I-acrylic: Lokhu kunikeza ubufakazi bemcabango wethu womjikelezo wokuphazamiseka njengoba kuchazwe kumavidiyo nakwizindatshana zethu. Kuvela ukuthi izindlela eziningi zingaqala ukuhlasela ekudleni, futhi mhlawumbe nezocansi, kepha ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kobuningi kuholela ekuqongeleleni kweDeltaFosB kanye nezinguquko zobuchopho ezihlobene nobugqila.
Isifundo Sokuxhumanisa Isenzo se-Insulin kuma-Brains Reward Circuitry To Obesity (2011)
Abaphenyi ababika kumagazini kaJuni we-Cell Metabolism, okushicilelwe iCell Press, banokuthile abakushoyo ukuthi okunye kokunye ubufakazi bokuqala obuqinile bokuthi i-insulin inemiphumela eqondile kumjikelezo wengqondo wobuchopho. Amagundane azindawo zawo zemivuzo ezingasakwazi ukuphendula i-insulin zidla ngaphezulu futhi zikhuluphele, ayakhombisa.
Okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ukumelana ne-insulin kungasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani labo abakhuluphele bengase bakuthole kunzima ukwenqaba isilingo sokudla bese behlisa isisindo.
“Lapho nje usukhuluphele noma usushelela ebhalansini yamandla ekahle, ukumelana ne-insulin [esikhungweni semiklomelo yobuchopho] kungaholela emjikelezweni omubi,” kusho uJens Brüning weMax Planck Institute for Neurological Research. "Abukho ubufakazi bokuthi lesi yisiqalo sendlela yokukhuluphala, kodwa kungaba nomthelela obalulekile ekukhuluphaleni nasezinkingeni esinazo ekubhekaneni nakho."
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lwalugxile kakhulu emiphumeleni ye-insulin kwi-hypothalamus yobuchopho, isifunda esilawula indlela yokudla kulokho uBrüning akuchaza njengokuma okuyisisekelo bese kuqala “ingqondo.” Kepha, uthi, sonke siyazi ukuthi abantu badla ngokweqile ngenxa yezizathu ezinokuthintana kakhulu ne-neuropsychology kunaleyo abayenza ngendlala. Sidla ngokuya ngenkampani esiyigcinayo, iphunga lokudla nemizwa yethu. "Singazizwa sisuthi kodwa siyaqhubeka nokudla," kusho uBrüning.
Iqembu lakhe lalifuna ukuqonda kangcono izici eziwusizo zokudla futhi ngqo nokuthi i-insulin iyithonya kanjani imisebenzi ephakeme yobuchopho. Babugxila kuma-neurons abalulekile webby akhipha i-dopamine, isithunywa samakhemikhali ebuchosheni obandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni, ekujezisweni nasekonwabiseni, phakathi kweminye imisebenzi. Lapho ukusayina kwe-insulin kungasebenzi kulawo ma-neurons, amagundane aqola futhi abe nzima njengoba ayedla kakhulu.
Bathole ukuthi i-insulin ijwayele ukwenza ukuthi lawo ma-neurons avutha umlilo kaningi, impendulo elahlekile ezilwaneni ezingenawo ama-insulin receptors. Amagundane futhi akhombise impendulo eguqukayo ku-cocaine noshukela lapho ukudla kungatholakali khona, obunye ubufakazi bokuthi izikhungo zemivuzo yobuchopho zincike ku-insulin ukuze isebenze ngokujwayelekile.
Uma okutholakele kulesintu, kungahle kube nemiphumela yangempela yomtholampilo.
"Ngokubambisana, isifundo sethu siveza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwe-insulin kuma-neurons e-catecholaminergic ekulawuleni isikhathi eside kokuphakelwa," abacwaningi babhala. ” Ukuchazwa okuqhubekayo kokunqwabelana kwe-neuronal (s) kanye nezinqubo zeselula ezibhekele lo mphumela kungachaza imigomo engaba khona yokwelashwa kokukhuluphala. ”
Njengesinyathelo esilandelayo, uBrüning uthe bahlela ukwenza izifundo ezisebenza ngokusebenza kahle kwe-magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) kubantu abaye bangeniswa nge-insulin ngobuciko ukubona ukuthi lokho kungawuthonya kanjani umsebenzi esikhungweni semivuzo.
