Ruzivo, kugadzirisa uye kutarisa kufarira zvepabonde (2015)

ZVIMBVUNZO: Nyowani Cambridge University kudzidza kwehuropi. Zvidzidzo zvakanyatso kuongororwa porn vanopindwa muropa. Zvichienzaniswa nekudzora, ivo vaigara nekukurumidza kumifananidzo yebonde. Ndokunge, uropi hwavo hwakave husina kusimbiswa vachiona iwo iwo mufananidzo ... ivo vakakurumidza kubhoikana. Nekudaro, hunyanzvi hweinternet porn hunotya kupindwa muropa nayo, ichigadzira denderedzwa kutenderera kwekuda humwe hutsva kukunda kukurumidza kujaira. Asi ichi chishuwo chekutsvaga mune zvekupindwa muropa nezvinonyadzisira KWAKANGA kusati kwavapo. Ndokunge, iyo 'huku' ndeyekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye iyo 'zai' iri kutsvaga kutsvaga.

Press Press Release. November 23, 2015

Vanhu vanoratidzira maitiro ekuita zvepabonde ekumanikidzira - kushaya zvepabonde - vanoendeswa kutsvaga zvimwe zvezvifananidzo zvepabonde zvitsva kupfuura vezera ravo, maererano nekutsvakurudza kutsva kwakatungamirirwa neYunivhesiti yeCambridge. Zvakawanikwa zvinogona kunyanya kukosha mumamiriro ekutsvaga kwepaIndaneti, izvo zvinogona kupa inenge isingaperi kushandiswa kwemifananidzo mitsva.

Muchidzidzo chakabudiswa mu Zvinyorwa zvePfungwa dzeMapurisa, vanotsvagurudza vanotaurawo kuti vakapindwa muropa pabonde vanokanganisa nharaunda 'cues' yakabatana nemifananidzo yebonde pane iya inosanganisirwa nemifananidzo isina kwayakarerekera.

Zvepabonde kupindwa muropa - kana munhu achinetseka kudzora pfungwa dzavo dzepabonde, manzwiro kana maitiro - zvakajairika, zvichikanganisa vakawanda sevamwe muvakuru vechidiki makumi maviri nemashanu. Inotemerwa zvakanyanya uye inogona kutungamira mukunzwa kwekunyara, ichikanganisa mhuri yemunhu uye hupenyu hwemagariro pamwe nebasa ravo. Iko hakuna tsananguro yepamutemo yemamiriro acho ekubatsira kuongororwa.

Mumabasa apfuura akatungamirirwa naDr. Valerie Voon kubva kuDhipatimendi rePsychiatry paYunivhesiti yeCambridge, masayendisiti akawana kuti zvitatu zvikamu zvepfungwa zvakave zvakanyanyisa mukuita zvepabonde zvakaenzana nevanozvipira vane hutano. Zvinonzwisisika, idzi nzvimbo - iyo ventral striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate uye amygdala - yaiva nzvimbo dzinoshandiswawo mune zvinodhakwa zvinodhaka kana zvinoratidzwa nezvinodhaka.

Muchidzidzo chitsva, chakapihwa mari neWelcome Trust, Dr Voon nevamwe vaaidzidza navo vakafunda hunhu hwevanhu makumi maviri nevaviri vakapindwa muropa nebonde uye makumi mana 'vane hutano' varume vanozvipira vari kuita mabasa. Mubasa rekutanga, vanhu vakaratidzwa akateedzana ezvifananidzo vari vaviri vaviri, kusanganisira vakadzi vasina kupfeka, vakadzi vakapfeka uye fanicha. Ivo vakabva varatidzwa mamwe mapairi emifananidzo, kusanganisira vanoziva uye mitsva mifananidzo, uye ndokukumbirwa kusarudza chifananidzo kuti 'vakunde £ 22' - kunyangwe ivo vatori vechikamu vanga vasingazive nezve zvipingaidzo, mukana wekuhwina chero mifananidzo yaive 40%.

Vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti zvekuita zvepabonde zvingangodaro kusarudza inovhesi pamusoro pemusarudzo wakajairika wezvifananidzo zvepabonde maererano nekutakura zvinhu zvisiri zvematongerwe enyika, asi vazvipiri vane hutano vangave vakanyanya kusarudza sarudzo itsva pane zvematongerwo emadzimai evanhu vasingaverengeki maererano nekutakura zvinhu zvisingatengi.

"Tese tinogona kutaurirana neimwe nzira yekutsvaga zvinyorwa zvepamhepo online - zvinogona kunge zvichikwira kubva kune imwe nhau webhusaiti kuenda kune imwe, kana kusvetuka kubva paFacebook kuenda kuAmazon kuenda kuYouTube uye zvichingodaro," anotsanangura Dr Voon. "Kune vanhu vanoratidzira kuita zvebonde, asi inova tsika yekuzvibata isingadzorwe, yakanangana nemifananidzo yekuona zvinonyadzisira."

Mune chechipiri basa, vazvipiri vakaratidzirwa vaviri vaviri vezvifananidzo - mukadzi asina kupfeka uye asina kwachena grey bhokisi - ese ari maviri akafukidzwa pamhando dzakasiyana dzemamwe maitiro. Ivo vakadzidza kuyananisa iyi isingabvumirwe mifananidzo nemifananidzo, yakafanana neiyo imbwa mukuedzwa kwakakurumbira kwaPavlov dzakadzidza kubatanidza bhero rinorira nechikafu. Ivo vakabva vakumbirwa kuti vasarudze pakati pemifananidzo iyi isingabvumike uye mutsva mutsva.

Panguva ino, ivo vaongorori vakaratidza kuti vakapindwa muropa pabonde vaive nemukana wakanyanya wekusarudza cues (mune ino maitiro ezvinyorwa) zvine chekuita nezvepabonde uye mari mibairo. Izvi zvinotsigira pfungwa yekuti zvinoita sekunge zvisina mhosva munzvimbo yemupombwe zvinogona 'kuvamutsa' kutsvaga mifananidzo yepabonde.

"Zvinyorwa zvinogona kuve zvakapusa sekungovhura yavo yewebhu browser," anotsanangura Dr Voon. "Vanogona kukonzera zviito zvakawanda uye vasati vazviziva, muropa ari kuongorora nemifananidzo yezvinonyadzisira. Kuputsa hukama pakati pezvirevo nehunhu kunogona kuva kwakaoma zvikuru. ”

Vatsvakurudzi vakaita imwe mimwe miedzo apo 20 vakarovedza zvepabonde uye 20 vakafananidza vakazvipira vane hutano vakawana hutano hwepfungwa pavanenge vachiratidzwa mifananidzo yakadzokororwa - mukadzi asina kukwana, £ 1 yemari kana kuti neutral gray box.

Vakaona kuti kana vanokanganisa zvepabonde vaiona chifananidzi chepabonde chimwechete zvakare, vachienzaniswa nevanozvipira vane hutano vakawana kuderera kukuru kwebasa munharaunda yeuropi inozivikanwa seyikudzivirira anterior cingulate cortex, inozivikanwa kuti inobatanidzwa mukutarisira mibayiro uye kupindura zviitiko zvitsva. Izvi zvinowirirana ne 'habituation', apo mishonga inowanzoita kuti zvimwe zvinokurudzira zvishoma nezvishoma zvikomborerwe - somuenzaniso, mudiri wekhofi anogona kuwana caffeine 'buzz' kubva mumukombe wavo wokutanga, asi nekufamba kwenguva ivo vanomwa kako kakawanda, vaduku buzz inova.

Izvi zvinoita kuti munhu ave nehutano hwevarume vane hutano hwakaratidzwa. Asi apo pavanotarisa vhidhiyo itsva, mukana wekufarira nekumutsa unodzokera kumwero wepakutanga. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, kudzivirira tsika, mutoro wepabonde unoda kutsvaga kuwaniswa kwemifananidzo mitsva. Mune mamwe mazwi, tsika dzinogona kuendesa kutsvaga mifananidzo yakave.

"Zvatinowana zvinonyanya kukosha munharaunda yekuona zvinonyadzisira paIndaneti," anowedzera Dr Voon. "Hazvisi pachena izvo zvinokonzera kushungurudzwa kwepabonde pakutanga uye zvichida kuti vamwe vanhu vanonyanya kutarirwa kudhakwa kupfuura vamwe, asi kuonekwa kusingaperi kwemifananidzo yepabonde inowanikwa iri paIndaneti kunobatsira kuderedza kusvuta kwavo, zvichiita kuti zviwedzere uye zvakaoma kutiza. "

More mashoko: Paula Banca et al. Ruzivo, kugadzirisa uye kutarisa kufarira zvepabonde, Zvinyorwa zvePfungwa dzeMapurisa (2016). DOI: 10.1016 / j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

 

YOKUDZIDZA

Paula Banca, Laurel S. Morris, Simon MitchellNeil A. Harrison, Marc N. Potenza, Valerie Voon (Dr)tsambae

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.017

ngovepo

IInternet inopa hukuru hwemabhuku uye mazano anokomborera, kunyanya maererano nekuratidza zvepabonde zvinhu zvakajeka. Kutsvaga kwekutsvaga uye kugadzirisa mafungiro ezvakakosha zvinoshandiswa pane zvaunofarira uye maitiro ekutaura ane chokuita nekusawirirana kwekusvuta. Pano tinoongorora zvinhu izvi kune vanhu vane maitiro ekumanikidzira zvepabonde (CSB), kufungidzira hukuru hwekuita zvepabonde uye zvinokonzerwa nemigumisiro yepabonde maererano nevanozvipira vane utano. Makumi maviri nemakumi maviri eCBB varume nemakumi mana-vakafananidzwa nevarume vanozvipira vakaedzwa mumitambo miviri yakasiyana-siyana yekutenderera inotarisa pane zvaunofarira zvekutsvaga uye zvinokurudzira. Zvidzidzo makumi maviri zveboka rimwe nerimwe zvakaongororwa mune chechitatu chekugadzirisa uye kupera basa uchishanda magnetic resonance imaging. CSB yakabatanidzwa nehuwandu hwemhando yehutano hwepabonde, zvichienzaniswa nekudzora mifananidzo, uye zvakasarudzwa zvekare kune zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa kune zvepabonde uye zvemari zvichienderana nemigumisiro yemaitiro inofananidzwa nekuenzanisa nevanozvipira vane utano. VaScB vanhu vaivewo nepamusoro pekugadzirisa maitiro ekudzokorora zvepabonde nemabhadharo emari nehuwandu hwemaitiro ekubatana nechisarudzo chinosimudzirwa nehutano hwepabonde. Nzira yekuzvibata kune zvekuita zvepabonde dzakasununguka kubva pakusarudzwa kwemaitiro zvakabatanidzwa nekunyoresa kufungidzirwa kwezvifananidzo zvepabonde. Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza kuti CSB vanhu vane hutano husina kunaka hwehutano hwepabonde hunogona kupindirana nehukuru hwekugara huno pamwe nekugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa mubayiro. Tinowedzera kusimbisa basa rakasununguka rekudzivirira-cheni-conditioning uye ruzivo rwekutsvaga pamusana pekufungidzirwa kwekutanga kune zvepabonde. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakakosha zvakanyanya sezvo Indaneti inopa huwandu hwemabhuku uye zvingangoita zvinokurudzira.

