Zvekuita Zvepabonde uye Mishonga Inotsanangura Zvepabonde (SEM): Kufananidza Maitiro Ekurara Kwepabonde kune SEM uye Zvepabonde Kuzviongororwa uye Kugutsikana Munharaunda yeGender uye Orient Orientation (2017)

COMMENTS: Muchidzidzo ichi, vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa pamusoro pekuita kwavo zvepabonde zvakabatana nemhando dze 27 (mitsara) yezvinonyadzisira. Chikonzero nei vatsvakurudzi vakasarudza izvi zvinyorwa zve 27 zvinongozivikanwa chete kwavari. Nzira iyo vanyori vakatsanangura kuti maitiro api aive "anowanzo" ayo aive "asingasviki" anoramba ari chinhu chakavanzika chakapiwa sangano ravo rinoratidzika risina kukwana (rakawanda pasi apa).

Hazvina mhosva, chidzidzo ichi chinokonesa chikumbiro chekuti vashandisi ve porn vanongoita chete rakamanikana renji dzemhando. Kunyangwe isingabvunze zvakananga nezvekuwedzera kwekufamba kwenguva, chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti nyaya dzakanyorwa nevanyori se "vasingawanzo" vataridzi vezvinonyangadza vakaita senge dzakasiyana mhando dzezvinonyadzisira (ona izvo zvinotsvagiswa nevanotsvagurudza zvemhando dzepabonde pazasi). Zvinyorwa zvishoma:

Izvo zvinowanikwa zvinoratidza kuti muzvikamu zvisingazivikanwi zvepabonde zveTV Sexual Explicit Media [porn], miitiro yekuita zvepabonde ingave isina kugadziriswa uye yakasarudzwa pane yakambofungidzirwa.

Kunyanya nokuda kwevarume vane hutano hwepabonde nevakadzi vasiri vanhukadzi, avo vaizivikanwa nehuwandu hwemhando dzepabonde dzinomutsa kune zvisiri zvinyorwa zveSEM zvakanyanya, zvinowanikwa zvinoratidza kuti zviitiko zvekuita zvepabonde zvinokonzerwa neSEM mune zvisingabatsiri maitiro zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyisa, zvisingachinji, uye shoma boka rakanyanya kufanana nezvakafungidzirwa kare. Izvi zvinotsigira huwandu hweSEM hune simba uye hunoratidza kuti vanhu vasiri vemuSEM veboka vanobatanidzwawo vanomutswa nemitambo yakawanda ("vanilla").

Chidzidzo ichi chiri kuti izvo zvinonzi "vasiri-vanojairika vanoona zvinonyadzisira" vanomutswa nemhando dzese dzezvinonyadzisira, kunyangwe iri inonzi "mainstream" (Bukkake, Orgy, Fist-fucking) kana izvo zvinonzi "zvisingaite" ( Sadomasochism, Latex). Izvi zvinotsvaga zvinowanzoitika zvinodzokororwa meme izvo zvinowanzoitika vanoshandisa porn vanonamira kune imwe mhando ye porn. (Muenzaniso wekutaura kusina hwaro pamusoro pe "zvadzinoda" kuravira ibhuku raOgas naGaddam rakashoropodzwa Bhiriyoni Mafungiro Akaipa.)

Nekudaro, kusarura kwevanyori kunopenya kuburikidza kana ivo vachiedza kutsvagisa uku kuwana seuchapupu pamusoro Vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vachiwedzera kusvika mumarudzi matsva. Munyaya iyi vanyori vanoreva zvenhema kuti kana kukura kwevakawanda kwaivepo nevashumiri vekusanganisa vakawedzera havaizove (vasati vambo) vawane maitiro akare anomutsa (huh?):

Muchirevo chekutsvakurudza kweSEM, zvakagadziriswa zvemaitiro akawandisa evanhukadzi zvepabonde pakati pevanhu vasiri vemuSEM vakawanda zvinogona kududzirwa sekutaurirana kubva pakufambira mberi kwesatidzo hypothesis, iyo inofunga kuti zvishoma nezvishoma "zvakanyanya" (zvisingaitiki) zvinyorwa zveSEM zvinodiwa kuti zviite zvekuita zvepabonde.³² Zvichida pamutambo weboka, zvigumisiro zvedu hazviiti sekusimbisa iyi pfungwa, nokuti zvepabonde zvinomutsa kune zvisiri izvo zvakagadzirwa SEM hazvina kubvisa kukwikwidza kune zvishoma "zvakanyanya" (zvakanyanya) SEM zvakagadziriswa muzvikamu zvisati zviri zvemaSEM mapoka.

Vanyori vari kureva kuti kuve nekusimudzwa kwevanhu vasiri maitiro (kureva zvepabonde zvechisimba) kunofanira kudzivirira muoni wekuona zvinonyadzisira kubva pakusimudzirwa nemhando yezvinonzi zvinowanzoitika zvepabonde (kureva Gangbang). Izvi hazvina maturo uye hazvibatsiri nedzimwe zvidzidzo. Muchidimbu chidzidzo chavanotaura sekutsigirwa (Citation 32) vakawana zvakapesana: 99.5% yevatori vechikamu vaive vakwira kuita zvisirizvo zvinonyadzisira (kurara nemhuka kana porn yemwana) vaive vachiri kushandisa nekuunganidza zvinonyadzisira zvisiri izvo. Ona - Ko kusvibisa zvinonyadzisa kunoshandisa kutevera Guttman-kufambira mberi kwakafanana here?

Ndinofungidzira kuti hatifaniri kushamiswa nehuwandu hwekunyengera uko munyori anotungamira ari Gert Hald, uyo anonyanya kutarisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa mibvunzo, Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoshandiswa Muitiro Wekuyera (PCES). Ona muongorori wePCES pano: Migumisiro Yezvokuzvizviona Yezvinonyadzisira Kushandiswa (Huru & Malamuth 2008).

Zvino, ngatitendeukirei kune vanyori vanopatsanura mhando dzezvinyadzo se "zvakanyanya" kana "zvisina kujairika."

Sezvo chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekufananidza "mainstream" vashandisi ve porno kune "vasingawanzo" vashandisi ve porn, kupatsanura kunoisa zvese izvi zvakawanikwa nevanyori. Uye, zvinoonekwa sei kuti ndeipi mhando ye porno iri kunyanya uye ndeipi isiri-mainstream? Zvinotaridza senge zvekupokana sezvo Orgy neBukkake zviri zvechisimba, asi "latex" inoonekwa seisina-kunyanya kuita zvinonyadzisira.