Isenzo se-insulin ebuchosheni singaholela ekukhulupheni (2011)
Juni 6th, i-2011 ku-Neuroscience
Ukudla okunothe okunamafutha kukwenza ukhuluphale. Ngemuva kwalesi sibalo esilula kunezindlela zokusayina eziyinkimbinkimbi, lapho ama-neurotransmitters asebuchosheni alawula khona amandla omzimba. Ososayensi esikhungweni seCologne-based Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research kanye neClumbter of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associates Diseases (CECAD) e-University of Cologne bacacisile igxathu elibalulekile kulesi sigaba sokulawula okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Bephumelele ukukhombisa ukuthi i-mahormoni kanjani i-insulin isebenza engxenyeni yobuchopho eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-ventromedial hypothalamus. Ukusetshenziswa kokudla okunamafutha aphezulu kubangela ukuthi kukhishwe i-insulin eyengeziwe ngama-pancreas. Lokhu kubangela i-Cascade ekhombisa kumaseli wezinzwa akhethekile ebuchosheni, ama-SF-1 neurons, lapho i-enzyme P13-kinase idlala khona indima ebalulekile. Ngokuhamba kwezinyathelo ezimbalwa zokulamula, i-insulin ivimbela ukudluliswa kwezihibezu zensimbi ngendlela yokuthi umuzwa wokudakumba ucindezelwe kanye nokuncishiswa kwamandla kuncishiswe. Lokhu kukhuthaza ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kanye nokukhuluphala.
I-hypothalamus ibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ku-homeostasis yamandla: ukulawulwa kokulinganiswa kwamandla omzimba. Ama-neurons akhethekile kule ngxenye yobuchopho, aziwa njengamaseli we-POMC, asabela kuma-neurotransmitters futhi ngaleyo ndlela alawula indlela yokuziphatha yokudla kanye nokusebenzisa amandla. I-insulin ye-hormone yinto ebalulekile yesithunywa. I-insulin ibangela ukuthi i-carbohydrate edliwe ekudleni ithuthwe ibhekise kumaseli (isib. Izicubu) bese itholakala kulawa maseli njengomthombo wamandla. Lapho kudliwa ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, kukhiqizwa i-insulin eningi kumanyikwe, futhi ukugxila kwayo ebuchosheni nakho kuyanda. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-insulin kanye namaseli aqondiwe ebuchosheni nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi yamandla omzimba. Kodwa-ke, izindlela eziqondile zamangqamuzana ezingemuva kokulawulwa okwenziwe yi-insulin azicaci kahle.
Iqembu lokucwaninga eliholwa nguJens Brüning, Umqondisi weMax Planck Institute for Neurological Research kanye nomxhumanisi wesayensi weECCAD (Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases) iqembu eliphambili eNyuvesi yaseCologne lithole igxathu elibalulekile encazelweni inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokulawula.
Njengoba ososayensi bekhombisile, i-insulin kuma-SF-1 neurons - elinye iqembu lama-neurons ku-hypothalamus - ibangela umakhenikha ongasho lutho. Kuyathakazelisa nokho ukuthi la mangqamuzana abonakala elawulwa yi-insulin kuphela lapho kudliwa ukudla okunamafutha aphezulu nasesimweni sokukhuluphala ngokweqile. I-enzyme P13-kinase idlala indima enkulu kulokhu kudlala kwezinto zesithunywa. Ekuhambeni kwezinyathelo zokulamula kule nqubo, i-enzyme isebenzisa iziteshi ze-ion futhi ngaleyo ndlela zivimbele ukudluliswa kokufakwa kwezinzwa. Abaphenyi basola ukuthi amaseli e-SF-1 axhumana ngale ndlela namaseli we-POMC.
Ama-Kinase ama-enzyme enza amanye ama-molecule ngokusebenzisa i-phosphorylation - ukwengeza iqembu le-phosphate kuphrotheni noma elinye i-molecule ephilayo. "Uma i-insulin ibophezela kwi-receptor yayo ebusweni bamaseli we-SF-1, lokho kudala ukusebenza kwe-PI3-kinase," kuchaza uTim Klöckener, umbhali wokuqala wocwaningo. “I-PI3-kinase, yona, ilawula ukwakheka kwe-PIP3, enye i-molecule ekhomba, nge-phosphorylation. I-PIP3 yenza imigudu ehambisana nayo odongeni lweseli ikwazi ukungena kuma-potassium ion. ” Ukuthutheleka kwabo kubangela ukuthi i-neuron 'ivuthe' kancane kancane futhi kudluliswe imizwa kagesi.
