Kufananidzira kwehupombwe hwekuita zvepabonde kwevanhu: Kuvandudzwa kwezvino munguva pfupi uye Kwemangwana Mazano (2017)

Resink, Gerben B., naJanniko R. Georgiadis.

Mamiriro Ehutano Ehutano Hwepabonde (2017): 1-9.

Vakadzi Kuita Bonde uye Kusagadzikana (M Chivers uye C Pukall, Chikamu Editors)

 

 

ngovepo

Chinangwa cheKudzokorora

Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi ndechekupa humbowo hwakakwana hwekuvandudza kwezvekuvandudzwa kwekuongororwa kwehuropi hwepfungwa dzevanhu, zvichitarisa kubatana kwehuropi panguva yemhinduro dzebonde.

Dzazvino Kuwana

Maitiro akasimba ekushandiswa kwehuropi akagadziriswa kune zvikamu zvakasiyana zvekupindura kwepabonde, kunyanya nezve chikamu chinoda, uye shanduko mune idzi mapatani dzinogona kubatana nekusiyana kwemhinduro dzebonde, kusanganisira kusangana pabonde. Kubva pane ichi chakasimba, kudzidza kwehunhu hwekupindura kwevanhu pabonde kwave kutanga kuwedzera kunzwisisa kwehuropi network basa uye chimiro chakabatanidzwa.

pfupiso

Chidzidzo che "bonde" kubatana kwehuropi kuchiri chidiki kwazvo. Asi, nekusvika kuuropi sechinhu chakabatana, hunyanzvi hwekushanda kwehuropi hwakabatwa zvakanyanya zvakanyanyisa, kuwedzera mukana wekuwana mabhenekeri anobatsira uye zvinangwa zvekupindira mukusagadzikana pabonde.

 

 

Keywords

Kuita zvepabonde MRI Kubatanidza Kuda Kuda Kuvhiringidza

 

ziviso

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya akaona zviitiko zvinoshamisa mumunda wekufungidzira kwehuropi hwevanhu (neuroimaging) inobvumira vaongorori kuti vaongorore chimiro cheuropi hwevanhu uye hushande zvakadzama kupfuura zvadzaigona kuitika. Idzi nzira dzechisimba dzakatotanga kuiswa pakuongororwa kwehunhu hwepabonde hwevanhu zvakare. Tichifunga nezve kuwanda kwe idiopathic dysfunctions yebonde, kukura uku kwakanaka, asi kune vanoongorora nezvepabonde kana vanoita zvepabonde vasina kudzidziswa kubata neruzivo rwehuropi, zvinogona kuve zvakaoma kuwana kubatwa kweupfumi hwezvakawanzooma zviitiko. Muongororo iyi, tinopa humbowo hwakakwana hwekuchangobva kuitika mukuyedzwa kwehuropi kwehunhu hwepabonde, nekutarisa kumhinduro yepabonde. Isu tinopokana kuti hukama hwehuropi hunosvika hunobata vimbiso yepamusoro yekumutsidzira kupindirana kwemabatiro ayo anoshanda uye asinganetsi kupindura kwevanhu pabonde.

 

 

Kubva kuActivation kuenda kuChipinda

"Neuroimaging" inoshanda mukushandiswa kwemaitiro akasiyana siyana kuona mamiriro uye basa rechisimba. Ongororo iyi inongoda chete nezve mhedzisiro dzakawanikwa nemagineti resonance imaging (MRI). Structural MRI inopa ruzivo nezve saizi, chimiro, uye kutendeka kwe grey (masumbu emasero emuviri, semuenzaniso, mune cortex) uye chena (misumbu yemazondo) chinhu. Nzira dzekuongorora dzakadai sa voxel-based morphometry (VBM) inogona kupa yakavimbika fungidziro yemunharaunda grey uye / kana chena chinhu vhoriyamu musiyano, mungave mukati kana pakati pezvidzidzo. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) yakakosha kurongeka MRI protocol iyo inogona kugadzirisa zvakare matatu-matatu mativi ehurongwa hwemapepa echinhu chena maturakiti (iyo inosanganisika inobatanidza) muuropi. Quantitative meta-inoongorora inogona kusanganisa yakawanda data seti kuti iite yakanyanya kuvimbika masercological nezve morphological uropi maitiro mune makuru mapopoma. Muenzaniso weichi kudzidza pane 1400 hupi hwevanhu kubva kune mana akasiyana madheti anga asingakwanise kumisikidza pfungwa yeiyo yakajeka yepamhepo dimorphism muuropi hwemunhu [1•].