Iko "Enemas" inonzi yakanyanyisa sei apo "Bondage" inoratidzika sedzisingaiti? Izvi zvinogona sei kuva nazvo Fifty Shades weGrey kutengesa mamiriyoni emamiriyoni e125, kuteverwa nemagetsi uye zvitatu zvekugadzirisa zvishandiso? Fifty Types Of Enemas hauna kuzviita kumitambo iri pedyo newe, uye zvichida haumbofi.

Nei paine mashanu asiri-epamhando dzemhando, asi makumi maviri nemaviri enzira? Uye nei "Zvimwe" zvakanyorwa senge zvinowanzoitika pazvinogona kuve chero chinhu, kusanganisira kurara nemhuka kana porn yemwana? Iyi imbwa yemangwanani!

Heano mapoka ezvidzidzo:

Mainstream porn:

1. Amateur
2. Anal sex
3. Mabere makuru
4. Huge penises
5. Bisexual
6. Bukkake
7. Cumshot
8. Vasikana vasikana ("vakadzi vakanaka kwazvo [BBW]")
9. Fist fucking
10. Gangbang (1 mukadzi + ≥3 varume)
11. Gay
12. ngochani
13. Threesome
14. Orgy (kunyanya vakadzi nevarume)
15. Lolita (achiri kuyaruka)
16. Vakura ("amai / amai / amai ndinoda kumbonamata [MILF]")
17. Kuita bonhora (kusanganisira zvekuita zvepabonde)
18. Sex oral sex
19. Softcore (kwete pachena)
20. Mvura inopisa (kusanganisira enemas)
21. Vaginal zvepabonde
22. mwe

Kwete-mafirimu akawandisa:

1. Sadomasochism
2. Kuita zvepabonde zvechisimba (zvakafanirwa kubata chibharo, chisimba uye kusamanikidzwa)
3. Zvinoshamisa kana zvakanyanya
4. Bondage uye kutonga (kusanganisira kuranga)
5. Fetish (kusanganisira latex)

UPDATE 2019: Munyori Alexander Štulhofer akasimbisa hurongwa hwake hwakanyanya-hwakafambiswa paakabatana nemubatanidzwa Nicole Prause, David Ley nevamwe pakuedza kunyarara YourBrainOnPorn.com. Štulhofer uye dzimwe pro-porn "nyanzvi" paWrealyourbrainonporn.com vanobatanidzwa chikwangwani chekutengeserana chisina mvumo uye kuparadzanisa. Štulhofer yakatumirwa yaguma uye yairamba tsamba. Zviito zvepamutemo zvinoramba zvichiteverwa.

Sexual Medicine (2017).

Gert Martin Hald, PhD,Aleksandar Stulhofer, PhD, Theis Lange, PhD

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2017.11.001

ngovepo

ziviso

Kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekuita zvepabonde kunomutsa kune mamwe mapoka emasangano ekuratidza zvepabonde (SEM) muhuwandu hwevanhu munzvimbo dzisiri dzebhroreta zvisingawanzoitiki. Zivo yakadaro inogona kuva yakakosha kunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro pehuwandu hwehutano hwekuita zvepabonde mune vashandisi vakasiyana veSEM.

Chinangwa

(i) Kuongorora kana kuita zvepabonde kunokwidza kune vasiri-vhesi nehuwandu hweSEM zvinyorwa zvingave zvakarongeka pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde, (ii) kuenzanisa maitiro ekugadzirisa zvepabonde kweSEM, kugutsikana kwepabonde, uye kuzviongorora zvepabonde uye mafungiro pakati pe zvisiri zvemazana uye mazana emapoka eSEM, uye (iii) kutsvaga kubvumirana uye kunyatsofungidzira kweZvisingaiti Zvose Zvinonyadzisira Arousal Scale (NPAS).

nzira

Online cross-sectional survey yevashandisi ve2,035 vese SEM muCroatia.

Migumisiro mikuru Mitezo

Nzira dzekuita zvepabonde dzichikwira kumitambo yeSEM ​​dzakasiyana-siyana dzeSEM, kugutsikana kwepabonde, nekuzviongorora zvepabonde nekufungidzira zvepabonde.

Results

Mapoka anozivikanwa nekuita zvepabonde kune vasiri-SEM yakawanda anogona kuonekwa pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde. Aya mapoka evanhu vasiri maSEM akawanda anorondedzera akawanda SEM kushandiswa uye zvakasvikidzirwa zviyero zvekuita zvepabonde pamitambo ye 27 SEM yakaongororwa kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe masangano eSEM. Nhamba shomanana chete yakasiyana-siyana yakawanikwa pakati pevanhu vasiri vemuSEM uye mazana emamwe mapoka eEEM mukuzvidzivirira kwezvido zvepabonde, mafungiro epabonde, nekugutsikana kwepabonde. Iko mukati mehutano uye kunyatsofanotaura kwechokwadi kweNPAS kwaive kwakanaka kune mamwe mapoka emashandisirwo akaongororwa.

mhedziso

Izvo zvinowanikwa zvinoratidza kuti muzvikamu zvisingasviki maSEM makambani, mapurogiramu ekumutsa kwepabonde angave asina kugadziriswa uye chikamu chakasiyana nezvakafanotaurwa kare. Uyezve, mapoka aya haasi kutonga kwemaitiro avo ekuita zvepabonde maererano nehutano hwepabonde kupfuura mapoka anozivikanwa nemararamiro ekuita zvepabonde kune mamwe maSEM akawanda. Zvakare, kujekesa kwakarurama kwekusati kwanyanya kuve nhengo yeboka reSEM kazhinji kunobvira pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde uchishandisa NPAS.

Hafu GM, Stulhofer A, Lange T, et al. Zvepabonde Kumutsa uye Zvepabonde Midhiya Inotsanangudza (SEM): Kuenzanisa Maitiro Ekumutsa Zvepabonde kuSEM uye Zvepabonde Kuzviongorora uye Kugutsikana Kune Gender uye Zvepabonde. Zvepabonde Med 2017; X: XXX – XXX.

