. Ukuhlaziywa kwenzelwe idatha ehlanganisiwe, kanye ngemuva kokuhlukanisa idatha emaceleni abesilisa nabesifazane. Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinyathelo Eziphindaphindiwe Ukuhlukahluka kwepharamitha ngayinye yemvelo kuzo zonke izimo zokuvuselela ezintathu, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-Newman-Keuls yokuqhathanisa okuningi, kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo zedatha (i-Prism 5 ye-Mac, i-GraphPad Software Inc, eU.SA). Ngaphezu kwalokho, zihanjiswa t-Amathekisthi asetshenziselwa ukuqhathanisa izinguquko ezihambelanayo (ezijwayelekile ukuba zingathathi hlangothi) emiphakathini yemvelo ehlukene yezinhlelo ze-eerotica ne-mutilation, kanye namacembu wesilisa nowesifazane. Izinga lokubaluleka kwezibalo libekiwe p <0.05.

Imiphumela

Amarekhodi okuhlola evela kumfana oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala, ebuka izithombe ze-eerotica kanye ne-mutilation, kuboniswa ku-Umfanekiso Umfanekiso1.1. Kungabonakala ukuthi i-SSNA yanda ngokucacile phakathi kokubili kokushicilela, nakuba impendulo ku-eyotica yayinkulu.

Umfanekiso we-1  

Imibiko yokuhlola yesikhumba somzwelo ozwela isikhumba, okwethulwa njengesignali eluhlaza (inzwa) kanye ne-RMS-inqubo esetshenzisiwe (i-RMS nerve), etholakala kusihloko sesilisa sonyaka we-21 ngenkathi ibheka izithombe ze-mutilation (A) noma i-erotica (B). Qaphela ukuthi uzwela ...

Ngokuhambisana nesifundo sethu sangaphambilini (i-4), lapho abesilisa nabesifazane behlanganisiwe ndawonye, ​​izindinganiso eziphelele zomfutho wegazi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula, ukuphuma kwegazi, nokukhukhumeza ukukhululwa akubonanga ushintsho oluphawulekayo phakathi nokubukwa kwezithombe ezithwele ngokomzwelo, uma kuqhathaniswa ukubuka izithombe ezingathathi hlangothi noma ukuphumula. Kodwa i-SSNA, ibonise ukunyuka okuphawulekayo lapho kubheka noma yikuphi izithombe ze-eerotica noma i-mutilation uma kuqhathaniswa nezigaba zokuphumula nokungathathi hlangothi, nakuba lokhu kwakungenxa yemvamisa yokuqhuma kuphela (p <0.05), hhayi ukuqhuma kwe-amplitude. Amanani aphelele omfutho wegazi, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, izinga lokuphefumula kanye nenani eliphelele le-SSNA eliqhumile ekuphumuleni (azikho izithombe), lapho ubuka izithombe ezingathathi hlangothi nalapho ubuka izithombe ze-erotica noma zokucwiywa komzimba, kuboniswa ku-Figure Umfanekiso2.2. Ngokufanayo, izinguquko ezihambelanayo ezijwayelekile ngokungahambisani nezwe zibonisa imiphumela efanayo esifundweni sethu sangaphambilini, umahluko ophawulekayo kuphela obonakala ku-SSNA burst amplitude (i-erotica p = 0.044; ukudelela p = 0.028) kanye nemvamisa (i-erotica p <0.0001; ukunengeka p = 0.002) ngesikhathi sokubukwa kokubili izithombe ezinembile nezingozi.

Umfanekiso we-2  

Okushiwo yi-± SE amanani aphelele wegazi (A), isilinganiso senhliziyo (B), isilinganiso sokuphefumula (C), kanye nokubala okuphelele komsebenzi wesikhumba ozwakalayo (D) kuzo zonke izimo ezine. Njengoba kungabonakala, akukho umehluko wezibalo ngaphandle kwe-SSNA ...