Inoshanda MRI inogonesa kuonwa kwemabasa ehupfumi mukati menguva, yakafanana nebasa, boka, humboo hwepanyama kana hwepfungwa, kana hunhu hwomunhu, zvichikonzera kushanda kwemaitiro (activation). Zvakare, kuwanda kwemeta-kuongorora nzira senge basa rekufungidzira kunogona kusanganisa data yewakati wandei kudzidzira zvidzidzo uye kudzikisira nzira dzakasimba kwazvo dzekuvhiya-idzo dzinga fanane neanoshanda network2, 3••].

Kuongororwa kwekushandira pamwe kwekudyidzana uye kutaurirana mukati meuropi kunonzi "kwakabatana kubatana" uye kwakanyanya kuverengerwa sekuwirirana pakati pezvinhu zvezviitiko zvemashure nzvimbo. Inoshanda basa yekubatanidza inogona kuyerwa kune basa-based fMRI data, asiwo inonzi inonzi resting state data. Izvi zvekupedzisira hazvidi zvinokatyamadza mabasa kana paradigms izvo zvinogona kuchengetedza zvinogona zvinonakidza mapoka ezvidzidzo (semuenzaniso, vayaruka) kubva pakudzidziswa zvine chekuita nehuropi hwepfungwa kubata. Pane nzira dzakasiyana dzinogona kuongorora dzakabatana basa. mimwe ndeyemhando-yakavakirwa, senge psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI) kuongororwa, uko kunogona kuongorora kwakawanda kana kushoma kwakabatana pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ebasa uye / kana pakati pemapoka, nepo vamwe seyakazvimirira yekuongorora chikamu vasingade kuita kwebasa uye kazhinji vanogona kuyera yakakura network kana akawanda network panguva imwe chete [4, 5]. Brain network zvinowanikwa zvinowanikwa zvinoshanda zvinoshanda kuumbiridza zvidzidzo, kungave kuzorora mamiriro kana panguva yekuita basa, zvinosanganisira default mode network, visual network, sensory / mota network, uye task-positive network [6••]. Semuenzaniso, chidzidzo chakashandisa zororo rechimurenga chakawana kuti vakadzi vaive nehunyanzvi hwekuita basa mukati mezvikamu zveiyo default mode network kupfuura zvaiitwa nevarume uye kuti kuenda kumwedzi hakuna kumhanyisa kubatana uku. Izvo zvakagumiswa kuti inomira kwenguva pfupi inokonzeresa gonadal mahormone haigoni kukonzera iyo wepamhepo dimorphism mukushanda kwakabatana [7]. Granger causality kuongororwa uye akasimba causal mhando dzinogona kupawo ruzivo nezve rwenzira rwekutaurirana pakati penzvimbo dzehuropi [8]. Uku kutaurirana kwakanangana pakati penzvimbo dzeuropi kunonzi "zvinobudirira" kubatana.

Izvozvi zvazvino uno zvinogadzirisa zviitiko muurouro uchivavarira kubata-pfungwa dzese nekushandisa zvishandiso kubva kumunda wesainzi yesainzi [9••]. Chibvumikiso ndechekuti iyo yakakosha sisitimu inoshanda senge network, kana system, inoedza kuwana chiyero chakaringana pakati pehunyanzvi hwenzvimbo uye kubatana kwepasi rose. Kana network ine zvese zvinhu, zvinonzi zvine diki-renyika sangano, uye kunze kwekunge paine kwakakomba kwemitsipa mamiriro, izvi zvinowanzoshanda kune pfungwa dzevanhu [10, 11]. Nekudaro, mukati mekambani diki-yepasi rose, iyo chiyero inogona kuchinjirwa kune nyanzvi dzemunharaunda kana kubatanidzwa kwepasirese. Maitiro ekuongorora girafu anogona kupa kuongororwa kwakadzama kweiri diki-renyika sangano, semuenzaniso nekutarisa huwandu uye nzvimbo yenetwork hubs (nzvimbo dzinoshanda kubatanidza basa re network). Zvichida murudzidziso, graph graph inoongorora inokwanisa kupa izvo zvakadzama ruzivo mukati measatan nzira dzinopa hukama hwevanhu pabonde.