Keywords: utsva, cue-conditioning, mubairo wepabonde, dorsal cingulate habituation, kujairira, kunyanya kufarira

ziviso

Sei kutengesa kwepaIndaneti kuchiita zvekunyengera kune vakawanda? IInternet inopa nzvimbo huru yeruzivo uye inogona kupa zvipo zvinokurudzira. Kutsvaga kwekutsvaga, kutarisa kunaka uye kugadzirisa-kugadzirisa ndizvo zvinokosha zvinogona kukonzera kusada kuziva uye kusarudza zvisarudzo muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Izvi zvinogonawo kuita kuti kuve nekugadzirisa kwekushungurudzika kwekusvuta.

Kutsvaga ruzivo kungave kuri kwega kunongedzera uye mhedzisiro yezvinetso zvekupindwa muropa. Hunhu uhu, hunowanzo kuongororwa uchishandisa chiyero chekutsvaga kwekunzwa kwaZuckerman, chave chichiwanikwa chichiwonekwa chakakwidziridzwa mune dzakasiyana hunhu uye zvinodhaka. (Belin et al., 2011, Redolat et al., 2009). Imwe tsananguro inotsanangurwa yehukama huno hwakasimba inobva pane imwe pfungwa yokuti kusvikira kune zvitsva kunogona kuita, kunyanya muchikamu, mishonga imwecheteyo yevashandi inopindirana nemigumisiro inobatsira yezvinodhaka zvekushungurudzwa (Bardo et al., 1996). Mukushambadzira kwemariti, ruzivo rwekutsvaga hunofanotaura kutendeuka kune maitiro ekutsvaga kwekodhaine-cocaine (Belin naDeroche-Gamonet, 2012). Mukutsvaga kwevanhu, kutsvaga kwekunzwa kunosanganiswa nekubudirira kunwa doro muvechiri kuyaruka (Conrod et al., 2013).

Zviratidzo zvakagadziriswa kana zvinyorwa mumamiriro edu ezvinhu zvinogonawo kuchinja zvakanyanya maitiro. Kunhuwira kwefodya, nzvimbo kana shamwari dzinoshandiswa nekushandisa zvinodhaka, kana kuona mari kungangoita seyakagadziriswa uye kunogona kukonzera reactivity uye kukonzera kuda, kunokurudzira uye kudzokazve mukushungurudzwa kwekudhakwa (pakuongorora ona (Childress et al., 1993) ). Izvozvi ndezvokuti hazvisi zvekutora zvisingatauri izvo zvinogona kunge zvisinganzwisisi zvinokurudzira zvinoshandiswa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa nekudzokorora zvakare pamwe chete nemishonga yemishonga kana zvimwe zvipo zvehupenyu zvakakosha zvakadai sezvokudya (Jansen, 1998) kana zvepabonde (Pfaus et al., 2001, Toates, 2009 ).

Kugadziriswa kwechivako nekudzidza kwakagadziridzwa kuisa basa rinoshandisa polysynaptic loop rinosanganisira hippocampus, ventral striatum, uye midbrain dopaminergic nzvimbo (Lisman na Grace, 2005). Kuziva ruzivo, nguva refu yekuyeuchidza kukodha nekudzidza kunosanganisira dopaminergic basa rinowedzera hippocampal synaptic plasticity iyo, kuburikidza ne glutamatergic maringe kune ventral striatum, inotumira mashoko kune we ventral tegmental area (VTA) iyo inofambisa zvakananga zvakare kumusango (Knight, 1996, Lisman uye Grace, 2005). Nekudzokororwazve, hippocampus uye midbrain dopaminergic mhinduro kune ruzivo rwechidiki runoderera, kupa mhemberero kana zvinodzidza zvikava zivo (Bunzeck naDuzel, 2006, Bunzeck et al., 2013). Kuchinja mararamiro uye kuongorora kwevanhu kunoratidzawo kuti phasic dopaminergic basa inodzokorora kukanganisa kukanganisa, kuenzanisa pakati pemigumisiro chaiyo uye inotarisirwa inoratidza chiitiko chisingatarisirwi, chisingaiti sechiratidzo chekudzidzisa chiri pasi pemaitiro ekugadzirisa (Schultz et al., 1997). Mesolimbic dopaminergic cell bodies mukatikati yebhanhire iri kune network kunosanganisira striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) uye hippocampus (Williams naGoldman-Rakic, 1998). Iyo dACC inobatanidzwa mukucherechedza kugadzirisa inoverengeka uye zviitiko zvakakosha uye mukugadzirisa mubayiro mutarisiro nekufanotaura kukanganisa (Ranganath naRainer, 2003, Rushworth et al., 2011).

Mukuwedzera kune kutsvaga kutsvaga uye kugadzirisa-mafungiro, mafungiro ekuda kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nechinangwa chokudhakwa (kunyanya kufarira) chinhu chinokosha chinoita kuti munhu ave nezvinetso zvemishonga (Ersche et al., 2010, van Hemel-Ruiter et al., 2013, Wiers et al., 2011). Izvo zvinokonzera kushungurudzika mupfungwa pamusana pekutarisa zvinoparidzwa zvakapetwa zvose mune utano hwakanaka uye zvipatara (Yiend, 2010). Kunyanya kunetseka kune zvinhu zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvinowanikwa muzvinhu zvinoshandisa-kushandisa kushandiswa kwewaini, nicotine, cannabis, opiates uye cocaine (Cox et al., 2006). Uyezve, kushamwaridzana kwakananga pakati pekukurudzira mifananidzo yekuita zvepabonde uye kupindira kwekucherechedza kwakawanikwawo kune vanhu vane utano hwakanaka, iyo inoratidzika inokonzerwa nemafungiro ehutano hwehupombwe uye chido chepabonde (Kagerer et al., 2014, Prause et al., 2008). Takave takarevera izvi zvitsva kune vanhu vane hutano hwekuita zvepabonde (CSB) vachishandisa basa-dot probe (Mechelmans et al., 2014).

Nekuwedzera kuwanika paInternet, kune kuwedzera kuchinetseka pamusoro pekugona kwekushandisa zvakanyanya. Chidzidzo chakaongorora simba rinotaridzika rezvizhinji zvemaInternet applications (kutamba, kubhejera, email, etc.) mukuvandudzirwa kwekushandiswa kweInternet kushandiswa kwakaratidza kuti shanduro inofanirwa kuita zvepabonde inofanirwa kuita zvepabonde inonyanya kukosha yekutsvaga / kushandiswa kwemhepo (Meerkerk et al. , 2006). Inotsanangurwa yakajeka paIndaneti yakakura uye ichiwedzera, uye izvi zvinogona kukurudzira kuwedzera kwekushandisa mune vamwe vanhu. Somuenzaniso, varume vane hutano vachiona vachidzokorora firimu yakajeka yakafanana vakawanikwa vachigara kune zvinosimudzirwa uye vanowana kujekesa kunofambisa zvishoma nezvishoma kuderedza zvepabonde, zvishoma kudzvinyirira uye kuderera zvishoma (Koukounas uye Over, 2000). Zvisinei, kuenderera mberi kune imwe nyaya inojekesa firimu kunowedzera hutano hwekuita zvepabonde nekugadzirisa kune mamwe maitiro akare mushure mekugara, zvichiratidza mabasa anokosha ekutsvaga uye kugara. Kuongorora mafungiro akacherechedza ruzivo rwakakonzerwa nehutachiona hwekuita zvepabonde kune vanhu vane utano, hune hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, orbitofrontal, occipital uye parietal nzvimbo (Wehrum et al., 2013, Wehrum-Osinsky et al., 2014). Iyi neural network, iyo yakasununguka nehuwandu hwemhepo inomutsa, inowanikwa zvose varume nevakadzi kunyange zvazvo varume vachiratidza kushanda kwakasimba kune vakadzi, izvo zvingave zvichiratidza kusimba kwepabonde kune varume. Izvochete neural network inoita kuti vanhu vaite zvekuita zvepabonde zvinokonzerwa nekuita zvepabonde, pamwe nehutano huri munharaunda imwechete (Klucken et al., 2009).

Muchidzidzo chedu, tinocherechedza zvinhu zvitsva, kutarisa uye kufungidzira-kutengesa kuIndaneti zvakajeka zvepabonde kune vanhu vane CSB. Aya maitiro anonyanya kukoshesa kushandiswa kwezvinhu-kushandiswa uye inogonawo kuva yakakosha kune CSB. Kutaura zvepabonde kunotsanangurwa pabonde kune zvakakosha zvekushandisa zvakamanikidzika, uye CSB haina kufanana, inowanikwa mu2 kusvika ku4% munharaunda yevanhu uye vakuru vekoroji uye vanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa (Grant et al., 2005, Odlaug uye Grant, 2010, Odlaug et al., 2013). CSB inobatanidza nekutambudzika kukuru, manzwiro ekunyadzisa uye kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo boka rekushandira re11th sangano reInternational Classification of Diseases ikozvino rinokurudzira kuisa CSB senharo yekudzivirira-kugadzirisa chirwere (Grant et al., 2014), CSB haina kuiswa mu DSM-5, kunyangwe nedzimwe nharo (Toussaint uye Pitchot, 2013), zvikurukuru nekuda kwedhadziro dzedzinhare. Nokudaro, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinodiwa. Kunzwisisa kuenzana nekusiyana pakati peCSB nedzimwe zvirwere zvepfungwa, kunyanya kuzvidzora-kuzvidzora kuzvidzora nekudhakwa, zvinogona kubatsira nekugadzirisa maitiro pamwe nekuvandudzirwa kwekudzivirira nzira dzekudzivirira nekurapa.

