Al Mamun, MA, SM Yasir Arafat, Mst Ambiatunnahar, naMark D. Griffiths.
International Journal yePfungwa Dzepfungwa uye Kupindwa muropa: 1-13.
ngovepo
Zvinonyadzisira zvinogadzirwa zvakanyanya, kuparadzirwa, uye kushandiswa senzira yekuvaraidza kutenderera pasirese asi zvakadzidzwa zvishoma kuBangladesh. Chidzidzo chiripo chakaongorora hunhu uye njodzi dze Bangladeshi yunivhesiti yevadzidzi vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira. Ongororo yakaitwa pakati pevadzidzi vepamusoro-313 avo vakapedza kudzidza paJahangirnagar University (Dhaka, Bangladesh). Chidzidzo ichi chakaona kuti 72% yevadzidzi vaidya zvinonyadzisira kamwe chete mukati mehupenyu hwavo hwese, uye hafu yavo vaimbove vatengi pane dzimwe nguva. Vanenge zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu (67%) vakasangana nezvinonyadzisira panguva yechikoro chepamusoro, kunyange vakadzi vaiwanzo kuona zvinonyadzisira gare gare. Ongororo yekudzokorora pfungwa yakaratidza kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwaifungidzirwa kuve murume, achigara munzvimbo yekumaruwa, kuve muhukama, kuita zviitiko zvepa online (sekushandisa Facebook), uye kuona mafirimu. Kuwedzera kutsvagiridza kunodiwa kuti uwedzere kuona maitiro uye maitiro anobatana nawo anokanganisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira pakati pevadzidzi veBangladeshi.
Keywords
Zvinonyadzisira Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa Unhu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira Mufambiro wevadzidzi Bangladeshi zvepabonde
Zvinonyadzisira zvinogadzirwa zvakanyanya uye zvinoparadzirwa, uye zvinoshandiswa svikiro yevaraidzo kutenderera nyika. Izwi rekuti "zvinonyadzisira" rave richidanidzirwa semutambo wekunyepedzera muchimiro chakadhindwa kana chinoratidzwa chinoratidza nhengo dzakavanzika dzemitezo uye / kana kuita zvevatano izvo vamwe vanhu vangawana zvinogumbura, zvisina hukasha, uye unzenza, uye izvo zvinonyanya kuitirwa kumutsa vatano uye inoitirwa kufadza kana kumutsa chishuvo chisina kunaka (Mafashama 2007; Malamuth 2001; Mosher 1988. Saizvozvowo, Morgan (2011) inotsanangurwa ichidya zvinonyadzisira sekutarisa mifananidzo, mavhidhiyo, kunyorwa, uye / kana zvinhu zvinonzwika zvinoratidza vanhu vasina kupfeka vanoratidzwa pabonde, uye / kana vanhu vanoita bonde kana bonhora.
Iyo nyaya yekuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira (kureva., Kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira) yawana kutarisisa kukuru. Zvidzidzo zvakaramba zvichiratidzira kuti vanhurume vanokwanisa kushingairira kutsvaga nekuona zvinonyadzisira pabonde kupfuura zvevakadzi (Bleakley et al. 2011; Brown naL'Engle 2009; Lim et al. 2017; Peter naValkenburg 2006; Regnerus et al. 2016; Rissel et al. 2017; Shek naMa 2016. Izvo zvave zvichinzi varume vanogara vachiona zvinonyadzisira vatengi nekuda kwezvinhu zvakaita sekugona kwavo maitiro uye kugona kukurumidza (Chawshury et al. 2018. Kusevenza zvinonyadzisira kwakawedzera nekuda kweindaneti nekuti yakaita kuti zvinonyadzisira zviwanike, zvive nyore, uye zvisingazivikanwe (Cooper 1998; Owens et al. 2012. Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwefoni nhare (semuenzaniso, smartphones, mahwendefa, nezvimwewo) zvakakonzerawo nzira itsva dzekudyidzana neshamwari (semuenzaniso, kushandisa Facebook) uye kuita mamwe maitiro akadai sekuteerera mimhanzi (kuburikidza nema smartphones, MP3 players) uye kuona mafirimu akatwasuka uye terevhizheni boxsets (semuenzaniso, Netflix. Kushandiswa kweaya manyowani mafoni emagetsi uye nzira nyowani dzekuita zvevaraidzo zvinogona kuvewo zvinowedzera mukushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa mukuona zvinonyadzisira zvinosanganisira apo zvinonyadzisira zvakatanga kusangana (sekuti, udiki, kuyaruka, munhu mukuru), munogara vanhu (semuenzaniso, nzvimbo dzekumadhorobha kana kumaruwa) nyaya) (Braithwaite et al. 2015; Carroll et al. 2008; Chowdhury et al. 2018; Sørensen naKjørholt 2007).
Zvikonzero uye zvinhu zvinosanganisirwa pakuona zvinonyadzisira ndezvemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvinosanganisira kuda kumutswa pabonde uye / kana kuita bonhora, kuda kuziva, ruzivo uye zvinangwa zvedzidzo, yekuvandudza manzwiro, uye kugutsa fungidziro dzebonde .. 2002; Mattebo et al. 2014; Merrick et al. 2013; Paul naShim 2008. Kuwana zvinonyadzisira kunogona zvakare kuumba maitiro pazviri uye kunogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevanhu uye zviitiko zvinobatana (semuenzaniso, Patterson uye Mutengo 2012; Perry 2015, 2016, 2017. Izvo zvinonzi zvakare kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kukanganisa tsika dzenharaunda (Lo na Wei 2005; Mattebo et al. 2014), kukonzera kukanganisika kune hupenyu hwepamoyo hwevanhu vakaita sekuwanda kwezvibodzwa, kutadzisa kuita zvepabonde, uye kuparara kwehukama (Mafashama 2009; Hald uye Malamuth 2008; Maddox et al. 2011; Paul naShim 2008; Poulsen et al. 2013).
