I-YBOP kanye nomdali wayo ongasekho u-Gary Wilson sekunesikhathi eside beqondiswe ngemizamo ehlukahlukene yokwehlisa isithunzi kanye nokwehliswa isithunzi okubanzi. I-athikili entsha yephephabhuku ihlola umkhankaso ka-2019 we-"Mormon porn" smear. Nokho, lokho kuphela ichopho leqhwa.
Kusukela uGary Wilson eqala ukudala Ubuchopho bakho ku-Porn ku-2010, inikeze umbono oqabulayo osekelwe ebufakazini ngokuvela kokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ezisekelwe ku-intanethi. UWilson wahlanganisa ikhathalogi yolwazi olungenakuqhathaniswa ngemiphumela yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile eziku-inthanethi, okuhlanganisa uhlu oluphelele locwaningo olubuyekezwe ngontanga ngemiphumela yalo, ezinye izifundo ngezihloko ezihlobene njengokugembula nokusebenzisa ngokweqile i-inthanethi, izihloko zezindaba mayelana nokulutha kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile, nama-akhawunti omuntu siqu avela kubantu abazame ukuyeka izithombe zocansi.
Nokho, ukuba khona kwe-YBOP kwahlangatshezwana nokuphikiswa okuqinile kwezishoshovu, kuhlanganise nalabo ababambisana nemboni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile enenzuzo. Izenzo ezithathwe abalingisi abahambisana nomkhakha zihlanganisa izinsongo zomthetho ezicasulayo, izicelo zokwehliswa ezingenangqondo ze-DMCA, umzamo wokufaka uphawu lokuhweba i-URL ye-YBOP, ubuxhwanguxhwangu be-inthanethi, imibiko yamanga, ukuhlambalaza okukhulu, ukuhlola izinkanyezi kwe-Wikipedia, nokunye okuningi. Kodwa-ke, isigameko esisodwa sango-2019 sigqama phakathi kwenqwaba yemizamo yokucindezela imibhalo ye-YBOP esekwe ebufakazini ngesayensi yokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile. Ngalowo nyaka, izishoshovu ezihambisana nemboni zenza izimangalo ezingamanga zokuthi u-Gary Wilson we-YBOP wayeqongelela ngasese iqoqo lezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-Latter-day Saint-themed kuwebhusayithi yakhe!
Darryl Mead we I-Foundation Foundation ubhala lesi sigameko esithi "Mormon Porn" ocwaningweni olusanda kushicilelwa ku UMsombuluko wokuqala, iphephabhuku elibuyekezwe ngontanga elixhumene neNyuvesi yase-Illinois e-Chicago. Bona izingcaphuno ezikhethiwe ezivela ephepheni elingezansi. Kungenjalo, ungase uzifundele lesi sihloko ngoba sithi “Open Access” (okungukuthi, sitholakala kubo bonke, mahhala) UMsombuluko wokuqala.
Ukudala i-disinformation: Ukugcina izixhumanisi ezingamanga emshinini we-Wayback kubukwa ngelensi yethiyori yomsebenzi ojwayelekile
abstract
Lolu cwaningo lwesibonelo lusebenzisa ithiyori yemisebenzi evamile ukuze kulungiswe indlela esetshenziswa umlingisi omubi wangaphandle ukuze akhe izixhumanisi ezingamanga ngaphakathi Kwengobo yomlando ye-inthanethi Yesizindalwazi seWebhusayithi i-Yourbrainonporn.com. Ibe isixoxa ngomkhankaso wenkundla yezokuxhumana owenzeka eminyakeni emibili kamuva kusetshenziswa izithombe-skrini zalezi zixhumanisi zomgunyathi ezifinyelelwe nge-Wayback Machine ukuhlambalaza umnikazi wesayithi. Umkhankaso ohleliwe wokuqamba amanga ezinkundleni zokuxhumana waqala ukuhlasela umnikazi wesayithi le-Youbrainonporn.com (isizindalwazi sokutholwa kwezithombe zocansi) ngezinsolo, ngephutha, ukuthumela ubufakazi esizeni sakhe sokuthi wayecinga futhi ebamba izithombe zocansi eziqinile. Eqinisweni, uhlu lwezixhumanisi okuthiwa zifaka icala aluzange lukhombe noma yikuphi okuqukethwe, kodwa izinhloso zabahlambalazayo bekubonakala sengathi bekuhlezi kuwukusungula umkhankaso wokuhlambalaza indawo ethile kanye nombhali wayo. Izinketho kuxoxwa ngazo ukuze Ingobo yomlando ye-inthanethi inikeze ukugada okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokufundisa umphakathi ukunciphisa ukulimala okuvela kulolu hlobo lokuhlaselwa kwenkundla yezokuxhumana ngokusekelwe ezithombeni-skrini zama-URL mbumbulu.
