COMMENTS: Ichi chidzidzo akaongorora migumisiro yehupenzi inoshandiswa kune vakaroorana, asi yakarongedzwa chete vanhu (muukama, kureva makore ane makore 28.5), kwete mavakaro (pamwe chete). Mukuwedzera pakusabvisa vanhu kwete muhukama, hazvina kubatanidza vanhu vakaroorana apo mumwe wavo akabvunzurudzwa akataura chete mwe Shamwari yakashandisa zvinonyadzisira. Izvi zvaiva kwete mumiririri muenzaniso,
sezvo 75% yevatori vechikamu vaiva vakadzi, uye 59% yevakadzi vakashandisa zvinonyadzisira (zvakakwirira kwazvo kudarika zvikamu zvechikamu chechidzidzo). 38% yevaya vakaongororwa vakanga vakaroorana. Zviwanikwa:
Vakaroorana, uko pasina munhu akashandisa, vakarondedzera humwe hugutsikane hwehukama kune avo vakaroorana avo vaiva nevanoshandisa vamwe. Izvi zvinowirirana neongororo yapfuura (Cooper et al., 1999; Manning, 2006), kuratidza kuti kushandiswa kwega kwega zvinhu zvepabonde zvinounza mhedzisiro yakaipa.. vamwe vashandisi vese vanotaura zvakanyanya kudanana uye kuzvipira muhukama hwavo kupfuura vasiri vashandisi uye vashandisi varo.
Sezvimwe nedzimwe dzidzo, vashandi vari voga vanotaura nezvehukama hwehurombo uye kugutsikana kwepabonde. Chidzidzo chacho chakataurirawo kusiyana kwakanyanya pakati pemabereki apo vose vakatarisa zvinonyadzisira pamwechete uye vakaroorana apo vasina kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Njovu iri muimba: Sezvo ichi chaive ongororo yemunhu mumwe chete muhukama, kwete vese, tinoziva sei kuti vanhu vese vaive "vasiri-vashandisi"? Kunyanya kubvira 86% ye "vasiri-vashandisi" vanopindura ongororo iyi vaive vakadzi.
Zvinonyanya kukosha sei munhu anoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira:
"Pakazara, kangani mumwe munhu achiona zvinhu zvinoburitsa zvepabonde zvinogona kukanganisa mhedzisiro yevashandisi. Chidzidzo chedu chakawana kuti vazhinji vanoshandisa kazhinji vane mukana wakaderera wekugutsikana muhukama uye kudanana muhukama hwavo hwepabonde. ”
Pakupedzisira, chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora iyo "yekuzviona" mhedzisiro ye porn uchishandisa PCES:
"Pakazara, High Frequency Users (HFU) yakashuma hukuru hwakanaka hunoonekwa nemigumisiro kupfuura Low Frequency Users (LFU) ”
Hazvishamise kuti kunyanya kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwakakonzera kuwanikwa kweakanyanya "maitiro akanaka anoonekwa," nekuti chidzidzo chakashandisa iyo Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoshandiswa Muitiro Wekuyera (PCES). I-PCES inonyanya kuenzanidza ne shoddy sexology tsvakiridzo yematric. YBOP uye purofesa anozivikanwa zvikuru wepfungwa akafumura PCES pane zvazviri pano: Migumisiro Yezvokuzviona Inonyadzisira Kushandiswa, Hald GM, Malamuth NM (2008). Hunhu hwemibvunzo yePCES uye maratidziro ainoita zvinokatyamadza (uye zvakajairika-kushora pfungwa) zviwanikwa zvakaita seiyi: Kunyanya kuona hupombwe, paunonyanya kuona unotenda zvinonyadzisira, uye paunonyanya kuita bonhora kwairi, iyo zvakanyanya kunaka mhedzisiro munzvimbo dzese dzehupenyu hwako. Sei? Hupenyu hwakadzikiswa, kukuvara kuhukama, uye hupenyu hwepabonde husipo, vari pamakumbo akaenzana muPCES nekudzidza zvakawanda nezvebonde rekumashure nekuvandudza maitiro akasununguka pamusoro pehunhu hwepabonde. Kushandisa iyo PCES mibvunzo kune mumwe munhu - kana iwe uri 30-gore rekare rakapfigwa-mune uyo anoita bonhora kune hardcore porn 5 nguva pazuva, porn irikuita inonyanya kupa yakanaka mupiro kuhupenyu hwako!
Mumuenzaniso wakajeka wekuti zvakashata sei PCES chaizvoizvo, chidzidzo chezvino chakawana icho High Frequency Porn Users vakahwina pamusoro paPCES yakanaka-mhedzisiro mibvunzo (sezvaizotarisirwa), asi hupenyu hwavo chaihwo hwakanga husina kunyanya kukura: Vaive nehukama hwakaderera kugutsikana uye kushoma kwehukama muhukama hwavo hwepabonde. Kushandisa iyo Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoshandiswa Muitiro Wekuyera (PCES), chidzidzo ichi chakawana kuti kukwirisa kushandiswa kwepabonde kwaive kwakabatana nehurombo hwehupombwe, matambudziko epabonde, uye "hupenyu hwepabonde hwakaipisisa". Imwe tsananguro inotsanangura kuwirirana pakati pePCES "Negative Migumisiro" pane "Zvepabonde Hupenyu" mibvunzo uye kuwanda kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira:
Kwakange kusina kusiyana kwakasiyana kweNegative Effect Dimension PCES pane huwandu hwehutano hwekushandisa zvepabonde; zvisinei, kwaiva nekusiyana kukuru pane zveHIV Life subscale apo High Frequency Porn Users yakashuma zvakanyanya kukuvadza kupfuura Low Frequency Porn Users.
Taura zviri nyore, pasinei PCES Scores zvinoreva mabhenefiti kubva pakuona zvinonyadzisira, zvimwe zvinonyadzisira zvakatungamira kuhurombo hupenyu hwepabonde uye mamwe matambudziko epabonde. Iwe unogona kunge uri kuzvibvunza iwe mubvunzo uri pachena: Sei pasirese vashandisi vevazhinji ve porno vakapedzisira vaine hupenyu hwe crappier, zvakadaro "zvakakura mhedzisiro" kubva mukushandisa kwavo porn? Ndiwo mashiripiti ePESES! (verenga nyaya yedu)
J Behav Addict. 2016 Oct 27: 1-8.