Takaona kare kuti vanhu vane CSB vakaratidza hukuru hwehuropi hunoita kuti hurumende ishandise mukupindura kune zvakananga zvepabonde mune zve ventral striatum, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) uye amygdala, nzvimbo dzakabatwa muzvinodhaka cue reactivity uye chido mune zvinetso zvekudhakwa (Voon et al ., 2014). Kushamwaridzana kwakashanda kweiyo network, uye kunyanya dACC, kwaibatanidza nechishuvo chekuita zvepabonde kana kuti chikonzero chekutaura zvakajeka. Takaona zvakare kuti vanhu vane CSB, kana vachienzanisa nevaya vasina, vanoratidza kufungidzira kwepabonde pamusoro pepabonde zvinotsanangurwa (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Izvi zvakatanga kufungidzirwa zvakarongedzwa kuratidza nzira dzekurovedza dzinoita kuti chikonzero chinokurudzira chinokonzerwa nemigumisiro yepabonde. Pano, tinosimbisa kutsvakurudza kwedu kutsvakurudza nzira dzinoita kuti kuve nekusimudzirwa kwekusimudzirwa kwechikwata uye kukwanisa kugadziriswa muCSB nekuongorora maitiro ehutsika uye neural nehutano uye kugadzirisa mafungiro ehutano mukupindurwa kwechinhu chinonyadzisa chepabonde.

Takaita mabasa maviri ekuita kunze kwerineni kuti tiongorore chisarudzo chakanakidzwa nevanoratidzirana nezvinozivikanwa zvekuita zvepabonde uye chisarudzo chakanaka pane zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa kuita zvepabonde, mari uye zvematongerwe enyika. Takafungidzira kuti CSB vanhu vane hutano hwevamwe vanozvipira (HVs) vangave nechisarudzo chakanyanya kufarira nhoroondo inoenderana nemifananidzo yakajairika mune zvepabonde asi kwete mumamiriro ekudzivirira. Tichifunga zvakare kuti nyaya dzeCSB dzaizova nemusarudzo mukuru unofanirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu akadai mune zvepabonde asi kwete mumamiriro emari.

Vatori vechikamu vakaitawo basa rinoshandisa magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) kugadzirisa uye kupera basa rinosanganisira kugadzirisa zvirwere zvepabonde, mari uye zvisingatauri mifananidzo. Nzira mbiri dzekusarerekera mune zvematongerwe enyika dzaive dzakaronganiswa nemifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yepabonde inoratidzwa kakawanda panguva yekugadzirisa. Muchikamu chekupedzisira chechimiro chechimiro, neural habituation kune mifananidzo yepabonde yakaongororwa nekuongorora kuchinja kwezvinhu zvechiraundi zvechifananidzo chimwe nechimwe chepabonde pane nguva inotarisa kudzokororwa kwakapfurikidza nekudaro kuparadzanisa kuongororwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu nemagumisiro ekuguma. Takafungidzira kuti nyaya dzeCSB maererano neHVs dzaizoratidza hunodikanwa neural nehutano hwehutano hwepabonde nehutsika hwenyika husina kukodzera hunoenderana neDACC uye striatum, nzvimbo dzave dzakarongerwa mune zvepabonde reactivity mu CSB zvidzidzo (Voon, Mole, 2014). Tinowedzera kufunga kuti zvidzidzo zveCSB zvakaenzaniswa neHVs zvinoratidza hukuru neural habituation kune zvepabonde kana tichienzanisa neutachiona husingaiti.

nzira

muchiuto

Kubhadhara kwave kuri kutsanangurwa pane imwe nzvimbo (Voon, Mole, 2014). Shanduro dzeCSB dzakabatanidzwa kuburikidza neInternet-based zviziviso uye vanyori vanotumira. HVs dzakabatanidzwa kubva kunharaunda yakashambadzirwa muEngland Anglia. Zvidzidzo zveCSB zvakabvunzurudzwa nemuongorori wepfungwa kuti asimbise kuti vakazadzisa zvirwere zveSBB (zvinorongwa zvinongororwa zvirongwa zveHypersexual Disorder; chirongwa chekuita zvepabonde) (Carnes et al., 2001, Kafka, 2010, Reid et al., 2012), vachitarisa kushandiswa kwechisimba pamashoko ekurara zvepabonde paIndaneti.

Zvese CSB zvidzidzo uye zvakafanana nevakuru veHVs vaive murume uye murume nemukadzi vakapihwa hunhu hwecues. HVs dzaifananidzwa mune 2: 1 chiyero neCSB zvidzidzo kuti zviwedzere simba rehuwandu. Mhedzisiro yekusarudzika yaisanganisira kuve pasi pemakore gumi nemasere ekuberekwa, nhoroondo yezvinodzvinyirira-zvinoshandiswa, izvozvi mushandisi wenguva dzose zvinhu zvisiri pamutemo (kusanganisira cannabis), uye kuva nedambudziko rakakomba rezvepfungwa, kusanganisira kudzvanyirira kwakanyanya kuri pakati nepakati (Beck Depression Inventory> 18) kana obsessive-compulsive kusagadzikana, kana nhoroondo yebipolar kusagadzikana kana schizophrenia (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inventory) (Sheehan et al., 20). Zvimwe zvekumanikidza kana zvehunhu kupindwa muropa zvaive zvakasarudzika, izvo zvakaongororwa nachiremba wepfungwa, kusanganisira kunetsekana kushandiswa kwemitambo yepamhepo kana vezvenhau, kurwara nekubhejera kana kumanikidza kutenga uye binge-kudya chirwere.

Zvidzidzo zvakapedza UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale (Whiteside uye Lynam, 2001), Beck Depression Inventory (Beck et al., 1961), State Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1983) uye Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test ( AUDIT) (Saunders et al., 1993). The National Adult Reading Test (Nelson, 1982) yakashandiswa kuwana rondedzero yeIQ.

Zvidzidzo zviviri zveCSB zvaive zvichinetsa zvinodhaka uye zvakange zvichinyanya kuora mwoyo nekusawirirana kwepfungwa uye zvemagariro evanhu: social socibia (N = 1) uye nhoroondo yehuduku hwe ADHD (N = 1).

Kunyora kwakanyorwa kwakanyorerwa kwakawanikwa uye chidzidzo chakabvumirwa neYunivhesiti yeCambridge Research Ethics Committee. Zvidzidzo zvakabhadharwa nekuda kwavo.

Maitiro ekuita mabasa

Makumi maviri nemaviri masangano eCBB uye 40 zvakafanana nevakuru vakomana vanozvipira vakaedzwa mune chimwe chinhu chakanaka-chinotarisirwa basa uye maitiro maviri-mafungiro anofanirwa kunyorerwa pano, uye basa rinonyanya kufarira (dot-probe task) rinoratidzwa kune imwe nzvimbo (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Mabasa acho akaitwa mushure mekuedza kweFMRI, mune imwe nzira yakarongeka.

Rudo rwekuda

Zvidzidzo zvakadzidziswa kuti zvive nemhando mitatu yezvinokanganisa (Zviratidzo zvepabonde, zvisiri zvematongerwe enyika zvevanhu vasingatendi uye zvisizvo zvematongerwo enyika zvisiri izvo) uye zvino vakaita sarudzo yekutsvaga kusarura, kusarudza pakati pevhesi inoenderana nezvinozivikanwa zvakafananidzwa mukati meboka rimwe nerimwe (Mufananidzo 1A). Muchikamu chekudzidzira, zvifananidzo zvitanhatu zvakaratidzwa kune uyo anenge ari mubatsiri: 2 mifananidzo yevakadzi vasina kupfeka (zvepabonde), 2 mifananidzo yevakadzi vakapfekedzwa (Control1) uye 2 mifananidzo yefaira (Control2) (2 mifananidzo pamamiriro ezvinhu). Mifananidzo ye6 yaive yakarongedzwa mumapoka kune avo vatori vechikamu, mumutambo we 48 miedzo (16 miedzo yega yega). Nguva yechiratidzo chimwe nechimwe yaive 5 sec. Kuita kuti hutano hubatane nebasa racho, nyaya dzakarayirwa kunyatsodzidza mifananidzo nokuti vaizobvunzwa mibvunzo panguva yekudzidza. Mibvunzo yakajeka pamusoro pemifananidzo yakarongeka panguva yebasa iri mukatikati yekuedza (semuenzaniso, kuratidza kuti mukadzi ndiani aive nemaoko ake akayambuka achishandisa museve wekurudyi kana kuruboshwe: 'Zvombo zvakayambuka'). Mubvunzo woga woga wakanga wakabatana nemifananidzo yakamboonekwa yakafanana, saka kuchengetedza kuti nyaya dzacho dzakaramba dzichicherechedza zvikamu zviviri zvezvifananidzo.

Thumbnail mufananidzo weChifananidzo 1. Inotora mufananidzo mukuru

Mufananidzo 1

Novelty uye conditioning behavioral measures. A. Rudo rwekutsvaga: basa nemigumisiro. Vatevedzeri vaizivikanwa nemifananidzo yepabonde uye miviri isiri yepabonde mifananidzo yakateverwa nechisarudzo chekusarudza-kusarura kunosarudza pakati pezvaizivikanwa kana kuti zvakaenzanirana neruzivo sarudzo (p = 0.50) inobatanidza nekukunda. Girafu inoratidza chiyero chezvinhu zvitsva zvinoshandiswa mumatambudziko mune zvidzidzo nekuita zvekuita zvepabonde (CSB) uye vanozvipira vane hutano (HV). B. Mamiriro ezvinhu: basa nemigumisiro. Basa rekuita zvepabonde rinoratidzwa. Munguva yekugadzirisa mamiriro, maviri matema-uye-machena maitiro ekuona (CS + Bonde uye CS-) aiteverwa nemifananidzo yepabonde kana yekusarerekera zvichiteerana. Munguva yesarudzo yekusarudzika kuyedzwa, nyaya dzakasarudzwa pakati peCS + Bonde uye CS- dzakapetwa neinovhurika yekuona-pateni inokurudzira (A uye B). Iyo CS + Bonde uye CS- zvinokurudzira zvaive zvakabatana neakakura mikana yekukunda. Iwo mairafu anoratidza chiyero chemamiriro ezvinhu akasarudzika ekusimudzira pamiedzo yeCSB neHV yemhedzisiro yebonde (kuruboshwe) uye Mhedzisiro yemari (kurudyi). * Boka-ne-Valence kudyidzana: p <0.05.