Izingcaphuno ezikhethiwe:
Ngokushesha ngemva kokufika kwe-smart phone ngo-2007, ukunyakaza okusha kwamazwi okubuza ngokufiseleka kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile kwavela kubathengi ngokwabo. Ekusetheni Isizindalwazi se-Yourbrainonporn.com ngo-2010, uGary Wilson (1956-2021) waba umholi ekubhaleni ucwaningo ngezinkinga zempilo yomzimba kanye nempilo yengqondo ehambisana nokufinyelela okungenamkhawulo kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zokusakaza ze-inthanethi zamahhala. Njengoba i-Yourbrainonporn.com iqala ukwakha isizinda somsebenzisi esikhulu, yathuthela ku-radar yabasekeli bemboni yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili, nabanye abantu ababefisa ukucindezela noma ukubukela phansi ucwaningo nemilayezo esekelwe kwezempilo esakazwa nguMnu. Wilson. Kusukela ngo-2013, uGary Wilson waba yizisulu ezifanele, kokubili njengomuntu nanjengengosi yeWebhu. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili uWilson wayengaphansi kohlu olubanzi, oluhlukahlukene noluqhubekayo oluvela kubalingani nabasekeli bemboni yezithombe ezingcolile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imibiko engamanga eya ezikhungweni zomthetho, ukumangalelwa okungenasisekelo kokungaziphathi kahle kwezemfundo, ukuhlaselwa kwenkundla yezokuxhumana, ukwephulwa kwezimpawu zokuthengisa kanye ne-copyright, isicelo sokuvinjelwa esingenasisekelo (ijaji elisichithile ngokushesha; isicelo sasifakwe yilowo ohilelekile ekuhlaselweni kwe-Internet Archive) , kanye nemizamo eyahlukene yokususa ipulatifomu (Yourbrainonporn.com, 2021d).
Leli phepha ligxile ekuhlaselweni okungajwayelekile nokuyinkimbinkimbi kohlobo olungakaze lubikwe ngaphambilini ezincwadini. Ukubaluleka nokubaluleka kukaMnu. Wilson njengemboni efanelekile ayiqondise kugcizelelwa yiqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi basebenze isikhathi esiyiminyaka bezama ukubukela phansi ukwethembeka kwakhe. Ukuhlasela kwakuwumzamo wokunciphisa umthelela uMnu Wilson ayenawo ekukhanyiseni ucwaningo mayelana nemiphumela yempilo engokomzimba neyengqondo yabathengi abasebenzisana nemikhiqizo yemboni yezithombe zobulili ezingcolile.
3.1. Isizindalwazi sewebhu
Isayithi okuhloswe ngalo lomkhankaso wokukhipha ulwazi kube yi-https://yourbrainonporn.com. Yasungulwa ngo-2010 ngumbhali uGary Wilson, owayefundise i-anatomy, physiology kanye ne-pathology iminyaka eminingi ezikoleni zemisebenzi yezandla, kanye namalebhu e-anatomy ne-physiology e-Southern Oregon University (Cowell, 2013).
Isizindalwazi senza imephu yokusebenzisana phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ku-inthanethi kanye nemiphumela yazo engaba khona empilweni yomzimba nengqondo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokubhekisela ocwaningweni lwezemfundo nangemibiko yabasebenzisi nabake basebenzisa izithombe ezingcolile zobulili. Ngesikhathi sokushona kukaMnu. Wilson ngoMeyi 2021, isayithi lase likhule laba namakhasi angaphezu kuka-12,000 futhi licaphuna izifundo ezingaphezu kuka-900 ezibuyekezwe ontanga. Iheha izethameli eziningi, okwamanje ithola abasebenzisi abangaba yizigidi ezingu-4.75 ngonyaka, ngenani lethrafikhi yomhlaba wonke engu-#32,880 (SimilarWeb, 2022a). Njengoba ukubonakala komphakathi kwesayithi kukhula, umdali waso waba isisulu sokuhlaselwa okuqhubekayo komuntu siqu kanye nezemfundo okuvela kubantu ababengavumelani nendlela uWilson esekelwe ebufakazini edalula ubungozi bokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile ze-intanethi. Umkhankaso obonakalayo obhalwe kulolu cwaningo ungabonakala kumongo wohlelo olubanzi kakhulu lokuhlehla ngokumelene nezinhlangano eziningi kanye nabantu abaphakamisa ukuthi kunezingozi ezingaba khona ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zedijithali.