Minarcik J1, Wetterneck CT2, pfupi MB3.
ngovepo
Mhemberero uye zvinangwa
Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvave zvichiwedzera. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vanhu vanoshandisa zvido zvepabonde (SEMs) vanorondedzera zvakaipa zvakaipa (Schneider, 2000b). Zvisinei, Bridges (2008b) yakawana kuti vakaroorana vanoshandisa SEM pamwe chete vane hukama hwepamusoro hugutsikane kupfuura avo vanoshandisa SEM pasina. Kumwe kutsvakurudza pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeSEM kushandiswa muhukama kunogona kusimbisa kuti SEM inobatana sei nharaunda dzakasiyana dzekugutsikana kwevakadzi. Nokudaro, chinangwa chekudzidza ikozvino ndechekuongorora kushandiswa kweSEM kushandiswa kwakabatana nehukama hwehukama hwakasiyana.
nzira
Chidzidzo chazvino chaisanganisira koreji neInternet sampuro yevatori vechikamu mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe vakapatsanurwa mumapoka zvichienderana neSEM inoshandisa muhukama (kureva, SEM yoga, SEM inoshandisa nemumwe, uye hapana SEM inoshandisa).
Results
Paive nekusiyana kwakakura pakati pemapoka muhukama kugutsikana [F (2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026], kushamwaridzana [F (2, 252) = 7.95, p = <.001], uye kuzvipira [F (2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006]. Post-hoc ongororo yakaratidza mimwe misiyano muhukama kugutsikana [t (174) = 2.13, p = .035] uye kushamwaridzana [t (174) = 2.76, p = .006] zvichibva pahuwandu hwekushandisa kweSEM.
hurukuro
Kuwedzera kutsvakurudza kweSEM kushandiswa basa mukati mavakaroorana kunopa hukuru hukuru hwekuita kwahwo muhukama hwepabonde.
KEYWORDS: vakaroorana; zvinonyadzisira; hukama kugutsikana; romantic relationships; kugutsikana kwepabonde; zvido zvepabonde zvinotsanangurwa
PMID: 27784182
ziviso
Kuwedzera kunonyadzisira kwezvinonyadzisira [nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzidza, zvinenge zvichishandurana nemashoko ekuratidza zvepabonde (SEM)] zvakaita kuti vatsvakurudzi varambe vachitsvaga zvazvinoreva kuvashandisi uye hukama hwevanhu (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Sezvo teknolojia yakagadzirwa, kugoverwa kweSEM kwave kwakagadziridzwa kune mafomu matsva edijita, zvichiwedzera kuwanika nekuwanika. Parizvino, pane 4.2 mamiriyoni evanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira mawebhusayithi, uye wechipiri chega, kupfuura $ 3,000 iri kushandiswa paSEM (Ropelato, 2010). Iyo "Triple-A Engine" nheyo, inoratidzwa nekukwanisa kuwana, kukwanisa, uye kuonekwa kusingazivikanwi, inogona kureva kushandiswa kwakawedzerwa kweSEM paInternet (Cooper, 1998).
Nzira dzisina kunaka dzekushandiswa pamunhu mumwe nomumwe
Kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakawanikwa kuti kune migumisiro yakaipa yakawanda kune mumwe munhu, kusanganisira kuora mwoyo kwezvidzidzo uye zvemhizha, kushungurudzwa, kubata zvepabonde (Cooper, Putnam, Planchon, & Boies, 1999; Manning, 2006), uye utsinye (Allen, D'Alessio, & Brezgel, 1995; Donnerstein, Donnerstein, & Evans, 1975). Kunze kwezvinetso zvakabatana nezvako, SEM kushandisa yakawedzera matambudziko muhukama hwepedyo (Deloy, 2007; Oddone-Paolucci, Genuis, & Violato, 2000). Kunyanya, kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nemumwe munhu kunowanzoita kuti kuderera muukama uye kugutsikana kwepabonde (Mabhiriji, 2008a; Deloy, 2007; Schneider, 2000a, 2000b; Yucel & Gassanov, 2010).
Paunenge uchitarisa uhu hukama hwehukama, kushandiswa kweSEM ndiko kufungidzira kwekuderedza kugadzikana kwewanano uye kushamwaridzana (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b) uye inobatsira zvikuru kuparadzana uye kurambana (Schneider, 2000b). Ichokwadi, nharo nehutano hwepabonde dzinowanzova nehutano hwehukama hunogutsikana, uye avo vanobatana muhukama hwehukama vanowedzera kuwedzera pakavanzika, kuzviparadzanisa, uye ukama hwehukama (Zvikwata, 1992; Schneider, 2000b; Wildmon-Muchena & Mudiki, 2002). Zvinetso izvi zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa mune vakaroorana apo mumwe chete mudiwa anogara achiita SEM kushandiswa, kazhinji zvichiita kuti kurasikirwa kwechido kune zvepabonde uye zvepabonde (Schneider, 2000b).
Kukanganisa kushandiswa kwevashandi
Nezvemigumisiro yekushandiswa kweshamwari, Zillmann naBryant (1984, 1988) vakaona kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakaita kuti kuderedzwa komumwe wako kuwedzere, kuwedzera kuve nehanya nevakadzi, kukanganisa mafungiro ezvepabonde, uye kuderera kwehutano hwakabatana nehukama hwemurume nemudzimai. Kutsvakurudza zvakare kwakaratidza kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kunowedzera kutonga kwehukama husina hukama hwemhando sehupenyu huripo (Drake, 1994).
Mukuwedzera kune zvinokanganisa mumwe wako, zvidzidzo zvakaongorora maitiro evakadzi kuSEM yemurume wavanoshandisa. SEM yemurume kushandisa kunogona kuunza akasiyana manzwiro asina kunaka (kureva, kutengesa, kurambwa, uye kusiiwa) kwevakadzi, izvo zvinowanzo gumisa kumiswa kwehukama (Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Vakadzi, vanowanzoona zvinonyadzisira zvemurume wavo, vanowanzotanga kuzviona sevasina kunaka, vasina maturo, vasina simba, uye mapenzi (Bergner & Mabhiriji, 2002).
Nzira dzakanaka dzekushandiswa nevashamwari
Pasinei nemigumisiro yakaipa yekuona zvinonyadzisira, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti vakaroorana vanoshandisa SEM pamwe vanogona kuva nezvibereko zvakanaka kupfuura avo vanoshandisa SEM pasina (Mabhiriji, 2008b; Mabhiriji & Morokoff, 2010; Schneider, 2000a, 2000b). Uyewo, vanhu vaingoona SEM pamwe chete nemudzimai wavo vanoratidzika sekuwedzerwa kugutsikana kwepabonde nekuzvitsaurira kumumwe wavo kana vachienzaniswa nevasiri vashandisi. Semuenzaniso, vakaroorana, avo vakataura kugovana SEM, vakabvumirana zvikamu zvepamusoro zvehukama uye kugutsikana kwepabonde kune vakaroorana vasina kushandisa SEM pamwechete (Mabhiriji, 2008b).