Mashoko Akakosha:

Mharidzo Inotsanangura Zvepabonde, Zvinonyadzisira, Zvepabonde Arousal, Kuzviongorora-kuzviona

ziviso

Kuita zvepabonde kunokonzera mifananidzo yezvepabonde (SEM) yakagara yakadzidzwa mu laboratori nekuisa pachena vatori vechikamu kune marudzi akasiyana eSEM. Mhedziso inobuda kubva kuongororo idzi inowanzoratidza kuti maitiro ekumhanya kwepabonde anonyanya kugadzikana mumamiriro ezvinhu uye asingashamisi kumutevedzeri wevakadzi kunze kwevarume.^{1, 2, 3} Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo shomanana yakatsvaga zvekuita zvepabonde maererano neicho chaicho cheSEM uye zvinyorwa (semuenzaniso, muromo, anal, gangbang, nezvimwewo) vanhu vakaiswa pachena kana kuti vanotaura vachishandisa.^{1, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Pakati pevatadzi vanoita zvepabonde, zvikurukuru avo vanopomerwa zvechisimba zvepabonde kana zvepabonde zviduku zvepabonde, zvepabonde dzinomutsa kune zvinyorwa zveSEM zvakasanganiswa nemhosva dzepamhosva dzakadzidzwa.^{8, 9} Uku kutsvakurudza kazhinji kunoratidza hukuru hwehutano hwekuita zvepabonde kune SEM pakati pevadariki vepabonde kupfuura pakati pekutonga (semuenzaniso, vasina mhosva kana vatadzi vasingatongwi mhosva dzepabonde) apo SEM yakagadzikana yakazara nehutano hwechikanganiso.^{9, 10, 11, 12}

Kusiyana nekutsvakurudza kunobatanidzwa vane mhosva dzepabonde kana vadzidzisi veongororo, kusina-laboratory kuongorora kweSEM-yehutano hwekukwirirana kwepabonde mune huwandu hwevanhu hahuwanzoitiki.⁶ Uyezve, kutsvakurudza kuongorora kana zvisingaiti zvemasangano anomutsa zvinogona kuonekwa zvichienderana nemitemo yekusangana kwepabonde kune zvinyorwa zveSEM haisipo kubva mumabhuku eSEM.^{6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17} Kuzivikanwa kwakadaro kunogona kubatsira nekuti hakuvimbe nekwaniso yemunhu yekuziva kana kuziva izvo zvingafungidzirwa se "zvisiri-zvakanyanya" SEM. Kupfuurirazve, kuzivikanwa kwakadaro kunoenderana chete nemaitiro chaiwo ezvebonde kumutsa kune zvimwe zvirimo zveSEM zvichipesana nemaitiro ekuona, ayo anogona kunge ari (zvimwe) zvichienderana nekuwanika kwezviri mukati zveSEM zvirimo.^{6, 7} Maererano neChino-Mainstream Zvinonyadzisira Arousal Scale (NPAS), iyo isiri iyo inowanikwa SEM inoreva maitiro ekuita zvepabonde kune zvikamu zveSEM zve (i) sadomasochism, (ii) fetishism, (iii) zvepabonde zvechisimba (kusanganisira kubata chibharo, kushungurudzwa , uye kumanikidza), (iv) kusungwa uye kutonga (kusanganisira chirango), uye (v) zvinoshamisa kana zvakanyanya SEM^{6, 7} sezvinotsanangurwa nedzidzo yepamusoro yekirasi. Saizvozvowo, chinangwa cheC1st chekudzidza ichi chaiva chekuongorora kana zvisingave zvemaSEM makambani anokwanisa kuzivikanwa pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde zvichibva mukuzvidzivirira kwepabonde kune zvido zve 27 zvakasiyana.

Chinyanyozivikanwa nezvehutano hwakasiyana pakati pevanhu vanotaura nezvekuita zvepabonde kune vasiri vemuSEM yakawanda mukugutsikana kwavo kwepabonde nekuzvidzivirira kwezvido zvavo zvepabonde nemafungiro. Kutsvakurudza kunobatanidza vanhu nevasiri ivo vanoita zvekuita zvepabonde zvakasununguka (semuenzaniso, paraphilia) zvakaratidza kuti kuwedzera kuzvidzora uye kushamwaridzana kwevanhu, kutonga kusina kunaka, uye kuongororwa kwehutano hwepfungwa kunogona kuvapo.^{14, 15, 16, 17, 18} Zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kukanganisa kugutsikana kwepabonde uye kutonga kune mumwe nomumwe nezvekuita zvepabonde uye mafungiro pakati peSEM madiki mashandisirwo emagetsi sevasingashandisi vashandisi veSEM.^{19, 20} Nokudaro, chinangwa cheC2nd chekudzidza iyi chaiva chekuongorora kuti mapepa ekugadzirisa kwepabonde kweSEM, kugutsikana kwepabonde, uye kuzviongorora zvepabonde nemafungiro ezvokuita zvepabonde zvinofananidzwa mumapoka anozivikanwa zvekuita zvepabonde kune vasiri vemuSEM yakawanda.

Munguva ichangopfuura, Hald naOtulhofer^{6, 7} yakagadzira NPAS. I-NPAS ichinyorwa che-5-chiyero chekuenzanisa kwete chema-SEM-maitiro akafanana ane chokuita nekuita zvepabonde (onawo Mhedzisiro mikuru Mitezo). Zvisinei, kuwedzerwa kushandiswa kweNPAS maererano nekukwanisa kwaro kunyatsofanotaura kuti kwete-yakasarudzwa SEM kuburitsa nhengo yeboka haina kumboitwa asi yakadanwa.⁷ Saizvozvowo, chinangwa che 3rd chekudzidza ichi chaiva chekuongorora kuti NPAS inokwanisa sei kufanotaura zvakarurama kwete yehuwandu hweboka reSEM boka.

Ichi chidzidzo chakashandisa imwechete dataset iyo ichangobva kushandisa kushandura NPAS.^{6, 7} Mukubatana nechinangwa chekuongorora 3rd, zviwanikwa zvezvino zvinofanirwa kuonekwa sezviri mukati mvumo yezvakaitika zvepakutanga kuti uedze zvakakwana kubwinya uye kunyatsoenderana kweNPAS.

nzira

Vatori vechikamu uye Nzira

Dhata kubva kune rakakura dhata rakaunganidzwa muchidzidzo chepamhepo rinotarisana nekushandisa kweSEM, hutano hwepabonde, uye hukama hwehukama muCroatia zvakashandiswa. Nekuti vanhu vaiwanzoshandisa SEM vaive vashoma, kana paine, kukosha kweongororo dzakarongwa, vatori vechikamu chete avo vakataura vachishandisa SEM kanenge "kanoverengeka" mumwedzi yapfuura ye12 vakaverengerwa muchidzidzo ichi. Panyaya iyi, vakadzi vaive nematanho akakwirira kupfuura evarume (odds ratio = 0.16, P <.05) yekuve yeboka revatori vechikamu avo vaisawanzoshandisa SEM. Pakanga pasina zera rakakosha kana mutsauko wekudzidzisa pakati pevatori vechikamu avo vaishandisa SEM kashoma uye imwe yese sampuro.

