Ucwaningo olusha kwimiphumela emibi yeNet.
Tweets, imibhalo, ama-imeyili, okuthunyelwe. Ucwaningo olusha luthi i-intanethi ingasenza sibe nesizungu futhi icindezeleke-futhi ingase ibe nezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zokugula kwengqondo, imibiko kaTony Dokoupil.
ngu-Tony Dokoupil | Julayi 9, 2012 1: 00 AM EDT
Ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ividiyo egazini kakhulu emlandweni we-intanethi, uJason Russell wayenobuningi be-Web enesiqingatha. I-akhawunti yakhe ye-YouTube yayifile, futhi amakhasi akhe e-Facebook kanye ne-Twitter ayengumfanekiso wezithombe zezingane kanye nezibuyekezo zekhaya. IWebhu ayenzwanga "ukugcina ithrekhi yokuthi bangakanani abantu abanjengathi," wacabanga, futhi lapho imikhuba yakhe yobuchwepheshe ikwenza "uzizwe, umlutha, noma ummeli," wavula izinsuku, ekholelwa, njengoba i-humorist Andy Borowitz ebeka kuyi-Twitter uRussell athi uyithandayo, "kubalulekile ukuvala amakhompyutha ethu nokwenza izinto ezweni langempela."
Kodwa kulo nyaka odlule uRussell wazama ukuvula noma yini. Wathumela isixhumanisi ku "Kony 2012," idokhumenti yakhe ejulile yeWebhu mayelana nebutho lase-Afrika uJoseph Kony. Umqondo kwakuwukusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana ukwenza uKony adume njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokugwema ubugebengu bakhe. Futhi kubonakala sengathi isebenza: le filimu iqhutshwe nge-intanethi, ivala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezigidigidi ze-70 ukubukwa okungaphansi kwesonto. Kodwa kukhona okwenzeka kuRussell enkulumweni. Amathuluzi afanayo edijithali ayesekela umsebenzi wakhe ayebonakala ephuka emoyeni wakhe, embukisa ekudleni nokugxeka kwakhe, futhi ekugcineni ubuhlobo bakhe bombono nobude obusha.
Walala amahora amabili ezinsukwini ezine zokuqala, ekhiqiza izibuyekezo ze-Twitter eziyinqaba. Wathumela isixhumanisi esithi "I Metrus the Walrus," ukukhulumisana okufutshane ngamafilimu noJohn Lennon, ekhuthaza abalandeli ukuba "baqale ukuqeqesha ingqondo yakho." Wathumela isithombe somdwebo wakhe, uTIMSHEL, igama leBhayibheli mayelana nokukhetha komuntu phakathi kokuhle nokubi . Ngesinye isikhathi ulayishe futhi wabeka amazwana ngesithombe sedijithali somyalezo wombhalo ovela kunina. Ngelinye ilanga wafanisa impilo yakhe ne-movie-bending movie Ukuqala, "iphupho ngaphakathi iphupho."
Ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili lokungaziwayo, i-21st-century vortex, wathumela i-tweet yokugcina-ingcaphuno evela kuMartin Luther King Jr .: "Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuhamba, sebenzisa, uma ungakwazi ukugijima, hamba, uma uhamba awukwazi ukuhamba, bese uhamba, kodwa noma ngabe wenzani, kufanele uqhubeke uye phambili "-ukubuyela emuva ezweni langempela. Wabuya izingubo zakhe waya ekhoneni lomgwaqo omatasa eduze kwasekhaya lakhe eSan Diego, lapho ahlaba khona ngokuphindaphindiwe ukhonkolo ngezandla zombili izintende futhi ekhuluma ngoDeveli. Lokhu nakho kwaba ividiyo yegciwane.
Ngemva kwalokho uRussell wathola ukuthi une "psychosis esebenzayo," uhlobo lokungcolisa okwesikhashana. Kwakungekho lutho mayelana nezidakamizwa noma utshwala, umkakhe, uDanica, wagcizelela ekuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, nakho konke okwakwenziwa nomshini owagcina uRussell axhuma ngisho nalapho ehlukana. "Nakuba esisha kithi," kusho uDanica, "odokotela bathi lokhu kuyinto evamile," wanikezwa nguRussell "ukuguquka okungazelelwe kokungabonakali kokubheka umhlaba wonke-amaqembu amahlebezi nokuhleka usulu." Ngemva kwezinyanga ezine, uJason uphume esibhedlela , inkampani yakhe ithi, kodwa useyabuyiselwa. Umkakhe wathatha "inyanga yokuthula" ku-Twitter. Ama-akhawunti we-social-media kaJason ahlala emnyama.