Chirevo cheSEM chinoshandiswa mukudanana
Zvichigoverwa nemigumisiro yakavhenganiswa mune tsvakurudzo yapfuura, zvinonzwisisika kuti kushandiswa kushandiswa uye kushandiswa kweshamwari yeSEM kwakaoma. Imwe nyaya inobatanidza migumisiro yehutano hwekugovana muhukama hwehukama hunoshandiswa neSEM. Kunyanya zvakanyanya, kushandiswa kweSEM muhukama hwepabonde kunogona kunge kune munhu mumwe chete kana kuti vose vaviri. Uyezve, kana uchitora maonero eomumwe wako nezvekuonekwa kweSEM mukufunga, kazhinji, panogona kuva nemapoka mashanu eSEM anoshandiswa: vashandisi vega, vashandi pamwe chete, vashandisi vakasiyana, vagovana vanoshandisa, uye vasiri vashandisi. Zvechokwadi, munhu mumwe chete anogona kuva wezvikamu zvakawanda zveSEM muhukama. Pakuongorora imwe neimwe yeizvi, migumisiro yekushandiswa inogona kusiyana kune munhu mumwe nomumwe munhengo imwe neimwe. Kunzwisisa kuoma kweSEM kushandiswa kunogonawo kufananidzwa nebasa reSEM rinoshandiswa. Kuti uwedzere kutsanangura basa uye simba reSEM rinoshandiswa muhukama hwepabonde (uye hunoita kuti huve nekugutsikana kunotaurwa), zvingave zvichibatsira kutsvaga zvivakwa zvine chokuita nekugutsikana kwehukama, sehukama hwepedyo kana kuzvipira.
Kukosha kwebasa reSEM rinoshandisa
Kududzira kweshamwari yeSEM yako kunogona kukanganisa ukama uye kugutsikana kwepabonde. Zvechokwadi, Bridges (2008a) akawana kuti kuwandisa uye zvinogadziriswa zveSEM zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana maererano nehutano, maonero ekushandiswa kweshamwari, uye basa reSEM rinoshandiswa. Muvanhu vakaroorana apo vakadzi vanoshandisa SEM, vose vakaroorana vakaratidza kuva nehupamhi hwepabonde uye hukama hunogutsa kana vachienzanisa nemadzimai avo vakadzi vasina kushandisa SEM. Muukama apo vakadzi vasina kushandisa SEM, kushandiswa kwevarume kweSEM kwakakanganisa zvizhinji zvekugutsikana kwepabonde. Uyezve, zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti basa rakagamuchirwa kupfuura rese reSEM rinoshandiswa kuvakadzi raive sechikamu chekuita rudo, nepo varume vanowanzonzi vanoshandisa iyo sega, masturbatory aid (Mabhiriji, 2008a, p. 79).
Kunze kwemigumisiro yehukama kugutsikana, kuzvipira, kushuva, uye ukama hwepedyo hunogona kuenderana neSEM kushandiswa. Mukudzidza kwakanaka, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvingave zvakakanganiswa zvinopindira muhutano hwehukama hunogutsikana (Benjamin & Tlusten, 2010). Somuenzaniso, vamwe vakadzi vanonzi vakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira uye vachishandisa senzira yekukudziridza chishuwo nemumwe wavo. Kune rumwe rutivi, vamwe vakadzi vanotaura kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira mifananidzo yeukama hwepedyo kwakaguma nekuparadzaniswa mune zvepabonde.
Chidzidzo chezvino chirikutsvaga kutsanangura kutsvaga kweSEM kushandiswa mukati mehukama hwehukama, kunyanya ukama huri pakati pemamiriro ekushandiswa kweSEM hunoshandiswa kurwisana netsika dzorudo (sezvakayerwa neshoko reSternberg), maitiro ekugutsikana, nemigumisiro yezvakataurwa pamusoro peSEM iko kushandiswa. Kutsvaga kukanganisa kweSEM kushandiswa nevakaroorana vose muhukama hwepabonde inzvimbo itsva; saka, chidzidzo ichi chiri kuvaka pamusoro peboka ritsva rekutsvakurudza.
Dzidzo yezvino
Chidzidzo chezvino chakaongorora kushandiswa kweSEM muhukama hwepabonde sezvakataurwa nomunhu. Nzira dzakarongedza zvinhu zvevanhu zvingangodaro zvakabatana nekushandiswa kweSEM kusanganisira chiyero cherudo rwehukama [ukama hwepedyo, kushushikana, uye kuzvipira (IPC)], kugutsikana kweukama, kugutsikana kwepabonde, nemigumisiro yekushandiswa kweSEM. Izvo zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvakarongedza kusiyana kwezviitiko zveSEM pakati pezvikwata zvevanhu pane: (a) chete uyo anenge ari mubatsiri anoshandisa SEM, (b) vose vanobatana vanoshandisa SEM pamwechete, kana (c) kana shamwari isingashandisi SEM. Bergner uye Bridges (2002) vakataura nezvezvinoitwa nevakadzi kana vakawana shamwari yavo inoshandisa SEM, iyo inoratidza kuti SEM inoshandiswa haisi kuratidzwa nguva dzose muhukama. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vashandi pamwe chete nevashandisi vakasiyana vakanga vasina kubatanidzwa. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinofanira kutarisa kana zvisina kuenderana uye dzimwe nguva pfungwa dzisina kururama dzeSEM dzinoshandiswa nevasati vashandise.
nzira
muchiuto
Vaparidzi, makore gumi nemakore kana kupfuura uye vari muukama hwepamuviri, vakanyorerwa kuburikidza neInternet muchidzidzo chekudzidzira mudziyo muyunivhesiti yakakura pakati peTexas, zviziviso zvekirasi muyunivhesiti imwechete, "yebholabhu" yekunyora email, nzira dzakashambadzirwa, uye kushamwaridzana nevamwe. Kuchengetwa kuburikidza nekutsvaga kwepawebsite kunosanganisira kutumira zviziviso zvekudzidza pamusoro pezvizhinji-zvinangwa zviziviso nzvimbo, zvakadai www.craigslist.com, www.backpage.com, uye Www.facebook.com.
Dhina rekuunganidza rakaitwa pamusoro pemwedzi ye6. Paaifamba kuenda kuongorori rekutsvaga, vateereri vose vakakurudzirwa kuti kubatanidzwa kwavo kwaive kwekuzvidira uye kuti vanogona kubva kubva pakudzidza chero nguva. Pamusana pehupenyu hwemibvunzo yekudzidza, kusayina kwemvumo kwakasunungurwa kuchengetedza kusazivikanwa, uye vatori vechikamu vakakurudzirwa kutarisa bhokisi rinoratidza kubvumirana kwavo, maererano ne IRB inobvumirwa mitemo. Mushure memvumo yekuita, vatori vechikamu vakapedzisa mubhuku remibvunzo. Mubvunzo wekutanga wekuongororwa wakabvunzwa waiva wehukama hwehukama hwake. Avo vanobvuma "vasina kuroorwa / kwete ikozvino muhukama hwepamuviri" vakaudzwa kuti vakanga vasingakwanisi kutora chikamu uye vakabuda kunze kwekudzidza.