Muchikamu chekuedza, zvidzidzo zvakatarwa zvitatu-zvigadzirwa zviviri zvinosanganisira chimiro chinozivikanwa uye chifananidzo chinyorwa chinofananidzirwa nechiitiko chega chekuedza. Mifananidzo mitanhatu yakashandiswa: 3 yaizivikanwa, yakasarudzwa kubva muchikamu chekare chekudzidzira (chimwe chezvinhu chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu zvitatu) uye 3 mifananidzo mitsva (imwe nhamba yega yega yega). Mifananidzo yacho-yakaratidzwa kwemashure e2.5 akateverwa nemhinduro yechipiri ye1 (won win £ 1 kana kuti usakunda chinhu). Chimwe chemiedzo ye 60 (20 miedzo yega yega) yakaiswa. Mikana yekukunda chero ipi zvayo yemifananidzo yakanga isinganzwisisi pa p = 0.50. Nyaya yacho yakarayirwa kusarudza chimwe chezvinhu zvinotyisa kubva kune vamwe nechinangwa chekuita mari yakawanda sezvinobvira ndokuudza kuti vaizogamuchira chikamu chemari yavo. Vakarayirwa kuti muedzo wokutanga ungangove uri kufungidzira asi kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvinokurudzira zvaizobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekukunda. Icho chinonyanya kugadziriswa chiyero chaive chiyero chekusarudzwa kwemashoko mutsva pamamiriro ezvinhu ose. Sezvo dzidziso yekudzidzira inoshandiswa pano yaiva yakangoerekana yakarongeka (p = 0.50), mhedzisiro inongoratidzwa inongoratidzira zvinongoratidzirwa zvinongororwa. Mushure mekudzidza, nenyaya dzakakumbirwa kuti dzione kukoshesa zvidzidzo zvevakadzi pachiyero che 1 kusvika ku10 inotevera kuedzwa. Basa remazuva rakanga riri 8 maminitsi (4 min yekudzidziswa uye 3.5 min yechikamu chekuedza).

Kugadzirisa mafungiro

Zvidzidzo zvakaongororwa pamamiriro maviri ekugadzirisa maitiro mukati mekuenzanisa kurongeka, zvose zviri zviviri nechikamu chekugadzirisa uye chikamu chekuedza (Mufananidzo 1B). Zvose izvi zvaive nemararamiro akafanana asi imwe yakanyanyisa kune zvepabonde uye imwe pamari yekugadzirisa mari.

Muchikamu chimwe chekudzidzisa, maziso maviri (CS + Sex, CS-), akaratidzwa kwemashure 2, akaiswa mufananidzo wevakadzi vasina kusarudzwa kana kuti neutral gray bhokisi (1-yechipiri mugumisiro), zvichienderana. Izvi zvakateverwa nekamukati-mutsva mutsva we0.5 kusvika 1 yechipiri. Makumi makumi matanhatu miedzo yakaratidzwa zvachose (30 CS+ uye 30 CS-). Kuti ave nechokwadi chekuita basa, zvidzidzo zvakarayirwa kuchengetedza nhamba yezvakaitika apo vakaona ruvara rutsvuku rwepamusoro pemugumisiro wechiratidzo, uye vakataura nhamba iyi pamugumo wechikamu chekudzidzisa.

Chikamu chekudzidzisa chakateverwa nechikamu chekuedzwa umo CS + Sex uye CS- stimuli imwe neimwe yakabatanidzwa nemano inoonekwa-maitiro ekutsvaga (semufananidzo weA image A kana Image B zvakananga). Zvidzidzo zvakakumbirwa kusarudza chimwe chezvinhu zvinokurudzira kubva pamubatanidzwa wechikwata (eg, CS + Sex kana Image A; CS- kana Mufananidzo B; nguva 2.5 seconds), iyo yakateverwa nemhinduro yekukunda £ 1 kana kusina chinhu (urefu 1 yechipiri) . I-CS + Sex uye CS- ine mikana yakawanda yekukunda (p = 0.70 kukunda £ 1 / p = 0.30 kusina chinhu) maererano nerinovheji yakakonzerwa nemushumo (p = 0.70 kukunda chinhu / p = 0.30 kutora £ 1). Zvidzidzo zvakaedzwa kuongororwa kwe40 mumutambo (20 miedzo nemamiriro ezvinhu) uye vakaudzwa kuti chinangwa chaiva chekuita mari yakawanda sezvinobvira uye kuti vaizogamuchira chikamu chemari yavo. Vakarayirwa kuti muedzo wokutanga ungangove uri kufungidzira asi kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvinokurudzira zvaizobatanidzwa nehuwandu hwekukunda.

Muchipiri chekudzidzira uye basa rekuedza, basa rakafanana rakagadzirwa rakashandiswa pairi nemigumisiro yemari: imwe yakasiyana yezvakaratidzwa yakagadziriswa (CS + Money, CS-) kumufananidzo we £ 1 kana kuti neutral gray box. Vateereri vakaudzwa kuti vaizokunda chikamu chemari yavakaona. Chimwe chikamu chekuedzwa chakazotevera.

Sezvo CS + uye CS- stimuli dzaibatanidzwa nepamusoro-soro dzekukunda, takaongorora zvido zvekutsvaga kwekutanga kwekuedza kuongorora maitiro ekutanga maitiro uye chikamu chenguva iyo CS + uye CS-stimuli vakasarudzwa pamusana pemuedzo wose kuongorora simba chisarudzo chakanakisisa chechikonzero chekudzidza chidzidzo. Basa roga roga raitora anenge maminitsi 7 (4 min yekudzidziswa uye 2.5 min yezvikamu zvekuedza).

Kufungidzira basa

Zvidzidzo makumi maviri zveScB uye 20 zvakaenzana neHV zvakarongwa zvichiita basa rekugadzirisa uye kupera (Mufananidzo 3A). Muchikamu chechimiro, mapikicha matanhatu (mavara emifananidzo) akashandiswa semafungiro anokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu (CS +) akatarisana nemufananidzo usina kufanirwa (US) wemukadzi asina kukwana (CS + sex), £ 1 (CS + mari) kana kuti neutral gray box (CS-). Zvimwe CS + zvakaiswa pairi pamigumisiro. Mifananidzo shanu yakasiyana yevakadzi vasina kuve yakashandiswa pamigumisiro yepabonde nekudzokorora nguva dze8 pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu. Isosi yeC CS + yaiva 2000 msec; pa 1500 msec, iyo US yakafukidzwa nokuda kwe500 msec uye yakateverwa nemubati wechipikiso nechepamusoro pakatarisa, iyo yakabva ku500 kusvika ku2500 msec. Kuti urambe uchifunga nezvebasa racho, zvidzidzo zvakamanikidzwa nebhokisi riri kuruboshwe nokuda kwemigumisiro yemari, bhodhi rakarurama kumunhu wacho, uye chero bhodhi yekusagadzikana kwematongerwo enyika panguva yekugadzirisa. Nhengo dzinotariswa mumiedzo ye 120 (20 ne CS + kana 40 mumamiriro ezvinhu) muchikamu chechimiro. Mamiriro acho aive akaiswa. Muchikamu chinopera, rimwe nerimwe CS + rakaratidzwa nokuda kwe2000 msec risina US kuitira huwandu hwemiedzo ye 90 (15 ne CS + kana 30 nemamiriro ezvinhu) inoteverwa nenzvimbo yekugadzirisa (500 kusvika 2500 msec). Nokudaro, pa 1500 msec, vatongi vaizotarisira mhedzisiro, izvo zvisingatarisirwi zvisingabvumirwi. Isati yasvika, zvidzidzo zvakave zvakadzidziswa kunze kwechitsinhanisi paZviso 20 zvekugadzira kwakafanana neCS + yakasiyana uye mifananidzo yevakadzi, mari uye zvisiri zvematongerwo enyika kuti zviitwe mhinduro yemotokari munguva yekubvisa. Panguva yekuita izvi, nyaya dzinoonekwa mifananidzo yevakadzi vakafuka asi vakaudzwa kuti mu scanner, vangaona zviratidzo zvakajeka. Basa rose rakarongwa neE-prime professional v2.0 software.

Thumbnail mufananidzo weChifananidzo 2. Inotora mufananidzo mukuru

Mufananidzo 2

Ukama pakati pezvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa uye kufarira kutarisana nemapoka. Girafu rekuruboshwe rinoratidza kwekutanga kutarisisa zviyero zvebonde kana kusarerekera kwazvakarerekera (zviyero zvepamusoro zvakaratidza kusarudzika pakuita bonde nekusaita zvematongerwo enyika) mune zvidzidzo zvakasarudza CS + Zvepabonde zvichienzaniswa neCS- senzira yekutanga mumapoka ese ari maviri. * p <0.05. Girafu chairo rinoratidza kwekutanga kutarisisa zviyero zvebonde kana kusatsigira zvematongerwo enyika mune zvidzidzo izvo zvakasarudzira runyorwa rwekukurudzira zvepabonde kana zvichienzaniswa neyakajairika kukurudzira.