Tony Dokoupil ukuthi iwebhu ithinta kanjani impilo yengqondo.
Imibuzo mayelana nemiphumela engathandekile ye-intanethi engqondweni ingenani njengamadala njengama-hyperlink. Kodwa ngisho naphakathi kwama-Web skeptics, umqondo wokuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha bungathonya indlela esicabanga ngayo nokuzizwa ngayo-singashiya indima ekuqhekekeni okukhulu kweMelika-kwakubhekwa njengesiyaluyalu futhi singenalutho, njengokungena umhlanga ekukhanyeni kagesi noma ukusola ithelevishini yezingane kulezi zinsuku. Esikhundleni salokho, i-intanethi ibonwe njengenye enye imidiya, uhlelo lokulethwa, hhayi umshini wezinhlamvu. Yenza abantu bajabule futhi bakhiqize. Futhi ubuphi ubufakazi obuhlukile?
Kodwa-ke, manje, ubufakazi buqala ukuhlanganisa. Ucwaningo lokuqala olubukeziwe kontanga luvela, futhi isithombe sinobukhulu kakhulu kunezingxilongo ze-Web utopians ezivumelekile. Ukufakelwa kwamanje kwe-intanethi-okuphathekayo, ezenhlalakahle, okusheshayo, nakho konke okuvelele-kungase kusenze singabheki nje kuphela noma sodwa kodwa sibhekene nokucindezeleka futhi sikhathazeke, okubhekene nokuphazamiseka okukhulu-okuphoqeleka nokukhathazeka kokukhathazeka, ngisho nangokwengqondo ngokuqondile. Izingqondo zethu ezigcizelelekayo zingakwazi ukuskena njengezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa, futhi abantu abavamile bahlukana ngezindlela ezidabukisayo nezokubonakala zibe ezintsha.
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Ehlobo lika-1996, abacwaningi abasha abayisikhombisa e-MIT bavutha imigqa emkhatsini womuntu nekhompiyutha, bahlala ngesikhathi esisodwa emazweni angokwenyama nangokwemvelo. Babephethe amakhibhodi emaphaketheni abo, ama-radio-transmitters ezinkwameni zabo zangasese, kanye neskrini esikrinini phambi kwamehlo abo. Bazibiza ngokuthi "ama-cyborgs" -ngokuba babezikhulula. Kodwa njengoSherry Turkle, isazi sezengqondo eMIT, uthi, "sonke singama-cyborgs manje." Lokhu kuphila kokuxhumana okuqhubekayo kuye kwabonakala kubonakala kungokwemvelo, kodwa lokho akufani nokusho ukuthi kunempilo noma okusimeme, njengobuchwepheshe-ukuchaza ngokucacile umugqa omdala ngokuphuza utshwala-uba yimbangela yokuxazulula zonke izinkinga zokuphila.
Ngaphansi kwengane yobuntwana obulodwa, abaseMelika bahlangene nemishini yabo, bebukeka esikrinini okungenani amahora ayisishiyagalombili ngosuku, isikhathi esiningi esichitha kunoma yimuphi omunye umsebenzi kuhlanganise nokulala. Intsha ivumelanisa isikhathi esithile samahora angu-7 esikrinini ngosuku lokufunda esikoleni; I-11, uma ubala isikhathi esichithwe ukuxhuma okuningi kumadivaysi amaningana. Lapho uMongameli Obama egcina egijima, i-iPhone yayingakaqaliswa. Manje ama-smartphones angaphezu kwamanothi endala aseMelika, futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yabasebenzisi bathola ku-inthanethi ngaphambi kokuphuma embhedeni.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukuthumelelana imiyalezo kufana nokuchofoza: umuntu ovamile, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, uthumela noma uthola mayelana nemibhalo ye-400 ngenyanga, izikhathi ezine nge-2007 inombolo. Intsha evamile yenza izinkomba ze-3,700 ezimangalisayo ngenyanga, kabili isibalo se-2007. Futhi ngaphezu kwengxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zalezi zithuthuthu ezivamile, zansuku zonke, mina zibandakanya, kubika ukuzwa ukuthi ifoni yabo idlidliza uma empeleni akukho lutho olwenzekayo. Abacwaningi bayibiza ngokuthi "i-phantom-vibration syndrome."
