Ukusetshenziswa kwe-intanethi nokusetshenziswa komzimba nge-intanethi (i-2015)

I-PLoS One. 2015 Aug 5; 10 (8): e0134538. i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0134538.

U-Reed P1, Vile R1, Osborne LA2, I-Romano M3, I-Truzoli R3.

abstract

Ukusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi kuhlotshaniswe nama-comorbidities ahlukahlukene ngokwengqondo, kepha ubudlelwane nokugula komzimba abutholanga iquthi elifanayo lokuphenya. Ucwaningo lwamanje luhlole ababambiqhaza be-505 ku-inthanethi, babuza ngamazinga abo okusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi (i-Internet Addiction Test), ukudangala nokukhathazeka (Isibalo Sokuxineka Kwesibhedlela kanye Nezimo Zokudangala), ukwehlukaniswa komphakathi (UCLA Loneliness Questionnaire), izinkinga zokulala (iPittsburgh S sleep Quality Index) , kanye nempilo yabo yamanje - Okujwayelekile Uhlolisiso Lwezempilo (i-GHQ-28), kanye nephepha lemibuzo lomsebenzi we-Immune Function. Imiphumela ikhombisile ukuthi cishe i-30% yesampula ikhombise amazinga athambile noma amabi kakhulu omlutha we-inthanethi, njengoba kulinganiswa yi-IAT. Yize bekukhona umehluko ngezinhloso abesilisa nabesifazane abasebenzisa i-inthanethi ngazo, bekungekho mehluko ngokuya ngamazinga wokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga phakathi kwabesilisa nabesilisa. Izinkinga ze-inthanethi zazihlobene ngokuqinile nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezinjengokudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukuzihlukanisa nabantu kanye nezinkinga zokulala. Umlutha we-Intanethi ubuye uhlotshaniswe nomsebenzi wokunciphisa umzimba ozibuyiselwayo, kodwa hhayi ngesilinganiso sempilo ejwayelekile (GHQ-28). Lobu budlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi nokuncipha kokusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba kutholwe ukuthi buzimele ngaphandle komthelela we-co-morbidities. Kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ubudlelwane obubi phakathi kwenqanaba lokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga nomsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba bungalinganiswa ngamazinga okuxakaniseka akhiqizwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okunjalo, nomsebenzi wezinzwa owalandela, ohlobene nama-immune-supressants, njenge-cortisol.

Isikhombo: UReed P, Vile R, Osborne LA, Romano M, Truzoli R (2015) Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-inthanethi Okuyinkinga Nomsebenzi Wokuzivikela. I-PloS ONE 10 (8): e0134538. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0134538

Umhleli: U-Antonio Verdejo-García, eNyuvesi yaseGranada, eSpain

Utholiwe: I-December 3, i-2014; Kuvunyelwe: Julayi 10, i-2015; Kushicilelwe: August 5, 2015

I-copyright: © 2015 Reed et al. Le i-athikili yokufinyelela evulekile esatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemibandela ye Ilayisense ye-Creative Commons Attribution, evumela ukusetshenziswa okungavinjelwe, ukusatshalaliswa, futhi ukukhiqizwa kabusha kunoma iyiphi i-medium, inqobo nje uma kubhalwa umlobi wokuqala nomthombo

Ukutholakala kwedatha: Ngenxa yezidingo zokuziphatha ezibekwe ekukhishweni kwanoma iyiphi idatha eqoqwe nge-elekhtroniki nguMnyango weZimo Zokuziphatha ze-Psychology, asikwazi ukwenza idatha isethwe online, kepha sijabule kakhulu ukunikeza le mininingwane kunoma ngubani ofisa ukuyibona, ngokuxhumana noProfessor Phil Reed at [i-imeyili ivikelwe].

Imali: Abalobi abanalo ukusekelwa noma imali yokubika.

Izithakazelo zokuncintisana: Abalobi baye bathi akukho zintandokazi ezikhona.

Isingeniso

Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile noma okungahambi kahle kwe-inthanethi (noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga) kuphakanyiswe ngabathile njengenkinga yamaqembu athile abantu [1,2], kanye nesidingo sokuqhubeka nokufunda maqondana nokuthi ngabe i-Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD) ingumqondo osebenzayo ophakanyisiwe [1,3]. Abantu ababika izinkinga eziphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwabo kwe-inthanethi banaka izimpawu ezimbalwa ezihambisana, ezinjengokuthi: ukuphazamiseka okukhulu emsebenzini wabo nobudlelwano bezenhlalo [4,5,6], futhi kuthinte okungekuhle lapho kuhlukaniswe ku-inthanethi [7]. Izilinganiso zokwanda kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kubantu abaningi ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwe-2% ne-8%, futhi zifinyelela ku-20% kumasampula amancane [3, 8-10], yize lezi zibalo zinzima ukukutolika ngokunembile ngenxa yezincazelo ezihlukile 'zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga' noma 'umlutha we-inthanethi' oqashiwe.

Labo bantu ababika ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga futhi babika ezahlukene zezinkinga zengqondo nezokuxhumana ezihlobene [10-12]. Ukubambisana kwezengqondo ngokwengqondo kubalulwe kulabo bantu ababika ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga kutholakale ukuthi kufaka phakathi: ukukhathazeka [7,13,14], ukuphazamiseka kwe-Hyperactivity [15], ukuphazamiseka kwethambo le-Autism [7,16], ukudangala [13-15, 17], umthelela wokungahlali ndawonye nobutha [18-20], ne-schizophrenia [7,21]. Ukuphazamiseka kokukhathazeka komphakathi [18] nesizungu [22], futhi zivame ukuhlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-IAD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinga aphakeme okucindezela kwempilo [23] nokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi [22, 24-26], nezinga eliphansi lempilo [24,27], kuthiwa yibo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga

Amazinga aphezulu nezinkinga zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi nazo zihlobene nezinguquko ze-neurological [28,29]. Inani elandayo locwaningo libonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga, okufana nokunye okuphathelene nokuziphatha, kuhlotshaniswa nokungahambi kahle ohlelweni lwe-dopaminergic [30,31], nangomsebenzi wezinzwa ozwela ngokwengeziwe [32,33], okubuye kukhonjiswe ukuthi kuhlobene nomunye [34].

Ngokuphikisana nezincwadi ezikhulayo maqondana nokuxhumeka kwengqondo nobuchopho kwe-IAD, kuye kwaba nezifundo ezimbalwa ngomthelela wokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga empilweni yomzimba. Ubudlelwano phakathi kokulala okuphazamisekile nokusetshenziswa kanzima kwe-inthanethi sekusunguliwe [35,36], njengoba kunobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nokudla okungalungile [37] okuholela ezinkingeni zesisindo, njengokukhuluphala [38]. Olunye ucwaningo lutholile ukuhlangana phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nekhwalithi yokuphila ehlobene nakho, umqondo ohlobene nokugula, yize kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi bambalwa kakhulu imibukiso enjalo futhi kunokungafani kulolu ncwadi [39,40]. Isibonelo, ikhwalithi yokuphila ehlobene nempilo, elinganiswa yi-SF-36, kutholakale ukuthi ihambelana nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi, noma ikhwalithi yempilo ayihambelani nesikhathi esichithwa kusetshenziswa i-inthanethi [40]. Ngokuphikisanayo, lapho ikhwalithi yokuphila ehlobene nempilo ilinganiswe yi-General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), ubudlelwane obuncane buye babonwa ne-IAD [9,39]. Izizathu zamaphethini ahlukene okutholakele kusetshenziswa lezi zindlela ezimbili zempilo ezihlobene nempilo azicaci-noma zingakhombisa womabili umehluko ekusebenzeni komqondo wokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga ezifundweni zonke, kanye nokugxila kwe-SF-36 zombili impilo ehambelana nempilo nengokwengqondo eqhathaniswa nokugxila kwengqondo okugxile kakhulu kwe-GHQ. Ngakho-ke, izincwadi eziphathelene nekhwalithi yokuphila ehlobene nempilo njengamanje kunzima ukuyihumusha.