MuBanglandi (uko kwakaitwa uku kuongorora), nyika haina hutano nekuverenga uye hwepabonde inyaya yakavanzika nekuda kwenharaunda nemagariro uye zvekunamata (Ahsan et al. 2016; Arafat 2017; Arafat et al. 2018. Zvepabonde hachisi chinyorwa chinokurukurwa paruzhinji, uye kuziva kwakashata, kuchisimbisirwa nevarapi vechinyakare vanopira mukuparadzira kusanzwisisika kwepabonde pakati pevagari (Ahsan et al. 2016; Arafat 2017. Parizvino, kwave nekufarirwa kwekutsvagurudza muBanglack maererano nemaitiro epabonde, maitiro kune zvepabonde, uye hunhu hwehupenyu hwepabonde. Chinguva ichangoburwa Bangladeshi chidzidzo naChowdhury et al. (2018) yakashuma kuti huwandu hwehuwandu hwekuwana zvinonyadzisira muInternet pakati pevane makore 20 kusvika 25 makore yaive 54% muvanhurume uye 12.5% mune vakadzi. Zvichipa kushomeka kwekutsvagisa muBangladesh, izvozvi kuongorora kwekuongorora kwakaongorora vadzidzi vepashure 'yekuona zvinonyadzisira mashandisiro uye maonero avo uye maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa. Njodzi zvinhu zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvakaongororwa kusanganisira zvevakadzi, nzvimbo yekugara, hukama hwehukama, zviitiko zvekuzorora, uye kuita zviitiko zvepamhepo.
nzira
Vatori vechikamu uye Nzira
Ongororo pfupi ("peni-uye-bepa") yakaitwa pakati pevadzidzi vegore rekutanga paJahangirnagar University (Dhaka, Bangladesh) pakati paNdira na Chivabvu 2018. Vadzidzi vanosvika mazana mashanu vakasvikwa mumahoroji eyunivhesiti (kureva, pekugara pekugara) uye ongororo dzakapedzwa dzakatorwa kubva kuvadzidzi ve500 (313% mhinduro). Ongororo iyi yaive nezvikamu zvitatu: (i) ruzivo rwemagariro evanhu, (ii) maonero ekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye (iii) maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira. Ongororo iyi yaive nemibvunzo yakavharwa uye yakatora maminetsi gumi nemashanu kuti apedze.
Materials
Iyo ongororo yakagadzirwa zvichienderana nezvakawanikwa zvekutsvaga kwekutanga (semuenzaniso, Braithwaite et al. 2015; Brown naL'Engle 2009; Carroll et al. 2008; Chowdhury et al. 2018; Sørensen naKjørholt 2007. Mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa neboka rekutsvagisa uye yakachengetwa zvakareruka sezvinobvira zvichibva pane zvakawonekwa kubva mukunyepedzera. Mibvunzo zvakare yaisanganisira "Ndiani akatanga kukuzivisai nezve zvinonyadzisira?", "Ndeupi rudzi rwezvinonyadzisira zvaunofarira?", "Nei uchiita zvinonyadzisira?", "Unonzwa sei mushure mekushandisa zvinonyadzisira?", Uye "Matanho api (kana" " Ongororo iyi zvakare yaisanganisira mibvunzo ine musoro (zvataurwa pamusoro pekuti kana zvinonyadzisira zvaionekwa se "zvakanaka" uye "zvakaipa") senzira yekugadzirisa hukama hwevatori vechikamu nezvinhu zvinonyadzisira.
Nhamba yekuongorora
Dhata rakaongororwa uchishandisa Statistical Package yeSocial Science (SPSS) shanduro 22.0 uye Microsoft Excel 2016. Nhamba dzinotsanangudza uye yekutanga-kuraira kuongororwa kwakaitwa (semuenzaniso, mafambiro, zvikamu, nzira, uye chi-mraba bvunzo) nePSSS 22.0. Yese misiyano yakawanikwa yakakosha pakuongorora bivariate yakabva yaiswa mune yeinternational logistic regression modhi nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira sekushandura kunoenderana. Mhedzisiro yekunyorwa kwemitengo inodzvanywa seyakagadziriswa ne95% kuvimba nguva.
Ethics
Chidzidzo ichi chakabvumidzwa neEthical Ongorora Komiti yedare repachikoro cheyunivhesiti Department of Public Health uye Informatics. Dhata yakaunganidzwa isingazivikanwe uye yakaziviswa mvumo yakatorwa kubva kunevatori vechikamu nzira isati yatanga kuunganidzwa. Vese vatori vechikamu vakaudzwa nezve (i) chimiro uye chinangwa chekudzidza, (ii) maitiro ekudzidza, (ii) kodzero yekuramba, uye (iv) kodzero yekubva mukutora chikamu muchidzidzo. Vatori vechikamu havana kuwana chero rubatsiro rwemari kubva mukutora chikamu muchidzidzo. Kuvanzika kwe data uye kusazivikanwa kune vatori vechikamu kwakavimbiswa.
