Kungani ama-tamarine anama-pair ahlangene nabantu abahluke ku-chimps?
Indlela Evilaphayo Yokuhlala Uthandweni waveza ukuthi abantu bangamabhondi amabili, abanekhono eliyingqayizivele lokuqinisa izibopho zabo zothando ngokuthanda kwabo. Lokhu sikwenza ngokusebenzisa uhla olukhethekile lwezimpawu ezingaqondakali, noma "ukuziphatha okuhlanganisayo"
Lokhu kuziphatha (ngokwezobuchwepheshe, okunamathiselwe okubandakanya) kufaka phakathi ukuxhumana kwesikhumba nesikhumba, ukuqabula inkanuko, ukuphulula komoya, imisindo engenamazwi yokwaneliseka nenjabulo, ukwangana noma ukusiphula buthule, ukumamatheka ngokubuka iso, ukuphulula amabele, ukubamba ipipi, ukusondelana okudlala, ukukhululeka ukuya ocansini, njalonjalo. Kusetshenziswa nsuku zonke, benza imizamo yokwandisa ukwaneliseka kobudlelwano ngoba badlula i-yakety-yak yecortex yethu yobuchopho futhi benza umgudu wobuchopho bethu bomlenze. Ngokuphambene, inkulumo ishibhile. Akugcini lapho, iyahlungwa ngezikhungo zokuhlaziya zobuchopho lapho sivame ukufaka zonke izinhlobo zokujikeleza kulokho esikuzwayo. Kusho omunye wesifazane owazama izindlela zokuziphatha ezibophezela nsuku zonke:
Leyo mizwa emnandi efudumele encibilikayo (ekwenza uhambe mmmm, ahhh, no ohhhh) obejwayele ukuthatha isikhashana ukuvula (ngokuqabula, ukuphulula, ucansi), manje sebekhona nje abalindile, futhi abadingi sikhathi konke ukuvusa futhi. Amabele ami, izindlebe kanye nezihlakala zangaphakathi manje sezifana nezinkinobho 'zokuma kancane'.
Njengazo zonke izilwane, abantu bathakaselwe ukubona amasiginali akhombisa ukuthi ngabe enye iphephe ngokwanele yini ukuphumula nayo. Uma lezi zimpawu zokuphepha zingafiki, ukuzivikela okucashile kudala ibanga elingokomzwelo. Lokhu kungenzeka noma ngabe bekukhona ama-lovin amaningi esikhathini esedlule. Ukuziphatha kokuzibophezela kuletha umlayezo ophephile wokubopha ngokuphumula indlela yokuzivikela yobuchopho (ikakhulukazi i-amygdala), kepha kudinga ukwenzeka kaningi.
Esinye sezizathu sokuthi lezi zenzo zothando zikhulise isifiso sokuhlangana nowakwakho ukuthi zidala ukugeleza kwe-oxytocin (i "cuddle hormone"). I-Oxytocin unciphisa ukukhathazeka, ukwandisa ukuthembela, nokuphikisana nokucindezeleka. Ngamafuphi, thina Uzizwe kahle ukusebenzisana nalo muntu; kunomvuzo ezingeni le-neurochemical, noma i-subconscious, level. Akumangalisi ukuthi ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka ososayensi babika ukuthi labo abasebudlelwaneni obuzibophezelayo bayakhiqiza i-cortisol ehlobene nokucindezeleka. Abantu abathandekayo nabo phila isikhathi eside, futhi ube namazinga aphansi ukucindezeleka kwengqondo. Kukhona nobufakazi obukhulayo bokuthi i-oxytocin (noma indlela yokuziphatha ekhiqiza i-oxytocin) ingahle isebenze ukuvikelwa ekubhekaneni nokulutha ku-bond bonders. (Alas, izigqila ezimbili zingaba ngaphezulu ukujwayela umlutha kunezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, ngenxa yobuzwe obuzwelayo obwenza ukuhlanganiswa kokubili.) Kithina, ukuhlangana ndawonye kuyimithi emihle.
Ucwaningo lwamuva ku izinkabi ze-tamarin iqinisekisa amandla okuziphatha okulula kwalolu hlobo ukukhulula i-oxytocin ephunga futhi igcine imonkey-uthando iphila. AmaTamarine, njengabantu, angama-pair bonds aphakathi komphakathi abakhuphula izingane zabo ndawonye.
Ngokuphambene, izimfene nama-bonobos azenzi izibopho ezimbili. Abakaguquki imishini ye-neural. Khumbula ukuthi, yize izimfene zingase zibe seduze kwethu Ukuphila izihlobo zofuzo, izindlela zethu zathatha cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisithupha edlule. Izihlobo zethu eziseduze zofuzo zikhona yethu igatsha noma ngabe abasekho eduze. Endaweni ethile egatsheni lethu sathuthuka saba yizigqila ezimbili, njengama-tamarine, ama-giboni nama-tonke. Ubulili buyabuyiselwa kuzo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, kodwa kubambisene ababili, ukuxhumana nomngane womshado othile kungabhalisa njengenzuzo kakhulu. (Ukuze uthole okwengeziwe kumashini we-neural wokubambisana, bheka amazwi kaLarry Young ngasekupheleni kwalesi sihloko.)