UGary Wilson waba yisisulu esifanelekile sokuhlehla emuva, ethola ukuhlaselwa okuvela ezinhlangothini eziningi emkhankasweni oqhubekayo noyinkimbinkimbi wokubukela phansi ukuthembeka kwakhe (Hess, 2022). Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukumbeka igama elithi “pseudoscientist” nokummangalela ngamanga ngezinhlobonhlobo zokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kusukela ekulandeleni kuya ekukhulumeleni kabi kwezemfundo. Njengesu lokuzivikela, uMnu. Wilson waqala ukubhala ngokuningiliziwe ukuhlaselwa okuningi kwe-Youbrainonporn.com (Yourbrainonporn.com, 2021a). Isimo sikaGary Wilson njengomuntu ofanele umlingisi oxhumene nemboni yezocansi saphinde saboniswa impumelelo yakhe eyalandela eNkantolo Ephakeme Yase-Los Angeles County ngomhla ziyisi-6 Agasti 2020, eyakhipha isinqumo esivuna yena. Ijaji linqume ukuthi ukufaka isicelo somthetho okungenasisekelo okuqondiswe ku-Wilson kwakuyisu lokumangalela ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi (SLAPP) (Yourbrainonporn.com, 2020).
Ngaphezu kokudala i-Yourbrainonporn.com, ku-2012 uGary Wilson unikeze inkulumo ye-TEDx e-Glasgow, eScotland, ebizwa ngokuthi "Ukuhlolwa kwe-porn enkulu" (Wilson, 2012) okwathi ngesikhathi sokubhala kwakubukwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-16 ku-YouTube. Ukwakhela phezu kwalo mzamo, ku-2014 uWilson wabhala incwadi edumile (Wilson, 2014) kwathi ngo-2016 wabhala iphepha elibuyekezwe ngontanga, encoma ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ezingcolile (Wilson, 2016).
Futhi ngo-2016, uWilson wabhala ngokubambisana nodokotela abayisikhombisa base-US Navy elinye iphepha elibuyekezwe ngontanga kulo mkhakha. Leli phepha, Park, et al. (2016) kukhulunywe kabanzi ezincwadini zemfundo (i-Scopus ibala izingcaphuno ezingama-86, i-Web of Science 69 kanye ne-Google Scholar 234). Kube nokubukwa kombhalo ogcwele okungaphezulu kuka-180,800 kusukela ngomhlaka-24 Januwari 2023. I-Behavioral Science ibala leli njengephepha elibukwe kakhulu kuwo wonke amaphepha ayi-1,626 eliwashicilele kusukela iphephabhuku lasungulwa ngo-1996 (MDPI, 2023). Kodwa-ke, le mpumelelo yafinyelelwa ngaphansi kwemizamo eqhubekayo yombuyekezi oyedwa owazama ukucindezela iphepha kanye nababhali balo ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuxhumana ngokuphindaphindiwe neKomidi Lokuziphatha Kokushicilela befuna ukuthi lihoxiswe futhi libike odokotela abayisithupha beNavy. abalibhala ngokuhlanganyela emabhodini abo ezokwelapha ngenxa yokungasebenzi kahle kochwepheshe. Umshicileli wephephabhuku i-MDPI wamelana nalokhu kuhlaselwa, wabe eseshicilela ukulungiswa okuncane lapho okuwukuphela koshintsho olubalulekile kwaba ukususa igama lomhleli wezemfundo ephepheni (Park, et al., 2018). Umuntu ofanayo owazama ukuvimba iphepha likaWilson wayengumuntu oyinhloko owayesakaza umkhankaso wokwehliswa isithunzi wenkundla yezokuxhumana ochazwe kuleli phepha.