Results
Zera rinoreva revatori vechikamu raive makore 19.68 (± 0.94) kubva pamakore gumi nemasere kusvika makumi maviri nematatu, yaive ne18% yevanhurume, iine 23% yevatori vechikamu parizvino vasina hukama hwepedyo (tarisa Tafura 1 yekutarisa pamusoro pezvemagariro evanhu-ruzivo). Nezve chirevo chekuti nei "zvinonyadzisira zvakaipa" (Tafura 2), vatori vechikamu vakairondedzera seinogumbura uye inoshatisa (62%), kuti yaityora zviga zvechitendero (62%), uye kuti yaisimudzira bonhora (57.5%). Nezve chikonzero nei "zvinonyadzisira zvakanaka" (Tafura 2), vatori vechikamu vakarondedzera icho sechinhu chinogona kushandiswa kugadzirisa hutachiona hwebonde kuita bonhora pane kuita zvepabonde (31%), zvinogona kutungamira nemafungiro akavhurika pamusoro pezvepabonde (19.5%), uye inopa nzvimbo isina njodzi yekusafungidzira kana kumwe kufunga kwakavanzika. (19%). Zvawanikwa zvakaratidzawo kuti 72% yevatori vechikamu vakapedza zvinonyadzisira kamwe chete muhupenyu hwavo hwese (Tafura 3. Kufurira kwevezera ndiyo yakanyanya kukonzeresa yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (34.5%), uye 67% yevatori vechikamu vakarondedzera kusangana kwavo kwekutanga kwekuona zvinonyadzisira pachikoro chepamusoro. Vanenge hafu yevatori vechikamu vakaita bonhora panguva kana mushure mekuona iyo zvinonyadzisira (51%), uye mhando inonyanya kufarirwa yezvinonyadzisira yaiona mavhidhiyo (Tafura 3. Kuzviona wega zvinonyadzisira kwekunakidzwa kwakabatana nehukadzi (p <0.001) nevarume vanoita zvinonyadzisira 12 nguva dzinopfuura dzevakadzi (Tafura 4).
Tafura 1
Kugoverwa kwehuwandu hwemagariro-ehuwandu kwevanhu vakapindura
Zvinyorwa | nhamba | muzana |
|---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 216 | 69.0 |
chikadzi | 97 | 31 |
Huya fomu (nzvimbo yekugara) | ||
Nharaunda yekumaruwa | 163 | 52.1 |
Urban nharaunda | 150 | 47.9 |
Ukama hwehukama | ||
Hapana hukama | 181 | 57.8 |
Mune hukama | 110 | 35.1 |
chitandadzoa | ||
Uchishandisa Facebook | 168 | 14.7% |
Kuteerera mimhanzi | 184 | 16.1% |
Kuona bhaisikopo | 168 | 14.7% |
Kuita hukama | 63 | 5.5% |
Makuhwa | 160 | 14.0% |
Kuverenga bhuku | 134 | 11.8% |
Kuenda | 160 | 14.0% |
Kuva ndega | 103 | 9.0% |
Ukama pamwe neshamwari | ||
Kugona chose | 104 | 33.2 |
Kugona | 117 | 37.4 |
zvakanaka | 77 | 24.6 |
Bad | 11 | 3.5 |
Tafura 2
Mifungo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemifananidzo yekuona zvinonyadzisira uye kusiyana kwevakadzi
Zvinyorwa | Gender | p ukoshi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Murume (%) | Mukadzi (%) | Chiverengero (%) | ||
Kuona zvinonyadzisira kunge kwakaipaa | ||||
Inogona kugumbura uye inoshatisa | 134 (62.0%) | 61 (62.9%) | 195 (62.3%) | 0.886 |
Inogona kukanganisa hukama hwepabonde | 111 (51.4%) | 29 (29.9%) | 140 (44.7%) | 0.001 |
Inogona kukurudzira kupara mhosva, kusanganisira kubata chibharo | 100 (46.3%) | 46 (47.4%) | 146 (46.6%) | 0.853 |
Inogona kukonzera kuparara kwetsika tsika | 111 (51.4%) | 45 (46.4%) | 156 (49.8%) | 0.414 |
Zvinogona kutyora zviga zvechitendero | 146 (67.6%) | 49 (50.5%) | 195 (62.3%) | 0.004 |
Inogona kutungamira kubva pane yakaipa kuenda pakuipisisa (semuenzaniso, kupindwa muropa nebonde) | 83 (38.4%) | 43 (44.3%) | 126 (40.3%) | 0.325 |
Inogona kupa mafungiro asina kunaka kune vakomana kana vakadzi | 99 (45.8%) | 32 (33.0%) | 131 (41.9%) | 0.033 |
Inogona kukurudzira bonhora | 152 (70.4%) | 28 (28.9%) | 180 (57.5%) | 0.01 |
Kuona zvinonyadzisira sekwakanakaa | ||||
Unogona kudzidza nezve dzepabonde dzidzo | 36 (16.7%) | 11 (11.3%) | 47 (15.0%) | 0.222 |
Inogona kudzora maitiro kunyangwe bonhora pane kuita bonde | 82 (38.0%) | 13 (14.4%) | 96 (30.7%) | 0.000 |
Inogona kuvandudza hukama hwepabonde | 18 (8.3%) | 8 (9.3%) | 27 (8.6%) | 0.783 |
Inogona kutungamira kumafungiro akazaruka nezve zvepabonde | 48 (22.2%) | 12 (13.4%) | 61 (19.5%) | 0.068 |
Tinogona kupa isina kukuvadza nzvimbo yekutengesa isingaenzaniswi kana mamwe masikirwo emafungiro | 50 (23.1%) | 8 (9.3%) | 59 (18.8%) | 0.004 |
Inogona kuva nzira inobatsira munharaunda yekuita zvehunyanzvi kutaura | 40 (18.5%) | 8 (9.3%) | 49 (15.7%) | 0.037 |
Tafura 3
Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvevatori vechikamu uye kusiana kwevakadzi
Zvinyorwa | Gender | p ukoshi | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Murume (%) | Mukadzi (%) | Chiverengero (%) | ||