Lapho izigaba zihlukaniswa zaba besilisa nabesifazane, kwacaca ukuthi kwakukhona ukungezwani kobulili ekusebenziseni ukuzwelana. Ngenkathi ukucindezelwa kwegazi, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphuma kwegazi, nokukhukhumeza ukukhululwa akubonanga umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamaqembu amabili, ukuphakama kwe-SSNA nokuvama kwakuhluke kakhulu phakathi kwamadoda nabesifazane. Ngokuba i-SSNA iqhuma ukuphakama, uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga e-SSNA atholakala lapho ebukela izithombe ezingathathi hlangothi abesilisa babonisa ukwanda okweqile ngenkathi bebuka izithombe ezithweswe kahle (p = 0.048), kuyilapho abesifazane bekhuphuke kakhulu emifanekisweni engabibikho kuphela (p = 0.03). Nge-SSNA imvamisa yokuqhuma, iqembu lesilisa laphinde labonisa ukunyuka okukhulu ngenkathi kubuka izithombe ezinhle (p = 0.0006). Kodwa-ke, iqembu labesifazane manje libonise ukunyuka okukhulu kokubili okuhle (p = 0.0064) nezithombe ezikhokhiswe kabi (p = I-0.0005), nakuba ukunyuka kuya kwezithombe zokuqothula kwakunkulu kunalokho okuya e-etica. Izinguquko ezihlobene nokubalwa kwe-SSNA nokuphakama, okujwayelekile kwimeko yokungathathi hlangothi, kuboniswa kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane ku-Figure Umfanekiso33.

Umfanekiso we-3  

Okushiwo ngu-± SE kushintshaniswa ku-burst amplitude (A, C) nokuvama (B, D) yesikhumba somzwelo ozwela isikhumba, isikhathi sokuphumula, imifanekiso emihle, nemifanekiso engalungile, konke okujwayelekile kuya esimweni sokungathathi hlangothi, kwahlukaniswa ngamaqembu abesilisa nabesifazane. I-Erotica ...

Ingxoxo

Lolu cwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukuhlukana kocansi kukhona ekuphenduleni okuzwelana nokucindezeleka okubukwayo ngokomzwelo, nakuba kuphela lapho i-SSNA-kulinganiswa njengokubala okuphelele kanye nokuqhuma kwamapulitude-ilinganiswa ngokuqondile. Azikho izinguquko eziphawulekayo kwamanye amapharamitha okuphila, njengokucindezela kwegazi, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, noma ukuphefumula kwatholakala phakathi kwamaqembu. Ngenkathi isifundo sethu sangaphambilini sasiyilokuqala sokubonisa ukunyuka okuphawulekayo ku-SSNA jikelele uma ubuka kokubili izithombe ezinembile nezindleko, isifundo samanje sibonisa ukuthi ukunyuka kwe-SSNA kwakudume kakhulu kubantu besilisa lapho bebuka izithombe ze-eerotica, kuyilapho abesifazane besabela kakhulu emifanekiso ye-mutilation. Ngenkathi lolu cwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi ukwanda kwe-SSNA kungasuswa yizinto ezibukwayo ezingokomzwelo (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yi-valence), kubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana kobulili ekuphenduleni kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni. Mhlawumbe lokhu akumangazi, kodwa ukungafani okunjalo akukwazanga ukubonwa lapho ubheka abantu abangabonakali bokuphuma kokuzwelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi kwakungekho ushintsho oluphawulekayo ekuphumuleni kwegazi noma ukukhukhumeza ukukhishwa kugcizelela ukuzwela okukhulu kokuqopha kwezinzwa ngqo ekuhloleni ukuphuma kwesikhumba kunomthelela ongacacile womsebenzi wokuzwelana.