 

 

Kuenzanisa Bonde

Izwi rekuti "kupindura pabonde" rinoreva kuseta kwemaitiro nemaitiro ane hukama zvakanangana nekukurudzira zvepabonde uye kutsvaga chinangwa chebonde [12]. Mhando dzekupindura kwevanhu pabonde dzinovavarira kupa template yekudzidza uye kuenzanisa dzakasiyana dzemhinduro dzebonde, dzakazvimiririra dzehumwe hupombwe hunhu. Muenzaniso weiyi ndeyokufadzwa kwevanhu pabonde.13, 14•]. Iyi modhi (fig. 1) - - inodhinha kukosha kwekukurudzira kwekunze pedyo neyavo yemukati "dhiraivha" pfungwa (kukurudzira kukurudzira dzidziso)15, 16] - inosiyanisa zvikamu zvinoda bonde, kuda bonde (kana kuita zvepabonde), uye ichitadzisa bonde. Zvekuita zvebonde, zvaunoda pabonde, uye kuzivikanwa kwevakadzi zvinobva zvaonekwa sezvinhu zvekuona kuti ndeupi rudzi rwekukurudzira inokonzeresa mafaro ekutandarira pabonde. Nenzira, izvi zvinopindirana nemusiyano pakati pekusagadzikana pabonde (kureva, dambudziko nemhinduro yevepabonde, semuenzaniso, kusagadzikana kwechibereko) uye paraphilia (kureva, anypical bonde rekuda, semuenzaniso, pedophilia). Iko kushandiswa kwemuenzaniso senge uyu kunobatsira kufananidza pakati pezvidzidzo zvehupfumi zvinoyedza kutevedzera zvinhu zvakasiyana zvekupindura pabonde, apo zvichitendera kutsanangudza kwakasiyana (neurosciology) uye nzira dzekupindura pabonde.

   

 

 

 

   

Fig. 1   

Iyo yekunakirwa kwevanhu yemafaro kutenderera. Nzvimbo dzehuropi dzinoenderana neiyi ongororo dzinoratidzwa pachikamu (chitsvuku: kuwedzera kwehuropi zviitiko; bhuruu: kudzikira kwehuropi basa). Inhibition inogona kuva yemuviri (pink shading) kana nemaune (brown shading). Zvinyorwa: ACC, anterior cingate cortex; Amy, amygdala; dlPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; HT, hypothalamus, OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; SPL, yepamusoro parietal lobule; vmPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex; VS, ventral striatum (Mufananidzo unoshandisa ruzivo kubva ku [3••, 13])

 

 

 

Kuwedzeredza kweYazvino Neuroimaging Zvidzidzo paHutano hwevanhu

Isu takadzokorora zvidzidzo zvevanhu zvechisimba zvakabuditswa munguva 2012-2017, tichisiyanisa zvidzidzo zvinomiririra mhinduro dzebonde uye zvinhu zvinosanganisira kutangisa kupindura (kuda kuita zvepabonde, kuda, kana kuzivikanwa nezvechikadzi). Nezve chikamu chekupindura pabonde, isu takasiyanisa zvidzidzo zvinomiririra kuda, kuda, uye zvikamu zvekuzvidzivirira. Zvidzidzo zvakawirirwazve maererano nekwavo maitiro, sekuti, ivo vakashandisa nzira dzekuongorora dzakatarisa pane dzakasarudzika nzvimbo dzehuropi, kana nzira dzakasarudzika dzinoongorora kubatana kwehuropi nemadandemutande (ona chikamu chapfuura). Uku kurongeka kwakaomarara kwakaratidza kuti munharaunda yekupindura pabonde, zvakapetwa kakapetwa kakawanda zvidzidzo zvehurukuro dzakaitwa kupfuura mune humwe hunhu hwebonde, asi zvakare kuti mupiro wehukama zvidzidzo wakakura mukupedzisira. Pamusoro pezvo, mukati meiyo mhinduro yekuita zvepabonde, zviri pachena kuti dzakawanda dzekutsvaga izvozvi dzakanangidzirwa padanho rekuda, asi nzira dzekubatanidza dzinoitika zvakanyanya mukuedzwa pachikamu chekuda kupindura pabonde (Fig. 2).