Isithombe Isifanekiso sikaJustin Metz
Zonke izinguquko zedijithali zeminyaka emihlanu edlule zikhumbuza ihhashi eliye laphuma ngaphansi komgibeli walo, lihudulela umuntu owake wabamba izintambo. Akekho ophikisana nolunye uhlobo lwekusasa lika-Amish. Kodwa ucwaningo manje selenza kucace ukuthi i-Intanethi "ayiyona" enye indlela yokulethwa kwezidingo. Yakha isimo esisha sengqondo, isimo semvelo sezinto zedijithali lapho ingqondo yomuntu iba khona iphaneli yensimbi yokuhlunga, futhi abantu abambalwa bayosinda bengenasici.
U-Susan Greenfield, uprofesa wezokwelapha e-Oxford University osebenza encwadini ngokuthi indlela isidijithali isilula ngayo-hhayi kangcono. "Singayakha izwe elimangalisayo kunazo zonke izingane zethu kodwa lokho ngeke kwenzeke uma siphika futhi abantu belele kulobu buchwepheshe bese baqeda ama-Zombies anama-glasi."
Ingabe i-Intanethi isenza sibe buhlungu? Akuwona ubuchwepheshe ngokwayo noma okuqukethwe, cha. Kodwa ukubuyekezwa kwezindaba ze-Newsweek okuvela emazweni angaphezu kweyishumi kuthola izimpendulo ezikhomba isiqondiso esifanayo. UPeter Whybrow, umqondisi we-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior ku-UCLA, uthi "ikhompyutha ifana ne-cocaine electronics," iveza imijikelezo ye-mania elandelwa ukuthungatha ukucindezeleka. I-intanethi "iholela ekuziphatheni abantu abakwaziyo ukuthi ayinandaba nabo futhi ibashiya ixhala futhi yenza ukuba benze ngokucindezelayo," kusho uNicholas Carr, incwadi yakhe ethi The Shallows, mayelana nomphumela weWeb kwi-cognition, wakhethwa ku-Pulitzer Umklomelo. "Ikhuthaza ukukhathazeka kwethu, ukwethembela, nokucindezeleka," kuhlanganisa uLarry Rosen, isazi sezinzwa kwengqondo saseCalifornia esiye sahlola umphumela weNet for amashumi eminyaka. It "ikhuthaza-futhi ngisho nokukhuthaza-ukunganaki."
Ukwesaba ukuthi i-Intanethi nobuchwepheshe beselula kunomthelela ekugqilazweni-ukungashiwo ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-ADHD kanye ne-OCD-evame ukuqhubeka iminyaka emashumi, kepha iningi laleyo nkathi abadlali bezintandokazi banqoba, ngokuvamile bahlala benenhlanhla. Yini elandelayo? Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-Microwave nokulutha kwe-Chapstick? "Wabhala umbuyekezi wontanga ngolunye lwezincwadi ezihamba phambili zengqondo, wenqabe ukuhlolwa kukazwelonke kokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi okunenkinga ku-2006. I-Manual Diagnostic and Statistical of Disabilities Disorders ayizange ihlanganise isigaba sokusebenzisana komshini nabantu.
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Kodwa lowo mbono ngokuzumayo uphuma. Lapho i-DSM entsha ikhishwa ngonyaka ozayo, i-Internet Addiction Disorder izofakwa okokuqala, noma isithasiselo esimakwe "ukuqhubeka okutadisha." I-China, iTaiwan neKorea yamuva yamukela ukuxilongwa, futhi yaqala ukuphatha ukusetshenziswa kobubi bewebhu njengendlela inkinga enkulu yezempilo yezwe. Kulawo mazwe, lapho amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu (futhi okungenani amaphesenti angu-30 wabasha) abhekwa njenge-Inthanethi-umlutha, ikakhulukazi ekugembula, ngokoqobo, nakubantu bezenhlalo, indaba iyisimo sekhasi eliphambili. Omunye umbhangqwana osemusha wayengafuni ukufa usana lwayo ngenkathi encelisa ingane yangempela kuyi-intanethi. Insizwa ethile yaxosha umama wayo ngokusikisela ukuthi uyayivala (bese esebenzisa ikhadi lakhe lesikweletu ukuze ahlasele amahora amaningi). Okungenani abasebenzisi be-10 ultra-Web, abesebenza ngokuchofoza okukodwa kwe-noodle, bafe ngezingubo zegazi kusukela ehlezi isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Manje uhulumeni waseKorea uxhasa izikhungo zokunakekelwa, futhi uqondisa ukuvalwa kwe-Web-night night for the youth. I-China, okwamanje, isungule umkhankaso womama ukuze kube nemikhuba ephephile yeWebhu, iphendukela kuleyo ndlela ngemuva kokuvela ukuthi abanye odokotela basebenzisa ukushaywa amandla nokushaywa kanzima ukuze baphathe intsha e-intanethi.