Ingxoxo engenhla isho ukuthi ucwaningo olwengeziwe kule ndawo okungenzeka lubalulekile lufanelekile, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-intanethi [3], kanye nokuntuleka kobufakazi obucacile obuhlobene nomthelela wayo ekusebenzeni kwezempilo ngayinye se ngokungafani nekhwalithi yempilo ehlobene nempilo, kanye nezinkinga zesikhonzi ezikhuphuka ngamazinga okugula ngokomzimba okuhlobene ezingase zibangele izinhlelo zezempilo. Vele, uma kunikezwe ukubambisana okuboniswa yilabo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga, noma ibuphi ubuhlobo phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nokugula ngokomzimba kungaba ngumkhiqizo wanoma iyiphi yezinkinga ezimbalwa. Ukungazinaki okwenziwe yilabo ababika ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okunenkinga ngokuya ngokudla okungalungile nezindlela zokulala ezingezinhle, kungahle kubandakanyeke kumazinga wokugula ngokomzimba [37,40]. Ngokuqinisekile, ukulala kabi kubonisiwe ukubikezela izici ezithile zomsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba [41-43]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindaba zengqondo ezisebenza ngokubambisana nazo zingadlala indima. Kuqashelwe ukuthi izinkinga zempilo yengqondo zihambisana nesibalo samakhaza abikiwe phakathi nonyaka [44]. Ngokukhethekile, bobabili ukudangala [45-47], nezinkinga zokukhathazeka nokucindezela [48], ikakhulukazi ukukhathazeka komphakathi nesizungu [49-51], bikezela ukungasebenzi komzimba. Ekugcineni, ukwenziwa kusebenze kohlelo lokuzwela, okuphawuleka kulabo abanenkinga yokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, kuhambisane nokwenyuka kwamazinga e-adrenaline ne-cortisol, futhi kuholele ekunciphiseni ukusebenza komzimba, ikakhulukazi kulabo abanamazinga aphezulu okucindezelwa okubikiwe [52]. Noma yikuphi ukuphenya ngobudlelwano bokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga nokugula ngokomzimba kuzodinga ukuhlolwa okuthile kweminikelo ehambelana nalezi zinto ezihlobene nokusebenza.

Ngokusobala, impilo engokomzimba ingumqondo obanzi kakhulu, kepha isibuyekezo esingenhla sibonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga kungaba nomthelela ngqo ekusebenzeni komzimba, okungatholanga sifundo ngqo [53]. Uma kunjalo, khona-ke izifo ezinjengomkhuhlane ovamile [54], umkhuhlane [55], izilonda ezibandayo [56], inyumoniya [57], sepsis [58], kanye nezifo zesikhumba [59], kungaba ngukhiye okufanele ugxile kuwo lapho kuhlolwa umthelela wokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kuzimpawu zomzimba. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, ukuhlola kwangaphambilini kobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nokugula ngokomzimba kuye kwagxila kakhulu ekubikeni imibiko yekhwalithi ehlobene nempilo etholakele kusetshenziswa izinsimbi ezifana ne-SF-36 ne-GHQ. Yize lezi zinyathelo zithembekile, azigxili kunoma yikuphi ukuhla okuthile kwezifo, futhi azihlobene nezifo abantu abangakwazi ukuzivikela ukubonisa izifo. Ekunqumeni izinga lokuthi ukusebenza komzimba kungathikamezeka kanjani, umsebenzi owedlule uhlole imibiko yokuzazisa yezimpawu ezihambisana kakhulu nokusebenza kabi komzimba [31,44]. Ukuzibika kubhekwa njengendlela eqinile kulo mongo, njengoba izinkomba ezinjalo kulula ukuzithiba, azivamisile ukubikwa kochwepheshe bezempilo ngakho-ke azivezi kumarekhodi ezokwelapha, futhi zivame ukubonwa ngaphandle kwesizathu esinobungozi seqiniso [54].

Ngokubuka lokhu kucatshangelwa okungenhla, ucwaningo olukhona manje luhlolisise ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kanye nezimbangi ezimbili zezempilo (ukuzivocavoca umzimba kanye nesimo sempilo esazibika ngaso) kanye nohlu lokuhlukahluka okuhlobene nempilo (ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, isizungu, kanye izinkinga zokulala). Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nempilo yomzimba ehlobene nomzimba, engakaze ihlolwe ngqo. Kulokhu, inhloso yokuqala yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenya ukuthi ngabe amazinga aphezulu wokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga azohlotshaniswa yini nombiko omkhulu wezifo ezihlobene nomzimba (ngaphezulu nangaphezulu komthelela wezinkinga ze-intanethi kokunye ukuhlobana okuhlobene nezempilo okukalwa ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhloso eziningi zesibili ezingahloliswanga ngaphambili kulolu cwaningo, kufaka phakathi ukuhlola uhlobo lobudlelwano phakathi kokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga nesimo sezempilo esizibikayo. Lokhu kwahlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ngabe lokhu kuhluka kukhombisa ubudlelwano obufanayo nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi njengemibiko yezimpawu ezihlobene nokuvikela umzimba. Uhla lwezinye izinkinga ezingabhebhethekiswa zalabo ababonisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okunenkinga, okutholakele nokuthi lubikezela ukusebenza kabi komzimba, njengokukhathazeka, ukudangala, isizungu nezinkinga zokulala, kulinganiswa ngomzamo wokuthola ubudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nezimpawu zezempilo zomzimba ezimele kulezi zinkinga ze-co-morbid. Lokhu kufanele kuvume isinyathelo sokuqala sokusungula uhlobo lobuhlobo phakathi kokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga kanye nokuncipha kokusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba, uma ngabe inhlangano ingatholakala.

Indlela

Isitatimende sokuziphatha

Imvume yokuziphatha yalolu cwaningo yatholakala eMnyangweni we-Psychology Ethics Committee, eSwansea University. Ababambiqhaza banikeze imvume enolwazi yokubamba iqhaza kulolu cwaningo ngokusayina ifomu lokuvuma kulandela ukufunda iphepha elinikezwe bona, futhi iKomidi Lezimilo livume le nqubo yemvume.

Abahlanganyeli

Abahlanganyeli abangamakhulu ayisihlanu nanhlanu (abesilisa besifazane be-265 kanye nabesilisa be-240) baqashwa ngezixhumanisi ezithunyelwe kumasayithi e-inthanethi (izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu, amabhulogi kanye nezindawo zemidlalo ye-micoblogging kanye nezindawo zokudlala). Isu lokuqashwa ku-inthanethi lamukelwa ngokuhambisana nokuchazwa kwangaphambilini komthelela wokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga [60,61].