Thumbnail mufananidzo weChifananidzo 3. Inotora mufananidzo mukuru

Mufananidzo 3

Kugadzirisa mafungiro ekufungidzira uye kugara. A. Kufananidza basa. Munguva yemamiriro ezvinhu, zvidzidzo zvinotaridzirwa zvitanhatu zvemavara zvichitevedzerwa neHabonde, Mari kana kuti Neutral. Kuparara kwechikamu chaitevera, panguva iyo iyo yakagadziriswa yakave yakaratidzwa kunze kwekusimudzirwa kusingadi. B. Kugara. Kugara kwechiremba anterior cingulate (dACC) basa mukumanikidzira kuita zvepabonde (CSB) zvidzidzo zvinopesana nevanozvipira vane hutano (HV) kuti vadzokezve zvepabonde nezvisingaoneki mifananidzo. Mufananidzo wacho unoratidza kuenzanisa kwehafu yekutanga uye yekupedzisira yematambudziko. C. Slope uye kubatirira kweDACC kugara. Iwo mairafu anoratidza kutsvedza kana dhigirii rekugara (kuruboshwe girafu) ye beta maitiro eiyo DACC muCSB neHV vanhu uye kubvisa kana kuita kwekutanga kweCSB maringe neHV (kurudyi girafu) yeBonde - Kusarerekera (Bonde) uye Mari - Kusarerekera ( Mari) mifananidzo. * Valence uye Boka-ne-Valence mhedzisiro p <0.05; ** Valence mhedzisiro p <0.05.

Ona Mufananidzo Mukuru | Download PowerPoint Slide

Tsananguro yekuongorora kwehutano hwekuita

Nyaya dzehunhu dzakaongororwa pachishandiswa yakazvimirira t-bvunzo kana Chi Square. Dhata yakaongororwa kune vanobuda kunze (> 3 SD kubva muboka rinoreva) uye kuyedzwa kwakajairwa kugovera (Shapiro Wilks bvunzo). Sarudzo yekuda yakaenzanisirwa pamiyedzo yese yezvinhu zvitsva uye zvekugadzirisa mabasa zvakaongororwa pachishandiswa matanho akasanganiswa ANOVA neyepakati-ezvidzidzo zveGroup (CSB, HV) uye mukati mezvinhu zveValence (Zvepabonde, Kudzora1, Kudzora2; CS +, CS-) . Sarudzo dzemuyedzo wekutanga dzakaongororwa zvakare uchishandisa Chi-Square bvunzo. P <0.05 yaionekwa seinokosha.

Neuroimaging

Kufungidzira data acquisition

Vabatanidzwa vakaongororwa mune imwe 3T Siemens Magnetom TimTrio scanner, paWolfson Brain Imaging Center, Yunivhesiti yeCambridge, ine 32-kanhi yemusoro. Anatomical mifananidzo yakawanikwa vachishandisa mufananidzo weKNNUMX-weiyo maitiro uchishandisa mufananidzo we MPRAGE (TR = 1 ms; TE = 2300 ms; FOV 2.98 x 240 x 256 mm, ukuru hwevoxel 176x1x1 mm). DMRI data yakawanikwa uchishandiswa neropa-oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) kusiyanisa yose-brain-planar imaging (EPI) nemitemo inotevera: 1 inopindira maxi axial pamubvunzo, TR 39 s, TA 2.32, TE 2.26 ms, 33mm slice thickness .

Dhiyabhorosi kuongorora kwakaitwa uchishandisa Statistical Parametric Mapping software (SPM 8) (http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm). Kutangira-kushandiswa kwakave nekugadzirisa-nguva yekugadziriswa, kugadziriswa kwepakati, kugadziriswa kwemashoko nemusoro 'T1-zvakakoswa mifananidzo, maitiro, uye nzvimbo inosimudza (yakazara-yakafara pahafu yepamusoro ye8 mm). Mhuri yekutanga ye4 yechirongwa chega rega yakarashirwa kubvumira T1-kuenzaniswa kwemigumisiro.

Kufungidzira kudhanhwa kwedata

Kuongororwa kunongororwa kwakaitwa kuburikidza ne-general-linear-model (GLM) kuenzanisira kugadzirisa uye kupera kwezvikamu zvezvose zvinogadziriswa uye zvinogadzikana zvakasiyana kune zvikamu zvose zve3. Zvinyorwa zvitsvene zvakabatanidzwa kururamisa kufamba kwechigadzirwa. Nguva yekutanga kwechigumisiro kusabuda kwekuparara kwechikamu chakashandiswa kwaiva 1500 msec mushure mekutanga kwekusimudzira (kana nguva iyo zvingaguma zvaitarisirwa mune chirongwa chechimiro) ne 500 msecuration.

Pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu ose, zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu (CS + Sex, CS + Money, CS-) zvakaenzana nemuedzo pamwe chete nokuda kwechimiro chekugadzirisa uye kupera, pamwe chete nemugumisiro pakuparara kwechikamu. Zvinyorwa zviviri zvakasiyana zvakaenzana mukati memamiriro ezvinhu akafanana. Muchikamu chechipiri chekuongorora, takashandisa zvakakwana kudzokorora kuongororwa (zvakadzokororwa matanho anOVAVA) kuenzanisa Group, Valence nekupindirana kwezviitiko zvese. Zvikamu zvakasiyana zvebasa rekufungidzira uye tsananguro yekuongororwa zvinoratidzwa zvakare Mufananidzo 4.

Thumbnail mufananidzo weChifananidzo 4. Inotora mufananidzo mukuru

Mufananidzo 4

Mufananidzo wemamiriro ezvinhu, tsika uye kuparara Ichi chiyero chinoratidzira zvikamu zvebasa rekufungidzira umo maitiro anogadziriswa anowirirana nemigumisiro (CS + zvepabonde zvinoratidzwa pano; CS + mari inogadziriswa pamigumisiro yemari uye CS- yakagadziriswa kuti zvisizvo zvisingatauriki zvaiwanzopindwa uye hazvisi kuratidzwa) uye kupera kwechikamu umo maitiro anongoratidzirwa chete anongoratidzwa kunze kwekuguma. Zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana CS + zveimwe mhando yemugumisiro kana CS- dzakagadziriswa pamusoro pekutsvaga 20 pamusana pekutsvaga. Mifananidzo mitatu yakasiyana yepabonde (yakaratidzwa pano nemarudzi akasiyana emufananidzo wechikadzi) yakangoerekana yakabatanidzwa nemhando mbiri dzepabonde dzeC + + uye imwe neimwe yakaratidzwa 8 nguva. Nokuda kwekuongorora kwekugara, kuchinja munguva yezviitiko izvi zvakadzokororwa zvakaongororwa.

Yekujaira kwekugara kweiyo mhedzisiro muchikamu cheyakagadziriswa, isu takagadzira regressor kune yekutanga uye yekupedzisira hafu yemhedzisiro yeBonde uye Neutral mune yekutanga danho ongororo. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidzirwa 5 dzakasiyana dzakasiyana dzeBonde mifananidzo ka8 nguva kune ese CS + Bvunzo dzebonde. Nekudaro kune Zvepabonde mifananidzo, iyo yekutanga hafu inoenderana neyekutanga 4 Zvepabonde kufumurwa kweimwe yeayo mashanu emifananidzo akasiyana uye yekupedzisira hafu, yekupedzisira 5 Zvepabonde kufumurwa kweumwe neumwe wemashanu akasiyana mifananidzo. Muchikamu chechipiri chekuongorora, tichishandisa kuongorora kwakazara, takafananidza zviitiko muhafu yekutanga uye yekupedzisira yezviitiko zveBonde kana Neutral tichishandisa iri pakati-yechinhu cheBoka, uye mukati mezvinhu zveValence neNguva. Kune ese epamusoro ongororo, rese sumbu rehuropi rakagadziriswa FWE p <4 yaionekwa seinokosha.

Sezvo isu takaratidza kudyidzana pakati peboka x Valence x Nguva muDACC, isu takazoshandisa SPM Bhokisi Rekushandisa, MarsBaR (MARSeille Boite A Dunhu reInteret), kuburitsa tsika dzebeta pane yekuyedza-ne-kuyedza hwaro hweumwe neumwe anoshandisa iyo DACC yepakati kuronga uye nharaunda ye5 mm. Muchikamu chekutanga chekuongorora, isu takagadzira maresitoreti kuti aongorore shanduko pane yekuyedza-ne-kuyedza hwaro. Semuenzaniso, zvisere zvisere zvakagadzirirwa mhedzisiro yepabonde ine mhedzisiro yebonde yakaratidzwa kanokwana kasere. Isu takaverenga mutserendende uye takatorera mapoinzi eimwe neimwe yemhedzisiro mitatu kune mumwe nemumwe. Iyo yakatenuka uye yekubvisa mapoinzi akabva apatsanurwa akapinda mune yakasanganiswa-matanho ANOVA achienzanisa Boka seiri pakati-yechinhu chinhu uye Valence sechinhu chiri mukati-chidzidzo chinhu. P <8 yaionekwa seinokosha.

Saizvozvowo, psychophysiological-yekudyidzana kuongororwa kwakaitwa pamwe chete neiyo DACC dunhu-re-kufarira (ROI) mbeu ichifananidza kutanga nekukasira kunonoka kune zviitiko zvebonde. Mune zvese ongororo, kumisikidza pamusoro pemhuri-huchenjeri kukanganisa (FWE) yakazara-huropi yakagadziriswa p <0.05 uye 5 zvinoenderana voxels zvakaonekwa sezvakakosha. Isu takaenderera mberi tichiita dunhu rekufarira kuongororwa tichitarisa a priori matunhu achishandisa WFU PickAtlas diki vhoriyamu kururamisa (SVC) FWE-yakagadziriswa neBonferroni kururamisa kwakawanda kuenzanisa ROI (p <0.0125).

Results

Zviratidzo zveScB neHVs zvinoratidzwa mazviri Tafura 1.