Kusangana nezvinonyadzisira | ||||
Never | 27 (12.6%) | 60 (64.5%) | 87 (28.2) | 0.001 |
Ehe | 188 (87.4%) | 33 (35.5%) | 221 (71.8) | |
Kutanga kuunzwa na | ||||
Sahwira | 84 (38.8%) | 24 (24.8%) | 108 (34.5%) | 0.025 |
Iwewe | 88 (40.8%) | 11 (11.4%) | 99 (31.6%) | 0.000 |
Yakawana tsaona pa internet | 36 (16.7%) | 10 (10.3%) | 46 (14.7%) | 0.142 |
mwe | 34 (16.0%) | 8 (8.5%) | 42 (13.7%) | 0.080 |
Kutanga kusangana nezviono | ||||
Chikoro chepuraimari (makore matanhatu kusvika matanhatu) | 24 (12.8%) | 6 (14%) | 30 (13.1%) | 0.001 |
Chikoro chepamusoro (makore 13-17) | 137 (72.8%) | 18 (43.9%) | 155 (66.6%) | |
Yunivhesiti (18 kune mamwe makore okukura) | 27 (14.3%) | 17 (41.5%) | 44 (19.2%) | |
Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa | ||||
Imwe kana kaviri pamberi | 89 (42.2%) | 21 (9.7%) | 110 (50.9%) | 0.001 |
Rimwe kamwe pavhiki | 43 (19.9%) | 7 (3.2%) | 50 (23.1%) | |
Nguva shoma pasvondo | 39 (18.1%) | 2 (0.9%) | 41 (19.0%) | |
Kamwe pazuva | 6 (2.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | 8 (3.7%) | |
Akawanda pazuva | 6 (2.8%) | 1 (.0.5%) | 7 (3.2%) | |
Kakawanda kuratidzwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira (mazuva ekupedzisira e15) | ||||
Handina kushandisa zvinonyadzisira mumazuva ekupedzisira e15 | 66 (35.1%) | 21 (51.2%) | 87 (38.0%) | 0.008 |
Asingasviki 1 h | 68 (36.2%) | 7 (17.1%) | 75 (32.8%) | |
2-5 h | 35 (18.6%) | 3 (7.3%) | 38 (16.6%) | |
6-15 h | 13 (6.9%) | 6 (14.6%) | 19 (8.3%) | |
Kupfuura 16 h | 6 (3.2%) | 4 (9.7%) | 10 (1.7%) | |
Rudzi rwekuona zvinonyadzisira runoita | ||||
Kutarisa mifananidzo yemhombwe | 50 (23.7%) | 9 (9.3%) | 59 (19.2%) | 0.003 |
Kutarisa magazini yebonde | 65 (30.8%) | 10 (10.3%) | 75 (24.4%) | 0.001 |
Kuona vhidhiyo isina kupfeka | 113 (53.6%) | 13 (13.4%) | 126 (40.9%) | 0.001 |
Kufungidzira nezvemumwe munhu pabonde | 70 (32.5%) | 10 (10.3%) | 80 (25.5%) | 0.025 |
Kuita foni kana kutaura bonde | 27 (12.6%) | 5 (5.2%) | 32 (10.3%) | 0.046 |
Zvikonzero zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira | ||||
Kunze kwekuda kuziva | 80 (37.0%) | 28 (28.9%) | 108 (34.5%) | 0.160 |
Kuti ndizvifadze | 82 (38.0%) | 6 (6.2%) | 88 (28.1%) | 0.001 |
Toita bonhora | 98 (45.4%) | 9 (9.3%) | 107 (34.1%) | 0.001 |
Kuita zvekunyepedzera zvebonde | 84 (38.9%) | 8 (8.3%) | 92 (29.4%) | 0.002 |
Kugadzirisa mamiriro angu | 24 (11.1%) | 8 (8.2%) | 32 (10.2%) | 0.439 |
Kuti ndizvidzidzise | 22 (10.2%) | 7 (7.2%) | 29 (9.3%) | 0.402 |
Maitiro ekutya zvinonyadzisira | ||||
Hapana dambudziko - ndiri nane nekushandisa kwangu zvinonyadzisira | 63 (29.2%) | 12 (12.4%) | 75 (24.0%) | 0.001 |
Ndinoita bonhora | 144 (66.6%) | 16 (16.5%) | 160 (51.1%) | 0.001 |
Ndinonzwa kutadza ndichishandisa zvinonyadzisira | 53 (24.5%) | 9 (9.3%) | 62 (19.8%) | 0.002 |
mwe | 35 (16.2%) | 12 (12.4%) | 47 (15.0%) | 0.380 |
Kurega kuona zvinonyadzisira | ||||
Ehe | 144 (73.8%) | 35 (79.5%) | 179 (74.9%) | 0.431 |
Aihwa | 51 (26.2%) | 9 (20.5%) | 60 (25.1%) | |
Nhanho iyo inogona kutorwa yekurega zvinonyadzisira | ||||
Kutevera kurangwa kwechitendero | 132 (61.1%) | 26 (26.8%) | 158 (50.5%) | 0.001 |
Makuhwa neshamwari | 95 (44.0%) | 14 (14.4%) | 109 (34.8%) | 0.001 |
Kuita zvekudzidza / basa | 100 (46.3%) | 23 (23.7%) | 123 (39.3%) | 0.001 |
Nzvimbo dzinoona zvinonyadzisira dzinofanira kudzimwa | 72 (33.3%) | 14 (14.4%) | 86 (27.5%) | 0.001 |
Kuita mabasa aunofarira | 98 (45.4%) | 25 (25.8%) | 123 (39.3%) | 0.001 |
Tafura 4
Logistic kudzoreredza kuongorora kwezvinhu zvinosanganisana nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira
Zvinyorwa | Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa | |
|---|---|---|
Maitiro eOds (95% yekumira kupindirana) | p ukoshi | |
Demographic zvinhu | ||
Gender | ||
Male | 12.66 (7.05 - 22.74) | 0.001 |
chikadzi | 1.00 | |
Huya uchibva (nharaunda yekugara) | ||
Urban | 0.52 (0.31 - 0.86) | 0.010 |
Rural | 1.00 | |
Ukama nemukomana / musikana | ||
Usave nehukama | 0.53 (0.30 - 0.94) | 0.029 |
Iva nehukama | 1.00 | |
chitandadzo | ||
kushandisa Facebook | ||
Ehe | 2.062 (1.246 - 3.413) | 0.005 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuteerera kumimhanzi | ||
Ehe | 1.118 (0.676 - 1.850) | 0.663 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuona mafirimu | ||