Uthi u-Elias Aboujaoude, isazi sezifo zengqondo eStanford University School of Medicine, uqondisa i-Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Clinic ne-Impulse Control Disorders Clinic. "Ngiye ngabona iziguli eziningi ezingenalo umlando wokuziphatha okuluthayo-noma ukusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo-ziba umlutha nge-Internet nakwezinye ubuchwepheshe."
Ucwaningo lwakhe lwe-2006 lwezinkinga zeWebhu ezinzima (olwenqatshelwe ngenhlanhla) kamuva lwashicilelwa, lwasungula isisekelo sencwadi yakhe yakamuva nje nge-Virtually You, mayelana nokuwa kokulindelwe okuvela ekungeneni okungaqondakali kweWebhu. Ngisho phakathi kwabantu abasebenzisa indawo yokuhlala abaneminyaka eyiphakathi-ummangalelwa ophakathi kwaba-40s, abamhlophe, nokwenza okungaphezu kwe-$ 50,000 ngonyaka-u-Aboujaoude wathola ukuthi abangaphezu kweyodwa kwabayisishiyagalolunye babonise okungenani uphawu olulodwa lokunamathiselwe okungeyona impilo eNet . Ucwaningo lwamuva oluthatha ukuthi abantu abaqhamuka ku-intanethi bathole izinombolo zaseMelika ngokuhambisana nalabo base-Asia.
Ubuchopho bama-addicts e-intanethi buhlola okuningi njengobuchopho bezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa utshwala. (Mariette Carstens / Hollandse Hoogte-Redux)
Kwabe sekukhona uhlolo lwe-2010 "Unplugged" lwe-University of Maryland olucela i-200 undergrads ukuba ilahle yonke ubuchwepheshe beWebhu nobuchwepheshe ngosuku futhi igcine idayari yemizwa yabo. "Ngicacile ukuthi ngimlutha futhi ukuthembela kuyagula," kubika omunye umfundi ocwaningweni. Omunye umlobi uthi: "Imithombo yimidiya yami." Okungenani ezinye izikole ezimbili azikazanga ngisho nokuzama ukuzama lokhu ngenxa yokuntuleka kwabahlanganyeli. "Iningi labafundi basekolishi alithandanga nje, kodwa likwazi ukusebenza, lingekho ngaphandle kokuxhumana kwabo emhlabeni jikelele," kusho iYunivesithi yaseMaldinburg.
Ngalolo nyaka unyaka wezibili wezifo zengqondo eTaiwan zenza isihloko semicabango ye-iPhone yokulutha umlutha. Babhala amacala amabili emikhondweni yabo: omunye wabandakanyeka umfana wesikolo esiphakeme ophelile ekukhoselweni ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwakhe kwe-iPhone kwafinyelela amahora angu-24 ngosuku. Enye ibonisa umthengisi oneminyaka engu-31 ubudala owasebenzisa ifoni yakhe ngenkathi eshayela. Zombili lezi zimo kungenzeka ukuthi zahleka uma kungenjalo ukucwaninga komuntu we-200-Stanford we-iPhone ekhishwe ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ithole ukuthi omunye kubasebenzisi be-10 uzizwa "umlutha ngokugcwele" efonini yakhe. Konke kodwa amaphesenti angu-6 wesampuli avumile ezinye zezinga lokucindezelwa, kanti amaphesenti angu-3 ngeke avumele noma ubani omunye athathe amafoni akhe.
Kule minyaka emibili kusukela, ukukhathazeka ngokunamathela kwe-Web's pathological stability kakhudlwana. Ngo-Ephreli, odokotela batshele iphephandaba iThe Times laseNdiya ngokuthi i-"addicted" ye-Facebook ihlaselwa yi-anecdotal. Iminingwane yakamuva ye-Web's obsession ye-Web itholakala encwadini entsha kaLarry Rosen, i-iDisorder, okuyinto, naphezu kwesihloko sezintandokazi, ihambisana ne-imprimatur yezwe umshicileli omkhulu wezifundo. Ithimba lakhe lihlolisise abantu be-750, ukusabalalisa kwentsha kanye nabantu abadala abamele ukubalwa kwabantu kweSouth California, beveza imikhuba yabo yobuchwepheshe, imizwa yabo ngalezo zindlela, kanye nezibalo zabo ochungechungeni lwezivivinyo ezijwayelekile zezifo zengqondo. Uthole ukuthi abaningi abasabelayo, ngaphandle kwalabo abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-50, hlola imiyalezo, i-imeyli noma inethiwekhi yabo yokuxhumana "ngaso sonke isikhathi" noma "yonke imizuzu ye-15." Okukhathazayo okuningi, wathola nokuthi labo abachitha isikhathi esiningi I-intanethi yayinezici eziningi "zokuziphatha okucindezelayo."