   

 

 

 

   

Fig. 2   

Kuongororwa kwezvidzidzo zvehupfumi pamhinduro yepabonde kubva panguva ye2012 kusvika 2017. Zvidzidzo zvakakamurwa nechikamu cheyenji yekudzivirira kwekuita zvepabonde kunoongororwa (kuda, kuda, uye kudzivirira) uye nenzira yekudzidzira (activation vs. nzira yekubatanidza)

 

 

 

Mamiriro Ezvazvino Ekupindura Kwebonde Nevanhu Kusimudzira

Yakatemerwa wongororo yekuyedza yekufungidzira kwekupfungwa kwepfungwa dzemunhu zvepabonde mhinduro dzinoratidza chikamu-chinoenderana nemipimo yehuropi basa (fig. 1) [3••, 13, 14•, 17]. Mukuongorora kwavo, Georgiadis naKringelbach vanorondedzera "nzira yekuda zvepabonde" inosanganisira iyo occipitotemporal cortex, yepamusoro parietal lobule, ventral striatum (VS), amygdala / hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), uye anterior cingrate cortex (ACC), uye anterior cingrate uye iyo "nzira yekuda zvepabonde," inosanganisira hypothalamus, anterior uye yekumashure insula, ventral premotor cortex, yepakati cingates cortex, uye yakaderera parietal lobule [14•]. Kushandisa mazwi akasiyana ezvakanyanya kusiyanisa, maitiro akafanana akafanana akaonekwa naPoeppl nevamwe vake vachiita huwandu hwenyaya-meta -kuongorora pane psycho- uye hukama hwepanyama hwekupindura kwepabonde [3••]. Kazhinji, mhinduro yebonde inosanganisira maitiro akafanana ehuropi hwakagadziriswa pane zvese zvido zvebonde uye zvevakadzi, chero bedzi zvido zvekuda kurara pabonde zvichishandiswa [18, 19]. Iyi nzira yakanatswa neyechangobva kuitika meta-kuongororwa, ichiratidza maitiro anowanzowirirana mumapoka echikadzi nemasvomhu akakosha ezvechikadzi mutsauko kunyanya munzvimbo dziri pasi20]. Pamusoro pezvo, pane chimwe chinoratidza kuti chikamu-chekuvimbika mune zvekupindura muhuropi pamusoro peiyo mhinduro yekuita zvepabonde haina kunyanyoiswa muvakadzi kupfuura zvazviri muvarume [21]. Zvakangodaro, kudzikama kwemaratidziro ekusvinura ekuda bonde kwakasimbiswa nekuongorora zvidzidzo panguva mbiri dzakaparadzaniswa nemakore 1-1.5 zvichiratidza kuti mhinduro yehuropi yakanga yakafanana nekufamba kwenguva [22]. Uyezve, kuda zvepabonde uye kuda maitiro ekupindura kwehuropi anoratidza (zvikamu zve) zvinozivikanwa zvinoshanda zvehuropi network [6••]. Nekudaro, tinopedzisa kuti nzira idzi dzakasimba uye dzinofanirwa kukwanisa kupa hwaro hwakasimba hunobva hwepfungwa hwekupindirana zvine hukama nehuropi kunogona kudzidziswa.

Kupfuura zvekare, zvigadzirwa zvekuyedza zviri kugadzirwa izvo zvinogona kudzivirira kusavhiringidzika kunokonzerwa neanotora chikamu maitiro. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa subliminal (kureva, pazasi pechikamu chekusaziva) zviratidziro zvepabonde zvinosimudzira, kubvisa zvakadzama kuziva kwekugadzirisa [23]. Iyi nzira yechimiro inosanganisira kuwedzera kuchenjera kurodha (kutenderera kwepfungwa basa) kune inoonekwa yekuita yekurara pabonde yekudzora mukana wekuziva kwekuita kwekuziva [24]. Maitiro akadaro anogona kubvisa zvisingadiwe mhedzisiro ye, semuenzaniso, kuomerera kune tsika dzetsika nezvekupindura pabonde.