Iqiniso ukuthi siyingxenye yeklabhu elincane lezinhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle ezifakwe intambo ukuze sikwazi ukuthandana futhi sihlale ndawonye, noma ngabe sikhetha ukuzisebenzisa noma cha. Asidalelwanga ukuba “sithandane sibe ngabesilisa sodwa.” Azikho izinhlobo. Kepha thina kukhona "Ngokwenhlalo eyodwa," okungukuthi, ikwazi ukubhangqa. Iqiniso lokuthi kwesinye isikhathi siba nenkanuko lapho kungekho okunamathiselwe akusenzi sibe ama-bonobos, noma lisho ukuthi singajabula ngokwengeziwe ngendlela elula yokuhlangana.
I-Monkey-ithanda umhloli
Eqaphela isixhumanisi phakathi kokunamathisela okunamathiselwe kanye ne-oxytocin, umcwaningi waseYunivesithi waseWisconsin u-Chuck Snowden wanquma ukulinganisa kokubili emabhuyiseni amathanga aseTamarin ayekade ehlangene okungenani ngonyaka. Imiphumela yakhe yembula izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-oxytocin phakathi kwezibili. Nokho, Ngaphakathi Umbhangqwana ngamunye, abalingani babe namazinga afanayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi babenzani ngokucacile bazuza kokubili.
Nakhu ukutholakala okuyisihluthulelo: Ababili abanamazinga aphakeme kakhulu we-oxytocin ababandakanyeka ekuziphatheni okuhambisana kakhulu nezocansi. Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha ziyizinguqulo ze-tamarin zokuziphatha okuhlanganisayo: ukugoqana nemisila ehlanganisiwe, ukuzilungisa, ukukhuluma ngolimi kanye nokumaka iphenyo / uphenyo, ukuvinjelwa, ukucela (ukudlala ngothando ngabesilisa nabesifazane), uphenyo lwezitho zangasese, nakho konke ukuphakama lapho owesifazane ayemukela khona, noma ngabe noma cha intaba iholele ekubambaneni kwangempela-noma ekujuleni. Azikho izinkinga zokusebenza kwama-tamarins!
AmaTamarin akhuphuka cishe nsuku zonke, kungakhathalekile ukuthi owesifazane ukuphi kumjikelezo wakhe, ngakho-ke ukukuthola akukhona nje mayelana nokukhulelwa. Ezincwadini ezizimele mayelana nendima yocansi olungacabangi ekuhlanganiseni ama-primate pair, u-Snowden uphawula, "Ukuxhumana ngokomzimba kokwenza uthando kubalulekile [futhi] i-orgasm kumane kuyisengezo esihle futhi esimnandi uma kwenzeka." (Ngencwadi yakamuva eqinisekisa izinzuzo zalo mqondo okhululekile ekusondeleni komuntu bheka I-Tantric Sex Yamadoda.)
Abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi amazinga e-oxytocin abonakala ngokucacile ikhwalithi yesibopho sombhangqwana, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi agcinwe ngokusebenzisa ukuziphatha ababonayo. Kusho i-Snowdon, "Lapha sinemodeli ye-primate engeyona eyomuntu okufanele ixazulule izinkinga ezifanayo esizenzayo: ukuhlala ndawonye nokugcina ubudlelwano bodwa, ukukhulisa izingane, ne-oxytocin kungaba yindlela abayisebenzisayo ukugcina ubudlelwane."
Ithimba likaSnowdon liphakamise ukuthi ukuxhumana okuseduze nokuziphatha kocansi okungacabangi nakho kungabikezela ikhwalithi nobude bobudlelwano babantu. Ngokudabukisayo, thina bantu sivame ukukushaya indiva ukubaluleka kwalezi zimpawu eziduduzayo.
Bangaki imibhangqwana, ngemuva kokuphela kobuhlungu bangemva komshado, abenza ucansi ngezikhathi ezithile kepha kuyaqabukela bahlanganyele othandweni, othandana nabo (kepha abangagxili)? Ama-orgasms angenamkhawulo kungenzeka anganele ukugcina i-oxytocin yabo iphakeme noma izibopho zabo ziqinile. Ukuya ocansini ngezikhathi ezithile kufana nokuvula ompompi wamanzi… bese ucisha. Ukuziphatha kwansuku zonke kokubopha kufana nokugeleza okungaguquguquki kwamanzi okugcina amapayipi akho angaqandi. Kuyiqiniso, eminye imibhangqwana izama ukugcina izibopho zayo iqinile ngokushukunyiswa okukhulu kobulili ngenkolelo yokuthi ama-orgasms avamile yi-glue engcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kugxila okuncane kubangele ukuthi badlule isigqi esithamba kalula sothando lwe-pair-bonder noma, ngokudabukisayo, nciphisa impendulo yabo injabulo.