Bonke ababambe iqhaza babengamavolontiya, futhi akekho noyedwa owathola noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesinxephezelo ngokubamba kwabo iqhaza. Abahlanganyeli babeneminyaka yobudala engama-29.73 (+ 13.65, ububanzi 18-101) iminyaka: <20 years = 7.5%; Iminyaka engama-21–29 = 61.8%; Iminyaka engama-30-39 = 15.5%; Iminyaka engama-40-49 = 4.6%; Iminyaka engama-50-59 = 4.2%; Iminyaka engama-60 + = 5.9%. Ubuhlanga bababambi qhaza ababebika: 202 (40%) Mhlophe; Amaqembu angama-50 (10%) ahlanganisiwe / amaningi; 141 (28%) wase-Asia; 106 (21%) Abamnyama / base-Afrika / baseCaribbean; futhi 6 (1%) Elinye Iqembu Lobuzwe. Isimo somshado sesampula besingu: 305 (60%) ongashadile, 65 (13%) oshadile noma obambisene nomphakathi; I-105 (21%) kwezinye izinhlobo zobudlelwano; futhi ama-30 (6%) ahlukanisile noma afelwa ngumfelokazi.

Ukusetshenziswa Kokubamba iqhaza Komhlanganyeli kwe-Intanethi

Abahlanganyeli bacelwe ukuba balinganise ukusetshenziswa kwabo okujwayelekile kwe-inthanethi ngokubacela ukuthi balinganise inani lamahora ngeviki abalisebenzise ku-inthanethi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule; le ndlela ivame ukuthathwa ezifundweni zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga [40,61]. Yize kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa 'okungeyona yobungcweti' okuhambelana nezinkinga eziningana ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi esindayo [40], bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukwahlukanisa okungeyona / okungeyona eyobuchwepheshe kungenzeka kungasebenzi kubo bonke abaphendulayo, nokuthi lokhu kusebenzisa kungenzeka futhi kube nzima ukubandlulula abanye abaphendulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuphelele, uqobo, kutholakele kuhlobene nezinkinga ezihlobene ne-inthanethi [40].

Inani lamahora ngamaviki ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okubikwe ukuthi yi-39.57 (+ 28.06, ububanzi = 1 kuya ku-135): I-28.3% ibike ukusetshenziswa kwemali phakathi kwamahora we-1 namahora we-20 ngesonto e-inthanethi; I-29.5% ibike ukuthi ichitha i-21 kumahora we-40 ngesonto online; I-22.4% ibike ukuthi ichitha i-41 amahora angama-60 ngesonto online, kanti i-19.8% ibike ichitha amahora angaphezu kwe-61 ngesonto ku-inthanethi. Inani lamahora ngamaviki asetshenziswe ku-inthanethi ngabesifazane yi-34.77 (± 26.84, ububanzi = 1-135), futhi, kwabesilisa, lokhu bekuyi-44.88 (± 28.46, ibanga = 6-130). Ukuhlolwa kweqembu elizimele kuveze ukuthi lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo, unomphumela wobukhulu obulinganiselwe, t(503) = 4.11, p <0.001, d = 0.366. Kube nobudlelwano obalulekile, kepha obuthakathaka, obuqondile bokuklelana phakathi kweminyaka nesikhathi esichithwe ku-inthanethi, F(1,503) = 6.74, p <0.05, R2 = 0.013, kepha ubudlelwane obunamandla be-in-inverted-U obunamandla phakathi kwalokhu okuguqukayo, F(1,502) = 11.10, p <0.001, R2 = 0.042). Kodwa-ke, lapho isampula lihlukaniswa laba ababekade bengashadile (N = 331), nalabo ababenobuhlobo obuthile (N = 174), kwakungekho mehluko obalulekile wesibalo ngesikhathi esisetshenziswe ku-inthanethi t (503) = 1.48, p > .10, d = 0.146. Ngokufanayo, bekungekho mehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi nesikhathi esichithwe online kuzinhlanga ezihlukile, F <1.

Ababambiqhaza babuye babuzwa ngezinhlobo zokusebenzisa abazenzile ze-inthanethi, babuye bacelwa ukuthi bakhombise ukuthi ngabe bavakashele izinhlobo ezithile zezindawo ze-Intanethi noma ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule. Izimpendulo zalo mbuzo zikhonjisiwe ku Ithebula 1, ekhombisa iphesenti lesampula yonke ebivakashele amawebhusayithi amafomu ahlukahlukene, kanye namaphesenti abesilisa nabesifazane, nabancane (ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-29) nabadala (iminyaka ye-30 nangaphezulu), ababambiqhaza abavakashela amasayithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ithebula 1 ibonisa ama-coifficients we-Phi yale datha (ebalwa ngenani langempela labahlanganyeli, kunokuba amaphesenti aboniswe ku Ithebula 1). Ama-coifficients we-Phi anikeza inkomba yezinga lokuhlangana phakathi kokuguquguqukayo (futhi zibalulekile ngokwezibalo lapho isibalo se-chi-sikwele esihambisanayo sibalulekile).

isithonjana
Ithebula 1. Amaphesenti wamasampula avakashelwa amawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene, kanye namaphesenti abesilisa nabesifazane, nabancane nabadala, ababambiqhaza abavakashela amasayithi kanye ne-Phi coefficients.

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0134538.t001

Le mininingwane iveza ukuthi ukuxhumana nomphakathi (isib, i-Facebook, i-Twitter) kanye namawebhusayithi okuthenga / asebhange kuyizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu esizeni se-intanethi. Ukugembula (kufaka phakathi izingosi ze-lottery), amageyimu neziza ezinokuqukethwe kwezocansi / kwezothando, zazisetshenziswa ngokulingana kaningi, ngezinombolo ezincane ezibandakanya ukubloga kwendabuko (ngaphandle kwe-Twitter) noma izingosi zokuxoxa. Kube nokuhlukahluka kobulili ekusetshenzisweni kwe-inthanethi, nabesifazane besebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana kanye nezindawo zokuthenga ezingaphezu kwabesilisa, nabesilisa besebenzisa imidlalo yezokuxhumana, indawo yezocansi / yokuthandana, kanye nezindawo zokuxoxa ezingaphezu kwabesifazane. Abantu abaningi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-30 basebenzise izingosi zokuxhumana nabantu, kanye namawebhusayithi ukuze bakwazi ukucwaninga, kaningi kunalawo angaphezu kwe-30. Kodwa-ke, labo abaneminyaka engaphezu kwe-30 basebenzise izingosi zokuthenga / zebhange, kanye nezindawo zezindaba, ukubloga kwendabuko, nezindawo zokuxoxa, kaningi kunalezo ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-30.

Materials

I-Internet Addiction Test (IAT)

I-IAT [62] isikali sento ye-20 esimboza ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuphazamisa impilo yansuku zonke (isib, umsebenzi, ukulala, ubudlelwano, njll.). Into ngayinye inikwa esikalini se-1-4, futhi amaphuzu aphelele asuka ku-20 aya ku-100. Isakhiwo se-IAT okwamanje kuyaxoxiswana ngaso [61,63], kepha umaki osusiwe we-40 noma ngaphezulu kwesibalo esiphelele se-IAT uthathwa njengokumelela elinye izinga lokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga [7,62,64] Ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi kwesilinganiso kutholakale kuphakathi kwe-.90 [64] kanye .93 [62].