"Ngakho-ke, kubantu abakhuluphele ngokweqile, i-insulin cishe ivimbela ngokungaqondile izinzwa ze-POMC, ezibhekele umuzwa wokusutha, ngesiteshi sabalamuli se-SF-1 neurons," kucabanga usosayensi. "Ngasikhathi sinye, kukhona okunye ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kokudla. ” Ubufakazi obuqondile bokuthi lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zama-neurons ziyaxhumana nomunye ngale ndlela zisasatholakala.
Ukuze uthole ukuthi i-insulin isebenza kanjani ebuchosheni, ososayensi abasebenza ngeCologne baqhathanisa amagundane angenayo i-insulin receptor kuma-neuron SF-1 ngamagundane lawo ama-insulin receptors lawo ayengasebenzi. Ngokudla okuvamile, abacwaningi bathola umehluko phakathi kwamaqembu amabili. Lokhu kungabonisa ukuthi i-insulin ayisebenzisi ithonya elibalulekile emsebenzini wale maseli kubantu abancane. Kodwa-ke, lapho ama-rodents edla ukudla okunamafutha amaningi, labo abane-receptor engenamaphutha bahlala bengenasiphelo, kuyilapho labo abasebenzisa ama-receptor esebenza kahle bazuza isisindo ngokushesha. Inzuzo yesisindo kwakungenxa yokunyuka kwesifiso sokudla nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwekhalori. Umphumela we-insulini ungabangela ukuguquguquka kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngomzimba ekuhlinzekeni kokudla okungavamile kanye nesikhathi esibekiwe sokulamba: uma ukutholakala ngokweqile kokudla okunamafutha amaningi kutholakala okwesikhashana, umzimba ungabeka izinqolobane zamandla ngokukhethekile ngempumelelo yesenzo se-insulin .
Okwamanje akunakwenzeka ukusho ukuthi okutholwe yilolu cwaningo ekugcineni kuzosiza yini ukwenza ukungenelela okuhlosiwe kubhalansi yamandla omzimba. "Njengamanje sisekude kakhulu nesicelo esisebenzayo," kusho uJens Brüning. “Inhloso yethu ukuthola ukuthi indlala kanye nokuzizwa usuthi kuvela kanjani. Yilapho kuphela siluqonda lonke uhlelo olusebenza lapha, lapho sizokwazi ukuqala ukwakha izindlela zokwelapha. ”
Imininingwane engaphezulu: UTim Klöckener, uSimon Hess, uBannt F. Belgardt, uLars Paeger, uLinda AW Verhagen, u-Andrewas Husch, uJong-Woo Sohn, uBrigitte Hampel, uHarveen Dhillon, uJeffrey M. Zigman, uBradford B. Lowell, uKevin W. Williams, UJoel K. Elmquist, Tamas L. Horvath, Peter Kloppenburg, Jens C. Brüning, High-fat Feeding Promates Obesity nge-Insulin Receptor / P13k-Dependent Inhibition ye-SF-1 VMH Neurons, Natural Neuroscience, Juni 5th 2011
Inikezwe nguMax-Planck-Gesellchaft
I-Binge Mechanism Yasungulwa Ngamafutha Ngaphakathi Kwama-Intestines Stimulating Endocannabinoids (2011)
Isifundo Sithola Ukuthi Kungani Sifisa Ama-Chips & Fries
UStephanie Pappas, Umlobi Ophezulu we-LiveScience
Idethi: 04 July 2011
Kunzima ukudla i-chip eyodwa yamazambane, futhi isifundo esisha singachaza ukuthi kungani.
Ukudla okunamafutha njengama-chips namafriji kubangela umzimba ukuthi ukhiqize amakhemikhali afana nalawo atholakala kwensangu, abacwaningi babika namuhla ephephabhukwini i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). Lawa makhemikhali, abizwa ngokuthi "ama-endocannabinoids," ayingxenye yomjikelezo okugcina ukubuyela kokuluma kanye kuphela kwamafriji eshizi, ucwaningo lutholile.
"Lesi yisibonakaliso sokuqala sokuthi ukusayina kwe-endocannabinoid emathunjini kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukutholakala kwamafutha," kusho umcwaningi ocwaningayo uDaniele Piomelli, uprofesa wezemithi e-University of California, e-Irvine, esitatimendeni.