2,035 vatori vechikamu vasina hunhu husipo pamibvunzo ine chekuita nezvebonde kune dzakasiyana SEM zvemukati zvakabatanidzwa mukuwongorora. Vazhinji vaisanganisira vatori vechikamu (58.2%, n = 1,185) vaive vakadzi. Makore evatori vechikamu aibvira pamakore gumi nemasere kusvika makumi matanhatu (zvinoreva zera = 18, SD = 60). Vazhinji vatori vechikamu (30.75%) vaive nedzidzo yekoreji kana yunivhesiti; 9.47% vaive nedzidzo yechipiri. Mukupesana neiyo 57.8% yevatori vechikamu vakataura kuti yavo yemhuri yemwedzi mari yaive yakaderera pane avhareji yenyika, inopfuura 41.0 yechina (15.7%) yakashuma yakakwira-kupfuura-avhareji mari yemhuri. Mazhinji emuenzaniso akataurwa kuve ari muhukama (1%) kana akaroora (27.8%), aine vashoma 47.6 chetatu (24.0%) vachizviti havana kuroora. Kunze kwe "michato, mariro, uye mazororo emhuri," chikamu chakakura chevatori vechikamu (1%) havana kumboenda kumhemberero dzechitendero.

Ongororo iyi, yakaitwa kwemazuva gumi muna Kubvumbi 10, yakaitirwa pane yekutengesa saiti yakatsaurirwa kutsvagurudzo yepamhepo. Kutora chikamu kwevatori vechikamu kwaive kwakasiyana, kusanganisira mabhena akatumirwa paFacebook, 2014 makuru mawebhusaiti enhau, yepamhepo kufambidzana webhusaiti, uye inozivikanwa yevakadzi magazini webhusaiti. Kero dzevatori vechikamu 'dze IP hadzina kunyorwa zvachose kuti dzisazivikanwe. Ruzivo rwekutanga nezve chidzidzo uye zvimwe zvakadikanwa kuitira mvumo ine ruzivo zvakapihwa pachirongwa chekutanga chekuongorora Vasati vawana iro remibvunzo, vatori vechikamu vaifanira kusimbisa kuti vaive vezera repamutemo (kureva, ≥2 makore). Maitiro ekudzidza akatenderwa nehunhu hwekuongorora bhodhi reDhipatimendi rezveMagariro evanhu, Rudzi rweVanhu neSainzi Sayenzi, Yunivhesiti yeZagreb.

Mhedzisiro mikuru Mitezo

Pasi apa tinopa zviratidzo zvinokosha zvekudzidza uku. Avhareji nguva yekupedzisa tsvakurudzo yakanga iri pasi pemaminitsi e22.

Zvekuita zvepabonde

Zvepabonde zvakaferefetwa uchishandisa 5-poindi Likert sikero (1 = chete ungochani kune 5 = chete vanoita zvepabonde). Maererano naHald na Štulhofer,⁶ mhinduro dzevatori vechikamu dzakasarudzika muzvikamu zvinotevera: 0 = chete murume nemukadzi (5) uye 1 = isiri-murume kana murume (1-4) yekuona simba rakaringana rezviverengero mukuongorora.

Kugutsikana zvepabonde nekuzviona

I12-chimwe chinhu cheNew Scale Yokugutsikana kwepabonde²¹ yakashandiswa kuongorora kugutsikana kwepabonde mumwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura. Ichi chiyero chakasangana chakaratidza kugadzikana kwemukati kusanzwisisika muchidzidzo chezvino (Cronbach α = 6), iine zvikwiriso zvakakwirira zvichiratidza kugutsikana kwepabonde kwakanyanya. Kugadzirisa kuzviongorora kwevatori vechikamu kwehukama hwavo hwepabonde uye zvekufungidzira, zvinhu zviviri zvinotevera zvakashandiswa: "Zvepabonde zvandinoda zvine hutano" uye "Kufunga kwangu kwepabonde kunondiita munhu akaipa." Mhinduro dzakapihwa uchishandisa 0.93-poindi Likert-senge sikero kubva 2 = haishande kwandiri zvachose kusvika 5 = inoshanda kwandiri zvachose. Izvo zvinhu zve1 zvaingova zvisina kusimba zvakabatana (r = -5).

SEM Kushandisa uye Specific SEM Zviri mukati

Kuwanda kweSEM kunoshandiswa mumwedzi yapfuura ye12 kwakayerwa uchishandisa 8-poindi chiyero kubva pa1 = kusamboita 8 = zuva nezuva kana zuva nezuva. Vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa nezvekumutsa kwavo pabonde kwakanangana nematanho makumi maviri neshanu eSEM vachishandisa mubvunzo unotevera: "Ndokumbira utarise kuti unomutsa sei iwe kuti uwane imwe yeanotevera marudzi eSEM?" (Tafura 1). Mhinduro dzakapihwa uchishandisa 5-poindi Likert-mhando chiyero (1 = kwete zvachose kusvika 5 = kusvika padanho rakakura kwazvo). Madingindira akasarudzwa zvinoenderana neHald²² uye pachena iripo mazita emashoko anowanzoshandiswa kutsvaga nemhando dzeSEM dzakapiwa sezvakagadzirwa nenzvimbo huru dzeSEM dzekutengesa.^{23, 24}

Tarisa Tafura mu HTML

*Iyi nheyo inorongwa se "kwete-inowanzo" maererano neChinyorwa Chekuona zvinonyadzisira Arousal Scale.^{6, 7}

Kuita zvepabonde kunokwidza kune kwete-yakanyanya SEM Content

Iko 5-nhengo yeNPAS yechipimo yakashandiswa sechiratidzo chekuita zvepabonde kune vasiri vemuSEM zvakakwana (onawo ^{6, 7}). Iyo NPAS yakagadzirirwa kuenzanisa kwete-inowanikwa maitiro eSEM anoenderana-zvepabonde zvichibva pakuzvidzivirira kwepabonde kunotaurira kumitambo yakasiyana yeSEM ​​ye 27. Pakati pepabonde uye zvepabonde, zviratidzo zvakasimba zvepasina kunyanya kushandiswa SEM zvinyorwa zvinosanganisira zvinyorwa zvitsva zveSEM zvisingaiti zvekare: (i) sadomasochism, (ii) fetishism (kusanganisira latex), (iii) zvepabonde zvechisimba (kusanganisira kubata zvechisimba zvakafanana , utsinye, uye kumanikidzira), (iv) kusungwa uye kutonga (kusanganisira chirango), uye (v) zvinoshamisa kana zvakanyanya SEM.^{6, 7} Hapana dudziro chaiyo yemusoro wenyaya wega unopihwa neNPAS. Vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kuti varatidze kuti vakamutsa sei ivo vakawana yega ye5 madingindira vachishandisa 5-poindi Likert sikero (1 = kwete zvachose kusvika 5 = kusvika padanho rakakura kwazvo).