Ukukhathazeka Ngezibhedlela kanye ne-Depression Scale (HADS)

I-HADS [65] kuyisilinganiso esetshenziswa kabanzi sokukhathazeka nokudangala. Kwakhelwe ukuthi isetshenziswe ukuphuma kwasesibhedlela okujwayelekile, isetshenziselwe amasampula angewona awokwelashwa [66,67]. Inezinto ze-14 (7 zokukhathazeka ne-7 yokudangala) ezihlobene neviki eledlule. Kunemibuzo ye-7 umbuzo ngamunye wokukhathazeka nokudangala, umbuzo ngamunye uthola amaphuzu kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-3 kuya ngobucayi besibonakaliso; amaphuzu aphezulu yi-21 kwisikali ngasinye. Izimpendulo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine: I-0-7 ejwayelekile; I-8-10 imnene; I-11-14 ngokulinganisela; kanye ne-15-21 kakhulu. Ukwethembeka nokuphinda uvivinywe nokuba semthethweni zombili zinamandla [65], futhi ukuthembeka kwangaphakathi yi-.82 yesilinganiso sokukhathazeka, kanye ne-.77 yesilinganiso sokudangala, sabantu abangenawo umtholampilo [67].

Isikali se-UCLA Isizungu

Isikali se-UCLA Loneliness Scale [68] liqukethe izitatimende ze-20 eziklanyelwe ukuhlola isizungu. Ababambiqhaza baphendula umbuzo ngamunye besebenzisa isikali samaphoyinti we-4 ("Ngivame ukuzizwa ngale ndlela", "kwesinye isikhathi ngizwa ngale ndlela", "Akuvamile ukuthi ngizwe ngale ndlela", futhi "angikaze ngizizwe ngale ndlela"), futhi into ngayinye yile kushaye amaphuzu kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-3, kunikeza inani lesilinganiso ububanzi ukusuka ku-0 kuya ku-60. Isikolo esiphakeme sibonisa ubulukhuni obuphezulu. Indawo yokusika yezinkinga zesizungu ivame ukunikezwa ekuphambukeni okujwayelekile ngaphezulu kwendlela yesampula. Isikali sinokwethenjwa okuphezulu, ngokuhambisana okungaphakathi kwe-.92, nokuthembeka okuphinde kwenzeke ukuthembeka kwe-.73 [69].

IPittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

Le PSQI [70] liqukethe imibuzo ephambili ye-10, eminye enezigatshana ezingezansi, lapho umhlanganyeli edingeka ukufaka idatha emayelana nezindlela zabo zokulala. Uhlu lwemibuzo lunikeza amaphuzu aphakathi kwe-0 ne-21, lapho amaphuzu aphezulu akhombisa ukulala okubi kakhulu, futhi amamaki aphezulu kune-5 akhombisa ukulala kabi [70]. I-PSQI kutholakale ukuthi inokuthenjwa okuphezulu kokuhlola futhi isemthethweni uma isetshenziselwa ukuhlola [70].

Uhlu lwemibuzo olujwayelekile lwezeMpilo (GHQ-28)

I-GHQ-28 [71] ikala uhla lwezinkinga zengqondo nezempilo, futhi ihlukaniswe izikali ezingezansi ze-4: izimpawu zesomuntu, ukukhathazeka kanye nokuqwasha, ukungasebenzi kahle komphakathi, kanye nokucindezeleka okukhulu. Isikali esincane ngasinye siqukethe izinto ze-7, zonke ezidinga impendulo kusilinganiselo-se-4-point Likert-size Lutho neze, Akudluli ngokujwayelekile, Kunalokho kunokujwayelekile, Okuningi kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, ukushaya i-0 ku-3, ngokulandelana. Ukuthembakala kwangaphakathi kwesikali kungaphezulu .90. Ocwaningweni lwamanje, kuhlaziywa kuphela isilinganiselo sezimpawu zesomuso, okucele ababambe iqhaza ukukala izinga abazizwe ngalo: empilweni enhle ejwayelekile, udinga i-tonic, wehla, uyagula, ubuhlungu bekhanda, ukuqina noma ingcindezi ku inhloko, kanye neziphonso ezishisayo noma ezibandayo.

Uhlu lwemibuzo lomsebenzi wokuzivikela (i-IFQ)

Ama-IFQconsists ezinto ze-15 ezihlola imvamisa yezimpawu ezahlukahlukene ezihambisana nokusebenza kabi komzimba. Ngokuya ngokuvama kwabo enanini elivamile, nokuhlobene okuqondile nokushiyeka kokuzivikela komzimba, lezi zimo ezilandelayo zikhethiwe njengesisekelo sezinto ezisencwadini yemibuzo: umkhuhlane ojwayelekile [54], umkhuhlane [55], izilonda ezibandayo [56], inyumoniya [57], sepsis [58], kanye nezifo zesikhumba [59]. Ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwezimpawu ezinkulu zalezi zimo, izinto zesibonakaliso ze-19 zifakiwe kwiphepha lemibuzo njengezimpawu zokungasebenzi kahle kwamasosha omzimba: umqala obuhlungu, ikhanda, umkhuhlane, ikhala eligobhozayo, ukukhwehlela, izilonda ezibandayo, amathumba, umkhuhlane omfushane, warts / verrucas , i-pneumonia, i-bronchitis, i-sinusitis, umkhuhlane omkhulu ngokuzumayo, ukutheleleka kwendlebe, uhudo, i-meningitis, ukutheleleka kwamehlo, i-sepsis kanye nokulimala isikhathi eside. Kukalwe ngezinga le-5-point Likert-type esikalini (Akukaze, Kukanye noma kabili, Ngezikhathi ezithile, kaningi, kaningi, ngezikolo kusuka ku-0 kuya ku-4 ngokulandelana). Isibalo esiphelele sisukela ku-0 siye kwi-79, ngesibalo esiphezulu esibonisa ukusebenza okubi kakhulu komzimba. I-IFQ phambilini ibisetshenziselwa ukutadisha umthelela wezehlakalo zokuphila ezicindezelayo empilweni ebikwayo, njengokuhlola umthelela wokuba nengane ene-ASD. Emsebenzini owedlule [72], isikolo se-IFQ sitholakele ukuhlanganisa kahle (r = .578, p <.001) ngenombolo yokuvakashelwa ku-General Medical Practitioner, kunokuhlobana okuhle phakathi kwe-IFQ kanye nenani eliphelele le-GHQ (r = .410, p <.01), kanye nokuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kwe-IFQ nezimpawu ze-somatic sub-scale ye-GHQ (r = .493, p <.01).