 

 

Kuita Bonde: Kusaenderana-nzira Nzira

Kufarira kwehutano mune zvehutano hwehutano hwezvepabonde kuri kuwedzera kuwedzera kuderedza chishuvo chepabonde. Kuongorora kwakasiyana-siyana kushandiswa kwekuona zvepabonde kwakaratidza kuti (kuonekwa) maitiro ehupombwe (aka kunyanya kuita zvepabonde, kukanganisa zvepabonde, kana kushungurudzwa kwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa) zvakabatana nekuchinjwa mumagadzirirwo emagetsi ekutsvaga [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32] uye rutivi rwehuropi huwandu [33•, 34], zvikurukuru munharaunda dzehutano hwekuda zvepabonde [14•]. Basa rinowedzera kune zvepabonde rakaratidzwa muVS [25, 27] uyewo mumamygdala mune varume vanoita zvepabonde [25, 27, 28], iyo inofadza zvekuita zvepabonde kukurudzirwa. Izvi dzimwe nguva zvinotorwa kuti zvitsigire dambudziko rekutsvaga kwehupombwe [35]. Zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvisinei, zvakaratidza kusawirirana kwakashata pakati pepabonde-yakagadzirwa nehuropi basa uye zvirwere zvehupenzi zvehupombwe, zvichiratidza kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana siyana zvinoratidzika zvisingaenderani nekushaya zvinodhaka, sekupindurwa kwekupera kana kushungurudzika mupfungwa [26, 28, 29, 30, 34]. Iyi data haigoni kuwirirana. Somuenzaniso, varume vane hutano hwepabonde vanogona kukurudzirwa kune zvepabonde kana kukanganisa (chiitiko chekudhakwa) uye nyore nyore kurasikirwa nechido kana kuti kuzvidzora kana pasina kukwanisa kupfuurira kugadzirisa zvepabonde (sekudzidzira kugadziriswa). Zvechokwadi, muchirongwa chekudzokororwa kwemashoko ekufananidzira kufananidzira kwechifananidzo chekuona zvinonyadzisira kana mubhadharo wemari, basa rekunyengera-muitiro muAAC rakaderera zvakakurumidza nekudzokidzwazve kune varume vane hukama hwepabonde-asi nekuda kwepabonde [26].

Pane imwe nguva yekupedzisira kwechiono, kufarira zvepabonde / arousal kusagadzikana kwakabatana nekushanduka kwechimiro uye chinoshanda mushandirapamwe yekuda kuita zvebonde, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakaita seACC, VS, uye amygdala, zvichidonhedza kudzikiswa kwehupombwe.36]. Rupp nevamwe vake vakaratidza kuti mumashure mevakadzi vekumashure, amygdala mhinduro kumifananidzo yemafungiro (kusanganisira mapikicha erotic) yakadzvanywa, zvichiratidza kushomeka kwekunzwa kwekusagadzikana kwepamoyo panguva yekuzvara [37]. Yekuzorora yenyika fMRI yekudzidzira yakaratidza kuti antidepressant yekushandisa inosanganiswa neakachinjika inoshanda inoratidzirana mukati mebonde inoda network, kunyanya maererano nekubatanidzwa kwe (yakawedzera) amygdala. Muchidzidzo ichi, amygdala yekubatanidza chimiro chekutanga zvisati zvaitika antidepressant yakafanotaurwa yakavimbika kana chinyorwa chaizenge chakadzivirirwa kana kutsungirira ku antidepressant-zvine chekuita nezvebonde kusagadzikana [38].

Iyo "yekuda zvepabonde network" inogona kuverengerwa nehuwandu hwezvakangoita zvisiri zvisizvo zvinosimudzira zvakare [14•], kusanganisira isina kunaka [39]. Mubvunzo unobva waita kuti generic uye chaiwo mabasa anoshanda sei mukati metiweki iyi kuburitsa zvakasiyana zvepabonde kufarira. Kunyangwe uyu mubvunzo uri kure nekupindurwa, zvinonakidza zvitsva zvinyowani zvakaburitswa, kunyanya paVS. Semuenzaniso, mhinduro dzeVS kuchikafu nemifananidzo isinganzwisisike zvakafanotaura kusiyana kwemunhu mukurema kwemuviri nekuita bonde, zvichiteerana, mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare [40]. Kumwe kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti kusiyana kweVS activation yemari inopesana neyekunyepedzera tsika inogona kutsanangurwa nekwavo kwakakosha kukosha [41•]. Nekudaro, iyo VS inogona kuratidza kukosha kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemubairo, asi mhinduro dzezviratidzo zverudzi rwemubairo wega wega dzakasiyana uye dzinokurudzirwa nekusagadzikana kwemunhu akapihwa. Chokwadi, zvine chekuita nekugwinya kwehutano, varume vane hypersexeness vanoratidza yakasimba VS chiitiko kune yakasarudzika hama yekusafararira yekuona erotica [32]. Imwe nzvimbo yekufarira mune ino ndima ndeye OFC, nekuti mubairo subtypes unogadziriswa mune dzakasiyana OFC zvikamu [42]. Nepo mibayiro yepakutanga (senge erotic inokurudzira) kumutsa iyo OFC yekupedzisira, mibairo yechipiri (semari) inomutsa chikamu chekunze [43]. Iyo OFC ndiyo inomirira mumiriri kufambisira mberi chidzidzo kuti uropi hunoburitsa sei mutsauko wepabonde uye manzwiro.