Mhlawumbe akusilo lokho okumangazayo: labo abafuna isikhathi esiningi ku-intanethi bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuba bayithole. Kodwa empeleni laba basebenzi abafuni ngempela ukuxhuma kangaka. Akuyona inkululeko yokuzikhethela eyenza abasebenzi abaningi abasha (45 nangaphansi) ukugcina ama-BlackBerry abo ekamelweni ngaphakathi kokufinyelela kwezingalo, ngesifundo se-2011; noma ukukhetha okukhululekile, ngesinye isifundo se-2011, okwenza amaphesenti angu-80 wabanikazi bezokuvakasha alethe kanye nama-laptops noma ama-smartphone ukuze bakwazi ukungena emsebenzini ngomsebenzi; noma ukukhetha okukhululekile okuholela kubasebenzisi be-smartphone ukuhlola amafoni abo ngaphambi kokulala, phakathi nobusuku, uma bevusa, futhi kungakapheli imizuzu yokuvuka.
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Singase sibonakale sikhetha ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe, kodwa empeleni siyadonsela kuwo ngokusemandleni okuba nemivuzo yesikhashana. Njalo i-ping ingaba yindawo yomphakathi, yezocansi, noma yezobuchwepheshe, futhi sithole umvuzo omncane, i-squirt ye-dopamine, ngokuphendula ibell. "Lezi zinzuzo zisebenza njengama-energy agxilisa injini yokuphoqelelwa, njengokufana nomuntu ogembulayo owamukela njengekhadi elisha etafuleni," isazi sezindaba se-MIT uJudith Donath satshele iScientific American. "Ngokwengeziwe, umphumela unamandla futhi unzima ukumelana."
Muva nje kungenzeka ukuba ubukele lolu hlobo lwe-Web use rewire ebuchosheni. Ku-2008 Gary Small, oyinhloko ye-Memory ye-UCLA ne-Aging Research Center, wayengowokuqala ukubhala izinguquko ebuchosheni ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okulinganiselayo. Uqoqe abantu abangu-24, ingxenye yabo abasebenzisi beWebhu abanolwazi, ingxenye yabo yohlu olusha, futhi wadlulisa ngamunye ngokusebenzisa isithwebuli sobuchopho. Umehluko wawuhlaba umxhwele, nabasebenzisi beWeb babonisa ama-prefrontal cortexes ashintshiwe ngokuyisisekelo. Kodwa ukumangala kwangempela yilokho okwenzekile ngokulandelayo. Ama-novices ahamba ngeviki, futhi babuzwa ukuba bachithe amahora amahlanu e-intanethi bese babuyela enye iskena. Kamuva wabhala wathi: "Izifundo ezingenayo i-naive zase zibuyiselwe kabusha ubuchopho bazo," ngokubheka ngokusobala ukuthi kwenzekani uma sichitha isikhathi esengeziwe ku-intanethi.
Ubuchopho bama-addicts e-inthanethi, buvela, bukeka njengezinkinga zezidakamizwa ezidakamizwa nezidakamizwa. Esicwaningweni esashicilelwe ngoJanuwari, abacwaningi baseShayina bathola "indaba engavamile emhlophe" -ngamangqamuzana angaphezu kwesiguli esakhiwe ngesivinini-ezindaweni ezibhekiswe ukunakekelwa, ukulawula nokusebenza okuphezulu. Ucwaningo olufanayo luthola izinguquko ezifanayo ebuchosheni bomlutha wevidiyo. Futhi zombili izifundo zivela ezithende zeminye imiphumela yaseShayina exhumanisa ukulutha kwe-inthanethi "kokungahleleki kwezakhiwo ezimpunga," okungukuthi ukukhishwa kwe-10 kuya kuma-20 amaphesenti endaweni yengqondo ekwazi ukusetshenziselwa inkulumo, inkumbulo, ukulawula imoto, imizwa, izinzwa, nolunye ulwazi. Futhi okubi nakakhulu, i-shrinkage ayizange iphele: isikhathi esiningi ku-intanethi, lapho ubuchopho bubonisa khona izimpawu "ze-atrophy."
Ngenkathi ukuhlolwa kobuchopho kungabonakali ukuthi yikuphi okufika kuqala, ukuxhashazwa noma ubuchopho bashintsha, odokotela abaningi bazizwa ukuthi ukubona kwabo kuqinisekisiwe. U-Stanford's Aboujaoude uthi: "Akungabazeki ukuthi siyaqhubeka sibheke, futhi esinye sezizathu zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe. Ukhomba ukunyuka kwe-OCD ne-ADHD ukuxilongwa, okugcina okukhulunywe ngamaphesenti angu-66 kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. "Kunesizathu nomphumela."