Mushure mekupedzisa kupedza, kana vatori vechikamu vaida kupinda mufananidzo wekukwikwidza makumi mashanu-dollar, vakanamatira kubatana kunotungamirira kune imwe nzvimbo yedhafa refaira, izvo zvakadzivirira kuongororwa kwemashoko kubva pakubatanidzwa kune chikwata chekupinda. Vadzidzi vaviri, avo vakakunda rafle, vakazonyorwa ne email kuti varonge kuti vawane mubayiro wemari iwoyo kwavari. Vatori vechikoro kubva ku yunivhesiti vakapiwa mukana wekuwedzera chikwereti nekuda kwekutora chikamu panzvimbo pokupinda muhotera. Kana vaida chikwereti chakawedzerwa, vakanyora kubatana kunotungamirira kune imwe nzvimbo yefaira, iyo vakasiya zita ravo kuitira kuti chikwereti chakawedzerwa chingagoverwa.
Vakwikwidzi
Vazhinji vevatori vechikamu vaibva kune asiri mudzidzi muenzaniso (65%, n = 192). Vatori vechikamu vaisanganisira makumi manomwe evarume (75%) uye 25 vakadzi (221%) vane makore 75-18 emakore. Zvinoreva zera revatori vechikamu raive makore makumi maviri neshanu nemakumi mashanu neshanu (SD = 9.40). Vanhu muhukama hwavo hwazvino vaive pamwe chete kweavhareji yemakore 5.36 (SD = 6.60). Pakati pevatori vechikamu, 97% vaive vanoita zvepabonde uye 3% vaive ngochani. Panyaya yerudzi, uyu muyenzaniso wainyanya kuve weCaucasian (65.2%), uchiteverwa neSpanish (18.9%), African American (7.4%), uye imwe (8.5%).
Kuongororwa, mamiriro ekuroorana ainge akaiswa muwanano (38.1%) uye asina kuroorwa (62.9%). Vakaroorana vakaroora vakaroorwa nehuwandu hwemakore 3.47 (SD = 7.11). Vazhinji vevatori vechikamu vakataura kuve muhukama hwega (85.2%), 8.0% vaive nehukama hwakati wandei, uye 6.8% hwaive husina hukama hwehukama. Vangaita makumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri muzana yevatori vechikamu vakaita zvepabonde uye vanonzi vari kuita zvepabonde newavakaroorana naye iyezvino kwemakore 92SD = 6.80).
Vatori vechikamu vakarongeka mumapoka matatu zvichienderana nehuwandu hweSEM hunoshandiswa huri muhukama. Boka rokutanga nderevashandisi vega (n = 72-79; ona Tafura 1), umo vatori vechikamu ndivo chete munhu muukama achishandisa SEM. Boka rechipiri rakagoverwa vashandisi (n = 68-71), vari vatori vechikamu vakataura kuti vaviri vacho vanoshandisa SEM muhukama pamwe chete. Boka rechitatu ndivo vasiri-vashandisi (n = 93-108), vari vanhu vakataura kuti hapana SEM inoshandisa chero munhu ari muhukama.
|
Tafura 1. Zvinoreva, kukanganisa kwakakwana, uye nguva dzekuvimba (95%) nemapoka matatu kune rimwe nerimwe rinowirirana
| Kwete-vashandisi | Munhu wese anoshandisa | Vashandi vanogovana | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Range of n | 93-108 | 72-79 | 68-71 |
| Murume (%) | 13.9 | 43 | 35.2 |
| Ukama hunogutsikana | 25.22 (5.62) (24.15-26.30) | 23.19 (6.03) * (21.84-24.54) | 25.25 (4.89) (24.10-26.41) |
| Kugutsikana kwepabonde | 20.54 (14.87) (17.48-23.60) | 23.07 (14.53) (19.68-26.43) | 21.46 (12.30) (18.53-24.39) |
| IPC | |||
| Kushamwaridzana | 6.22 (0.96) (6/03–6.40) | 5.56 (1.43) * (5.24-5.88) | 6.14 (0.93) * (5.92-6.36) |
| chido | 5.73 (1.34) (5.47-5.99) | 5.53 (1.29) (5.24-5.82) | 5.90 (1.17) (5.62-6.17) |
| kubatikana | 6.25 (1.17) (5.52-5.83) | 5.70 (1.66) * (5.04-5.54) | 6.35 (1.01) * (5.50-5.84) |
| PCES | |||
| PED | - | 14.46 (6.30) (13.14-16.05) | 14.87 (6.15) (13.35-16.41) |
| SL | - | 3.05 (1.48) (2.73-3.43) | 3.33 (1.38) (3.01-3.69) |
| LG | - | 2.39 (1.31) (2.11-2.74) | 2.48 (1.32) (2.17-2.83) |
| PATOG | - | 1.86 (1.19) (1.61-2.15) | 1.75 (1.18) (1.49-2.06) |
| MAD | - | 3.16 (1.40) (2.86-3.50) | 3.26 (1.42) (2.92-3.61) |
| SK | - | 4.00 (1.68) (3.64-4.37) | 4.05 (1.64) (3.66-4.45) |
| NED | - | 8.67 (2.86) (8.01-9.34) | 8.11 (3.34) (7.30-8.92) |
| SL | - | 2.26 (0.86) (2.07-2.48) | 2.18 (0.96) (1.94-2.42) |
| LG | - | 1.96 (0.86) * (1.76-2.16) | 1.68 (0.67) (1.53-1.86) |
| PATOG | - | 2.63 (0.98) (2.40-2.87) | 2.53 (1.25) (2.24-2.84) |
| MAD | - | 1.81 (0.78) (1.63-2.00) | 1.71 (0.83) (1.53-1.93) |
chitsamba. The n nokuti boka rimwe nerimwe rakasiyana pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekudzima kunze, kusina dhesi, uye kana kana kwete munhu wacho aive nekuita zvepabonde. PED = maitiro akanaka maitiro, NED = nhengo dzisina kunaka, SL = upenyu hwepabonde, LG = upenyu huripo, PATOG = maonero ekufunga nezvepabonde, ATS = mafungiro nezvepabonde, uye SK = ruzivo rwepabonde.
*p = .05.
Nzira
Mubvunzo wemibvunzo yekudzidza wakabatanidza huwandu hwezvokuzvipira huripo. Tafura 1 inoratidza nzira uye kukanganisa kwakakwana neboka kune rimwe nerimwe rinotsamira.