Nhamba yekuongorora

Iyo yose yekuongorora sarudzo yakanga ine zvishoma 5. Latent class analysis yakashandiswa kuzivisa masumbu akavakirwa pamatauriro ehupombwe anokwidziridzwa kumitambo yakasiyana yeSEM ​​ye 27. Iyi nzira yakapa sangano rekutsvaga deta. Nhamba yekirasi yakanga yakatarwa kushandiswa kweBazesian tsanangudzo yezvinyorwa. Muenzaniso wacho wakagadzirirwa naMclust 5.0.1 muR 3.1.2.^{25, 26} Kushandisa kureva zvepabonde kunoshandiswa kuhutano hwemusoro hweSEM, iyo 10 inonyanya kukonzera nyaya dzepabonde uye 10 zvidzidzo zviduku zvakasimudza zvakagadzirirwa kune rimwe kirasi yechikoro. Zvadaro, takaongorora kuti zviitiko zveNPAS 5 zvisingaiti zvakanyanya pakati peZ10 zvinomutsa uye 10 inomutsa zvidzidzo zveSEM. Nhamba imwe chete (isiri iyo yakasimudzika yakasimudza) yekirasi imwe neimwe yakayerwa nekubvisa nhamba yemitauro isinganyanyi kuwanikwa mumitambo inotonhora ye 10 kubva kuhuwandu hwemasheti asingasviki pakati pemitemo yaSEM inokurudzira zvikuru. Mazuva mashoma makirasi ane zvikamu zvisingatauri 10 zvakarongerwa sevasingaiti zvepabonde dzinokurudzira mapoka (Tafura 2), uye dzimwe dzose dzakarongerwa sezvikwata zvezvepabonde zvinokonzera zvepabonde.

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G = boka; SEM = midhiya inotsanangudza zvepabonde.

*Mapoka (ekupedzisira makirasi) anozivikanwa neasingaite-epamutemo ekumutsa pabonde maitiro anoratidzwa mune yakashinga mhando mhando, nepo mapoka anozivikanwa neakanyanya epabonde ekumutsa mapatani asiri. Iwo huwandu hwakazara (A + B) inomiririra huwandu hwenongedzo dzisingaite (yakazara = 5; Tafura 1) pakati pezvinyorwa zveHNUMX zvakakosha zvikuru zveboka rakasiyana rinobviswa nenhamba yemitauro isinganyanyi pakati pemitauro ye10 inokosha kuduku yeboka rimwechete. Mazuva mashoma makirasi ane zvikamu zvishoma zve10 zvakarongerwa se "◄ ZVIRI MUKATI ► 211 Vhangeri Rinofanirwa Kushushikana Rakasiyana-siyana • sevamwe vanoita zvepabonde kune vasiri vemuSEM yemapoka evanhu, â € asi mamwe mapoka ose akabatwa se"

Kakazowanikwa zvidzidzo zvisiri izvo zvakange zvisinganzwisisiki kana kuti zvisizvo, zvakaenzaniswa nezera uye nguva dzese dzeSEM dzinoshandiswa mumwedzi yapfuura ye12 uchishandisa t-test. Zvadaro, maitiro akawanda ekugadzirisa kushandiswa kwehutano nehutano mune vasiri vemuzana nemapoka evanhu vakawanda sezvo mugumisiro wakashandiswa kuongorora kushamwaridzana kwayo neNPAS scores. Kuongorora kwakagadziridzwa kwezera uye kushandiswa kweSEM kushandiswa. Mucherechedzi-kushanda maitiro emakona yakashandiswa kupfuurira kujekesa unyanzvi hwokufanotaura weNPAS. Yakarongerwa nebasa rekudzivirira pamusana pekuita zvepabonde,^{1, 27} zvose zvakaongororwa zvakagadziriswa nehutano uye zvepabonde.

Results

Kune kune yechinangwa chekutanga chekudzidza, ongororo yekirasi yekupedzisira yakashandiswa kuyera muyero wekuti vatori vechikamu 'vanozvitaurira vega kumutsa zvepabonde kune 1 dzakasiyana SEM madingindira anogona kuiswa mumapoka akasarudzika ekupedzisira. Zvinoreva vector yeboka rega rega (kureva., Latent kirasi) inoiswa pachena mu Mufananidzo 1.

Mufananidzo 1

Avhareji maitiro ekuita zvepabonde anomutsa mhirizhonga dzepachirongwa dze 27 dzepabonde dzakatsvakurudzwa. Denderedzwa, katatu, mitambo, uye nyeredzi zvinoreva zvidzidzo zvisiri pamutemo 1, 2, 3, uye 4, maererano, zvakarongwa mu Tafura 2. Kukurukurirana kwemashoko ezvepabonde zvinotsanangura zvepabonde nenhamba inowanikwa Tafura 1. Zvikamu zvechinyorwa chimwe nechimwe zvakagadziridzwa kuva neC0 inorevei pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde zvakagadzirirwa; y-matanho akasiyana-siyana pakati pezvirongwa. Kune vanhu vatatu chete vane hutano hwehutano hwemhando dzepabonde, iyo isiri iyo yakawanda inoratidzira zvepabonde inoshuvira zvepabonde inosangana neboka rinomiririrwa nemitambo. Nokuda kwevasiri ivo chete varume vane hutano hwepabonde, zvisiri zvekare zvepabonde zvinoshandiswa mune zvepabonde zvinokonzera zvepabonde zvinomiririrwa nenyeredzi. Vakadzi vese vane hutano husina hutano hwepabonde, izvo zvisingasviki zvepabonde zvinoshamwaridzana zvepabonde zvinokonzera zvepabonde mapoka anomiririrwa nematatu uye madenderedzwa. Nokuda kwevakadzi vasiri vega vanoita zvepabonde, zvido zvepabonde zvinotsanangura zvepabonde zvisiri zvekuita zveboka rezvepabonde rinomiririrwa nevanorutatu. Mamwe mapoka ose akanyorwa nevatori vechikamu vanozivikanwa nekuita zvepabonde kuti vaite zvekuita zvepabonde zvinenge zvichinyorwa.

Ona Mufananidzo Mukuru | Ona Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide

Bhuku reBayesian rondedzero yakaratidza kuti 4 latent makirasi ndiyo yaiva yakakosha yekugadzirisa mhando yose yeChina (vakadzi nevarume uye vaine hutano hwepabonde nemusana wega). Zvadaro, takaongorora kuti 4 inomutsa sei uye 10 inomutsa zvidzidzo zveSEM neboka uye inoratidzira huwandu husati huri huwandu hunokwidziridza boka reboka rimwe nerimwe (Tafura 1).