Ngenkathi ukucabanga okuvamile kubanjwe ukuthi kukhona ukuhlukana kobulili ekuthuthukiseni ngokomzwelo nokucubungula ngokomzwelo (abesifazane basabela kakhulu, baqonda futhi baveza ngokuzizwa kwabo kunamadoda), ubufakazi obuningi buhlinzekwa ngemininingwane eyaziwayo. Kusanda nje ukuthi, ngokucwaninga ngokomzimba ngokomqondo, lo mbono ubonakala unesisekelo esithile eqinisweni (uKring noVanderbilt, 1998; UBradley et al., 2001). Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu kuvela kancane ukuthi ukuhlukana kobulili kanye nokuphendula kwe-ANS kumzwelo ukhona, akusabonakali ubufakazi obucacile bokushaya ukuhlukana kobulili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kulinganiswa izindlela eziqondile noma ezingekho ngqo. Ukusebenzisa izilinganiso ezingaqondile zokusebenza okuzwelayo, njengokukhishwa kwesithukuthezi, ngesikhathi sokunyakaza ngokomzwelo kuye kwaholela ekutholeni okuhle nokubi. UBradley et al. (2001) bathola ukuthi izimpendulo zokuziphatha kwesikhumba kubonisa ukuthi amadoda ayasebenza kakhulu kunabesifazane ezithombeni zezolimo, ne-Kring no-Vanderbilt (1998) ekutholeni ukuthi abesifazane babevezela kakhulu kunamadoda, kokubili kokukhuluma okuhle nokubi. Nokho, kuyilapho iBianchin no-Angrilli (2012) bathola ukunyuka okukhulu kwenhliziyo yenhliziyo kubantu besifazane ukuze kube nomphumela omuhle wokubukwa, akukho ukuhlukana kobulili okwenziwe ekuphenduleni kwekhanda. Ngokufanayo, Lithari et al. (2010) ukuhlola izimpendulo zokuziphatha kwekhanda kanye nezingozi ze-EEG ezihlobene nomcimbi (ERP) futhi zathola ukuthi abesifazane basabela ngamandla ngokwe-ERP amplitudes ekuthandeni okungajabulisi noma okuphakanyisayo okuhlobene nabesilisa, kodwa abatholanga ukuhlukana kobulili ekuphenduleni kokuziphatha kwesikhumba. Lokhu kuvumelana nesifundo sethu samanje, lapho nathi sathola khona ukuthi izilinganiso ezingaqondile ezifana nokukhukhumeza ukukhululwa akukwazanga ukuhlukanisa phakathi kobulili nemifanekiso emihle noma emibi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqhubeka nokuphazamisa ukungezwani kobulili nomzwelo, u-Vrana no-Rollock (2002) wafunda izimpendulo zomzwelo kwabahlanganyeli abamhlophe nabamnyama (abakwa-Afrika nabamaMelika), futhi bathola ukungezwani kobulili kuphela kwabahlanganyeli abamhlophe. Nakuba ukutadisha kwethu akuklanyelwe ukubhekana nokuhlukahluka kobuhlanga, esifundweni samanje, kanye nesifundo sethu sangaphambili (Brown et al., 2012), bonke ababambiqhaza babeyiCaucasian, iMedithera noma i-Asia; akekho abeMdabu noma ama-American-American.

Ezikhathini zamuva, ukusetshenziswa kwe-functional neuroimaging sekuvele njengendlela yokuhlola ukuphathwa ngokomzwelo. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuphenya ukuhlukana kocansi emisebenzini ye-neural ehambisana nezinqubo ezingokomzwelo kuye kwakhula, nakuba lokho okutholakele akukhona ngaso sonke isikhathi okuhambisanayo futhi kukhona ukulinganiselwa kokufunda (Wrase et al., 2003; Schienle et al., 2005; McRae et al., 2008; Domes et al., 2010). Noma kunjalo, kukhona amaphethini aphumayo ekuhlukeni kobulili, kanti abesifazane batholakala ukuthi banokuqonda ngokomzwelo futhi babhekana nemizwelo ngezimvamisa ezinkulu nangamandla kunabesilisa, kuyilapho abesilisa becatshangwa ukuthi basebenza kahle ngokomthetho wesimo (Whittle et al., 2011). Ngokuziphendulela ekucindezelweni ngokomzwelo, kuyamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi abesilisa bayasabela kakhulu ekuvusweni ngokocansi kunabesifazane, futhi lokhu kuye kwabikwa kokubili izifundo ze-neuroimaging kanye nezifundo zemvelo (Hamann et al., 2004; U-Allen et al., 2007). Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu okuvunywe kabanzi kubhalwe phansi kabi, nakuba kungezwani umehluko wezocansi ocwaningweni owenziwe phakathi kwezithombe ezithintekayo futhi ezikhokhiswa kabi. Njengeqembu kwakungekho ukungafani emithonjeni ye-SSNA emkhatsini wezithombe ezithweswe kahle futhi ezikhohlakeleyo, kodwa-njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla-abesifazane babe nempendulo enkulu kunamadoda kumifanekiso yokuqothulwa, kuyilapho abesilisa besabela kakhulu emifanekisweni ehlukumezayo. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukusebenzisa izilinganiso eziqondile ze-SSNA, ezitholakala nge-microneurography, zingenza imiphumela ephelele futhi ephelele kunokusebenzisa nje izinyathelo ezingaqondile, ezifana nokushaya kwenhliziyo, ukucindezeleka kwegazi, ukukhukhumeza ukukhulelwa kanye nokuphuma kwegazi esikhumbeni, yedwa.