Demographics
Nhamba dzevanhu dzakawanikwa kune vose vatora uye dzakabatanidza mibvunzo pamusoro pezera, zvepabonde, ukama hwehukama, dzinza, zvepabonde, uye chitendero.
SEM tsvakurudzo
Ichi chiyero chakagadzirwa nokuda kwechinangwa chekudzidza ikozvino. SEM yakatsanangurwa se "chero chinhu chipi zvacho chinoratidzira vanhu vakuru vaviri vachiita zvinhu zvinonakidza, zvisiri zvechisimba, zvisingasvibisi, zvekuita zvepabonde." Kushandiswa kweSEM ikozvino kwakayerwa kushandiswa kushandiswa kwemaawa (maawa pamwedzi, nguva dzinoshandiswa pamwedzi) uye mabasa kana zvikonzero zveSEM shandisa. Zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakadai sorudzi rweSEM mhizha dzinoshandiswa uye zviri mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeSEM, dzakaongororwa. Izvochete mimwe mibvunzo yakabvunzwa pamusoro pekushandiswa kwevamwe vavo uye kushandiswa kunoenderana kweSEM.
Dyadic kugadzirisa chikero (DAS-7)
DAS-7, shanduro yakadhindwa yepakutanga ye32-chiyero chezvinhu, mhinduro yemibvunzo ine zvinyorwa zvinomwe zveAppert (Hunsley, Akanakisa, Lefebvre, & Vito, 2001). Zvinhu zvitatu zvekutanga zvinoumbwa nemashoko pamusoro pekubvumirana pane nhatu nharo dzenyika yose (uzivi, zvinangwa, uye nguva inoshandiswa pamwe chete) iyo vatori vechikamu vanoratidza chibvumirano chavo kubva ku0 (Nguva dzose Isingawirirani) ku5 (Nguva dzose Inobvumirana). Chechipiri zvinhu zvitatu zvinosanganisira mazwi pamusoro pezviitiko zvezviitiko zvishoma, uye vatori vechikamu vakaratidza kuwandisa kwemabasa aya kubva ku0 (Haamboiti) kuenda ku5 (Kazhinji kamwe kamwe pazuva). Chinhu chekupedzisira chirevo pamusoro pehuwandu hwehufaro muhukama huripo vatori vechikamu vanoratidza chidimbu chechibvumirano pamusoro pechiyero che 7-kubva pa 0 (Kunyanya kusina mufaro) kusvika ku6 (Yakakwana). Kwose, zvikwata zvakakwirira zvinoreva hukama hwepamusoro hunogutsikana.
DAS-7 yakaratidza kukwana kwakakwana kwemukati (Cronbach's α = 0.78), kunze kwekuvimbika-kuedza kutendeseka kubva ku α = 0.75 kusvika ku0.80 (Hunsley et al., 2001). Zvikamu zvakabva ku0 (kushushikana) kusvika ku36 (isina kushungurudzika). Kuvimbika kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso uyu kunoratidza kuwirirana kwakanaka (Cronbach's α = 0.82).
Index ye kugutsikana kwepabonde (ISS)
IASS ndeye 25-chiyero chezvinhu chinoongorora chiyero chekusagadzikana kwepabonde kana kusagutsikana mukati mehukama (Hudson, Harrison, & Crosscup, 1981). Mhinduro dzinotangira kubva ku1 (Kazhinji kana Yisina Yenguva) ku5 (Yakawanda kana Yese Yenguva), uye inopfupikiswa kune zvinhu zve 25. Pamusana pekukanganisa kwehutungamiri, chikwata chakakonzerwa ne24-chinhu chakashandiswa; iyo yakagamuchirwa yekutanga yekuongorora yakashuma kuti kuvimbika kwekuvimbika uye kuvimbika kwechiyero ichichengetwa kunyange kana mibvunzo miviri isipo (Hudson et al., 1981). Dzidzo dzepamusoro dzinonyanya kusagutsikana, uye kliniki cutoff ndeye 30.
IISS inonyanya kuwirirana mukati meCronbach's α = 0.92 uye test-retest kuvimbika kwe α = 0.93 (Hudson et al., 1981). Mukuwedzera, kusarura kwekuita kwekodzero yeIS yakakwirira (Hudson et al., 1981). Kuvimbika kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso uyu kunoratidza kuwirirana kwakanaka (Cronbach's α = 0.89).
Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa (PCES)
ICCES inonzi 47-item scale iyo inoongorora kuzviona kwakanaka uye kwakashata kwekuona zvinonyadzisira (Huru & Malamuth, 2008). Ichi chiyero chinosanganisira zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha, kusanganisira maitiro akanaka maonero (PED) uye nhengo dzisina kunaka (NED). Kunewo maonero ehutano, kusanganisira hupenyu hwepabonde (SL), hupenyu huripo (LG), maonero ekuona maonero ehutano hwakasiyana (PATOG), mafungiro nezvezvepabonde (ATS), uye ruzivo rwepabonde (SK).
ICCES haina purogiramu yakazara, pane imwe yerudzi rwe 11 (1-7 mararamiro ezvinyorwa zvose). Mhinduro dzevatori vechikamu dzinotangira kubva ku1 (Kwete paZvose) kusvika ku7 (Kumutambo Mukuru kwazvo). Global PED inowanikwa nekuenzanisa 27-zvinhu, uye NED yenyika yose inowanikwa nekuenzanisa 20-zvinhu. Dzidzo dzakakwirira dzinoratidza chibvumirano chakakwirira.
Kuvimbika kwakazara (kureva, Cronbach's α) yePED iri 0.91 ine fungidziro yekufungidzira ye0.91 (SL), 0.90 (SK), 0.90 (ATS), 0.87 (GL), uye 0.73 (PATOG) kune imwe neimwe inovaka. Kuvimbika kwakazara kweiyo NED ndeye 0.82 ine fungidziro yekufungidzira ye0.83 (GL), 0.81 (ATS), 0.71 (SL), uye 0.72 (PATOG) kune imwe neimwe kuvaka (Huru & Malamuth, 2008). Kutendeseka kuongororwa kwePED neNED kwemuenzaniso uyu kwakaratidza kuwirirana kwakanaka (Cronbach's α = 0.95 uye α = 0.92, maererano).