Amakhemikhali wensangu ayenziwe ekhaya
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi amafutha asemathunjini abangela ukukhishwa kwama-endocannabinoids ebuchosheni, kepha izinto ezimpunga eziphakathi kwezindlebe zakho akuyona kuphela isitho esenza amakhemikhali afana nensangu. Isikhumba somuntu naso senza izinto. Ama-cannabinoids esikhumba angadlala indima efanayo kithina njengoba enza ezitshalweni zebhodwe: Ukuvikelwa okunamafutha emoyeni naselangeni.
Ama-Endocannabinoids ayaziwa futhi anethonya isifiso sokudla kanye nomuzwa wokunambitheka, ngokusho kocwaningo lwe2009 ku-PNAS, oluchaza umunyu abantu abawuthola lapho bebhema insangu.
Ocwaningweni olusha, uPiomelli nozakwabo bafaka amagundane ngamashubhu ayezoqeda okuqukethwe yizisu zabo lapho bedla noma bephuza. Lawa mashubhu asesiswini avumela abacwaningi ukuthi batshele ukuthi amanoni enza ngolimi, lapho bezobona khona
ukukhishwa kwe-endocannabinoid noma kufakwe amashubhu, noma emathunjini, lapho bekungeke kube khona umphumela.
Amagundane afike ancipha ekushintsheni kwezempilo (i-vanilla Ensure), isisombululo sikashukela, uketshezi olunothe ngamaprotheni abizwa ngokuthi i-peptone, noma isiphuzo esinamafutha aphezulu enziwe ngamafutha ommbila. Abaphenyi babe sebethola ukuthi amagundwane bawasuse futhi bawasuse, bese bewaqhulula ngokushesha amalunga abo ukuze bahlaziywe.
Ngothando lwamafutha
Ukunambitha ushukela namaprotheni akuzange kuthinte ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali ensangu emvelo omzimba, abacwaningi bathola. Kepha ukucabanga ngamafutha kukwenzile. Imiphumela ikhombise ukuthi amanoni olimini adala isignali ebuchosheni, bese udlulisela umyalezo phansi emathunjini ngenqwaba yezinzwa ebizwa nge-vagus nerve. Lo mlayezo uyala ukukhiqizwa kwama-endocannabinoids emathunjini, nawo aqhube ukuqhuma kwamanye amasiginali konke okucindezela umyalezo ofanayo: Yidla, yidla, yidla!
Lo mlayezo bekungaba wusizo emlandweni wokuguqulwa kwezilwane ezincelisayo, kusho uPiomelli. Amafutha abalulekile ukuze asinde, futhi kwakukade kunzima ukuvela ekudleni kwezilwane ezincelisayo. Kepha ezweni lanamuhla, lapho isitolo esilula esigcwele ukudla okungenamsoco sihlala kuwo wonke amakhona, uthando lwethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lwamafutha lubuyela emuva kalula.
Okutholakele kusikisela ukuthi ngokuvimba ukwamukela amasiginali e-endocannabinoid, abacwaningi bezokwelapha bangase bakwazi ukwephula umjikelezo oqhubela abantu ukudla kakhulu ukudla okunamafutha. Ukuvimbela ama-receptors e-endocannabinoid ebuchosheni kungadala ukukhathazeka nokudangala, kusho uPiomelli, kepha isidakamizwa esiklanyelwe ukujova esiswini kungenzeka singabangeli leyo miphumela emibi.
Ukudla okungenamsoco kuthinta kanjani indlela yokuziphatha ebuchosheni yokufuna ukudla (2015)
NgoFebhuwari 23, 2016 nguChristopher Packham
(Medical Xpress) —Umqedazwe wamanje wokukhuluphala emazweni athuthukile kufanele ube yisexwayiso kubasebenzi bezempilo emazweni asathuthuka abanezimakethe ezisanda kuvulwa. Abakhiqizi bokudla, izinkampani ezidayisa ukudla ezindaweni zokudlela, amaketanga okuhlinzeka ngokudla kanye nabakhangisi bayasebenzisana ukudala izindawo lapho kutholakala kalula ukudla okunomsoco, okunamandla kagesi kanye nezindlela ezihlobene nakho; kodwa-ke, abantu basenokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kwe-neural okulungele kangcono indawo yokuntuleka kokudla. Ngamanye amagama, izinhlelo zobuchopho zingenza kube nzima ukuphatha indawo yesimanje yokudla ngendlela enempilo.