In Inkolelo-mlando ye-Monogamy UDavid Barash uveza ukuthi ocansini lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlanganisayo akuyona "evuthayo ikakhulukazi". (Okungenani hhayi ngemuva kwesidididi sokuqala.) Ukuxhumana okuningi phakathi kwabantu abashadile kuba yindlela yokuphumula ndawonye, ukuzilolonga bobabili, nokuzihlalela.
Iphuzu elithandekayo ukuthi abathandi babantu banokuzikhethela. Ngokungafani nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo, singakwazi ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokweneliseka kwezinyunyana zethu ngokwandisa amazinga wethu we-oxytocin ngokuthinta amasignali alula, acishe abe namandla. Simane sisebenzise i-cerebral cortex yethu enwetshiwe ukuqala imishini yethu yethambo yobuchopho. Mhlawumbe Amaphesenti ayishumi nesithathu emibhangqwana abagcina izibopho zamanzi ngandlela-thile bakhubeka ngalesi simfihlo ekuqaleni kweminyano yabo ngaphandle kokuqaphela ngokucophelela.
Ingabe i-romance ihlulekile esikhathini esidlule? Ingabe unikeze ngokubambisana kwakho-ukuxilisa okubambisene ngokwanele okwezimpawu zokubambisana ukuze ugcine umbono wakho womunye nomunye ukhululekile, kukuvumela ukuba uphawule amaphutha, futhi ujulise ukusondelana phakathi kwakho? Uma kungenjalo, thatha isifundo kubanikazi bomdabu bakho obambisana nabo ababili.
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[Kusuka kusifinyezo Somlomo inkulumo ka Larry Young, PhD enesihloko esithi, "Neurobiology of Social Bonding and Monogamy…"]
Imitha yokudumisa, njengaye abantu, kakhulu kakhulu kwezenhlalakahle futhi fomani izibopho zombili ezihlala isikhathi eside phakathi kwabalingani. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nephesenti le-95 yazo zonke izinhlobo ze-mammalian, ezingabonakali ezikwazi ukudala izibopho zomphakathi ezihlala isikhathi eside phakathi kwabashadile. Ucwaningo lokuhlola ubuchopho kanye nezindlela zofuzo ezihambisana nokubambisana kokubili kubonise indima ebalulekile yamakhemikhali ambalwa abalulekile ebuchosheni ekusunguleni ubuhlobo bomphakathi. I-Oxytocin ne-vasopressin ibonakala igxile ekucabangeni kobuchopho emibonweni yomphakathi emvelweni. Phakathi nokubunjwa kwembhangqwana kabili, la amakhemikhali asebenzisana nesistimu yomvuzo wengqondo (isib. I-dopamine) ukusungula ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinkulumo zomphakathi zomlingani kanye nemvelo enomvuzo wokubambisana. Ngakho kungani ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezikwazi ukwakha izibopho zomphakathi kanti ezinye zingekho? Ukucwaninga ngokuqhathanisa ubuchopho bezilwane ezinomuntu oyedwa kanye nonogogo kubonisa ukuthi yindawo ye-receptors ephendula i-oxytocin ne-vasopressin enquma ukuthi umuntu uzokwazi yini ukubopha. Isibonelo, izinyoni ezihamba phambili zezintombi zendoda zinezinkinga eziphezulu ze-vasopressin receptors esikhungweni se-ventral forebrain umvuzo okubandakanyeka ekugqiliseni. Izintambo ezingezona umumo wemizi ezingenayo i-receptors lapho. Kodwa-ke, uma ama-receptors afakwa kulokhu isikhungo sokuvuza emkhakheni ongewona owodwa womhlaba, lezi zinduna zithuthukisa kalula amandla okufaka izibopho. Lezi zifundo futhi ziphakamisa ukuthi ukubambisana kokubili kubambisana nezinqubo eziningi zobuchopho njengomlutha. Ucwaningo lwe-Genetic luveze ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwe-DNA ukuhlukana kwegesi okufakela i-vasopressin receptor kuthinta izinga lokukhulumisana kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni ezithile zobuchopho futhi ukubikezela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi owesilisa uzokwakha isibopho somphakathi nomuntu wesifazane.
Izifundo zakamuva ebantwini ziveze ukufana okuphawulekayo endimeni ye-oxytocin ne-vasopressin ekulawuleni ukuqonda komphakathi nokuziphatha kwe-vole nakumuntu. Ukuhlukahluka ekulandelaneni kwe-DNA kwe-vasopressin receptor gene kuhlotshaniswe nokwehluka kwezinyathelo zekhwalithi yobuhlobo bezothando. Kubantu, ukuhanjiswa kwe-intranasal kwe-oxytocin kuthuthukisa ukwethembana, kukhulisa ukubuka emehlweni, kukhulisa uzwela futhi kuthuthukise ukufunda okuqiniswa ngumphakathi. Ngempela kubonakala sengathi ukuvuselela uhlelo lwe-oxytocin kubantu kukhulisa ukunakwa kwezimpawu zomphakathi emvelweni….
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