IPC scale
IIPC inonzi 19-chimwe chiyero chezvikamu zvitatu zvinosanganisira dzidziso nhatu dzorudo (Sternberg, 1986): kushamwaridzana (7-zvinhu), chido (8-zvinhu), nekuzvipira (8-zvinhu, Lemieux & Hale, 2000). I-IPC haina purogiramu yakazara, pane imwe yezvinyorwa zvitatu (7-49 range yehukama hwepedyo, uye 8-56 mararamiro ekuda nekuzvipira zviripo). Mhinduro dzevatori vechikamu dzinobva ku1 (Haikwanise kubvumirana) kusvika ku7 (Yakabvumirana kwazvo). Dzidzo dzakakwirira dzakakodzana zvakagadziriswa zvakanyanya zvechinhu ichocho. Kutendeseka kwakakwana kwekuwanika kwakawanikwa kwezvikamu zvitatu zvinotevera: kushamwaridzana (α = 0.89), chido (α = 0.94), nekuzvipira (α = 0.89). IPC zvikwata zvine zvakanaka convergent validity nehukama kugutsikana chiyero (α = 0.96). Kuvimbika kuongororwa kwePC zvinyorwa zvemuenzaniso uyu zvakaratidza kushanda kwakanaka (Cronbach's α = 0.91, α = 0.94, uye α = 0.92, maererano).
Inoongorora
Iyo data yaongororwa vachishandisa SPSS 16.0. Nhamba yekuongorora inotsanangurwa pakati pe-maboka akasiyana-siyana achienzanisa navashandisi vega, vagovana vanoshandisa SEM pamwechete, uye vasiri vashandisi. Chiyero chekuongororwa kwekodhienderedhi yemuenzaniso yakashandiswa kuongorora kana paiva nekusiyana kwakasiyana kunowanika paDAS-7 neIS pakati pezvikamu zvitatu zveSEM zvinoshandiswa. Tsvakurudzo dzakapiwa dzakaratidza kusiyana kweSEM kushandiswa nehutano, zvepabonde zvakapindawo sechipiri kuzvimiririra zvakasiyana kuti zviongorore kugona kuenzanisa zvido sezwi rekubatana. Chero zvakakosha zvakasiyana (p <.05) kubva kuongororo yekusiyana (ANOVA) yakaenderera mberi nekuteedzerwa neyepashure-hoc Tukey's Honestly Significant Misiyano bvunzo vachishandisa α nhanho ye .05. Mutsara weAOVAs wakaitwa kuti uongorore SEM mapoka akasiyana ezvakaonekwa mhedzisiro mumapoka maviri akashandisa SEM.
Post-hoc inotsvaga kutarisa kuwandisa kweSEM kushandiswa kwakaitwa kuti tione kana kushanduka uku kwakakanganisa migumisiro. t-Miyedzo yakashandiswa kuongorora kana kuwanda kweSEM kuchishandiswa kukanganisa hukama kugutsikana, kugutsikana pabonde, uye nekuona mhedzisiro yekushandisa. Mapoka akapatsanurwa kuita vashoma-frequency vashandisi (HFUs; kureva, anopfuura 1 hr mwedzi) uye vashoma-frequency vashandisi (LFUs; kureva, isingasviki 1 hr pamwedzi) zvichibva pane zviyero zvinoshandiswa mukudzidza kwekutanga (Mabhiriji, 2008a).
Ethics
Ichi chidzidzo chakagamuchirwa neUniversity of Houston-Clear Lake's Institutional Review Board. Pamusana pehupenyu hwemibvunzo yekudzidza, kusayina kwemvumo kwakasunungurwa kuchengetedza kusazivikanwa, uye vatori vechikamu vakakurudzirwa kutarisa bhokisi rinoratidza kubvumirana kwavo. Mushure memvumo yekuita, vatori vechikamu vakapedzisa mubhuku remibvunzo.
Results
Kuwanda kwevanhu uye SEM vanoshandisa
Gender
Varume vaikwanisa kushandisa SEM muhukama hwavo (80%) vachienzaniswa nevakadzi (59%) [χ2 (1) = 17.25, p <.001]. Tichitarisa pamhando nhatu dzakasiyana dzevashandisi veSEM, pakanga paine mutsauko nevakadzi [χ2 (2) = 20.99, p <.001]. Vanhurume vaigona zvakanyanya kuve vashandisi vega (p = .008) uye zvakanyanya kushomeka kuve asiri-mushandisi (p = .002).
Kutarisa pamhando mitatu yakasiyana yemapoka eSEM, pakanga pasina kupesana kukuru pakati pevakaroorana nevaya vasina kuroorwa [χ2 (2) = .957, p = .620].
Kakawanda, kwaiva nehuwandu hwekusiyana kwehukama kune hukama hwakasiyana-siyana neSEM kushandiswa, uye Tafura 2 inoratidza kusiyanisa kwehukama hwehukama (ukama kugutsikana uye IPC) nehutano uye rudzi rweSEM rinoshandiswa. Uyezve, munhu wese wevashandi aiva nezvikamu zvakaderera zvine chokuita nekugutsikana kweukama, ukama hwepedyo, nekuzvipira zvichienzaniswa nevasiri vashandisi. Mukuwedzera, munhu mumwechete vashandisi akaratidza zvikamu zvakaderera pasi pahukama hwepedyo uye kuzvipira pane hukama nehuwandu hwekushandisa. Ikoko kwaive nemafungiro ekusiyana kwepabonde kune kugutsikana kwepabonde, F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068, nevanhurume vachiratidza kudzikira kwekugutsikana kupfuura vanhukadzi.
|
Tafura 2. Zvinomiririra uye kuenzanisa kwezvirevo zvakasiyana zvinoenderana nehutano uye rudzi rweSEM rinoshandiswa muhukama
| Ukama hunogutsikana | Kugutsikana kwepabonde | Kushamwaridzana | chido | kubatikana | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zvinoreva | F uye p ukoshi | Zvinoreva | F uye p ukoshi | Zvinoreva | F uye p ukoshi | Zvinoreva | F uye p ukoshi | Zvinoreva | F uye p ukoshi | |
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Varume | 25.14 | F(1, 252) = 1.06, p = .305 | 24.34 | F(1, 230) = 3.36, p = .068 * | 5.94 | F(1, 252) = 0.19, p = .661 | 5.67 | F(1, 252) = 0.46, p = .499 | 5.61 | F(1, 252) = 0.41, p = .551 |
| Females | 24.31 | 20.38 | 6.02 | 5.79 | 5.53 | |||||
| SEM shandisa | ||||||||||
| Mumwe mushandisi | 23.24 | F(2, 252) = 3.69, p = .026 ** | 23.29 | F(2, 230) = 0.21, p = .812 | 5.54 | F(2, 252) = 7.95, p 001 .XNUMX *** | 5.50 | F(2, 252) = 1.67, p = .191 | 5.29 | F(2, 252) = 5.30, p = .006 ** |
| Akagovana mushandisi | 25.39 | 22.05 | 6.14 | 5.87 | 5.69 | |||||
| Asiri-mushandisi | 25.55 | 21.74 | 6.23 | 5.81 | 5.74 | |||||
| Kusangana | F(2, 252) = 0.01, p = .992 | F(2, 230) = 0.03, p = .973 | F(2, 252) = 0.64, p = .531 | F(2, 252) = 0.96, p = .386 | F(2, 252) = 0.41, p = .666 | |||||
*p = .10, **p = .05, ***p = .001.