Kuumbwa kweboka rimwe nerimwe kunowanikwa mukati Tafura 2. Mune tambo yega yega, kunze kwevakadzi vega vanoita zvevakadzi, 1 latent kirasi yainyatso kuzivikanwa nekukwirisa kwakanyanya kune asiri-epamusoro maSEM madingindira. Kune vega vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, 2 akadaro latent mapoka mapoka akaonekwa. Boka risiri-rakawanda raive diki chete kune vasina-kuita zvepabonde varume (n = 25, 9.5%). Kune varume vanoita zvepabonde uye vakadzi vasina-heterosexual, vanopfuura 1 yechishanu yevatori vechikamu vakaiswa muboka risiri rakawanda (n = 127, 21.7%; n = 129, 27.9%, zvichiteerana), iyo yanga ichiri yakaderera zvakanyanya pane yevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde. vakadzi avo vangangoita hafu vakasarudzika mu1 ye2 asiri-akajairika mapoka ekumutsa (n = 332, 46.0%). Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinosimbisa kuti isiri-yakakomberedza SEM mushandisi boka rinogona kuzivikanwa zvichibva kune wega-kutaurwa kumutsa pabonde kune 27 dzakasiyana SEM zvirimo pane zvevakadzi uye zvepabonde.

Vasi vasiri vatendi veboka reSEM vakaenzaniswa nevatori vechikamu veSEM vanoita zvekusiyana kwezera uye nguva yakawanda yeSEM ​​vanoshandiswa mumwedzi yakapfuura ye12 (Tafura 3). Kusiyana kwepakati kwaive kwakakosha chete nokuda kwevanhu vanoita zvepabonde (t₅₈₄ = 2.07, P <.05, Cohen d = 0.17) uye vakadzi vasingaite zvepabonde (t₄₆₁ = 3.01, P <.01, Cohen d = 0.28). Mune 3 yezvikamu zvina zve4, kuwanda kweSEM kushandiswa kwaive kwakakwirira zvakanyanya pakati pevasingawanzoitika veboka revatori veSEM vachienzaniswa nevazhinji vevatori veboka reSEM (varume vanoita bonde, t₅₈₄ = -2.97, P <.001, Cohen d = 0.031; vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, t₆₃₁ = -7.17, P <.001, Cohen d = 0.55; vakadzi vasingaite zvepabonde, t₂₃₃ = -6.27, P <.0001, Cohen d = 0.64).

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G = boka; SEM = midhiya inotsanangudza zvepabonde.

*Makirasi (makirasi akareruka) anoratidzirwa nevasingaiti zvepabonde anomutsa maitiro anowanikwa mu boldface type, asi mapoka anozivikanwa nehuwandu hwepabonde yekukwirirana maitiro haasi.

†Between-group difference.

‡P <.05; ^§P <.01; ^‖P <.001.

Nokuda kwechikwata cheC2nd chinangwa, vatori vechikamu kubva kune avo vasiri maSEM makambani mazhinji anowanzoburitswa mazinga akaenzana ekugadzirisa zvepabonde kumitambo ye27 SEM yakatarwa kupfuura vatori vechikamu kubva kumapoka eSEM akawanda. Izvi ndizvo zvaiitika pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde. Mufananidzo 1 inoratidza kuti hutano hwekuita zvepabonde huchikwira mumakwikwi akawanda evanhu vanotevera zvinotevedzera muenzaniso wakafanana uye kurongedza mhinduro pamisoro ye 27 SEM. Izvi zvinowanzoonekwa zvakanyanya kune varume uye kwete vasiri vakadzi pamwe chete uye vashoma zvakajeka nokuda kwevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde.

Sezvakaratidzwa Tafura 3, kuongororwa kwehukama hwepabonde uye fungidziro dzaive dzakasiyana zvakanyanya pakati pevazhinji uye asiri-epamutemo mapoka ekumutsa chete mune chete varume vanoita zvepabonde. Heterosexual varume vanobva kuzhinji boka rinomutsa rakatonga zvido zvavo zvebonde sehutano hwakanyanya uye husina kunaka zvichienzaniswa nevarume vanobva kune risiri-rakawanda boka, nekukura kwemisiyano iyi iri diki (t₁₇₇ = 2.42, P <0.05, Cohen d = 0.25; t₁₆₃ = -2.40, P <.05, Cohen d = 0.26, zvichiteerana). Hapana misiyano yekugutsikana pabonde pakati pezvakakura uye zvisati zviri zvepamusoro mapoka ekumutsa akawanikwa pane zvevakadzi uye zvebonde.

Yechinangwa chechitatu chekudzidza (kugona kweNPAS kunyatso fungidzira kuve nhengo mune isiri-yakakosha SEM yekumutsa boka), kuwanda kwekugadzirisa kudzokorodza kuongororwa kwakaitwa nehunhu uye zvepabonde. Kudzora kwezera uye kuwanda kweSEM kushandiswa, yakakwira NPAS mamaki akawedzera zvakanyanya mikana yehunhu mune isiri-yakakosha SEM boka mune ese mana strata (akagadziridzwa odds ratio = 3-4, P <.001). NPAS zvikoro zvakagara zvichingofungidzira kuve nhengo mune isiri-hukuru hweSEM boka zvakanyanya zvirinani pane izvo zvingatarisirwa netsaona. Iko kushanda kwekufungidzira kwechiyero kwaive kwakaderera kune vasiri-vanoita bonde varume uye vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, kune avo 68% uye 71%, zvichiteerana, zvematambudziko akanangidzirwa zvakanyatsorongwa. Kune varume vanoita zvepabonde uye vakadzi vasina-heterosexual, iyo yekufungidzira kushanda yaive 79% uye 96%, zvichiteerana.

Mucherechedzi-maitiro anoshandiswa kuongorora²⁸ yakashandiswa kuti ipe ruzivo nezve kugona kweNPAS mukusiyanisa vasiri-vatambi veboka revatambi veSEM kubva kune vazhinji vevatori vechikamu veboka reSEM. Ongororo idzi dzakaratidza kuti chiyero chaive chakanyatsoita mushe pakati pevarume vanoita zvepabonde (nzvimbo iri pasi pegumbo [AUC] = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91-0.97) nevarume vasina-heterosexual varume (AUC = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95-0.99) uye pakati pevakadzi vasina-heterosexual vakadzi (AUC = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.93-0.97). Pakati pevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, kunyatsoitwa kweNPAS kwakawanikwa kuri kwepakati (AUC = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.83-0.89), zvinoenderana nezvataiona kare (Tafura 4).