Kupindura pabonde kunoratidza zvakajairika-pfupi uye kwenguva refu kusiana. Izvi zvakave zvichidzidziswa zvakanyanya mumamiriro ezvepabonde steroid milieu. Kupesana neyekuzvarwa nekufungidzira kuti chimiro chekubereka chinotyaira kupindura, hapana maitiro anowoneka anobuda muzvidzidzo achiedza kuwana hukama pakati pekuona kukurudzira-kwakapinza uropi basa uye kuenda kumwedzi wedanho chikamu [21]. Nekudaro, Abler nevamwe vake vakasanganisira chinzvimbo chekutarisira muongororo yavo uye vakawana kuti, mune vanofamba nemabhasikoro kazhinji, chishandiso chinomutsa (chimiro cue) chakamisikidza iyo ACC, OFC, uye parahippocampal gyrus zvakanyanyisa panguva yeiyo luteal chikamu kupfuura chikamu chezvikamu. Kuitwa munzvimbo idzi kwaive kwakasimba mukutenderera vakadzi nguva zhinji, zvichienzaniswa nevaya vari pamuromo mishonga yekudzivirira [44].

Testosterone inoonekwa seye gonadal hormone inonyanya kukodzera kupindura kwevanhu pabonde.45, 46]. Chokwadi, uropi hwechirume husina murume androgen basa (chizere androgen insensitivity syndrome, "46XY vakadzi") vakapindura nenzira yakafanana neyevakadzi kuita fashoni yekuona inosimudzira, kureva, yakafanana nekutonga kwechirume asi pasimba rakashomeka [47]. Nekuti mune vese 46XY uye vakadzi genetic, pane zvishoma yepakati testosterone basa pane mune varume; zvakagumiswa kuti testosterone kwete genetic sex ndiyo inoronga zviitiko zveuropi panguva yekusimudzira zvepabonde. Asi, iyo DTI yekuedza inodzidzira hurongwa hwehuropi mu transgender uye vakadzi vechikadzi nevarume vakawana chena chenji kusiyanisa izvo zvisingakwanisi kuverengerwa nekusiyana mu testosterone basa. Vanhu vaTr vakataridza chena chakakoshesa pakati pevanhurume nevechikadzi vanodzora, zvisinei gonadal mahormoni ekuve anowanzove murume kana mukadzi (zvichienderana nekuti vaive transgender vakadzi kana varume transgender)48].

 

 