Sezvo mubhuku rino rekuongorora rinongoratidzira maonero ezvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka zvekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa, zvakangowanikwa kune mumwe munhu vashandisi uye vashandisi vese.
Anozvimirira t-kuda kwePESES PED yakaratidza kuti hapana kusiyana kwakasiyana pakati pevashandisi uye vamwe vashandisi varo, t(70) = -0.063, p > .05. Uyezve, hapana chePED's subscales chakaratidza chero musiyano wakakura pakati pemapoka matatu.
Saizvozvowo, unozvimirira t-kuda kwePESES NED purogiramu haina kubudisa maonero akasiyana eboka, t(70) = -0.194, p > .05. Pane imwe yeNED subscales, LG, yakazvimiririra t-kuenzanisa kukuru kwakaratidza maonero makuru asina kunaka kubva kune vamwe vanoshandisa (M = 1.68) pane vashandisi vakagovana [M = 1.96; t(138) = -2.10, p = .036].
Pasi pose, zvinoreva uye kuparara kwemaitiro zvinowanikwa muTebvu 3, uye izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakaputsika zvakare nehuwandu hwekushandisa (HFU vs. LFU).
|
Tafura 3. Zvinoreva, kukanganisa kwakakwana, uye nguva dzekutendeseka (95%) nemapoka maviri nokuda kwechirevo chega chega chinoenderana
| Low-frequency user | High-frequency user | |
|---|---|---|
| Range of n | 75-84 | 65-92 |
| Murume (%) | 32.1 | 34.8 |
| Ukama hunogutsikana | 25.18 (5.72) ** (24.01-26.51) | 23.28 (5.47) (22.78-25.02) |
| Kugutsikana kwepabonde | 21.06 (12.91) (18.45-23.95) | 23.37 (14.08) (11.90-16.06) |
| IPC | ||
| Kushamwaridzana | 6.08 (0.99) ** (5.85-6.28) | 5.57 (1.43) (5.47-6.03) |
| chido | 5.87 (1.12) * (5.62-6.10) | 5.52 (1.35) (5.37-5.94) |
| kubatikana | 6.20 (1.31) * (5.41-5.78) | 5.88 (1.46) (5.20-5.59) |
| PCES | ||
| PED | 13.70 (6.33) * (12.27-15.16) | 15.74 (5.98) (14.26-17.29) |
| SL | 2.96 (1.47) ** (2.63-3.33) | 3.45 (1.37) (3.11-3.80) |
| LG | 2.24 (1.30) (1.96-2.55) * | 2.65 (1.31) (2.33-2.98) |
| PATOG | 1.75 (1.13) (1.49-2.00) | 1.87 (1.25) (1.56-2.18) |
| MAD | 2.90 (1.42) * (2.66-3.32) | 3.45 (1.36) (3.11-3.80) |
| SK | 3.75 (1.73) (3.38-4.14) ** | 4.33 (1.52) (3.97-4.71) |
| NED | 7.94 (3.35) * (7.22-8.71) | 8.90 (2.75) (8.22-9.59) |
| SL | 2.04 (0.89) ** (1.85-2.24) | 2.43 (0.90) (2.20-2.64) |
| LG | 1.72 (0.77) * (1.55-1.90) | 1.95 (0.78) (1.76-2.15) |
| PATOG | 2.46 (1.18) (2.21-2.72) | 2.72 (1.04) (1.6-2.18) |
| MAD | 1.73 (0.91) (1.5-1.94) | 1.81 (0.66) (1.65-1.97) |
chitsamba. The n nokuti boka rimwe nerimwe rakasiyana pakati pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana nekuda kwekudzima kunze, kusina dhesi, uye kana kana kwete munhu wacho aive nekuita zvepabonde. PED = maitiro akanaka maitiro, NED = nhengo dzisina kunaka, SL = upenyu hwepabonde, LG = upenyu huripo, PATOG = maonero ekufunga nezvepabonde, ATS = mafungiro nezvepabonde, uye SK = ruzivo rwepabonde.
*p = .10, **p = .05.
Nenzira yakawanda, LFU yakashuma zviri nani pane HFUs. LFU yakanga iine huwandu hwakawanda hwehukama kugutsikana [t(174) = 2.13, p = .035] uye yepamusoro hwehukama hwehukama [t(174) = 2.76, p = .006] kupfuura HFU. Pakange pasina misiyano yekugutsikana pabonde, kuda, uye kuzvipira pane kuwanda kweSEM kushandiswa.
Zvose, HFU (M = 15.74) yakazivisa yakakura yakajeka mhedzisiro kupfuura LFU [M = 13.70; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053]. Paive nekukosha uye padiki pakasiyana misiyano pane anotevera akanaka ma subscales: SL [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.96; t(138) = -2.02, p = .045], ATS [HFU M = 3.45; LFU M = 2.99; t(138) = -1.95, p = .053], uye SK [HFU M = 4.33; LFU M = 3.75; t(138) = -2.08, p = .040]. Pakange pasina misiyano yakakosha pane chero imwe subscales.
Kwakanga kusina kusiyana kwakasiyana kweNED PCES kune dzimwe nguva dzeSEM dzinoshandiswa; zvisinei, paiva nekusiyana kwakasiyana paS SL subscale apo HFUs (M = 2.43) yakashuma zvakakomba zvakashata kupfuura LFU [M = 2.04; t(138) = -2.57, p = .011]. Pakange pasina misiyano yakakosha pane chero imwe subscales.
hurukuro
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora mashandisirwo eSEM mune vakaroorana aive nehukama nehukama uye kugutsikana pabonde, inoonekwa mhedzisiro yekushandisa, uye hukama hunovaka (semuenzaniso, IPC). Pakazara, iyo SEM yekushandisa yaive yakabatana nehukama kugutsikana, asi haina hukama nekugutsikana pabonde. Kunyanya zvakanyanya, vakaroorana, uko pasina munhu akamboshandisa, vakarondedzera hukama hwakawanda kugutsikana kupfuura avo vaviri vakaroorana vaive nevashandisi vega. Izvi zvinowirirana neongororo yapfuura (Cooper et al., 1999; Manning, 2006), kuratidza kuti kushandiswa kwega kweSEM kunoguma nemigumisiro yakaipa. Nokudaro, zvingave kuti vakaroorana vari kunyanya kutambura apo mumwe kana vose vari vaviri vari kushandisa SEM. Zvisinei, kupa vakaroorana avo vakanga vashandise SEM havana kumbosiyana nevasiri vashandisi kana mumwe munhu anoshandisa, zvinogona kunge zvakanakisisa pahukama kana vakaroorana vasingatendi kushandisa SEM, uye kana vachida kushandisa SEM, vanofanira kuishandisa zvishoma semurume nemudzimai, pane mumwe nomumwe.