Ehe | 2.122 (1.280 - 3.518) | 0.004 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuita hukama | ||
Ehe | 1.664 (0.853 - 3.247) | 0.135 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Makuhwa neshamwari | ||
Ehe | 1.371 (0.833 - 2.255) | 0.214 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuverenga mabhuku | ||
Ehe | 0.606 (0.368 - 0.999) | 0.049 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuenda | ||
Ehe | 1.504 (0.913 - 2.479) | 0.109 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuva ndega | ||
Ehe | 0.526 (0.314 - 0.879) | 0.014 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuona nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwakaipa | ||
Zvinogumbura uye zvinoshatisa | ||
Ehe | 0.858 (0.511 - 1.442) | 0.564 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inotsikisa hukama hwepabonde | ||
Ehe | 3.019 (1.751 - 5.205) | 0.001 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Zvinokanganisa kuita kwemhosva dzebonde, kusanganisira kubata chibharo | ||
Ehe | 0.935 (0.569 - 1.537) | 0.792 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuputsa kwetsika dzenharaunda | ||
Ehe | 0.951 (0.579 - 1.562) | 0.843 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Zvinotyora zvirevo zvechitendero | ||
Ehe | 1.330 (0.802 - 2.207) | 0.269 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inotungamira kubva pane yakaipa kuenda pakuipisisa (semuenzaniso, kupindwa muropa nebonde) | ||
Ehe | 1.091 (0.657 - 1.812) | 0.736 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inomutsa maitiro asina kunaka kune vakomana kana vakadzi | ||
Ehe | 1.570 (0.938 - 2.629) | 0.086 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inosimudzira bonhora | ||
Ehe | 4.895 (2.864 - 8.366) | 0.001 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Kuona nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira sekunaka | ||
Vanhu vanogona kudzidza dzepabonde | ||
Ehe | 1.548 (0.733 - 3.270) | 0.252 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inogona kudzora maitiro kunyangwe bonhora pane kuita bonde | ||
Ehe | 4.318 (2.170 - 8.591) | 0.001 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inogona kuvandudza hukama hwepabonde | ||
Ehe | 1.417 (0.552 - 3.841) | 0.468 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inogona kutungamira kumafungiro akazaruka nezve zvepabonde | ||
Ehe | 2.310 (1.114 - 4.790) | 0.024 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inopa isina kukuvadza nzvimbo yekutengesa isingaenzaniswi kana mamwe mafikisi akazvimirira | ||
Ehe | 2.962 (1.342 - 6.538) | 0.007 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Inobatsirana inobatsira yehunyanzvi yekuzviratidza | ||
Ehe | 4.077 (1.559 - 10.662) | 0.004 |
Aihwa | 1.00 | |
Saizvozvo, zvawanikwa kubva pakuongororwazve kwakaratidza kuti kuve munhurume kwaifungidzira nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (OR = 12.66; 95% CI: 7.05-22.74). Vadzidzi vanobva kunzvimbo dzekumaruwa (OR = 1.93; 95% CI: 1.17-3.20) uye avo vanoita hukama (OR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.07-3.29) vanozivikanwawo sevanofanotaura nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Pakati pezvinhu zvekuzvivaraidza nazvo, uchishandisa Facebook (KUNA = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.25-3.41) uye kuona mafirimu (OR = 2.122; 95% CI 1.28-3.52) ndivo vaifungira nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Panyaya yekufunga kwakashata kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwaifungidzirwa nekunzwisisa zvinonyadzisira se (i) kukurudzira bonhora (OR = 4.86; 95% CI 2.86-8.37), (ii) kuchikanganisa hukama hwepabonde (OR = 3.02; 95% CI 1.75- 5.20), uye (iii) kuva nemafungiro akashata kune vakomana kana vakadzi (OR = 1.57; 95% CI 0.94-2.63). Panyaya yekufunga kwakanaka kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwaifungidzirwa nekunzwisisa zvinonyadzisira se (i) kudzora maitiro kuburikidza nekuita bonhora pachinzvimbo chekuita zvepabonde (OR = 4.32; 95% CI 2.17-8.59), (ii) kuve nzira inobatsira munharaunda. kuzvitaurira (KANA = 4.077; 95% CI 1.56-10.66), (iii) kupa nzvimbo isina kukuvadzwa yekusafungidzira kana zvimwe zvakavanzika zvefungidziro (OR = 2.96; 95% CI 1.34-6.54), uye (iv) zvichitungamira kune yakawanda yakavhurika mafungiro ezvepabonde (OR = 2.31; 95% CI 1.11-4.79).