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AOR = yakagadziriswa odds chiyero; NPAS = Isiri-Yakanyanya Kupararira Zvinonyadzisira Arousal Scale.

*Kugadziriswa kwezera uye nguva yakawanda yekushandisa zvepabonde zvakajeka mune zvepabonde mumwedzi yakapfuura ye12.

†Kuita zvepabonde kunomumwe musingazivikanwi neboka rezvemitambo rinoratidzira zvepabonde.

‡P <.001.

hurukuro

Ichi chidzidzo chakawana kuti SEM mashandisirwo emagetsi anozivikanwa nemaitiro ekumutsa zvepabonde kune vasiri veSEM yakawanda inogona kuonekwa pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde zvichienderana nekuzvidzivirira kwavo zvepabonde kunotaurira kune zvinyorwa zveSEM zvakasiyana-siyana zveSEM vachishandisa kuongorora kwekirasi yechikoro. Uyezve, chidzidzo chacho chakawana mashoma mashoma pakati pemapoka aya nemapoka eSEM akakurumbira mukugutsikana kwepabonde uye kuzviongorora kwezvido zvepabonde nemafungiro. Chidzidzo chacho chakawana zvakare kuti avo vasiri vemuboka veboka reSEM vanowanzoburitsa huwandu hwemashure ehutano hwekuita zvepabonde pamitambo ye 27 SEM yakaongororwa kana ichienzaniswa nevakawanda veboka reSEM. Uyu muenzaniso wekupindura wakanyanya kutaurwa nokuda kwevarume uye kwete vasiri vanhukadzi. Mukuwedzera, chidzidzo chacho chakawana kuti mukati mechiratidzo uye kunyatsofananidzira kweNPAS zvaive zvakanaka kune zvakakosha kumapoka ose, kunze kwevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, avo vakanga vari pakati pevanhu.

Kunyanya nokuda kwevarume vane hutano hwepabonde nevakadzi vasiri vanhukadzi, avo vaizivikanwa nehuwandu hwemhando dzepabonde dzinomutsa kune zvisiri zvinyorwa zveSEM zvakanyanya, zvinowanikwa zvinoratidza kuti zviitiko zvekuita zvepabonde zvinokonzerwa neSEM mune zvisingabatsiri maitiro zvinogona kunge zvakanyanyisa, zvisingachinji, uye shoma boka rakanyanya kufanana nezvakafungidzirwa kare.^{13, 14, 15, 16, 17} Izvi zvinotsigira huwandu hweSEM hune simba uye hunoratidza kuti vanhu vasiri vemuSEM veboka vanobatanidzwawo vanomutswa nemitambo yakawanda ("vanilla"). Izvi zvinowanikwa zvakasiyana-siyana kubva kuchipatara chinosanganisira varwere vanouya nevanenge vasingaiti zvepabonde zvinetso zvekuita zvepabonde (semuenzaniso, paraphilias), maitiro avanoita zvepabonde kazhinji anonzi anonyanya kugadziriswa uye anotsanangurwa zvakajeka.^{29, 30, 31} Tinofungidzira kuti chikonzero chikuru chekusiyanisa uku ndechekuti muzvirongwa zvekuchengetedza vanhu vanouya nechinetso chisina kunyanya kukonzera zvepabonde chinogona kuita sangano revanhu avo vanoita zvekuita zvepabonde nenzira dzakanyanya, zvakasimba, uye zvakanyatsobatana nevanenge vasina -mainstream zvido zvepabonde kupfuura mapoka anotsanangurwa munyaya ino.³¹ Imwe tsanangudzo inogona kunge yakabatana nenzira iyo kuongorora kwedu kwakashambadzirwa. Kana tikatora vanhu vaive, pamusana pega, vane ruzivo rwakawanda mune SEM vanoshandisa vezera ravo, saka nzira isina kugadziriswa yekusimudzira SEM inogona kunge iri mugumisiro weSEM yakawanda yakashandiswa, iyo inogonawo kusanganisira yakawanda inoshandiswa SEM kushandiswa.

Muchirevo chekutsvakurudza kweSEM, zvakaguma zvemaitiro akawanda ehutano hwepabonde pakati pevanhu vasiri vemuSEM makambani akawanda anogona kududzirwa sevanotsauka kubva pakufambira mberi kwechikonzero chekuita satiation, iyo inofunga kuti zvishoma nezvishoma "zvakanyanya" (zvisingasviki) SEM zviri mukati inoda kuita zvekuita zvepabonde.³² Zvichida pamutambo weboka, zvigumisiro zvedu hazviiti sekusimbisa iyi pfungwa, nokuti zvepabonde zvinomutsa kune zvisiri izvo zvakagadzirwa SEM hazvina kubvisa kukwikwidza kune zvishoma "zvakanyanya" (zvakanyanya) SEM zvakagadziriswa muzvikamu zvisati zviri zvemaSEM mapoka.

Chidzidzo chacho hachina kuwana misiyano pakati pemapoka evanhu vasiri mumiriri uye evanhu vakawanda maererano nehutano hwavo hwepabonde uye kutonga kwezvido zvavo zvepabonde nemafungiro kunze kwevanhu vanongorarama nemurume mumwe chete. Pakati pepabonde uye zvepabonde, vatori vechikamu vanowanzotarisa zvavanofarira zvepabonde se "vane hutano" uye kuti mafungiro avo epabonde haana kuvaita munhu "akaipa". Izvi zvitsva zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanoita zvepabonde vachimutswa nevasiri vemuSEM zvinyorwa havasi kuzvidzora nenzira iyo inokanganisa kugutsikana kwavo zvepabonde kana kutonga pamusoro pezvido zvavo zvepabonde nemafungiro.

Pakati pevanhu vanoita zvepabonde, vanhu vakawanda veSEM vakaongorora zvido zvavo zvepabonde sezvinonyanya kuve noutano uye mafungiro avo epabonde seashoma "akaipa" kupfuura avo vasiri vezera ravo. Zvisinei, nokuti hukuru hwekusiyana uku kwaiva kuzvininipisa, zvivakwa zvakaongororwa vachishandisa zviratidzo zvisiri-chimwe, uye nokuti hatina dare rekutsvakurudza iro rinofanira kunyatsotsanangurira zvitsva izvi, tinorega kujekesa mberi pamusoro pekutsvaga uku. Pane kudaro, tinoshevedza kutsvakurudza mune ramangwana kuti tinyatsotsvaga kutsvaga kwekutanga kwekuwana nenzira inowedzera kuvimbika kwavo uye kuvimbika.