Inqubo

Bonke ababambiqhaza baphendule kwezixhumanisi ezithunyelwe kumasayithi we-inthanethi okubhekiswe kuwo ukufinyelela kubantu abahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izingosi zokuxhumana (isib. I-Facebook, i-Twitter), amakhasi wokubhuloga / wesithangami (isib. UMashable), amasayithi wokudlala (isib. I-Eurogamer.com), namawebhusayithi wokusiza umlutha we-inthanethi. Lezi zixhumanisi zinikeze ababambiqhaza isingeniso esifushane kulolu cwaningo, lapho batshelwa khona ukuthi ucwaningo lwaluphathelene nobudlelwano bokusebenzisa i-inthanethi kanye nobuntu obuhlukahlukene nezinkinga zezempilo. Uma babethanda ukubamba iqhaza, babeyalelwe ukuba balandele isixhumanisi esiku-inthanethi kwiphepha lemibuzo. Lesi sixhumanisi sithathe ababambe iqhaza ekhasini lewebhu eliqukethe eminye imininingwane mayelana nocwaningo: siphinde sachaza ukuthi inhloso yocwaningo yayihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi kanye nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zobuntu nezempilo, futhi iveze nezinhlobo zemibuzo ezobe iphendula ngayo. Ikhasi lemininingwane libuye linikeze imininingwane yelungelo labo lokuhoxa esifundweni nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, nezinyathelo ezithathwayo zokuqinisekisa ubumfihlo babo. Imininingwane yalandelwa isitatimende semvume, yayala ababambiqhaza kuphela ukuthi babhale ngokuchofoza kuqala iphepha lemibuzo uma bezimisele ukuhlinzeka ngemvume futhi uma bengaphezulu kweminyaka ye-18. Ababambiqhaza babe sebethulwa ngemibuzo.

Akukho mkhawulo wesikhathi owanikwa ukuthi izimpendulo zenziwe, futhi ababambiqhaza banikezwa inketho yokulondoloza inhlolovo yabo futhi babuye kuyo ngokuzayo uma kunesidingo. Lapho nje yonke imininingo yemibuzo isiqediwe, ethathe ababambiqhaza cishe i-30 min, ababambiqhaza baqondiswa ekhasini elisetshenziselwa ukubonga, elibabonga kakhulu ngegalelo labo, langena ngemininingwane eminingi mayelana nezinhloso zocwaningo, futhi lanikeza imininingwane yokuxhumana yalaba umcwaningi kanye nensizakalo yokwelulekwa, uma benomuzwa wokuthi badinga usizo, kulandela izindaba eziveziwe ocwaningweni. Isixhumanisi sokufunda sahlala sivulekile izinyanga ezintathu (esikhathini sentwasahlobo), sase savalwa.

Ukuhlaziya kwedatha

Kuqala, umehluko ongaba khona emalangeni wokuluthwa kwe-inthanethi phakathi kwabahlanganyeli abanezimpawu ezihlukile (isib, ubulili, ubudala, njll.) Kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ze-t. Ababambiqhaza babe sebehlukaniswa ngamaqembu ezinkinga- kanye nezinethiwekhi ephezulu ye-inthanethi ngokusebenzisa ukuqhekeka endaweni enezinkinga zezinkinga ze-inthanethi ezithambile noma ezimbi ngokususelwa ku-IAT (ie i-40), kanye nokuhlangana phakathi kwezinkinga ezisebenzisa inkinga ye-inthanethi nobulili, ukudangala , njll., kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa izivivinyo ze-chi-squared. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwenombolo yokuzivocavoca komzimba nokunye kokuguqulelwa kwesibikezeli kwahlolisiswa kusetshenziswa ukulungiswa okuyingxenye (ukukhipha umthelela wabanye ababikezeli), futhi kwaqashwa kabusha nge-stepwise ukukhomba umthelela wezimpawu ze-inthanethi zomsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba ngaphezulu nangaphezulu kwethonya lokunye ukuqagela okungaphambili. Ukuhlaziywa okufanayo kwenziwa futhi ukuze kwenziwe i-self-report health amaphuzu (GHQ). Ekugcineni, la maqembu ahlukaniswa umsebenzi ophakeme futhi ophansi wokuzivikela ezifweni, futhi nesibalo sezempilo esiphakeme nesiphansi sokuzibika (i-GHQ), futhi la maqembu aqhathaniswa ngokuya nezimpawu zabo zokulutha kwe-inthanethi ngokuhlaziywa kwe-covariance, besebenzisa abanye ababikezeli njengama-covariates. Lapho kwenziwa ukuqhathanisa okuningi, kwaqalwa inqubo enkulu yokwenqatshwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukubaluleka, futhi osayizi bemphumela babalwa kulo lonke lelo xesha.

Imiphumela

Isikolo esinezinkinga ze-inthanethi (IAT) yesampula kwakungu-37.25 (± 16.18, ububanzi = 0-96). Isilinganiso sokusho kwe-IAT kwabesifazane kwakungu-36.26 (± 15.36, ububanzi = 0-69), futhi lesi silinganiso sabesilisa sasiyi-38.35 (± 17.00, ububanzi = 9-96). Ukuhlolwa kwama-t-group kwamaqembu azimele akuvezi umehluko obalulekile wezibalo, t <1, d = 0.006. Ukuxhunyaniswa kwePearson kuveze ubudlelwano obubalulekile, nobusayizi, phakathi nesikhathi esichithwe ku-inthanethi nesilinganiso se-IAT, r(503) = .485, p <.001, R2 = .235, kepha abukho ubudlelwano obalulekile phakathi kweminyaka yababambiqhaza nenombolo yabo ye-IAT, r(503) = –.025, p > .50, R2 = .0006.

Ukulinganiswa kwesampula ewela ngaphezu kwephuzu lokunqunyelwa kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi okulinganiselwe noma okubi kakhulu (ie, i-IAT isikolo se-40 noma ngaphezulu [62]) zikhonjisiwe ku I-Fig 1 sonke isampula, kanye nale datha yabesifazane nabesilisa, ngokwahlukile. Kwabasampula, ababambiqhaza be-192 (i-103 yowesifazane, i-89 owesilisa) bawa ngaphezu kokuvalwa kwezinkinga ze-inthanethi. Awukho umehluko obalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kokutholakala kwezinkinga zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi eziyinkinga phakathi kwabashisi, chi squared = .17, p > .60, Phi = .018. Ukuxhumeka kwezinto ze-point yezinto ezibonakalayo akuvezi ubudlelwano phakathi kweminyaka yobudala nokuwela ngaphezu kwendawo enqunyelwe, rpb(503) = -.002, p > .30, Rpb2 = .102, noma bekunokubaluleka okubalulekile, futhi ngokulinganisa, phakathi kwamahora asetshenziswe ku-inthanethi nokuwela ngaphezu kwephuzu lokuvalwa kwezinkinga zokulutha kwe-inthanethi, r(503) = .320, p <.001, Rpb2 = .102.

isithonjana
I-Fig 1. Amaphesenti abahlanganyeli ngenhla nangaphansi kwendawo yokusika yokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga noma okubi ngokwedlulele (okusho inani le-IAT le-40 noma ngaphezulu), kanye nale datha yabesifazane nabesilisa, ngokwahlukile.