Mukupfupisa, hukama hunogadzira dzakadai sePC hunosiyana kubva pane SEM inoshandiswa muhukama. Nehutano hwepabonde hwakachengetwa nguva dzose, vashandisi vamunhu mumwe chete vanotaura zvakanyanya kushamwaridzana uye kuzvipira muhukama hwavo kupfuura vasiri vashandisi uye navashandisi varo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuderedzwa kwehukama hwepedyo nekuzvipira nekuvapo kwega SEM kushandiswa muukama kunogona kuregererwa kana vaviri vakaroorana vanoshandisa SEM. Nhoroondo inoreva hukama uhwo uko vaviri vakaroorana vanoshandisa SEM kana kuti vose vaviri vakaroorana kubva paSEM vanoshandisa maitiro akafanana ehukama, kuzvipira, uye kugutsikana kwehukama ikozvino. Kushamwaridzana pakati pehukama hunovaka (zvakadai sehukama hwepedyo nekuzvipira) kunogona kuenzaniswa nenzira iyo SEM inoshandisa inoiswa muhukama. Semuenzaniso, avo vane maitiro akaderera ehukama kana kuzvipira vanogona kusarudza kuona SEM mumwe nomumwe, asi avo vane mazinga akakwirira vangasarudza kurega kushandiswa kana kuona SEM pamwechete. Imwe tsanangudzo ndeyokuti kudzokorora kushandiswa kweSEM kunogona kuchinja munhu zvepabonde uye kuwedzera chido chavo chekuita zvepabonde zvinyorwa zvinokurudzira. Kunyanya kushandiswa, kushandiswa kwakafanana kwakadzokororwa SEM kunogona kunge kusingadi sezvinodiwa kana inoverengeka.
Kakawanda, kakawanda sei maonero ehumwe SEM anogona kuva nemigumisiro pamigumisiro yevashandi. Kudzidza kwedu kwakawana kuti HFU inowanzova neukama hwepedyo kugutsikana uye hukama hwepedyo muhukama hwavo hwepano. Zvisinei, HFU yakashuma yakakura yakaonekwa nemigumisiro inobatsira yekushandiswa, kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda, kupfuura LFU, nepo ivo vaitiwo vashoma vanoona migumisiro yakaipa. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti avo vanoshandisa SEM kakawanda vanowanikwa mari yakawanda mukushandisa kwavo. Pasinei nokuti HFU inokonzera kuderedzwa kweukama hwepedyo kana kuti kugutsikana kweukama, kana kuti zvirevo zvekupedzisira zvinotungamirira kushandiswa kukuru kweSEM, kushandiswa kweSEM kushandiswa kunoita kunge kune ngozi kune ukama hwavo hwepano. Uyezve, zvichida nekuda kwekutsvaga kwemari, vashandisi vangave vane sarudzo yakanaka yekuyeuka yekushandisa kwavo.
Ichi chidzidzo chaisanganisira simba rakasiyana-siyana. Chokutanga, chaiva shanduko yakavhenganiswa yevadzidzi vekoroji uye vatori vemunharaunda. Kuva nehuwandu hwekuenzanisa kwedu (65%) inobva kuvatori vechikwata zvemagariro inowedzera generalizability. Chechipiri, yaiva imwe yezvidzidzo zvekutanga kutsvaga kushandiswa kwakawanda kudarika marudzi akawanda eSEM anoshandiswa muhutano, izvo zvinowedzera kunzwisisa kwedu kwemigumisiro yeSEM kushandiswa muhukama. Zvisinei, paiva nehuwandu hwekukanganisa pakutsanangura mhinduro dzekudzidza kwedu. Iyi tsvakurudzo yakabatanidzwa paIndaneti uye nyaya dzakabatanidzwa mukutsvakurudza uku dzakanyatsotarisa; saka, kune mukana wekuzvisarudzira kusarudza. Uyezve, zvimwe hukuru hukuru hunoshandiswa pamwe chete nehukuru huri nani huri kubvumira chero humwe hutano huripo huripo kuti huvhenekere pachavo. Pakupedzisira, takanga tava kukwanisa kuongorora kushandiswa kweSEM kweumwe munhu mukati mehukama hwe dyadic. Panogona kunge kuine zvipingamupinyi zvinoshandiswa mukati mekuenzanisa kwedu, sekuti kana kwete uyo ari kuona asingazivi SEM.
Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kuongorora kushandiswa kweSEM kwevadzidzi pamwe chete kupa humwe ruzivo pamusoro pezvimwe zvinowanikwa. Sezvo SEM inoshandisa nguva zhinji inosanganisira kunyengera, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanira kuongorora vose vari vaviri vari muhukama, kuitira kuti vawane migumisiro yeSEM kushandiswa kune hukama hwepabonde, kana waanoshandisa achishandisa chakavanzika. Uyezve, akapiwa kushayikwa kwekuenzanisa, chikamu chemugumo hachina kugadziriswa. Uyezve, panogona kunge kune vanyori nevaongorori vane chokuita nekushandiswa, uye izvi hazvisati zvichiri kuongororwa. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi nekwakagadzirwa kwenguva refu zvingave nekwanisi yekuongororwa izvozvi zvinyorwa panguva dzakawanda pfungwa, izvo zvingava zvakakosha kusimbisa kunzwisisa kwedu kweSEM kushandiswa muhukama hwepabonde. Kunzwisisa zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadzirisa zviito zvakanaka uye zvisina kunaka zvevakaroorana uye kutsvaga kutungamirirwa kweSEM kushandiswa uye hukama hwehukama huchava matanho anotevera anokosha.
Mupiro wevanyori
Vanyori vose vaibatanidzwa mune zvikamu zvose zvekudzidza. Ichi chinyorwa ndicho chigumisiro chekupedzisira chemashoko aJM. Nokudaro, akabatanidzwa mune zvose zvese zvekudzidza kusanganisira pfungwa yekugadzirisa, kudzidza zvakagadziriswa, kuunganidza deta uye kuongorora, nekugadzirwa kwemashoko. CTW uye MBS vakatarisa uye vakapa mazano JM mune zvose zvinyorwa zvebhuku iri. Uyezve, ivo vose vakabatsira pakuvandudzwa nekugadzirwa kwemaoko ekupedzisira. Vose vanyori vakagamuchira bhuku rekupedzisira.
Hapana wevanyori vanofanira kuzivisa chero kukanganisa kwechokwadi kana kukwanisa kwekufarira. Hakuchina kukakavara kwechokwadi kana kukwanisa kwekufarira.
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