Mukuferefeta kwekufungidzira kwekutanga kweHald uye Štulhofer's NPAS,⁶ kutarisa kwezera uye nguva yakawanda yeSEM ​​kushandiswa, izvo zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza zvakanaka mukati mekugadzirisa uye chiyero chinogara chichifananidza kubatanidzwa kwechikwata chepabonde pane zvepabonde uye zvepabonde zvakanyanya zviri nani kune izvo zvingazotarisirwa nemukana. Iko kushandiswa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwechikwata hwaive hwakaderera kune vanhu vasiri vanhukadzi pamwe chete nevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwemugadziri-kushanda maitiro emakona kwakaratidza kuti kunyatsogadzirwa kwechikwata chakanga chakanaka kuti chakanaka²⁸ kumapoka ose kunze kwevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde.

Chikonzero chechikamu chepasi chinyorwa chekushandiswa kweNPAS munyaya yevanhu vasiri vanhu vanoita zvepabonde kunogona kuva iyo yekugadzirisa kwekutanga kwekusagadzikana kwepabonde kwepabonde kunosanganisira nyaya dzepabonde dzehupombwe, izvo zvisiri vanhu vanoita zvepabonde vangangowana zvimwe zvinomutsa kupfuura (bedzi) varume vanokonzerwa nevanhukadzi.³³ Izvi zvingaderedza simba rekusarura reNPAS muboka iri. Kune vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, mavari iyo NPAS yakarongeka zvisiri izvo, pane zvikonzero zvakasiyana zveizvi. (i) Kunoratidzika kuva netsika mune zvemazuva ano zvakakurumbira tsika kuti iite 2 yemitemo inowanikwa zvakananga mukutsanangurwa kwevanhu vasiri maSEM evanhu, iyo (i) sadomasochism uye (ii) kusungwa, kutonga, uye kurangwa. Kuwanda kwezvikamu izvi nemabhuku uye mafirimu akadai Fifty Shades weGrey inoita kunge inonyanya kukanganisa vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde.^{19, 20, 34} (ii) Muenzaniso wedu waiva nehuwandu hwevakadzi vakadzidza zvakanaka. Nokuti dzidzo yave ichitaridzana zvikuru nekufarira kugadzirisa zvepabonde, izvi (zvakare) zvingakanganisa kukanganisa kweNPAS pakati pevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde mumadasetet yedu kunyanya. (iii) Kutsvakurudza mukufungidzira zvepabonde kunoratidza kuti vakadzi vanoenzaniswa nevarume kakawanda vanofunga nezvekutongwa.^{35, 36} Saizvozvowo, kukwanisa kusarura kwezvinhu zvinotarisana nekutonga kunogona kuderedzwa pakati pevakadzi nekuda kwezvimwe zviitiko zvinowanzoitika zvemashoko akadaro mukufungidzira kwavo zvepabonde. Sezvinogona kugadziriswa, tinoratidza kuti kutsvaga kwemaitiro emangwana ekutenderera kweNPAS kunosanganisira kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvisiri izvo zvekare uye / kana mazwi akasiyana-siyana emitambo iyi inetsoka pakati pevanhu vasiri ivo vanongorarama pamwe chete nevakadzi pamwe chete nevakadzi.

Paunofunga nezvemigumisiro yakataurwa, mimwe mitauro yekudzidza inofanira kuverengwa. Chidzidzo chacho chakashandisa zvisingabviri zvidzidzo zvesarudzo, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwezvakawanikwa zvidzidzo, nokuti samuenzaniso yedu yaifarira kune vamwe vakadzidza uye vakapfuma vatori vechikamu. Uyezve, kungozvitsvaga-kuzivisa-maitiro uye maongorori akashandiswa mukudzidza. Kunyange zvazvo mitsara yakadaro inowanikwa mukutsvakurudza zvepabonde, inogona kunge isina nguva dzose yakarurama, nokuti inotaurira kuti inogona kunge yakashata.³⁷ Mukuwedzera, kuzviongorora kwehukama hwepabonde uye fungidziro dzepabonde dzakabatana nezviitiko zvine chekuita neSEM zvakaongororwa uchishandisa 1-chinhu zviratidzo, izvo zvingangotorere zvakakwana kuomarara kweiyi pfungwa (onawo ³⁸). Muchiedza ichi, izvo zvinowanikwa zvakafanirwa zvinofanira kuonekwa sekutanga.

Kugadzirisa izvi zvisingakwanisi, ruzivo runopa 1st pfungwa pamusoro pemapurogiramu emasikirwo emagariro ekurara kwepabonde kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana eSEM kune vose vanoshandisa SEM inozivikanwa nehutano hwehutano hwekuita zvepabonde kune vasiri vemuSEM yakawanda. Muchidzidzo ichi, vasiri vemukati veboka reboka reSEM vanowanzoshandiswa SEM yakawanda uye vanozviti vakazvipira zvakanyanya zvepamusoro zvekuita zvepabonde kune SEM kana vachienzaniswa nevatori vechikamu veSEM vakawanda. Uyezve, vasiri vemuzvikwata zvevanhu vazhinji vakaratidzira kusagadziriswa kweSEM kukwira uye vakapa zvisiri izvo zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvavanofarira zvepabonde uye mafungiro. Uyezve, chidzidzo chinoratidza kuti ichangobva kuumbwa NPAS^{6, 7} kazhinji zvakaratidza kuve kwakanaka uye kufungidzira kwevarume uye kwete ivo chete vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, vachiita kuti ive chivimbo chakavimbika kune vanotsvakurudza uye vanachiremba vanoshanda naSEM uye / kana kukwidzirana zvepabonde mune mapoka emashandisi aya.

Nyaya yekunyora

Category 1

• (A)

Kubata uye Kubwinya

• Gert Martin Hald; Aleksandar Stulhofer; Theis Lange

• (B)

Acquisition of Data

• Gert Martin Hald; Aleksandar Stulhofer; Theis Lange

• (C)

Kuongorora nekujekeswa kweDheta

• Gert Martin Hald; Aleksandar Stulhofer; Theis Lange

Category 2

• (A)

Kugadzira chirevo

• Gert Martin Hald; Aleksandar Stulhofer; Theis Lange

• (B)

Kuchidzokorora Icho nokuda kweIntellectual Content

• Gert Martin Hald; Aleksandar Stulhofer; Theis Lange

Category 3

• (A)

Kugamuchirwa Kwekupedzisira kweNyaya Yakapedzwa

• Gert Martin Hald; Aleksandar Stulhofer; Theis Lange

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