hurukuro
Chinangwa chedzidzo iripo ndechekuongorora mashandisiro uye maitiro ezvekuona zvinonyadzisira uye zvinhu zvavo zvakabatana pakati peBangladesh vadzidzi vepamberi payunivhesiti vadzidzi. Zvawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana zvevadzidzi vaipedza zvinonyadzisira kamwe chete muhupenyu hwavo (72%). Chiyero chakazara chekushandisa zvinonyadzisira chakaderera pane chakataurwa muzvidzidzo kubva kuIndia (80%; Das 2013), Sweden (98%; Donevan naMattebo 2017), uye Australia (87%; Lim et al. 2017), asi mukuru kudarika imwe yapfuura kudzidza muBangladesh (42%; Chowdhury et al. 2018. Izvi zvakasiyana mhedzisiro zvinonyanya kuitika nekuda kwemaitiro akasiyana, maitiro, uye sampu yakadzidzwa. Semuenzaniso, chidzidzo chiripo chakatora vadzidzi vepaunivhesiti avo vakapedza kudzidza asi vamwe zvidzidzo vaishandisa nhamba dzakasiyana. Muenzaniso muchidzidzo chiripo zvakare unokwanisa kuve uine yakawanda (i) inowanikwa, inodhura masevhisi internet uchienzaniswa neyekutanga kudzidza muBanglandi uye (ii) kujairana uye hunyanzvi hwekuwana internet zvichienzaniswa nevaya vari mumaruwa akawanda.
Nekuti internet tekinoroji yave kuwanika, inodhura, uye isingazivikanwe, (Griffiths 2000; Owens et al. 2012), yakafambisa vanhu vanokwanisa kuwana zvinhu zvepamhepo zvebonde zvinosanganisira mavhidhiyo epaInternet zvinonyadzisira, kutaura zvepabonde pamhepo, nezvimwewo (Boies 2002; Goodson et al. 2001; Griffiths 2001; 2012; Shaughnessy et al. 2011; Pfupi et al. 2012. Kuongororwa kwekudzokorora mune chidzidzo chiripo kwakaratidza kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwakabatana zvakanyanya nehuwandu hwezviitiko zvinosanganisira kuve nemitambo yekubatira pamhepo (semuenzaniso, kushandisa Facebook) uye kuona mafirimu. Tichifunga kuti kutarisa mabhaisikopo pamhepo ndiyo yaive nzira inonyanya kufarirwa yekuona zvinonyadzisira muchidzidzo chiripo, kutsvaga kwacho kunoita mutserendende.
Kubva pane kuongororwa kwekuongororwazve, zvawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti vadzidzi vanobva kumaruwa muBanglapan vaigona kutora mifananidzo yekunyadzisira kubva kune avo vari mumaguta, zvinova zvakazokonzeresa kubva kumhedzisiro yekutanga kudzidza nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira muBanglad (Chowdhury et al. 2018. Kusevenza zvinonyadzisira kwaifungidzirwa zvakare nekuve muukama, kuwanikwa kwanga kusati kwambotaurwa kune ruzivo rwevanyori. Tsvagiridzo inodiwa kuenderera mberi kugadzirisa izvi zvehuwandu hwevanhu kuti ugadzire izvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvine njodzi dzekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Zvinofungidzirwa, vadzidzi vechirume vazhinji vaidya zvinhu zvekurara nevanhukadzi kupfuura zvevakadzi, uye ongororo yakaratidza kuti varume vaive 12 kakawanda mukana wekuita zvinonyadzisira kupfuura zvevakadzi zvakafanana nemibairo kubva kuzvidzidzo zvakapfuura muU.S.A. Bleakley et al. 2011; Brown naL'Engle 2009; Regnerus et al. 2016), Netherlands (Peter neValkenburg 2006), Hong Kong (Shek uye Ma 2012, 2016), Taiwan (Lo et al. 1999), Sweden (Häggström-Nordin et al. 2006), uye Australia (Lim et al. 2017; Rissel et al. 2017. Varume vashandisi vatengi vekuona zvinonyadzisira nekuda kwekujairika hunhu maitiro. 2018), asi mhedzisiro yechidzidzo chiripo inoratidza kuti vamwe vakadzi vanoshandisa dzimwe nguva zvinonyadzisira sezvakacherechedzwa kumwe kunhu (Carroll et al. 2008). Sezvineiwo, kunyangwe vakadzi vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvakadzikira kupfuura zvevanhurume, pakati peavo vaive vawana zvinonyadzisira, vakadzi vakazviona zvakanyanya kupfuura zvechirume maererano nenhamba yemaawa mumazuva gumi nemashanu apfuura. Iyi inoverengeka yekutsvaga isina kutaurwa kare mumabhuku uye inogona kunge iri nekuti iyo nguva inodiwa kuti usvike pakukwirisa pabonde (kureva, ejaculation / orgasm) kazhinji ipfupi pakati pevarume kupfuura vakadzi (Huey et al. 1981).