Abantu, njengazo zonke izilwane, banezinhlelo zakudala zofuzo eziguqulwe ngqo ukuqinisekisa ukudla nokuziphatha kokufuna ukudla. Izinkomba zemvelo zinomthelela omkhulu kulezi ziphatho ngokushintsha ukwakheka kwe-neural, futhi izinkampani ziye zacubungula isayensi yokusebenzisa amandla okuphendula komuntu futhi mhlawumbe ngokuhlehlisa kabusha ubuchopho babantu ukuze bafune ama-calories amaningi. Emvelweni ocebile ngokudla okunambitheka kakhulu, okunamandla, ukusabalala kwezinto ezihlobene nokudla kungaholela ekufuneni ukudla nasekudleni ngokweqile kungakhathalekile ukuthi usuthi, okungahle kube ngumshayeli wokukhuluphala.
Iqembu labacwaningi baseCanada e-University of Calgary naseYunivesithi yaseBrithani Columbia lisanda kushicilela imiphumela yesifundo segundane ku Izinqubo ze-National Academy of Sciences lapho bahlola khona izindlela ze-neural ezalandela lezi zinguquko ekuzifuneni kokudla.
Ukuhlelela indlela yokuziphatha yokuzayo yesikhathi esizayo
Babika ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana nje kokudla okunempilo kakhulu — ikakhulukazi, ukudla okunoshukela okunamafutha amaningi empeleni kuyaziphatha izindlela zokuziphatha esikhathini esizayo. Bathole ukuthi umphumela uqondiswa ngokuqiniswa kokudluliselwa okujabulisayo kwe-synaptic ama-dopamine neurons, futhi ihlala izinsuku ngemuva kokuchayeka kokuqala kwehora le-24 kokudla okunoshukela okunamafutha amaningi.
Lezi zinguquko zenzeka endaweni yobuchopho ye-ventral tegmental (VTA) kanye nokuqagela kwayo kwe-mesolimbic, indawo ebandakanyeka ekuzivumelaniseni izinkomba zezemvelo isetshenziselwe ukubikezela imiphumela efanelekile ngokushukumisayo-ngamanye amagama, i-VTA inesibopho sokwenza izifiso zesikhuthazo ezitholwe zinomvuzo ngandlela thile.
Abaphenyi babhala ukuthi, "Ngenxa yokuthi ukudluliswa kwe-synaptic ye-excitatory ethuthukisiwe kuma-dopamine neurons kucatshangwa ukuthi kuguqula izinto ezingathathi hlangothi kulwazi olubalulekile, lezi zinguquko ekudlulisweni kwe-synaptic okujabulisayo zingase zibe yisisekelo sokuziphatha kokudla okwenziwe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuchayeka ekudleni okunamafutha aphezulu futhi okungenzeka kube yinhloko ukudla okwandisiwe. ”
Izindlela ezinokwenzeka zokwelapha zokukhuluphala
Amandla we-synaptic athuthukisiwe ahlala izinsuku ngemuva kokuchayeka ekudleni okuphezulu kwamandla-amandla, futhi aqondaniswe nokukhuphuka kokuqina kwe-synaptic. Abaphenyi bathola ukuthi ukwethula i-insulin ngqo kwi-VTA kuyacindezela ukudluliselwa kwe-synaptic kuma-neurop dopamine futhi kucindezela ngokuphelele izimilo zokufuna ukudla ezibonwe ngemuva kokufinyelela kwehora le-24-ekudleni okunoshukela omningi.