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0134538.g001

Iphaneli ephezulu ye Ithebula 2 ikhombisa izindlela eziyisampula nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kwezinkinga ze-inthanethi (IAT), amahora asetshenziswe online, ukudangala (HADS), ukukhathazeka (HADS), isizungu (UCLA) nezinkinga zokulala (i-PSQI). Lezi zindlela zihambisana kakhulu nalezo ezibonwe ophenyweni olwedlule lwamasampula [7]. Iphinde ikhombise iphesenti labantu eliwela ngaphezu kwendawo yokusika yalezo zikali, okuthi, ngaphandle kwezinkinga zokulala, njengoba bekulindelwe isampula enjalo. Ithebula 2 ibuye ikhombise iphesenti lesampula nge-IAD ewela ngaphezu kokunqunyiwe kwalezo ezinye izikali ezingokwengqondo. Amaphesenti alabo abane-IAD futhi abonisa ukubola komzimba aphakeme kunalawo esampula sisonke. Ukuphenya lobu budlelwano ngokuqhubekayo, uchungechunge lwe-2 × 2 chi-square test (co-morbidity ekhona noma engekho uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkinga ze-inthanethi ezikhona noma ezingekho) zenzelwa ukuguquguquka ngakunye, futhi zembula ukuthi zonke izidalwa ezihlangene zazihlotshaniswa kakhulu nokuba khona inkinga ye-intanethi: ukudangalachi-sikwele(1) = 30.56, p <.001, Phi = .246; ukukhathazeka csawubona-sikwele(1) = 38.98, p <.001, Phi = .278; isizungu-csawubona-sikwele(1) = 15.31, p <.001, Phi = .174; futhi ulale-csawubona-sikwele(1) = 9.38, p <.01, Phi = .136. Ukuxhumeka kwePearson phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziguqukayo, kanye nezinkinga zempilo zomuntu (GHQ) nezimpawu zomzimba nakho kukhonjisiwe ku Ithebula 2, futhi lokhu kuhlaziya kwembula ubudlelwano obalulekile ngokwezibalo phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziguqukayo.

isithonjana
Ithebula 2. Izindlela (ukuphambuka okujwayelekile) kwezinkinga ze-inthanethi (IAT), amahora asetshenziswe online, ukudangala (i-HADS), ukukhathazeka (HADS), isizungu (UCLA) nezinkinga zokulala (i-PSQI), kanye namaphesenti abantu abawela ngaphezu kwendawo yokusika ye- lezo zikali, namaphesenti abantu abane-IAD abawela ngaphezu kokunqunyelwa kwalawo masikali.

 

Ukuxhumana kwePearson phakathi kwazo zonke izinto eziguqukayo, kanye nezinkinga zempilo ye-somatic (GHQ) kanye nezimpawu kuyakhonjiswa.

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0134538.t002

Isampula isampula yezimpawu zezimpawu ze-somatic (GHQ-S) yayiyi-7.28 (± 3.87; ububanzi = 0-19), kanti nenhloso yohlu lwezimpawu ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba kwakungu-15.20 (± 9.43; range = 0-37). Lezi zikalo zazinokuhlangana kwe r = 0.345, p <.001, R2 = .119, nomunye. Isikolo se-GHQ (S) sasihlobene kakhulu nokudangala, ukukhathazeka, nezinkinga zokulala, futhi, kuye ngezinga elincane, nezinye izinto eziguqukayo. Izinga lezimpawu ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba lalihlobene kakhulu nokukhathazeka, ukulala nezinkinga ze-inthanethi, futhi ngezinga elincane nokunye okuhlukile.

Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi zombili izinhlobo zokugula (i-GHQ-S ne-IFQ) zazihlangene nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, nokuthi i-IAT yayihlobene nazo zonke ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi ngabe izinkinga ze-inthanethi (ie amaphuzu we-IAT) zinegalelo yini ku lezi zibalo zokugula, kwenziwa ama-regreeion ama-regreeion amaningi ahlukene-munye wokubikezela amaphuzu we-GHQ-S, noyodwa wokubikezela umugqa we-IFQ. Kuzona zozimbili lezi zinhlaka, ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, isizungu, ukulala, kanye namahora asetshenziswe online, kufakiwe kwimodeli yokuqopha esiteji sokuqala. Zonke lezi zinto eziguqukayo kuhlanganisa nenkinga ye-inthanethi (i-IAT) amaphuzu abese efakwa kumodeli esinyweni sesibili, futhi izinga lapho inani lokuhluka okubalwe luthuthukiswa khona ngokufakwa kwenqaku le-IAT.

Amapaneli aphansi we Ithebula 2 khombisa imiphumela yalokhu kuhlaziya. Ukuhlolwa kwedatha kusuka kuphaneli elingezansi kwesokudla kwesikolo se-GHQ-S kukhombisa ukuthi zombili lezi zinyathelo zokubuyiswa zazibalulekile ngokwezibalo, nokwehliswa kwephutha elikhiqizwe ngokufakwa kwe-IAT kusinyathelo 2 futhi kukhiqiza ukuthuthuka okubalulekile kwezibalo kwesikolo se-GHQ-S. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ukuthuthuka ekubikezelweni kwe-GHQ-S okukhiqizwa ngokungezwa kwe-IAT kwakungekho kukhulu kakhulu. Iphethini efanayo yedatha nayo yatholakala kusukela ekuhlaziyweni okwenziwe ukubikezela izimpawu ezihlobene nokugomeka (IFQ). Kodwa-ke, ukungezwa kwe-IAT kusinyathelo 2 kukhiqize ukuthuthuka okunkudlwana kokuqagela kwezibalo okuhlobene nomzimba (IFQ), kunalokho okwakukhona ngezimpawu zesomatic (GHQ-S).

Ukuhlola kabanzi uhlobo lobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziguqukayo, ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwababikezeli abathile (ie, ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, ukulala, isizungu, amahora aku-inthanethi nezinkinga ze-inthanethi) nezimpawu zezimpawu ezimbili (i-GHQ-S ne-IFQ) zabalwa ngokwahlukana. Ukuxhunyaniswa okuyingxenye okwenziwe phakathi kokuguquguqukayo ngakunye kokuguquguqukayo nokuguquguquka okuhlobene nokugula kusetshenziswa konke okunye ukwahlukahluka kwesibikezelo njengokuhlukahluka ngokubambisana. Lokhu kuvumela ubudlelwano obuhlukile phakathi kokuhlukahluka okubili ukubonwa ngokungabikho komthelela wokulamula kwanoma yikuphi okunye okuguqukayo, futhi la mavelu angabonakala ku- I-Fig 2 ezintweni ezimbili ezihlobene nokugula. Le mininingwane ikhombisa iphethini efanayo yobudlelwano phakathi kwababikezeli nezimpawu kuzo zombili i-GHQ-S ne-IFQ; kulokho, ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, nezinkinga zokulala, bonke babenobudlelwano obalulekile ngokwezibalo nayo yonke imiphumela lapho kulawulwa umthelela wezinye izinto eziguqukayo. Kodwa-ke, kanti izinkinga ze-inthanethi (IAT) zazibikezela kakhulu izimpawu ezihlobene nomzimba (IFQ), lokhu bekungahambisani kakhulu nesibalo se-GHQ (S).

isithonjana
I-Fig 2. Ukuhlangana okubonakalayo phakathi kokudangala (i-HADS), ukukhathazeka (HADS), ukulala (i-PSQI), isizungu (UCLA), amahora oku-inthanethi, nezinkinga ze-inthanethi (IAT), nezimpawu zezimpawu ezimbili (GHQ (S) ne-IFQ).