Chiyero chekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kamwechete pasvondo (23%) yaive yakakura kupfuura Braithwaite et al.'s (2015) zviviri zvidzidzo (10% mune yekutanga kudzidza uye 14% mune yekudzidza yechipiri) asi zvakaderera pane kudzidza kwaCarroll et al. (27% mune varume, 2% mune vakadzi) uye zvakangofanana nekudzidza kwaS asrensen naKjørholt (22 %). Kuita zvinodhaka zvinonyadzisira kakawanda pasvondo (19%) yaive yakakura kupfuura Carroll et al.'s (2008) kudzidza (16% mune varume, 0.8% mune vakadzi), asi zvakaderera pane kudzidza Sorensen uye Kjørholt (22%). Kuita zvinodhaka zvinonyadzisira kamwe chete (3.7%) kana kanoverengeka pazuva (3.2%) yakanga iri shoma pane Carroll et al.'s (2008) kudzidza (16% kamwe pazuva; 5.2% kakawanda pazuva) asi zvisinganzwisisiki yakakura kupfuura Braithwaite et al.'s (2015) zvidzidzo (kamwe pazuva) (2%), kakawanda pazuva (2%) mune yekutanga kudzidza; kamwe pazuva (2%), kakawanda pazuva (3% mune yekudzidza yechipiri). Kuve neshamwari yepedyo inoshandisa zvinodhaka zvinonyadzisira ingangokanganisa zvinodhaka zvemunhu zvinonyadzisira kupfuura ivo vachizvitsvaga vega. Uyezve, kunyange iyo internet ikozvino inoita basa rinokosha mukudya zvinonyadzisira (Boies 2002; Cooper 1998; Goodson et al. 2001; Griffiths 2012; Shaughnessy et al. 2011; Pfupi et al. 2012), vatori vechikamu muchidzidzo ichi vaivepo mukana wekuishandisa kuburikidza neimwe nzira kupfuura internet.
Kuyaruka ndiyo nguva isingatombo panjodzi yekusangana nezvinonyadzisira (Bleakley et al. 2011; Donevan naMatbobo 2017; Hald uye Malamuth 2008; L'Engle et al. 2006; Mattebo et al. 2014; Peter naValkenburg 2006; Sørensen naKjørholt 2007); saka, zvaisashamisa kuti chikamu chikuru chevatori vechikamu muchidzidzo chazvino (kureva, 67%) chakaratidzwa kune zvinonyadzisira padanho repamusoro chikoro (13-17 makore). Nekudaro, vakadzi vaive zvakaenzana mukana wekutanga kusangana nezvinonyadzisira kuyunivhesiti sezvavaive kusekondari. Mhando dzezvinhu zvine chekuita nezvebonde zvakawanikwa mumafomati akasiyana siyana online uye isingaenderane kusanganisira magazini nemavhidhiyo uye zvinowirirana nekumwe kutsvagurudza (Morgan 2011) kunyangwe vadzidzi veBangladeshi vanoita sevanowana zvinonyadzisira padiki pane internet kune dzimwe nyika (Griffiths 2012. Mhando inonyanya kufarirwa yevanoona zvinonyadzisira nevatori vechikamu muchiridzwa ichi vaiona vhidhiyo yemavhidhiyo ezvinyadzo (41%) iyo yakakura kupfuura kudzidza kumwechete kwakaitwa muUSA (murume 36%; mukadzi 24%) (Brown naL'Engle 2009), asi kufungidzira nezvemumwe munhu pabonde kwaifungidzwazve ne25.5% yevatori vechikamu chiitiko chinonyadzisira. Kunyangwe ichi chiri chaicho chimiro chekuona zvinonyadzisira chiri kupokana zvakanyanya uye kumwe kufambisira kuri kudiwa pane vamwe vanhu kuti vaone kana kufunga kwakadaro kwakazara. Zvimwe zvezvakawanikwa izvi zvinogona kunge zvichitsanangurwa nevatori vechikamu vanogara mune imwe nyika yeMuslim kunyange chinamato chevatori vechikamu (uye kana ivo vachirarama maererano nemitemo yechiMuslim) chisina kuferefetwa. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuti kunyangwe zvechitendero uye zvetsika zvichipararira muBanglandi, tsika dzakadai hadzivirire kushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikanganisa maitiro edzidziso yebonde inodzidziswa kusekondari uye kuti dzidzo nezve zvinonyadzisira inofanirwa kuve nyaya inokurukurwa pane kufuratirwa mudzidzo yakadaro.
Ichi chidzidzo chazvino chakawana kuti hafu yevatori vechikamu vakashuma vachiita bonhora vachidya zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvisingasviki pane yakamboitwa ongororo yeCanada yekudzidza (40%) (Boies 2002. Sezvineiwo nezvakawanikwa mune dzimwe fundo, ongororo iripo yakawana kuti zvikonzero zvakajairwa zvekupedza kuona zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvekuburitswa kwemukati uye kuita bonhora, kuda kuziva, kudzidza zvepabonde, uye fungidziro dzinogutsa (semuenzaniso, maBhoys 2002; Merrick et al. 2013; Paul naShim 2008. Izvi zvikonzero "zvakanaka" zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvisingafungidziri zvisingaonekwi nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira mukuongororwazve. Munyika dzeMuslim dzakadai seBangladesh, zvepabonde uye zvinonyadzisira zvinotaridzika kupokana semisoro yakavanzika uye yakavanzwa misoro (Ahsan et al. 2016. Vatori vechikamu muzvidzidzo zviripo vanogona kuve vechitendero uye vane tsika uye vane tsika dzechitendero, kuzvipira, uye tsika vangave dzakapesvedzera zvikonzero zvavo nei nei zvinonyadzisira "zvakaipa," sekunge zvinogumbura uye kushatisa, kutyora mitemo yechitendero, uye kupesana kwavo hunhu (Patterson uye Mutengo 2012. Zvinokosheswa zvine chekuita nechido chebonde uye maitiro muBanglapan ndezvekuti dzinofanira kuitirwa mukati mehukadzi, hukama, uye hukama hwehukama (Perry 2017. Kuenderera mberi nekutsvakwa kunodiwa pamakakatanwa aripo pakati petsika uye chitendero chenyika chinotarisira kubva pamaonero epabonde uye zvinoitika muutere.