Futhi ungazitholi ingane: igebe eliphakathi kwe "Inthanethi umlutha" noJohn Q. Public incane futhi ayitholakali. Enye yefulegi yokuqala yokulutha umlutha yayichitha ngaphezulu kwamahora we-38 ngesonto ku-intanethi. Ngalolo ncazelo, sonke siyisilonda manje, abaningi bethu ngoLwesithathu ntambama, ngoLwesibili uma sekuyiviki elimatasa. Izivivinyo zamanje zokulutha kwe-intanethi zihambisana nekhwalithi, zifaka inetha elimnandi kakhulu, kubandakanya abantu abavuma ukuthi yebo, abanenhlanhla, abayimfihlo, noma abaxhumene neWebhu nokuthi baye benza ngokuphindaphindiwe imizamo engaphumeleli yokunciphisa. Kodwa uma lokhu kungempilo, kubonakala ukuthi abaningi baseMelika abafuni ukuhamba kahle.
Njengomlutha, ukuxhumeka kwedijithali ekucindezelekeni nasekukhathazeni kwakungeke kube yinto esondelene nayo. Ucwaningo lwe-1998 Carnegie Mellon lithole ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kweWebhu ngaphezu kweminyaka emibili kwahlanganiswa nemimoya eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isizungu, nokulahlekelwa ngabangane bezwe bangempela. Kodwa lezi zihloko zonke zazihlala ePittsburgh, abagxeki bahlambalaza. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-Net ingeke ikulethe isobho sezinkukhu, kodwa kusho ukuphela kokuzimela, umzana womhlaba wonke wabangane, nabangane ongakaze uhlangane nokho. Ngokuqinisekile, lapho uCarnegie Mellon ebuyela emuva nabaningi be-Steel City eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, babejabule kunanini ngaphambili.
Kodwa isixuku esimnyama siphindela emuva ocingweni. Eminyakeni emihlanu eyedlule, izifundo eziningi ziye zaphinda zifunyenwe okutholwe yiCarnegie Mellon futhi zazithuthukisa, zibonisa ukuthi uma umuntu eqhubeka ehlala emzaneni womhlaba jikelele, kubi kakhulu ukuthi kungenzeka bazizwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwewebhu ngokuvamile kuvame ukulala, ukuvivinya umzimba, kanye nokubonisana ubuso nobuso, konke okungamcasula ngisho nomphefumulo onzima kakhulu. Kodwa umthelela wedijithali ungapheli usuku noma isonto kuphela, kodwa iminyaka engaphansi komugqa. Ucwaningo lwamuva lwamaMelika olusekelwe kwidatha kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwewebhu kwezingane ezincane kuma-1990s itholakale ukuxhumeka phakathi kwesikhathi esithile ku-intanethi nokukhathazeka kwemizwelo ebusheni obudala. Abacwaningi baseChina baye bathola "umphumela oqondile" phakathi kokusetshenziswa kanzima kweNet kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokucindezeleka okugcwele, kuyilapho izazi e-Case Western Reserve University zihlanganisa ukukhulumisana okunzima nokusetshenziswa komphakathi ngokucindezeleka, ukucindezeleka nokucabanga okuzibulala.
Ukuphendula lo msebenzi, isihloko esivela encwadini yePediatrics sibheke ukuphakama "kwesenzakalo esisha okuthiwa 'ukucindezeleka kwe-Facebook,'?" Futhi wachaza ukuthi "ukuqina kwezwe le-intanethi kungabangela ukucindezeleka." Odokotela, ngokusho kombiko oshicilelwe yi-American Academy of Pediatrics, kufanele isebenze imibuzo yokusetshenziswa yedijithali njalo njalo ekuhlolweni kwonyaka.