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0134538.g002

Ukuhlola ukuqhubeka kobudlelwano phakathi kwezinkinga ezihlobene ne-inthanethi (izikolo ze-IAT) kanye nezinkinga zempilo ezijwayelekile ezi-somatic (GHQ-S) nezempilo ezihlobene nokulwa nomzimba, isampula lahlukaniswa lalabo abathola amaphuzu angezansi nangaphezulu kokunqanyulwa kwe- I-40 yezinkinga ezilinganiselwe noma ezimbi ezihlobene ne-inthanethi kwi-IAT [62]. Lokhu kudale amaqembu amabili: iqembu elingenazinkinga ze-inthanethi (N = 313; kusho i-IAT = 26.89 + 7.89; ububanzi = 0-39), neqembu elinezinkinga ze-inthanethi (N = 313; kusho i-IAT = 54.14 ± 11.23; ububanzi = 40-96). I-Fig 3 ikhombisa imiphumela evamile ye-general-somatic health (GHQ-S) (iphaneli yesobunxele), kanye nenqaku elisho impilo-ehlobene nomzimba (IFQ). Ukuhlolwa kwedatha ye-GHQ-S kwembula umehluko omncane phakathi kwamaqembu we-IAT aphansi futhi aphezulu ngokuya ngezikolo zawo ze-GHQ-S. Le mininingwane ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa ucwaningo lwe-covariance, neqembu le-inthanethi njengento ephakathi nendawo, kanye nokudangala, ukukhathazeka, izinkinga zokulala, isizungu namahora aku-inthanethi njenge-covariates. Lokhu kuhlaziya kuveze umehluko obalulekile wezibalo zamaqembu we-inthanethi ngokuya ngezimpawu ze-GHQ-S, F <1, ingxenye eta2 = .001. Ngokuphambene, iphaneli kwesokudla ye I-Fig 3 kukhombisa ukuthi iqembu lezinkinga eziphezulu ze-inthanethi belinezinkinga zempilo ezihlobene nokuvikelwa komzimba kuneqembu lezinkinga ezingekho ku-inthanethi, F(1,498) = 27.79, p <.001, ingxenye eta2 = .046.

isithonjana
I-Fig 3. Ima-health general-somatic health (GHQ (S)) amaphuzu (iphaneli yesobunxele), kanye nenombolo yezempilo ehlobene nomzimba (IFQ) yamaqembu amabili we-IAT (izinkinga eziphansi neziphezulu).

 

Iphaneli yangakwesobunxele = izikolo ezihlobene ne-somatic GHQ (S); iphaneli yesokudla = izikolo ezihlobene nokuzivikela ezifweni (IFQ).

i-doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pone.0134538.g003

Ingxoxo

Ucwaningo lwakhathesi luhlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwezikolo ezivivinya umlutha we-inthanethi nezikolo zezempilo, zigxile ekuzihloleni ngokwakho kokusebenza kwamasosha omzimba kanye nesimo sempilo ejwayelekile. Lokhu bekucatshangwa ukuthi kuyindawo ebalulekile yokuphenya njengoba bekungekho datha yangaphambilini eyethulwe ngomthelela wokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi ekusebenzeni kwamasosha omzimba; ngaphezu kwalokho, imibiko yangaphambilini ephathelene nobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila ehlobene nempilo ibingahambisani nomunye [9,39,40]. Bekucatshangwa ukuthi ukungafani kokugcina kungahle kuhlobane nohlobo lwezinyathelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola isimo sempilo, ngesikali sokubika sezempilo esikiselwe ngokwengqondo, njenge-GHQ, okuhlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi kunezinyathelo ezihlobene ngqo nezi ukusebenza komzimba.

Yize kwamukelwa isu lokuqasha ku-inthanethi, isampula lamanje lalinezimpawu ezifanayo nakwabanye abaningi abake basebenza ocwaningweni lokusebenzisa i-inthanethi. Isampula lalincane (ngaphansi kweminyaka engu-30), kepha lalinohlu lobudala obukhulu. Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi esichithwa ku-inthanethi sasizungeza amahora we-5-6 ngosuku, okuhambisana nokulinganisa okuningi kwamanje [40,61]. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi leli nani alizange lehlukanise phakathi kokusebenziseka okuhle nokuqondene nomuntu siqu, futhi kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi lokhu kubalulekile maqondana nezinkinga ze-inthanethi [40]. Kodwa-ke, akucaci ukuthi umahluko onjalo kulula kangakanani ukwenzela abahlanganyeli. Izinhlobo zemisebenzi ezenziwa kwi-inthanethi ngababambe iqhaza bamanje zazifana nalezo eziphawulwe ezifundweni ezedlule [61]. Kube nokuhluka kobulili ekusebenzeni kwe-inthanethi. Abesifazane babevame ukusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana nabantu kanye nezindawo zokuthenga ezingaphezu kwabesilisa, kepha abesilisa babevame ukusebenzisa imidlalo yezokuxhumana, indawo yezocansi / yokuqomisana, kanye namagumbi okuxoxa, ngaphezu kwabesifazane. Vele, lokhu kuncike kwidatha yokubika ngokwakho, futhi umehluko, yize ungethembekile ngokwezibalo, wawumncane kwezinye zalezi ziqhathaniso. Amazinga wokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okunenkinga kusampula yamanje, ezungeze i-30% yesampula ekhonjiswe izimpawu ezithambile noma ezimbi kakhulu zomlutha we-inthanethi, ihambelana kakhulu nophenyo lwangaphambilini [7].

Ukutholwa kokhiye ocwaningweni lwamanje ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga okuye kwabikwa ngokwakho kuhlobene nokusebenza okubi kakhulu kokuzibika komzimba, njengoba kubalwa nezimpawu zezimpawu ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba. Lokhu kufakazela imiphumela kusuka ocwaningweni olwahlola ikhwalithi yokuphila ehlobene nempilo yakho njengoba ilinganiswa yi-SF-36 nokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi [40]. Kodwa-ke, yize umsebenzi wokuzivikela komzimba kanye nempilo yakho uqobo ibizihlobene, ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okunenkinga akuzange kubikezele izimpawu zempilo zokuzibika, njengoba kukalwa ngezinga elithile le-GHQ. Ukutholwa kokugcina kuhambelana nezifundo eziningana zangaphambilini ezihlulekile ukuthola ubuhlobo phakathi kwezikolo ze-IAT nezikolo ze-GHQ [9,39]. Ukutholwa okuhle okukhona njengamanje, maqondana nobudlelwano obuphakathi kwezikolo ze-IAT kanye nokulimazeka kokuzivocavoca komzimba, kungakhombisa ukuthi ukulinganisa izimpawu ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba ngqo, njengoba kwenziwa ocwaningweni lwamanje, kuhlolwa le ngxenye yezempilo kangcono kune-GHQ eqondiswe ngokwengqondo. isikali.

Ngaphandle kobunzima esilinganisweni sokusebenza komzimba okuxoxwe ngakho phambilini (bona futhi ngezansi), ukufana kokutholakele kokutholakele kungabekwa esimweni esinikezwe imikhawulo yendlela yocwaningo. Ucwaningo lolu luhambelana, okusho ukuthi ukuqubuka akufanele kuthathwe ngokuzenzakalela kuleyo nhlangano. Kungenzeka ukuthi labo abanamazinga amakhulu okugula bavame ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi kaningi kunalabo abanempilo enhle. Kodwa-ke, uma kucatshangelwa ubiquity kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwentsha nokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, lokhu kubonakala kungenakwenzeka, noma kunjalo kuhlala kungadinga ucwaningo lwesikhathi eside ukuze luhlolwe. Ngenye indlela, kungenzeka ukuthi into ethile yesithathu ibikezela ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nempilo engeyinhle. Kodwa-ke, kufanele futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi nokusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba kutholakele ukubamba ngaphezu komthelela wezinye izindawo ezisebenzayo (ukudangala, ukukhathazeka, isizungu) ezihambisana ne-inthanethi eyinkinga sebenzisa [10-12], futhi okuyiwona uqobo, ahlotshaniswa nokunciphisa umzimba ukusebenza [45,46,48,49]. Lokhu kwenza kungacaci ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi isici sokulanywa kwesithathu.