Kuda Bonde: Kubatana Kunosvika

Basa rinobatanidza mukati mebonde rinoda network richangobva kuongororwa richishandisa nzira yePPI, kunyanya mune mamiriro e (kufungidzirwa) hypersexourse. Varume vane hypersexuality uye inodzora vari vaviri vanoratidza kuwedzera kushanda kwehukama kweACC neese ari iwo chaiwo VS uye kurudyi amygdala kana uchiona erotica, asi chakasimba chirevo chakabatana nechirwere chekuita zvepabonde chakawanikwa cheACC-subcortical chinongedzo mu hypersexourse [25]. Mushure mekudzokororwa kwakawanda kwekukurudzira zvepabonde, kushanda kwakabatana kweACC neiyo chaiyo VS uye neine divi hippocampus yakasimba muvarume vane hypersexourse pane mukutonga. Zvinoshamisa kuti izvi zvakawedzera kushanda Connectivity mukati mebonde inoda network yakaitika pamberi peanodzika ACC basa [26]. Izvi zvinogona kureva mugodhi, asi kutsvakisisa kunodiwa kuti uone chinhu ichi. Chimwe chidzidzo chakashandisa dhizaini yakafanotaura nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira kana chisiri-chinogumbura uye chakawana chakaderera chinobata basa pakati peVS uye ventromedial PFC yevanhurume vane hypersexourse zvichienzaniswa nezvinodzora.28]. Kubva zvachinja VS-premberi coupling yave yakabatana nekumanikidza kudzora, kushandisa zvisina kunaka zvinodhaka, uye pathological kubhejera [49, 50, 51], izvi zviwanikwa zvinogona kuve chiratidzo chekunzvenga mukati mevarume vane hypersexourse. Dzimwe mbiri dzedzidzo dzakashandisa dhizaini yekuzorora, zvichiratidza kuti (i) yakataurwa maawa ekuona zvinonyadzisira (pavhiki) zvakashata zvakabatana nekuzorora kwenyika kubatana pakati pekurudyi caudate nucleus uye kuruboshwe dorsolateral PFC uye (ii) zvidzidzo zvinowanikwa neanomanikidza maitiro ekuita zvepabonde zvakaderera zvinoshanda zvinongedzo pakati pekuruboshwe amygdala uye bilateral dorsolateral PFC [33•, 34]. Aya zvidzidzo anoratidza kuti kuwedzera kwehunhu hwepabonde kunoratidzwa nekushandurwa kwepamberi pekudzora matanho. Pamwe chete, izvi zvekubatanidza zvidzidzo zvinosimbisa fungidziro yekuti "yekuda zvepabonde" maitiro anoonekwa nea activation zvidzidzo zvechokwadi yakafanana neyechokwadi basa inoshanda, nekuti chinhu chiri pasi penzvimbo dzaro dzeuropi chinoshandura kutaurirana kwavo kana kukurudzira kwepabonde kuchinoratidzwa, nepo simba re kudyidzana uku kunoratidzira bonde hunhu phenotype. Fronto-striatal yekubatana uye VS yekubatana inobata vimbiso yakanyanya sekutsvagisa kunowanikwa mune zvakakosha zve (aberrant) zvepabonde kuda.

 

  

Kuda Bonde

Brain imaging paradigms inoshandisa yakasimba uye inogara kwenguva yakareba yekukurudzira kuona zvepabonde (semuenzaniso, mafirimu emuvhi), kana kusarudzika kwekukwezva, zvinogona kutevedzera (zvinhu zve) kuita zvepabonde (semuenzaniso, kumutsa mhinduro dzemuviri uye kuda zvepabonde). Sezvakaratidzwa pakutanga, chikamu ichi chinotora huroya hwehuropi hwakasiyana nehwewakatorwa panguva yekuda bonde, uye izvi zvinonyanya kuitika muvarume [3••, 13, 14•, 20]. Kuida bonde kwaona zvakare zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinotarisa kubatana kwehuropi pane kuda kuita zvepabonde kune (fig. 1).

Rimwe dambudziko iro parizvino riri kutariswa zvakanyanya psychogenic erectile dysfunction (pED). Aya mamiriro ave achibatanidzwa nekuwedzera kana kuderera grey jambo vhoriyamu munzvimbo dzakawanda dzehuropi, kusanganisira dziya dzevekuda zvepabonde uye kuda ma network52, 53•]. Iyo zvakare yakabatana nekuenderera mberi kwebonde kuda Network activation (yepamusoro parietal lobule zvakananga), pamwe zvichikonzera kutadza kuchinjika kuchikamu chinotevera chekupindura kwepabonde kutenderera [54]. Sezvineiwo, pED parizvino iri kunyanya kuverengerwa pamwe nekumisidzana kana kudzikamisa nyika neuroimaging research paradigms, mukupesana nedzimwe hutano hwepabonde hunodzorwa nemabasa-akavakirwa paradigms. Yashandurwa inoshanda inoratidziro mukati uye kunze kwekuda zvepabonde uye yekufarira network yakaonekwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo yekupedzisira yemberi yeCCC yakawanikwa iine hupamhi hwekudyidzana kwakabatana nenzvimbo dziri mu parietal lobe muPED [53•]. Mune zororo rechimiro fMRI kudzidza, pED zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kushandurwa kwakabatana kwekubatana kwekodhi anterior insula (nzvimbo yakakosha yekufungidzira uye manzwiro ehurongwa) neiyo dorsolateral PFC uye kurudyi parietotemporal jute, uchienzaniswa nekudzora [55]. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pED inogona kuuya nekumiririrwa zvisiri izvo kwenhengo dzomuviri (kusanganisira erection) uye / kana yakawandisa inhibition control. Sezvineiwo, apo zvidzidzo zvakaona bhaisikopo renzevhi kwenguva yekuedzwa (panzvimbo yekuzorora), kuderedzwa kwakabatana kweiyo chaiyo insula yakawanikwawo mune vanhu vane pED hama kune vanozvipira vane hutano [56]. Kunyangwe hazvo paradigms yekuyedza ichisiyana, mhedzisiro inoita sedzakanaka, zvakare inosanganisira zvikamu zvezvose zviri zviviri zvinodiwa uye kutandanisa maratidziro zvinoratidzawo kudzikira kwechimiro muPED [53•].