Tafura 1Subject zviratidzo.
CSBHVT / Chi squareP
nhamba2240
zera25.14 (4.68)25.20 (6.62)0.0370.970
Abstinence (mazuva)32 (28.41)
dzidzoChikoro chepamusoro22400.0001.000
Current Univ.6130.1820.777
College degree350.0391.000
Univ. undergrad9140.2120.784
Masters degree634.4720.057
IQ110.49 (5.83)111.29 (8.39)0.3970.692
Ukama hwehukamaSingle10160.1730.790
Curr. ukama7160.4070.591
Married580.0641.000
basamudzidzi7150.2000.784
Chikamu-nguva yebasa321.4280.337
Basa renguva yakazara12210.0241.000
Kusashanda021.1370.535
MishongaAntidepressants2
Iye zvino Kusvuta chimiroVasvuta01
Muviri mass index24.91 (3.64)23.19 (4.38)1.5660.122
Binge EatingBES6.91 (6.46)5.72 (6.17)0.7150.478
Doro rinoshandisaAUDIT7.13 (4.11)6.29 (3.41)0.8620.392
kusuruvaraBDI11.03 (9.81)5.38 (4.89)3.0390.004
kufunganyaSSAI44.59 (13.19)36.15 (13.29)2.3700.021
STAI49.54 (13.91)38.23 (14.57)2.9710.004
Obsessive kunyunyutaOCI-R19.23 (17.38)12.29 (11.72)1.8720.067
KushushikanaUPPS-P150.83 (17.95)130.26 (23.49)3.569

Mitsanangudzo: CSB = nyaya nechisimba chekuita zvepabonde; HV = vashandi vanozvipira; BES = Binge Eating Scale; AUDIT = Dambudziko rekushandisa Dorosi Kuziva Kuziva; BDI = Beck Kuora mwoyo Inventory; SSAI / STAI = State Speilberger uye Trait Kuzvidya mwoyo Inventory; OCI-R = Obsessive Compulsive Inventory; UPPS-P = UPPS Inokurumidza Kuita Maitiro

Zviito zvekuita

Rudo rwekuda

Nechisarudzo chakatarwa chinotarisana nemuedzo we 20, paiva nemafambiro ekutenda Valence (F (1,59) = 2.89, p = 0.065) nekubatana kweboka-ne-Valence (F (2,59) = 3.46, p = 0.035) uye kwete yeboka mapato (F (1,60) = 1.47, p = 0.230) (Mufananidzo 1A). Tichifunga nezvekuita kwekubatana, taitungamirira mberi-hoc kuongorora, izvo zvakaratidza kuti nyaya dzeCSB dzakanga dzine ruzivo rwakanyanya rwekuita zvepabonde neChirongwa2 (p = 0.039) nepo HV yakanga ine ruzivo rwakawanda rukuru rweKutonga1 neChirongwa2 (p = 0.024).

Nokuda kwezvido zvekutsvaga kwekutongwa kwekutanga, kunyange zvazvo nyaya dzeCSB dzakanga dzisina mikana yekusarudza inoverengeka kana ichienzaniswa neyekusava neutachiona yakasununguka (chikamu chekutanga chokutanga chinyorwa: Zvepabonde, Control 1, Control 2: HV: 51.6%, 58.1%, 38.7%; CSB: 50.0%, 44.4%, 22.2%) pakanga pasina maitiro akasiyana eboka (Zvepabonde, Control1, Control2: Chi-square = 0.012, 0.357, 0.235 p = 0.541, 0.266, 0.193).

Mukupfupisa, nyaya dzeCSB dzaive dzakanyanya kusarudza inoveli pamusoro pemusarudzo wakajairika wezvifananidzo zvepabonde maererano nekutakura zvinhu zvisiri zvematongerwe enyika asi maHV aisanyanya kusarudza chisarudzo chinoverengeka chemaNeutral mifananidzo yemadzimai neyekusava nechinhu mifananidzo.

Kugadzirisa mafungiro

Zvepabonde kugadzirisa basa

Nokuda kwezvakagadziriswa zvakasarudzwa pamusoro pemishumo ye20, paiva nechiitiko cheValence (F (1,60) = 5.413, p = 0.024) uye neboka-ne-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.566, p = 0.037) mune zvidzidzo zveCSB vakanga vaine mikana yekusarudza CS + Zvepabonde maererano ne CS- zvichienzaniswa neHVs (Mufananidzo 1B). Kwakanga kusina Gulu rinokonzera (F (1,60) = 0.047, p = 0.830). Sezvo paive nekugadzirisa kwekubatana, taitungamirira mberi kwekuongorora: CSB zvidzidzo zvaisanyanya kusarudzwa neCS + Sex maererano ne CS- (p = 0.005) asi kwete HVs (p = 0.873). Nokuda kwekusarudzwa kwekutsvaga kwekutongwa kwekutanga, pakanga pasina kupesana pakati pemapoka (muzana yekutanga chokutanga Sarudzo yeCS +: HV: 64.5%, CSB: 72.2%; Chi-square = 0.308, p = 0.410).

Mari yemamiriro ezvinhu

Nokuda kwezvakagadziriswa zvakasarudzwa pamusoro pemishumo ye20, pakanga pasina chinhu chinokosha cheValence (F (1,60) = 1.450, p = 0.235) kana Boka (F (1,60) = 1.165, p = 0.287). Paiva neGulu-ne-Valence (F (1,60) = 4.761, p = 0.035) (Mufananidzo 1B). Nekuda kwekusarudza kwekutongwa kwekutanga, pakanga pasina kupesana pakati pemapoka (muzana yekutanga kusarudza CS + Mari: HV: 48.4%, CSB: 66.7%; Chi-square = 1.538 p = 0.173).

Zvidzidzo zveCSB (chikamu chinokwezva 8.35, SD 1.49) chaive nemafungiro akafanana ekukwezva kwezvifananidzo zvose zvevakadzi maererano neHVs (8.13, SD 1.45; t = 0.566, p = 0.573).

Nokudaro, zvidzidzo zveCSB zvaive zvakanyanya kufarira zvido zvekuita zvepabonde kana mari.

Ukama pakati pezvisarudzo zvinosarudzwa uye kufungidzira

Takaongorora zvakare kana pakanga paine ukama huripo pakati pezvakawanikwa zvakabudiswa kare zvekusimudzira kufungidzirwa kwezvifananidzo zvepabonde (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014) uye zvitsvakurudzo zvino zvekutanga kusarudza zvaunoda kana chibereko cheSc + Sex. Kushandisa zvidzidzo zvekuzvidzivirira takaongorora maitiro ekutanga nezvekuita zvepabonde nezvisingaiti zvematongerwo enyika zvichifananidza kusarudzwa kwezvidzidzo zvezvikamu zvakasarudza CS-versus CS + Zvepabonde uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanzoenderana neNew stimuli. Pakati pemapoka ose maviri, nyaya dzakasarudza zveSc + Sex kana dzichienzaniswa nevaya vakasarudza CS- dzave dzakagadzirisa kukanganisa kune zvepabonde nezvisingaiti (t = -2.05, p = 0.044). Kusiyana neizvi, kwakanga kusina kuwirirana kunokosha pakati pezvidzidzo zvakasarudza Nhoroondo kana ichienzaniswa neZvinozivikanwa uye dzinofungidzirwa nenyaya dzepabonde kana dzichienzanisa nekusarerekera kwezvinhu (t = 0.751, p = 0.458) (Mufananidzo 2).

Nokudaro, zvatainge taona zvataurwa kare zvekufungidzira kwekutanga zvingave zvakabatana nemamiriro ezvinhu anofanirwa nehutano hwepabonde panzvimbo pane zvido zvezvido zvepabonde.

Kufungidzira migumisiro

Conditioning: cue

Isu takatanga kuongorora akaenzana cue-mamiriro pane ese miedzo. Paive pasina maitiro eBoka. Paive nemhedzisiro yeValence umo kusvibiswa kune zvakagadziriswa zvinokonzeresa kune Mari (CS + Mon) uye Bonde (CS + Bonde) zvichienzaniswa neNeutral (CS-) zvinokurudzira zvaive zvakabatana nebasa rakakura muiyo occipital cortex (ese anotevera p-tsika rondedzera rose masumbu ehuropi akaruramisa FWE p <0.05: chikamu chepamusoro muMontreal Neurological Institute inoratidzira: XYZ mm: -6 -88 -6, Cluster size = 3948, huropi hwese FWE p <0.0001), yakasara yekutanga mota cortex (XYZ = - 34 -24 52, Cluster size = 5518, huropi hwese FWE p <0.0001) uye putamen mbiri (kuruboshwe: XYZ = -24 -2 4, Cluster size = 338, huropi hwese FWE p <0.0001; kurudyi: XYZ = 24 4 2 , Cluster size = 448, FWE p <0.0001), uye thalamus (XYZ = -0 -22 0, Cluster size = 797, p <0.0001) chiitiko. Pakange pasina kubatana kweGroup-ne-Valence.

Kubviswa: cue

Isu takazoongorora chikamu cheKutsakatika kwechimiro chakagadziriswa. Paive nemhedzisiro yeValence umo CS + Bonde uye CS + Mon maringe neC CS- kuratidzwa kwaibatanidzwa neakakura occipital cortex chiitiko (XYZ = -10 -94 2, Cluster size = 2172, huropi hwese FWE p <0.0001). Kwakange kusina Boka kana kudyidzana mhedzisiro.

Kuwana: kuguma

Kuti tiongorore migumisiro yekugara kune hutano hwepabonde, isu takatanga kuongorora kana zvikamu zvipi zvichange zvakaderera zvikuru mumabasa kune zvepabonde mune zvidzidzo zveCBB zvichienzaniswa neHVs nekuenzanisa Group x Valence x Nguva yekubatana kwekutanga nehafu yekupedzisira yemifananidzo yepabonde Neutral migumisiro yechikamu. Zvidzidzo zveCSB zvaive nekuderera kukuru kwekushongedza anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) basa nekufamba kwenguva (XYZ = 0 18 36, Cluster size = 391, uropi hwose FWE p = 0.02) uye kururamisa temporal cortex (XYZ = 54 -36 -4, Cluster ukuru = 184, uropi hwose FWE p = 0.04) kumigumisiro yepabonde neyekusarerekera inofananidzwa neHVs (Mufananidzo 3B).

Isu takabva tatora maitiro ekutongwa-ne-kuedza beta maitiro anongotarisa kuDACC yemigumisiro yepabonde, mari uye neutachiona. Takafananidza nematope (kureva, chidimbu chekugara) uye kubvisa pfungwa (kureva, basa rekutanga kusvika kune imwe nguva) kuenzanisa zvepabonde - kusatendeseka uye mari - zvisingatauriki zvayo (Mifananidzo 3C). Nokuda kwenzira, pakanga pane chinhu chikuru cheValence (F (1,36) = 6.310, p = 0.017) uye kubatana kweboka-ne-Valence (F (1,36) = 6.288, p = 0.017). Sezvo paiva nekugadzirisa kwekubatana, taitungamirira mberi-hoc kuongororwa: kwaiva nekuderera kuderera mumatope eDACC kune zvinowanikwa mune zvepabonde muCBB kana zvichienzaniswa neHVs (F = 4.159, p = 0.049) pasina kupesana nemigumisiro yemari (F = 0.552, p = 0.463). Pakanga pasina chinhu chikuru cheGulu (F (1,36) = 2.135, p = 0.153). Nokuda kwekutora kukosha, pakanga pane chinhu chikuru cheValence (F (1,36) = 11.527, p = 0.002) asi hapana chinonyanya kukosha cheboka (F (1,36) = 0.913, p = 0.346) kana kusangana kushanda (F (1,36) = 2.067, p = 0.159). Kwakanga kusina kuwirirana pakati pemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvikamu zvinoguma.