3.2.1. Kungani itimu ye-'Mormon porn' yakhethwa njengesihloko sokuhlaselwa kwe-Wayback Machine
Ngikholwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abahlaseli bakhethe ngokucophelela umqondo 'wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zama-Mormon' kuma-URL abeyisithombe-skrini ku-Wayback Machine ngenxa yamandla awo okuba nomthelela omubi kakhulu esithunzini sika-Gary Wilson, uma abantu bekholelwa ukuthi umkhankaso usekelwe. ngeqiniso. Nakuba imikhakha yabantu abamelene nokusetshenziswa okungavinjelwe kwezithombe ezingcolile ihlukahlukene, abanye abaholi nezishoshovu ezinhlanganweni banokholo oluqinile lwenkolo, okuhlanganisa namalungu eBandla LikaJesu Kristu Labangcwele Bezinsuku Zokugcina. Abantu ngaphakathi kwaleli Bandla bavame ukubizwa ngokuthi “amaMormon” esikweni elidumile (Weaver, 2018). Ngokuphambene, uGary Wilson ongasekho ubekade engakholelwa kuNkulunkulu impilo yakhe yonke (West, 2018). Ukudala ulwazi olungaqondile oluhlobanisa ukuziphatha kukaWilson okunenzondo nenkolo nemikhuba yenkolo yabaNgcwele Bezinsuku Zokugcina kungase kuhlukanise, futhi mhlawumbe kuze kwethule ingxenye yenkulumo ebonakala enenzondo yenkolo enkonzweni yolwazi egxile kwezempilo kaMnu.
"Izithombe zobulili ezingcolile zama-Mormon" wuhlobo olukhona, olunekhasi layo ku-Wikipedia (Wikipedia.org, 2021a). Ukusesha kwe-Google okungahlungiwe kwethemu elifanayo ngoNovemba 2021 kubuyise imiphumela engaphezudlwana kuka-9,000, kanye nesexwayiso sokuthi "eminye imiphumela ingase ibe sobala" (Google.co.uk, 2021). Ngokuveza uWilson njengomthengi noma umhloli wezithombe zobulili ezingcolile zikaMormon, abahlaseli babengakholelwa ukuthi leso sambulo singase sihlwanyele ukungathembeki futhi silulaza ukwethembeka kwakhe phakathi komphakathi wokuqwashisa ngezithombe ezingcolile zobulili.
Izindikimba zezixhumanisi ezingamanga zaziqondiswe ezintweni eziningi ezimaphakathi nenkolo noma isiko labaNgcwele Bezinsuku Zokugcina, okuhlanganisa imindeni, umama kanye neBandla ngokwalo. Izixhumanisi ezingamanga zazihlanganisa ama-URL ayingqayizivele angu-61 ahlanganisa igama elithi 'Mormon' kanye nezinkomba eziya e-Utah, izwe lase-US elinenani elikhulu labantu Labangcwele Bezinsuku Zokugcina, kanye ne-Brigham Young University, isikhungo semfundo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni esixhumene ne-LDS. Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi 'Mormon' ngokwalo, kunokuba 'LDS' noma eminye imishwana, kubonakala kunempikiswano phakathi komphakathi wabaNgcwele Bezinsuku Zokugcina (Weaver, 2018).
3.2.3. Idala isivunguvungu senkundla yezokuxhumana
Lolu cwaningo lusekelwe esigamekweni esaqala ngokwakhiwa kwezixhumanisi ezingamanga ngo-2016 futhi saguqukela emkhankasweni wezinga eligcwele lokusabalalisa ulwazi ngo-2019. Luqale nge-tweet evela ku-akhawunti ye-Twitter ye-@BrainOnPorn esamisiwe njengamanje ehlotshaniswa nomkhohlisi, uphawu lokuhweba- Iwebhusayithi ephula umthetho we-RealYourBrainOnPorn.com. I-akhawunti yomhlaseli ye-Twitter (X) kanye nokukhishwa kwabezindaba okuhambisanayo kwaqalwa kwakhuthazwa yi-Pornhub, okungenye yezingosi zewebhu ezidume kakhulu zezithombe zobulili ezingcolile emhlabeni (SimilarWeb.com, 2022b).