Ukulinganiselwa

Yize izimo eziguqukayo ezifana nokuziphatha kanye nobuntu, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko, kuzoba njalo kunomkhawulo ekufundeni kwemizwelo, iningi lezifundo ezifakwe kwisifundo samanje zihlanganisa nabantu ababengabonanga nje kuphela kwezithombe ze-IAPS kodwa futhi wabika ukusabela okufanayo ezithombeni. Uma kubuzwa ukuthi kukhona ukuphendula ekupheleni kokuhlolwa, zonke izihloko ezibikiwe ziphazamiseka yizithombe zokuqothula, kanti iningi lazizwa lingathathi hlangothi emifanekisweni ye-erotica, kungekho nhlobo ekhutshwe yi-erotica. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlukahluka kobuciko kunomthelela ekungenikeni kwezimpendulo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye.

Omunye umkhawulo wokutadisha imiphumela yemvelo yemifanekiso ekhishwe ngokomzwelo ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi emkhatsini wamabhuloki ezithombe ezithwele ngokomzwelo. Ngenkathi ibhokisi elingaphambili lezithombe ezingathathi hlangothi lisetshenziselwa ukukala ubukhulu bezimpendulo phakathi kwezithombe ezithweswe ngokomzwelo, impendulo emifanekisweni engathathi hlangothi kwabanye abantu ingase ibe phezulu kunabanye kuye ngokuthi isithombe sibukwe (okungukuthi, isithombe sezindiza kumuntu owesaba izindiza). Ngokuqondene nokuhlukana kobulili, umjikelezo wokuya esikhathini kanye nomphumela wayo ekusebenzeni komzwelo kanye nomzwelo kungenye into edingeka ukucatshangelwa phakathi nezifundo zemizwelo, njengoba ukungafani kokusebenza ngokomzimba ngezigaba ezahlukene zokujikeleza kokuya esikhathini sekutholiwe (i-Goldstein et al., 2005; UCarter et al., 2013). Nokho, ukutadisha kwethu, lokhu akuzange kuqashwe futhi izimpendulo zabesifazane zenziwa ndawonye kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigaba sokuya esikhathini sini; kungase kudingeke ukuhlolisisa imiphumela yokuma esikhathini esikhathini esizayo.

iziphetho

Ukusebenzisa i-intraneural microelectrodes ukurekhoda ngokuqondile kuma-axon we-postganglionic azwela esikhumbeni, sibonise ngokucacile ukuthi ukuhlukana kobulili kukhona ekuphenduleni kwemizwa ye-neural ezithombeni ze-eerotic and mutilation. Ukungezwani okunjalo akukwazanga ukubonwa ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezingekho ngqo zesikhumba sokuzwela ukuphuma noma ukuphuma kwegazi-kanye nezinye izinyathelo zokuzimela ezingaqondile, njengezinga lenhliziyo, ukucindezelwa kwegazi nokuphefumula.

Ukungqubuzana kwesitatimende senzuzo

Abalobi bamemezela ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluqhutshwa ngokungabikho kobudlelwane bezohwebo noma zezimali ezingase zithathwe njengokungqubuzana okungase kube khona.

Ukuvuma

Lo msebenzi wawusekelwa yiNational Health and Medical Research Council yase-Australia. Sibonga usizo olunikezwa ngu-Elie Hammam no-Azharuddin Fazalbhoy kwezinye zezilinganiso.

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