Kukanganiswa: mugumisiro

Takaongorora kuregererwa kwemagumisiro panguva yeChipfuwo chekutsvaira mukati mese miedzo. Pano taive nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekuti basa rekushaya basa rakaderera panguva yekuguma kwekuregererwa kwezviitiko zvakagutsikana zvakapesana nezvakaipa zvisina kufanotaura. Ikoko kwaiva nemigumisiro yeValence umo basa rakaderera rakakonzerwa nekuita zvepabonde rakaonekwa nekushayikwa kwepabonde uye zveMari zvikamu zvichienzaniswa nezviitiko zveNyika (XYZ 2 8 -10, Z = 3.59, SVC FWE yakarongwa p = 0.036) (Mufananidzo 5A). Kwakange kusina Gulu kana kusangana kwemigumisiro. Kwakanga kusina kusiyana kukuru pakati pemigumisiro yepabonde neyemari.

Thumbnail mufananidzo weChifananidzo 5. Inotora mufananidzo mukuru

Mufananidzo 5

Kugadziriswa uye kushanda kunoenderana. A. Kuregererwa kwemigumisiro panguva yekupera. Yakadzikira kurudyi ventral striatal chiitiko mumapoka ese ari maviri ekusiiwa kusingatarisirwi kweBonde neMari mhedzisiro maringe Neutral mhedzisiro panguva yekutsakatika (Valence mhedzisiro: p <0.05). B. Kubatanidza kushanda nekudzokororazve. Psychophysiological kudyidzana kwevanhu vane maitiro ekumanikidza ekuita bonde (CSB) uye vane hutano vanozvipira (HV) vanhu vachifananidza kutanga nekukasira kuratidzwa kwekupedzisira kwezviitiko zvepabonde nembeu yakasarudzika yembeu inoratidza kubatana kwehukama nekodzero ye ventral striatum (kuruboshwe) uye mbiri hippocampus (kurudyi). * p <0.05; ** p <0.005.

 

Kushanda kwekushanda kwekushanda kwepfungwa

Kushandiswa kwebasa kushandiswa nekushandura kwepfungwa inokonzera dACC kusiyanisa kutanga nekusvibiswa kwenguva refu (yekutanga miedzo ye2 neyokupedzisira yeiyo 2 miedzo) yemigumisiro yepabonde yakaongororwa zvakare. Paiva nehukuru hukuru hwehutano hweHV huenzaniswa neCSB zvidzidzo mukutanga kufanananidzwa nemameri ekupedzisira pakati peDACC uye kurudyi ventral striatum (XYZ = 18 20 -8 mm, Z = 3.11, SVC FWE-yakarongwa p = 0.027) uye hippocampus (kurudyi: XYZ = 32 -34 -8, Z = 3.68, SVC FWE-yakagadziriswa p = 0.003; yakasara: XYZ = -26 -38 04, Z = 3.65 SVC FWE-yakarongwa p = 0.003) (Mufananidzo 5B). Nokudaro shanduko dzeCSB dzaiva nehukuru hwehutano huripo pakati pezvikamu izvi munguva pfupi yekutsvaga asi vazvipiri vane hutano vaiva nehutano hwakawanda hwekushanda munguva pfupi pakujekesa.

Ukama huripo pakati pemafungiro ekuzvibata uye nekufungidzira

Takaongorora kana pakanga pane ukama pakati peDACC tsika (mutsetse) wehutano hwepabonde nehuwandu hwekuda zvepabonde - Control2 uchishandura Pearson kuwirirana. Muzvikamu zvose, ruzivo rwekuda zvepabonde neRock2 mifananidzo dzakanga dzisingabatanidzi nechepamusoro pemifananidzo yepabonde (r = -0.404, p = 0.037). Nokudaro, ruzivo rwezvepabonde rukuru rwakanga ruchibatanidzwa nehutsika husina kunaka kana kupfuura dACC tsika.

hurukuro

Tinoratidza kuti nyaya dzeCSB dzaive nemusarudzo mukuru kune zvido zvepabonde zvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa zvose zvepabonde uye zvemari kana zvichienzaniswa nevanozvipira vane utano. Shanduro dzeCSB dzaivewo nehuwandu hwekuita basa reDACC kudzokorora zvepabonde nemufananidzo wemari. Pakati pezvose zvidzidzo, dhigirii yeDACC tsika yekuita zvepabonde yakabatanidzwa nehukuru hunodiwa kune zvidhori zvepabonde. Chidzidzo ichi chinowedzera pane zvatainge tawana kare zvekusimudzirwa kwezvakawanda (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014) uye cue reactivity (Voon, Mole, 2014) kune zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde mu CSB zvinoreva dACC- (ventral striatal) -amygdalar network. Pano, tinoratidza kuti kunyanya kufungidzira zvepabonde kuongororwa kushandiswa kwebasa reprobe-probe kwaibatanidza nehukuru hwekuita maitiro kune zvinyorwa zvakagadzirirwa zviratidzo zvepabonde asi kwete zvitsva. Nokudaro, zvitsva zvinoratidza kuti zvigone kuitika zvinoita kuti vanhu vaite zvepabonde pane zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa muCSB zvinyorwa zvakanyatsopindirana nechekugadzirisa mafungiro uye kuwedzerwa maitiro ekutenderera kune hutano hwepabonde. Kunyange zvazvo ruzivo rwekuda kuita zvepabonde hunosimbiswawo mune zvidzidzo zveCSB, izvi zvinenge zvisingaenderani nekutarisa kwekufungidzira kwekutanga. Izvi zvinopesana nedzidzo yapfuura kune vanozvipira vane hutano, izvo zvinoratidza ukama pakati pekuda kufarira kune zvepabonde nekutsvaga kwepabonde (Kagerer, Wehrum, 2014). Izvi zvingave zvinotsanangurwa nehukuru hukuru hwekuchengetedza mamiriro ezvinhu kune vanhu vane chirwere.

Kuda maitiro anokonzerwa nemitambo yepabonde kana mari

Izvi zvinowedzera kusarudzwa kwezvakagadziriswa zvakagadziriswa mukati memaviri emararamiro (zvepabonde nemari yemubairo) inoratidza kana kuti nyaya dzeCSB dzine mubairo mukuru wekunzwisisa kana kuunza uye kuwedzerwa kwemigumisiro yekugadzirisa pakati pezvinokanganisa zvakafanana (Mazur, 2002). Ichi chinoshamisa chinowirirana nehutsika hwekudzivirira-kutaridzika kunoonekwa mumagadzirirwo emapurogiramu pakati pekukurudzira uye kukurudzirwa kwezvinhu zvezvipo zvepanyama, zvakadai sekuita zvepabonde zvinorongedzerwa kusanganisira dopaminergic nzira (Fiorino naPhillips, 1999, Frohmader et al., 2011). Kushandisa nzira dzakadaro dzekutsvaga kune vamwe vane zvimwe zvisiri izvo zvinodhaka zvakadai sekubhejera chirwere zvinotenderwa sezvakaitwa zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvakaratidza kusiyana kweveural activation patterns kune mararamiro uye zvepabonde mune zvevanhu (Sescousse et al., 2013).

Kunyange zvazvo tashandisa izwi rokuti habituation kutsanangura kuderera kwebasa rekuita zvekuita zvepabonde nguva dzose, sezvo izvi zvichiongororwa mumamiriro ekunyora-conditioning panguva iyo zvinyorwa zvinotarisana nemigumisiro, imwe nzira inobatsira inogona kunge ine simba rekudzidzira kushamwaridzana cue-conditioning umo dopaminergic basa kune mubairo usingatarisirwi unoshandiswa kuchitarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu uye zvino inoderedza nguva yakareba yakadaro iyo basa semubairo mubayiro unotarisirwa ichaderera kwechinguva (Schultz, 1998). Zvisinei, se (i) isu takarongedza zvifananidzo zvepabonde zve5 zvakadzokorora nguva dze8 pane zvose zvinokonzerwa nemitambo yepabonde; (ii) hatina kumboona hukama pakati pekuderera kwemuitiro weDACC kuti uite zvekuita zvepabonde nenzira dzakasarudzwa nemafungiro ehutano asi akacherechedza ukama nehutano hwepabonde, (iii) pakanga pasina kusiyana kweboka mumigumisiro yekufungidzira kune zvakanyorwa uye hapana uchapupu zvekusimudzira mafungiro ezvimwe zvezvikwereti zvepabonde, uye (iv) nyaya dzeCSB dzaive dzakasarudzwa nezvose zvinokonzerwa nemitambo yepabonde nemari, isu takati nzira iyi inogona kunge yakaenderana nemamiriro ekugara.

Tinowedzera kuratidza kuti kushayikwa kusingatarisirwi kwepabonde kana mari yemari inobatanidzwa nechepasi pedal-laboratory basa pane zvose zvidzidzo. Kushandura mararamiro uye kuongorora kwevanhu kunoratidza kuti phasic dopamine inosungira kukanganisa kwekufanotaura nekukanganisa kwakanaka kwekufananidzira kune mubairo usingatarisiri uye kusakanganiswa kwezvakaipa kusingatarisirwi kwekushaya mubairo (Pessiglione et al., 2006, Schultz, 1998). Izvi zvinoderera mumabasa ekurambidza-kutora kunotadza kusatarisirwa kwepabonde kana mari yemubairo inogona kunge yakaenderana nekukanganisa kusina kunaka kwekufanotaura, kuratidza nzira dzakadaro dzinoenderana nezvikwereti zvepamwe uye zvepakutanga, izvo zvose zvingaita kuti zvidimbu zvigadziriswe.