Into eyodwa egqamayo ngokushesha: isithombe esikuMfanekiso D3 esibonisa i-tweet eyethule lesi sigameko sibonisa irekhodi lomshini we-Wayback we-Yourbrainonporn.com. Ibonisa uhlu lwama-URL athathiwe. Kodwa-ke, inqubo yomshini we-Wayback ihlanganisa nokulondoloza isifinyezo se-HTML yesizindalwazi kanye nezimpahla (okuhlanganisa nezithombe) kuma-URL ewathwebulayo. Le mininingwane ibalulekile. Uchungechunge lwe-tweet lufaka kuphela isithombe-skrini sohlu lwe-URL; ayifaki noma yiziphi izithombe-skrini noma izixhumanisi zokuqukethwe kwekhasi elishiwo. Futhi ayifaki i-URL yekheli lapho isithombe-skrini sithathwe khona (https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://yourbrainonporn.com/*).
Enye into egqamayo ukuthi wonke ama-URL asolwayo umshini we-Wayback owakhasa aya kokuthi “404 Page Not Found” (isb, https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.yourbrainonporn. com//hot-blonde-mormon-feet/). Cishe kunemizamo emibili noma emithathu yokucaca ikhasi ngalinye ngaphambi kokuthi kubonakale sengathi i-Wayback Machine inquma ukuthi i-URL engekho futhi inqamule inqubo yokuqoqa.
[Ingxoxo ye-akhawunti ye-Twitter ehlotshaniswa ne-RealYourBrainOnPorn.com]
I-Twitter ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yacisha i-akhawunti ye-@BrainOnPorn ngemuva kokuthi ithumele imininingwane yomuntu siqu ngoWilson uqobo (kuhlanganise nekheli ahlala kulo) kanye namalungu omndeni kaWilson (okuhlanganisa nezithombe nolwazi lwezezimali). Kodwa-ke, u-opharetha we-akhawunti ubonakale edale enye i-akhawunti entsha ye-Twitter, i-@ScienceOfPorn ngoMashi 2021. Le akhawunti ibe isithumela amazwana angemuhle ngo-Gary Wilson ngo-Okthoba 2021 (ScienceOfPorn 2021). Isizindalwazi esihambisanayo esixhunywe kusibambo se-Twitter se-@BrainOnPorn, i-RealYourBrainOnPorn.com, sidluliselwe ku-Gary Wilson njengengxenye yesivumelwano esisemthethweni ngemuva kwengxabano yokwephulwa kophawu lwentengiso (i-US Patent and Trademark Office, 2019).
5. Isiphetho
Ithiyori yomsebenzi ojwayelekile ihlinzeka ngohlaka oluwusizo lokucabanga izindima zabenzi bobubi abagqugquzelwa, okuqondiwe abafanelekile nabanakekeli abanekhono kulesi sifundo. Nakuba izephula-mthetho ezigqugquzelwayo zisalokhu zibonakala ngokungacacile, isimo sikaGary Wilson njengethagethi efanelekile saqinisekiswa. Isidingo sokuthi Ingobo yomlando ye-inthanethi izenze yona njengokuletha indima yomnakekeli onekhono naso siye saphakanyiswa.
Ukwethembeka Kwengobo Yomlando Ye-inthanethi kungakhethwa kanyekanye ukwenza ukuba semthethweni kwezimangalo ezingamanga kanye/noma ezidukisayo kusetshenziswa amasu alula atholakala kunoma ubani ku-inthanethi. Kunezindlela zokunciphisa nokuvimbela lolu hlobo lokuhlukumeza ngaphandle kokudela ukubeka izinto obala noma ukuvuleka Kwengobo yomlando ye-inthanethi. Izixazululo eziphelele zidinga kokubili izingxenye zobuchwepheshe nezemfundo. Kodwa-ke, okuningi kwalokhu kunciphisa kungenziwa kuphela ngokuyimpumelelo Ingobo yomlando ye-inthanethi ngokwayo. Izisulu zalolu hlobo lokuhlaselwa zishiywa nezinketho ezilinganiselwe zizodwa.
Ngaphakathi kwendlela yokungenisa yomshini we-Wayback, kukhona indawo yokuhlonza i-'//' noma izinto ezisolwayo ezifanayo ngaphakathi kwama-URL. Lokhu kuhlonza kungase kusetshenziselwe ukudala izici zesofthiwe ukuze kuhlabe umkhosi lolu hlobo lwesixhumanisi esingaba mbumbulu. Ngokufanelekile kufanele amakwe njengamaphutha angama-404.
Funda ngokugcwele ku Ukudala i-disinformation: Ukugcina izixhumanisi ezingamanga emshinini we-Wayback kubukwa ngelensi yethiyori yomsebenzi ojwayelekile
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