U-Rosen, umbhali we-iDisorder, ubhekisela ekuphambeni kokucwaninga okubonisa "ukuxhumanisa phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, ukuthumela imibiko esheshayo, ukuthumela i-imeyli, ukuxoxa, nokucindezeleka phakathi kwentsha," kanye "nobuhlobo obuqinile phakathi kokudlala kwevidiyo nokucindezeleka." Kodwa inkinga ibonakala iyinhlamvu kanye nokulingana: okuhlangenwe nakho okungalungile kobuntu-okujwayelekile kakhulu ku-intanethi-kungaholela kulezi zindlela ezingase zibe khona zokuphelelwa ithemba. Encwadini yakhe i-Alone Together, uMIT wezokwelapha we-MIT u-Sherry Turkle waxoxa nabantu abangaphezu kwe-450, iningi lalabo abasha kanye nama-20, mayelana nokuphila kwabo ku-intanethi. Futhi ngenkathi engumlobi wezincwadi ezimbili zangaphambi kwe-tech-positive, futhi ngesikhathi esisodwa ebamba isembozo somagazini ophethwe yiWired, manje wembula izwe elidabukisayo, elicindezelekile eliboshwe othulini lwaseDorito futhi livalelwe ebuhlotsheni bama-dystopian nemishini yabo.
Abantu bamtshela ukuthi amafoni abo kanye nama-laptops "yindawo yokwethemba" empilweni yabo, "indawo lapho ubumnandi obuvela khona." Izingane zichaza ukuthi omama nobaba abatholakali ngezindlela ezijulile, okwamanje kodwa hhayi nakancane. "Abamama manje bancelisa futhi bancelisa izingane zabo njengoba bebhala," etshela i-American Psychological Association ehlobo eledlule. "Umama owenza umyalezo othungatha imiyalezo uzobe esezizwa ngeso lengqondo ingane. Futhi leyo ngane isengozini yokuhumusha lokho kuphazamiseka okuvela ngaphakathi kobudlelwane nomama. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuthi kuhlolwe kakhulu. "Wanezela," Ubuchwepheshe bungenza sikhohlwe izinto ezibalulekile esizazi ngokuphila. "
Lokhu kuqhuma komuntu oqobo nakho kwenzeka phakathi kwezingane eziphakeme esikoleni esiphakeme-nasekolishi. Babenenkinga yobunikazi bedijithali ngesikhathi lapho ubunikazi boqobo bukhona. "Engakufunda esikoleni esiphakeme," intombazane okuthiwa uStan yabatshela uTurkle, "kwakuyiziprofetho, amaprofayli, amaphrofayili; ukuthi ungangenza kanjani. "Kuyindlela yokufunda enomdlandla, impilo ihlala ngokuphelele emphakathini nekhamera yewebhu, yonke iphutha elirekhodiwe futhi labelwana ngayo, lihlekwa usulu kuze kube yilapho kukhona okunye okuhamba phambili okuhambisana khona. "Ngingakapheli isikhathi esingakanani ukwenza lokhu?" Enye intsha igubha, njengoba ilungele ukuphendula imiyalezo emisha ye-100 efonini yakhe.
Ngonyaka odlule, lapho i-MTV ihambela ababukeli bayo be-13- kuya ku-30 ubudala ezinkundleni zabo zeWebhu, iningi lazizwa "lichazwe" yilokho abakwenzayo ku-intanethi, "bekhathele" ngokuhlale beyibeka lapho, futhi abakwazi ukubukeka ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa. "FOMO," inethiwekhi yabiza. "Ngabona izingqondo ezinhle kakhulu zesizukulwane sami zibhujiswa ngobuhlanya, zilamba indlala, ziqala inkondlo ka-Allen Ginsberg Bhala, inhlawulo ye-beatnik evuleka abantu" behudula "ekuseni, befuna" ukulungiswa komsindo "we-heroin. Akunzima ukucabanga ngemifanekiso ehlukile namhlanje.
Ucwaningo lwamuva lwe-Net-no-depression lungaba lubi kakhulu kunabo bonke. Ngokuvumelana nezihloko, i-Missouri State University ilandelela imikhuba ye-Web-time yangempela yezingane ze-216, amaphesenti angu-30 awo abonisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka. Imiphumela, eyanyatheliswa ngenyanga eyedlule, ithole ukuthi izingane ezicindezelekile zaziyizisebenzi eziqhamuka kakhulu kwi-Web, zifuna amahora amaningi e-imeyili, ingxoxo, amavidiyo, nokwabelana ngefayela. Babuye bavule, bavale, futhi bashintshe amawindi wesiphequluli kaningi, basesha, bacabanga, futhi bangatholi ukuthi bafuna yini ukuthola.
Bazwakala ngamunye njengoDoug, umfundi we-Midwestern ekolishi owagcina ama-avatars amane, egcina umhlaba ngamunye ovulekile ekhompyutheni yakhe, kanye nomsebenzi wakhe wesikole, i-imeyli, namavidiyo omculo ozithandayo. Watshela u-Turkle ukuthi ukuphila kwakhe kwangempela "kungenye enye iwindi" -ngokuthi "ngokuvamile akuyona into engcono kakhulu." Kuphi lokhu okubangelwa khona? uyazibuza. Lona ngumugqa odabukisayo wokuphenya kwabo bonke.