Kuda kweruzivo rwepabonde ruchiita zvekuita zvepabonde uye kukanganisa zvigaro

Kutsvaga ruzivo uye kutsvaga kwekunzwa kwakabatana nekukanganisa kwekupindwa muropa nezvinhu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira fodya, doro uye kushandisa zvinodhaka (Djamshidian et al., 2011, Kreek et al., 2005, Wills et al., 1994). Zvidzidzo zvepamberi zvinoratidza chinzvimbo chekuda kutsva sechinhu chinokanganisa maitiro ekutsvaga zvinodhaka (Beckmann et al., 2011, Belin, Berson, 2011), uye zvakafanana, kutsvaga kwekunzwa kwepamusoro ndiko kufungidzira kwekuzonwisa kunwisa muvachiri kuyaruka asi kwete yekusagadzikana kwekudya (Conrod, O'Leary-Barrett, 2013). Saizvozvowo, muvarwere vaPasinson vanovandudza maitiro ekudzora kushushikana pane dopamine agonists, kutsvaga kutsva kunosanganisirwa nekunze mibairo senge kubhejera kwepathological uye kumanikidza kutenga asi kwete mibairo yepanyama senge kudya zvakanyanya kana CSB (Voon et al., 2011). Muchidzidzo chedu chazvino, kwakanga kusina kusiyana pakati pekutsvaga kutsvaga pakati peCBB nyaya neHVs, kuratidzira chinzvimbo chekutsvaga zvitsva zvakananga kumubhadharo asi kwete maitiro akawanikwa-kutsvaga-kana kutsvaga kutsvaga. Zvatinowana zvinogona kunyanya kukosha mumamiriro ekutsvaira kwepachena kwepamusoro, izvo zvinogona kupa zvisingagumi zvinyorwa zvitsva, uye zvingatosiyana zvakasiyana nekutswa kwezvinodhaka umo hupenyu huripo hunogona kunge husina kukwana.

Tinowedzera kuratidza kuti nyaya dzeCSB dzaive nehanya nokukurumidza kugara kweDACC kudzokorora zvifananidzo zvepabonde maererano nemifananidzo yemari. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kudzokororwa kakawanda kune zvinonyadzisira zvinowanikwa paIndaneti, zvakafanana nekucherechedza kwekuderera kwemaitiro ekugadziriswa kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zvakananga zviri paIndaneti mune hutano hwevarume vanozvipira (Kuhn naGallinat, 2014). Pamusoro pezvose zvidzidzo, ruzivo rwekunakidzwa nekudzokorora zvifananidzo zvepabonde zvakagara zvataurwa nehuwandu hwechiitiko cheDACC kumigumisiro yepabonde. Takangobva kuratidzira basa reDACC rakasimbiswa mune zvidzidzo zveCBB kune mavhidhiyo akajeka (Voon, Mole, 2014), uye dACC yakabatanidzwa mune zvose zvinodhaka-cue reactivity uye chido (Kuhn naGallinat, 2011). Muchidzidzo ichi chekare, mavhidhiyo aiita zvepabonde uye angangodaro akaita sezvakagadziriswa uye akaratidzwa zvisingaiti, uye saka vangangodaro vasina kunge vachibatanidzwa nevakadzi. Kugara kwaive kusina kuongororwa zvakananga. DACC inogadziriswa yakawanda kubva kune midbrain dopaminergic neurons uye inowanikwa zvakanaka neingi cortical connections kuti iite chisarudzo chekuita. DACC inobatsira pakuona nekugadzirisa mafungiro ekuzvibata kwakakodzera kune zviitiko zvisingaiti panguva yekuenderera mberi kwekuita maitiro (Sheth et al., 2012). Zvimwewo, dACC inobatanidzwawo mumubairo-mafungiro anokurudzira, kunyanya kufanotaura pamusoro pemigumisiro yemberi yeramangwana uye mubairo-kufanotaura (Bush et al., 2002, Rushworth uye Behrens, 2008). Nokudaro, basa reDACC rinogona kunge rakabatana nemigumisiro yesimba kana mubayiro usina kutarisirwa.

Kuongororwa kwechirongwa kunosanganisira kuenzanisa kwemashoko anouya nekuchengetedzwa kwemuviri kunopindirana nepolysynaptic hippocampal- (ventral striatal) - (ventral tegmental area) loop yakarongedzwa kuti iyananise ruzivo pamusoro pechizvarwa, salience uye zvinangwa (Lisman na Grace, 2005). Maonero edu ekuvandudzirwa kweDACC- (ventral striatal) -hippocampal kuwirirana mune zvidzidzo zveCBB nekudzokorora zvakare kune zvido zvepabonde pasinei nekuderera kwemuitiro weDACC kunogona kureva ruzivo rwakabatanidzwa mukunyoresa kwekodhi yemagetsi yekuchengetedzwa kwechikwata kuti uite zvepabonde zvekare.

Kudzidza kune zvakakosha simba. Uku ndiko kutsvakurudza kwekutanga kune neural underpinnings yematauriro uye maitiro-cing-conditioning muCSB, pamwe nekuongorora kunobvumira zvinyatsonzwisisiro mune zvimwe zviitiko zvehutsika uye neural correlates yezviitiko izvi. Tinoratidza kuedza izvo zvinowanikwa mumakiriniki kuti CSB inoratidzirwa nekutsvaga kwekutsvaga, kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa zvido zvepabonde kune varume. Zvisinei, zvimwe zvipingamupinyi zvinofanirawo kubvumwa. Chokutanga, chidzidzo chacho chaisanganisira varume vaduku vanongorambana nevarume. Kunyange zvazvo chiitiko ichi chinogona kuonekwa sesimba kuburikidza nekudzikisa hutano, zvinogonawo kunge zvigadziriswa nekuremekedza kuitika kune vakadzi, mamwe mazera emakore uye vanhu vane zvimwe zvepabonde. Chechipiri, vatori vechikwata cheCSB kazhinji vainyanya kunetseka, kuora mwoyo, uye kusagadzikana uye vakaratidza chiito chezvimwe zvinokanganisa-zvinomanikidzwa. Kunyangwe tisina kuwana tsanangudzo yakajeka yezvipembenene izvi mumigumisiro yedu, hatigoni kuisa kunze kwekuti vangangodaro vakachinja zvitsva. Chechitatu, kwakanga kusina kusiyana kwakasiyana mukufungidzirwa kwekufungidzira kwemamiriro ezvinhu, kupera kwemashoko, kupera kwemugumisiro. Zvatinowana zvekufungidzira zvinotsigira maitiro ehutano hwekuita zvepabonde asi isu hatina kuona zviitiko zvekufungidzira kuti titsigire zvakagadziriswa nemamiriro ezvinhu. Shanduro dzakakura, mifananidzo yakajeka, kana kufambisa kuwirirana nekuenzanisa kunotevera kunomirira zvakakosha zvidzidzo zvemangwana zvinogona kuunza migumisiro yakasiyana. Chechina, chidzidzo ichi chakashandisa mifananidzo inogona kuonekwa sechinhu chisina kunaka panzvimbo pekuita zvepabonde. Zvimwe zvidzidzo kuburikidza nekushandisa zvepabonde zvinotsanangurwa zvinogona kusiyanisa pakati pemamiriro ekugadzirisa matambudziko kune mari uye zvepabonde zvinotsanangurwa zvepabonde.

Isu tinosimbisa basa rekusimudzirwa kwekunakidzwa kwepabonde uye kuwedzera kwekugadzirisa mamiriro ekugadzirisa muzvikwereti zveCSB zvinosanganisira dACC habituation. Izvi zvinowedzera zvatiri kuona munguva pfupi yapfuura kuti nyaya dzeCBB dzine hukuru hwekuita zvepabonde reactivity mumutambo unobatanidza dACC, ventral striatum uye amygdala (Voon, Mole, 2014) uye kukurudzirwa kwemashoko ekuratidza zvepabonde (Mechelmans, Irvine, 2014). Tinosimbisa chikamu chekutora-conditioning dissociable kubva kune zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinotarisana nekuona uku kwekusimudzirwa kwekutanga kwepfungwa yekuita zvepabonde. Izvi zvinowanikwa zvakakosha zvakanyanya sezvo Indaneti inopa huwandu hwemabhuku uye zvingangokurudzira zvinokurudzira, zvikurukuru maererano nekurondedzera kwepabonde. Zvidzidzo zvenguva inotevera zvinofanira kuongorora kufanana kwatingawana zviwanikwa zvino zvingave zvakabatana nezviratidzo zvakakosha zvakabatana neCSB, zvose zvinopatsanurana uye zvakatarisana. Izvozvi zvitsva zvinoratidza chinangwa chekutsvaga kusununguka kwekudzidzira kusanzwisisika kwehutano muhutano hwekutarisira kweCSB.

Munyori Mipiro

Yakagadzirirwa uye yakagadzirisa miedzo: VV. Yakagadzirisa miedzo: PB, SM uye VV. Akaongorora data: PB, LSM, SM, VV. Akanyora pepa: PB, NAH, MNP uye VV.

Basa reMari Kubva

PB inotsigirwa nePutukezi Foundation yeScience uye Technology (hukama humwe: SFRH / BD / 33889 / 2009). Dr. Voon ishamwari yeChirongwa cheChechi yeChechi yeChechi yeChechi uye ruzivo rwakabhadharwa neWorcome Trust (WT093705 / Z / 10 / Z). Chiteshi 4 chaibatanidzwa pakubatsira nekugadza nekuisa zvirevo zvepamutemo-zvakagamuchirwa zvekudzidza paIndaneti. Zviziviso zvinopa ruzivo rwekutsvaga kwekuongorora vatsvakurudzi vevatori vechikamu vanofarira.

Kurwisana kwekufarira

Nyaya yacho kutsvakurudza kwepakutanga, haina kumbobvira yakabudiswa uye haina kuendeswa kushandiswa kune imwe nzvimbo. Vanyori PB, LM, SM, NH, MNP uye VV vanoti hapana kukwikwidzana mune zvemari.

KUTENDA

Tinoda kuvonga vose vatori vechikamu avo vakapinda muchidzidzo uye nevashandi paWolfson Brain Imaging Center. Isuwo tinobvuma Channel 4 yekubatsira nekutora uye nePutukezi Foundation yeScience uye Technology uye Wellcome Trust yekubhadhara mari.

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