Ngaleso sikhathi sokufinyelela kokudla, inani lamasayithi wokukhishwa kwe-glutamate kuma-dopamine neurons liyakhula. I-insulin isebenza ukuvimba lawo masayithi, incintisana ne-glutamate. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi lokhu kusikisela indlela yokwelapha ukukhuluphala, ababhali babhala, “Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo kufanele unqume ukuthi i-insulin ye-intranasal inganciphisa yini ukudla ngokweqile ngenxa yokudla okunconywa ukudla okudliwayo noma ukudlaizinkomba-ezihlobene. ”
Ukwaziswa okwengeziwe: Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokudla ezithandekayo zokudla indlela yokudla ngokwanda okushesha kwabantu kwe-synaptic ku-VTA. I-PNAS I-2016; eshicilelwe ngaphambi kokuphrinta ngoFebhuwari 16, i-2016, I-DOI: 10.1073 / pnas.1515724113
abstract
Endaweni enokufinyelela okulula kokudla okunomsoco futhi okunamandla, izindlela ezihlobene nokudla ziqhuba ukufuna ukudla kungakhathalekile ukusutha, umphumela ongaholela ekutheni ukhuluphale ngokweqile. Indawo ye-ventral tegmental area (VTA) kanye nokuqagela kwayo kwe-mesolimbic kuyizakhiwo ezibucayi ezithintekayo ekufundeni izindlela zemvelo ezisetshenziselwa ukubikezela imiphumela efanelekile. Imiphumela ebabazekayo yokukhangisa okuhlobene nokudla nokusetshenziswa kokudla okunomsoco kungakudonsela ekudleni. Kodwa-ke, indlela okwenzeka ngayo lo mphumela, nokuthi le miphumela yokuncipha ivela ezinsukwini zokugcina ngemuva kokusetshenziswa, ayaziwa. Lapha, sikhombisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana kokudla okunomsoco kungakhombisa indlela yokuziphatha yokudla esizayo nokuziphatha kokudla. Lo mphumela uqondiswa ukuqiniswa kokudluliswa kwe-synaptic ye-excitatory kuma-dopamine neurons aqale ukukhishwa ngokwanda kwesikhashana kwethoni ye-endocannabinoid, kepha ihlala izinsuku ngemuva kokuvezwa kokuqala kwama-24-h kokudla okunamafutha aphezulu okunoshukela (SHF). Amandla we-synaptic athuthukisiwe aqondiswa ukwanda okuhlala isikhathi eside kwe-excitatory synaptic kwabantu ku-VTA dopamine neurons. Ukuphathwa kwe-insulin ku-VTA, okucindezela ukudluliswa kwe-synaptic okujabulisayo kuma-dopamine neurons, kungaqeda izindlela zokuziphatha zokudla kanye nokudla okubonwe ezinsukwini ngemuva kokufinyelela kwe-24-h ku-SHF. Le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi ngisho nokuvezwa kwesikhashana esifushane kokudla okunomsoco kungashayela isimilo sokudla ngokuzayo "ngokuvuselela" ama-mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
Abaphenyi bavula izindlela zobuchopho ezihlukanisa ukusetshenziswa kokudla kokufiswa (2016)
Mashi 8, 2016
Abaphenyi abaphenya ngezinkinga zokudla bavame ukutadisha imisebenzi yamakhemikhali neyemizwa ebuchosheni ukuthola ukutholakala kokudla ngokweqile. Ukuqonda ukudla okungekho ekhaya-noma ukudla okudonswa ngamandla, ukuthambekela kanye nokudla kokudla - nokuthi kusebenza kanjani ebuchosheni kungasiza ososayensi bezinzwa ukubona indlela yokulawula izifiso, ukugcina izinsimbi ezinempilo nokukhuthaza izindlela zokuphila ezinempilo. Ososayensi e-University of Missouri basanda kuthola imijikelezo yamakhemikhali kanye nezinto ezisebuchosheni ezihlukanisa ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwezifiso. Ukwazi kabanzi ngalezi zindlela kungasiza abacwaningi bakhiqize izidakamizwa ezinciphisa ukudla ngokweqile.
"Ukudla okungeyona i-homeostatic kungacatshangwa njengokudla i-dessert ngemuva kokudla konke," kusho uKyle Parker, owayengumfundi we-grad futhi engumphenyi eMU Bond Life Sciences Centre. “Ngingazi ukuthi angilambile, kodwa le-dessert imnandi ngakho-ke sengizoyidla noma kanjani. Sibheke ukuthi yimaphi ama-neural circry ahilelekile ekushayeleni leyo ndlela yokuziphatha. ”
UMatthew J. Will, onguprofesa ohlangene wesayensi yezengqondo e-MU College of Arts and Science, umphenyi ocwaningayo eBond Life Sciences Center nomeluleki kaParker, uthi ngososayensi abaziphatha, ukudla kuchazwa njengenqubo yezinyathelo ezimbili ebizwa ngokuthi i-appetite kanye nezigaba zokupheleliswa.