Muva nje, izifundiswa seziqale ukuphakamisa ukuthi umhlaba wethu one-digitized ungasekela izinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zokugula ngengqondo. EStanford, uDkt. Aboujaoude ucwaninga ukuthi ngabe ezinye izinhlobo zedijithali kufanele zibalwe njengezisemthethweni, "eziguqukayo," njenge-alter egos ebhalwe ezimweni zokuphazamiseka kobuntu obuningi (manje obubizwa ngokuthi yi-dissociative identity disorder ku-DSM). Ukuhlola umbono wakhe, wanikeza esinye seziguli zakhe, uRichard, umphathi wezinsizakusebenza omnene onomkhuba ononya we-Web poker, isivivinyo esisemthethweni sokuphazamiseka kobuntu okuningi. Umphumela wawumangalisa. Uthole amaphuzu aphezulu njengoziro wesineke. "Kungenzeka ukuthi ngangi… ngifaka uhlu lwemibuzo kuSybil Dorsett!" U-Aboujaoude uyabhala.
Abafowethu beGold-uJoel, isazi sezifo zengqondo eNyuvesi YaseNew York, no-Ian, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezifo zengqondo eMyunivesithi yaseMcGill-baphenya ukukhishwa kwethekhnoloji ekuhlukaniseni ubudlelwane bomuntu ngeqiniso, kuhoxisa ukucabangela, ukukhohliswa nokucindezeleka kwangempela, njengoba kubonakala sengathi esimweni sikaJason Russell, umenzi wefilimu ngemuva kwe "Kony 2012." Umqondo wukuthi impilo ye-intanethi ihambisana nokuphila edolobheni elikhulu kakhulu, elinwe futhi lihlangene ndawonye ngamakhodi kanye nezimo eziyimodemu, kodwa hhayi okungezansi kwengqondo-nokukhokhisa intela-kuneNew York noma eHong Kong. "Idatha ngokucacile isekela umbono wokuthi umuntu ohlala edolobheni elikhulu usemngciphekweni ophezulu we-psychosis kunomunye edolobhaneni elincane," i-Ian Gold ibhala nge-imeyili. "Uma i-intanethi ingumfanekiso womuzi ocabanga," uyaqhubeka. "Kungase kube nomthelela owodwa wezingqondo."
Ithimba labacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseTel Aviv lilandela indlela efanayo. Ngasekupheleni konyaka odlule, bashicilela lokho okukholelwa ukuthi yiwona amacala okuqala aqoshiwe e-"Psychosis ahlobene ne-inthanethi." Izimfanelo zokukhulumisana nge-intanethi ziyakwazi ukudala "izimo ezingokomqondo ezingokomqondo," abalobi baphetha, ngaphambi kokubeka umphakathi wezokwelapha ngesixwayiso. Ukusetshenziswa kokusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi nokubandakanyeka kwayo ekuguleni kwengqondo kuyimiphumela emisha yezikhathi zethu. "
Ngakho senzani ngakho? Abanye bangasho lutho, ngoba ngisho nokucwaninga okungcono kakhulu kukhonjiswe ku-conundrum engapheli yalokho okuza kuqala. Ingabe abantu abavamile baphula abantu abavamile abanokungapheli, iziphazamiso ezingapheli, kanye nosongo lokuhleka usulu ngenxa yokungahambi kahle? Noma ingabe iheha imiphefumulo ephukile?
Kodwa ngandlela-thile, akunandaba ukuthi izinga lethu ledijithali lidala ukugula kwengqondo, noma ukulikhuthaza nje, uma nje abantu behlupheka. Njengoba sibhekene nokujula kwempilo yabo, sibheka emithini yemithi kadokotela, esiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani iMelika igijima ku-Xanax (futhi kungani kubanjelwa izidakamizwa ze-benzodiazepines, isithako se-Xanax nezinye izidakamizwa eziphikisayo, ziye zaba kathathu kusukela ekupheleni kwe-1990s). Siphinde siphumelele ukukhululwa okungamanga kokuxhuma kwezinto eziningi, okwenza kube nzima ngisho nalapho ikhompyutha ivaliwe. Futhi sonke, kusukela ubuhlobo ne-intanethi baqala, sebejwayele ukwamukela njengokungathi, ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa okukhulu mayelana nokuthi sifuna kanjani noma ukuthi sifuna ukugwema. Lezo zinsuku zokukhathazeka kufanele ziphele. I-intanethi isengokwethu ukuma. Izingqondo zethu zilinganiselwe.
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