Simba rekunyanyisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira rinogona kupokana nehutano hwenyika ino hunosanganisira hutano hwepanyama, hutano hwepabonde, uye hutano hwepfungwa (Mafashama 2009; Weaver III et al. 2011), uye zvinorehwa neizvi zvinoreva kuti kuverenga kwepabonde munyika dzakadai kunofanirwa kuve kwakanyanya uye kusashanda tsika pakati pevachiri kuyaruka uye vakuru vari kubuda. Nekudaro, zvinofanirawo kucherechedzwa kuti zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoti kuona zvinonyadzisira kunogona kudzikisira hupenyu uye kugonesa maitiro akashata ane hushamwari nezvekuremekedza kune vakomana kana vakadzi (Hald naMalamuth 2008; Paul naShim 2008), kukanganisa zvakaipa pahukama (Maddox et al. 2011), uye zvinotungamira kumichato yekuroora (Paul naShim 2008. Vamwe vatori vechikamu mune chidzidzo ichi zvaive pachena kuti havana kufarira zvinonyadzisira, uye izvi zvingave zvakakonzerwa nemuridzi wechikamu vakanzwa kuti zvinogona kukanganisa hukama hwavo. Izvi zvaive zvakanyanya kuwanda pakati pevatori vechikadzi muchidzidzo chazvino. Vatori vechikamu vakapa kurudziro zhinji pamusoro penzira yekurega kushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinosanganisira kutevedzera zvechitendero, kuita basa uye / kana kudzidza, uye makuhwa neshamwari. Zvinorehwa nekutsvaga uku zvinoratidza kuti muBanglandi (zvirinani), zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kuverengerwa semusoro wenyaya hurukuro hurukuro muzvirongwa zvehutano hwepabonde muzvikoro zvepamusoro nemayunivhesiti.
Nokuremara
Chidzidzo chiripo ikozvino hachina parinogumira. Chidzidzo ichi chiripo chaive chidimbu-muchikamu mukugadzira uye saka hachigone kuratidza chiratidzo chekupokana. Kuti agadzirise izvi, kuongorora kwenguva refu kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunodiwa kuti uongorore hukama hwepakati pakati pezvinhu zvakaongororwa. Saizi yemuenzaniso yaivawo ine mwero, uye iyo data yaive yega-kuzvitaura (uye yakavhurika kune anozivikanwa biases sekurangarira kuyeuka uye kudiwa kwevanhu munharaunda). Chikamu chekupindura (62.6%) asi paine kupokana kwakanaka zvaireva kuti chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevanhu ivavo vakasvikira havana kutora chikamu. Zvikonzero zvekusaita chikamu hazvizivikanwe asi izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakanganisa mhedzisiro. Tsvagurudzo yeramangwana inofanirwa saka kuve neyakakura samples uye kuedza kuwedzera manhamba ekutora chikamu. Zvakare, chidzidzo ichi chiripo chakaitwa payunivhesiti chete padyo neguta reBanglandi uye nekudaro generalizability kune mamwe mayunivhesiti evadzidzi samples (uye mamwe marudzi ehuwandu) munyika (nedzimwe nyika) inogona kushoma. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kutsvagiridza mune ramangwana kunofanirwa kushandisa mamwe emamiriri samples muBanglandi nedzimwe nyika.
mhedziso
Chidzidzo ichi chiripo chakapa zviwanikwa zvakawanikwa zvichiratidza kuti mafungiro nemaitiro ekushandiswa kwemifananidzo yezvinonyadzisira anogona kunge achipokana mutsika yechitendero uye magweta ekuwedzera kudzidza. Izvo zvakawanikwa zveongororo zvinowedzera kune humbowo huripo maererano nekudyidzana pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu, mafungiro, uye maitiro ekufanotaura nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Iyo inopawo data kubva kune imwe nyika iyo isingawanzo kudzidza iyo musoro wezvekuona zvinonyadzisira uye yainoshandisa. Zvawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti chikamu chikuru chevadzidzi veBangladeshi vanodya zvinonyadzisira kunyangwe paine kusimbiswa kwekuita zvepabonde vachingoita zvoga uye mukati memuchato. Zvemagariro-demographic zvinhu (sekuuya kubva kunzvimbo yekumaruwa) zvakabatana nekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira mukuongororwa kwazvino uye zvinogona kuve chinhu chakasiyana neBanglanda uye / kana tsika dzezvitendero zvakafanana. Zvakare, mafungiro pamusoro pezvekuona zvinonyadzisira kuve akanaka neakashata anoita zvishoma kujekesa 'hunhu chaihwo hwevanhu nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvakashata zvinotaurwa pamusoro pezvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kunge zvichitaurwa kubva mune zvechitendero, zvetsika, uye tsika (zvemagariro zvinodikanwa) asi zvinhu zvakanaka zvingave zvakataurwa kubva mumunhu uye / kana pragmatic maonero. Basa revakadzi nerezvinamato (kusanganisira zvarinotenda uye zvetsika) zvine chekuita nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoda kudzidza zvakare muBanglandi nedzimwe nyika.
Notes
Kutenda
Vanyori vanotenda timu inodzidziswa yeAgraduate Research Organisation zvakanyanya Abu Bakkar Siddique, Shahzabein Ritu, naAhsanul Mahbub Jubayar; uye Sahadat Hossain & Fatema Rahaman Mishu, Dhipatimendi reHuzhinji Hutano & Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, nerutsigiro rwunodiwa panguva yekuunganidzwa kwematauro uye kuiswa.
Mari
Kuzviriritira.
Kuteerera neMitemo Maitiro
Ethics
Chidzidzo ichi chakabvumidzwa neEthical Ongorora Komiti yedare repachikoro cheyunivhesiti Department of Public Health uye Informatics.
Kurwisana kwezvaunofarira
Vanyori vacho vanotaura kuti havana kupokana kwekufarira.
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