"Ngicabanga ngophawu lwe-neon lwesitolo sama-donut-ilogo nephunga lama-donuts afudumele anezimpawu zemvelo eziqala ukuqala ukuhahela, noma isigaba sokudla," kusho uWill. "Isigaba sokugcina ngemuva kokuthi usuphethe leyo donathi bese uyidla."
UParker wafunda izindlela zokuziphatha zamagundane elebhu ngokwenza kusebenze isikhungo senjabulo sobuchopho, indawo ebusayo ebuchosheni ecubungula futhi iqinise imilayezo ehlobene nomvuzo nenjabulo. Wabe esondla amagundane ngokudla okufana nenhlama yekhukhi ukwenza ihaba ngokuziphatha kwabo kokudla futhi wathola ukuthi amagundane adla kabili kunokujwayelekile. Lapho ngasikhathi sinye engasebenzi enye ingxenye yobuchopho ebizwa nge-basolateral amygdala, amagundane ayeka ukudla ngokweqile. Babelokhu bebuyela kubhasikidi wabo wokudla befuna okwengeziwe, kepha badla inani elijwayelekile.
"Kubonakale sengathi amagundane asayifisa inhlama," kusho uWill. “Bebelokhu bephindela emuva ukuyodla kodwa bengadli. Sithole ukuthi siphazamise ingxenye yobuchopho eqonde ngqo ekuphakeleni — isifunda esinamathele ekudleni kwangempela — kepha hhayi ukulangazelela. Empeleni, sasishiya leso sifiso sinjalo. ”
Ukuthola ukuthi bekwenzekani ebuchosheni ngesikhathi sokukhanuka, uParker wasungula isivivinyo se-spin-off. Njengakuqala, washintsha esifundeni sobuchopho esihlotshaniswa nomvuzo nenjabulo futhi wafaka i-amygdala ye-basolateral eqenjini elilodwa lamagundane hhayi elinye. Kodwa kulokhu, wanquma inani lokudla okunamafutha aphezulu amagundane ayekwazi ukufinyelela kulo ukuze amaqembu womabili adle inani elilinganayo.
Ngaphandle, womabili amaqembu amagundane abonisa izimilo ezifanayo zokudla. Badla ingxenye yokudla, kepha babelokhu bebuyela emuva beya emabhasikidi abo okudla. Kodwa-ke, ngaphakathi kobuchopho, uParker wabona umehluko ocacile. Amagundane anama-nucleus accumbens asebenze akhombisa ukwanda komsebenzi we-dopamine neuron, ohambisana nokuziphatha kwendlela okushukumisayo.
Iqembu liphinde lathola ukuthi isimo se-basolateral amygdala asinamiphumela emazingeni okusayina we-dopamine. Kodwa-ke, esifundeni sobuchopho obizwa ngokuthi yi-hypothalamus, uParker wabona amazinga aphezulu e-orexin-A, i-molecule ehlotshaniswa nesifiso sokudla, kuphela kumagundane anama-basolateral amygdala.
"Sikhombisile ukuthi okungavimba ukusebenza kokusetshenziswa yileli bhulokhi yokuziphatha kwe-orexin," kusho uParker.
"Imiphumela yaqinisa umqondo wokuthi i-dopamine ibandakanyekile kule ndlela-noma isigaba sokulangazelela-ne-orexin-A ekusetshenzisweni," kusho uWill.
Iqembu likholelwa ukuthi lokhu okutholakele kungaholela ekuqondeni okungcono kwezici ezahlukahlukene zokudla ngokweqile kanye nokulutha kwezidakamizwa. Ngokwambula imbuthano ezimele yokufisa ngokuqhathanisa nokusebenzisa okwangempela noma ukuthatha izidakamizwa, lokhu kungaholela ekwelashweni kwezidakamizwa okungenzeka kuchazwe ngqo futhi kube nemiphumela emibi engafuneki.
Isifundo sikaParker noWill, “Amaphethini we-Neural activation angaphansi kwe-basolateral amygdala ithonya lokuziphatha okuqhutshwa yi-opioid okuqhutshwa yi-opioid ngokuqhathanisa nokudla kokudla okunamafutha aphezulu ku-rat, ”Isanda kushicilelwa ku- I-Neuroscience yezenzo. Ucwaningo lwaxhaswa ngokwengxenye yiNational Institute of Drug Abuse (DA024829).
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