Uma ukusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi okuyinkinga kube nokuqagela ukusebenza kabi komzimba, umbuzo ocacile odokotela uzothinta izindlela. Okunye okungenzeka ukuthi amazinga aphezulu wokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga aqashelwe ukwandisa ukusebenza kohlelo lwezinzwa olunozwela [32,33]. Umsebenzi onozwela ophakeme kangaka uholela ekukhuleni kwamazinga we-nor-epinephrone kanye / noma i-cortisteroids (cortisol), okuthi, ekugcineni, iholele ekunciphiseni ukusebenza komzimba [52]. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ingabhebhethekisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwe-inthanethi kanye nokunciphisa ukusebenza komzimba, kepha kuzodinga ukuqhubeka kophenyo. Isiphakamiso sokugcina sinokuhlobana okuthile kokuqondisisa kwesikhathi esizayo kanye nokuhlola izici zomtholampilo zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga.

Ubudlelwano obuphakathi kwezikolo ze-IAT nokusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba kukhombisa iqiniso lokuthi ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwe-inthanethi kwabanye abantu kubhekwe, ngokwabo, njengenkinga-nokho, lokho abasebenzisa i-inthanethi kuyohluka phakathi kwalaba bantu. Isibonelo, ucwaningo lwamanje luthola umehluko wobulili ekusebenziseni abantu ababenakho kwi-inthanethi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okuthile kuhlobene nokuncipha kokusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba ngokuhlukile phakathi kwabesilisa nabesilisa. Umsebenzi owenziwe ngokuningiliziwe maqondana nohlobo lokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi, njengohlobo lokusetshenziswa oluqondile, nesikhathi esichithwa eku-inthanethi sokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuzisebenzisela bona, kungahle kukhanyise okunye ngobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwe-inthanethi nokuncipha kokusebenza komzimba.

Njengokuhlala kwenzeka, kunemikhawulo ethile esifundweni samanje esidinga ukuqashelwa. Isampula yamanje yaqashwa kabusha ku-inthanethi, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi le nto yalukhetha uhlobo lomuntu obambe iqhaza ocwaningweni. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kushiwo ukuthi uhla lwabantu kwisampula lwalubanzi kakhulu ngokuya ngeminyaka yabo, nezinye izici zabo, futhi isampula lalibonakala lihambisana nalawo asetshenziswa ezifundweni ezedlule. Kumele kwaziwe ukuthi ucwaningo lwamanje aluzange lwehlukanise phakathi kokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe nokusebenzisa komuntu i-intanethi, okungase kube okubalulekile ukuhlola. Isibonelo, izinga lokuphoqelela nokuphuthumayo ukusebenzisa i-inthanethi lingathinta amazinga wokucindezelwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu kunamahora okufanele achithwe ku-inthanethi ngomsebenzi. Lokho wukuthi, kungabonakala umehluko phakathi kwalabo abasebenza kanzima futhi abacindezelwe ngenxa yaleso sizathu, nabantu abanenkinga ye-inthanethi futhi abacindezelekile futhi abangathandeki ngenxa yale nkinga.

Ngokuya ngokubikezela okungenzeka kube khona kokuqagela komzimba okuncishisiwe okubonwe kubasebenzisi abanezinkinga ezinkulu, umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ungacabanga iqhaza lemilutha eminingi engathinta iqembu labasebenzisi be-inthanethi abayinkinga. Imininingwane ephathelene nokulutha kwemithi futhi okungeyona eyokwakhiwa kwemithi ayizange iqoqwe embikweni wamanje, futhi lokhu kungahle kube nezinkinga ze-inthanethi, kanye nokuthinta ukusebenza komzimba. Ngokufanayo, izehlakalo zokuphila zakamuva ezicindezelayo kungenzeka zibe nomthelela ekuziphatheni okuluthayo kanye namasosha omzimba ukusebenza, njengoba zingenza izimo zenhlalo zabahlanganyeli. Zombili lezi zici zingahlolwa ngocwaningo olwengeziwe.

Ukuthembela embikweni wokuzivikela ekusebenzeni kwamasosha omzimba kungasekelwa kamuva ngokusetshenziswa kokuhlaziywa kwamangqamuzana egazi, okungeza ukwesekwa eziphethweni zamanje. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, abukho ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi kwe-physiology of immune immune kanye nesipiliyoni sezimpawu [54], futhi umbiko wakho wamakhaza kanye ne-flus uthathwa njengesilinganiso esivumelekile sokusebenza komzimba kulokhu [31,44]. Ngokuqinisekile, kutholakele ukuthi imibiko yokuzazisa yezimpawu zokugula — ikakhulukazi maqondana nezifo zokuphefumula eziphezulu (isib. Umkhuhlane kanye nomkhuhlane), njengoba kusetshenziswe esifundweni samanje, kuhlangana kahle nokufundwa kwe-immunoglobin [73].

Okokugcina, kufanele kwamukelwe ukuthi yize ucwaningo lwamanje lukhombisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nezimpawu ezihlobene nokuzivikela komzimba, kunezizathu ezimbili zokuthola iziphetho zale nhlangano okufanele kushiwo ngazo. Okokuqala, njengoba ucwaningo lwalungelona olwemvelo ngokwemvelo, khona-ke ukungeniswa kwe-Causal akufanele kuthathwe ukuze kufakazelwe. Okwesibili, njengoba izinto eziningi zokubikezela bezihlangene komunye nomunye, lapho-ke lokhu kungahle kube nokukhiqiza ukuvumelana okuhambisanayo ekuhlaziyweni kokucatshangelwa kokucwaninga okwenza ukuhumusha kube nzima. Noma kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kokuhlobanisa okuyingxenye kwenza, ngokwezinga elithile, ukuzuzisa lobu bunzima.

Ngokufingqa, umbiko wamanje usungule ukuxhumana phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuyinkinga kwe-inthanethi nokubikwa kwezimpawu eziningi ezihambisana nomsebenzi we-immune immune system. Lobu budlelwano bezimele ngenani lamahora achithwe ku-inthanethi, futhi nomthelela wanoma yiziphi izimpawu ezibambekayo zokusebenzisa i-inthanethi okuyinkinga, njengokucindezela, ukuhlala yedwa, kanye nokukhathazeka. Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi umthelela omubi wokusebenza kokuzivikela komzimba ungahle uhlanganiswe nokucindezela okukhuphukile, futhi nangomsebenzi owengeziwe wozwela ovelayo oboniswa ngezinye izikhathi yimilutha ye-intanethi.

Iminikelo Yomlobi

Yamukelwa futhi yaqamba izilingo: PR RV LAO MR RT. Wenze izivivinyo: RV. Kuhlaziywa imininingwane: RV PR. Ama-reagents anikelwe / izinto zokwakha / amathuluzi wokuhlaziya: LAO. Ubhale iphepha: PR LAO MR RT.

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