Hapana chimwe chezvidzidzo zvakurukurwa kusvika parizvino chakafunga nezve-kuzara kwehuropi. Muchokwadi, yekutanga kudzidza kuita izvi yakaburitswa chete 2 makore apfuura. Zhao nevamwe vaaishanda navo vakashandisa nzira dzekuongorora magirafu kune dhizaini dhizaini kuti vadzokere mukusiyana kwehurongwa hwekubatanidza huropi muzvidzidzo zvePED [57••]. Sezvinotarisirwa, iyo yose-uropi yekubatanidza chimiro chePED zvidzidzo uye zvine hutano zvidzidzo yaive nesangano renyika-diki rakaratidzirwa nematare ese ari maviri kunehunyanzvi hwemunharaunda uye kubatanidzwa kwepasi. Nekudaro, muPED, chiyero chakashandurwa chakanangana nehunyanzvi hwenzvimbo, pamwe zvichikonzera kushomeka kwehurongwa hwe network. Hongu, mashoma hubs (kubatanidza nzvimbo) akaonekwa muPED pane muzviratidziro, zvichiratidza hupfumi hwenyika hwakabatana.

Kukurudzira kwechikara ndiyo musimboti wekunakidzwa kwebonde (kufadza) muuropi uye chinhu chikuru chinopa kugona kurara nevanhu [13]. Asi zvakadaro, zvishoma kwazvo zvinozivikanwa nezve chinzvimbo cheuropi mukuvandudzwa kwepabonde kwemanzwiro echikadzi. Dzimwe nzwisiso nyowani dzinopihwa nekutsvagurudza mune varwere vepina bifida avo vakapinda muropa rekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu hwavo hwese hwekunyaradza penis kuti vavandudze kuita kwavo kwepabonde. Kukurudzira kweiyo glans penis (yakagadziriswazve neiyo groin nerve) uye iyo intact groin nzvimbo (contralateral kune iyo nzvimbo iyo yakapa donor nerve) yakasimudzira iyo nzvimbo imwecheteyo yepakati somatosensory cortex, sezvaitarisirwa. Nekudaro, yepakutanga somatosensory cortex yaive inoshanda yakabatana neMCC uye operculum-insular cortex panguva yekusimudzira kwepenisi, asi kwete panguva yekukurudzira kwe groin [58]. Wise et al. yakadzidza kusvika pakadii uropi hwakagadziriswa hunowedzera kana kusiyana nehuviri hwekufungidzira uye hwekufungidzira kwevakadzi muvakadzi [59]. Imwe yemimwe mhedzisiro inonakidza ndeyekuti imagin dildo inosimudzira hippocampus / amygdala, insula, VS, ventromedial PFC, uye somatosensory cortices kupfuura kufungidzira kufungidzira kufungidzira. Kumwe kuongorora kuchangobva kuitika mune vechisochists kwakaratidza kushomeka kwekuita basa kwekubatana kweparietal operculum pamwe neyakaipirwa insulae uye operculum pavakawana zvinorwadza zvinosimudzira mumamiriro ekutarisa, zvichiratidza network yekurwadziwa modulation inofarira kurara kwevakomana [60]. Kunyangwe kana nzvimbo dzemumiriri dzataurwa, zviri pachena kuti basa rakawandisa rinotarisisa kwete kududzirwa kwepabonde kwekunzwa mutsara zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, asiwo kushandurwa kwechimiro chekusanzwisisana kwepabonde mukuitika kwakakodzera kwebonde.

 

 

 

   

Kudzivirira Bonde

Kubva pane maitiro ekuona, kugona kudzivirira kana kudzora mhinduro yepabonde kwakakoshawo sekukwanisa kupindura pabonde. Nekudaro, muuropi, panofanirwa kuve nekuenderera nekudyidzana pakati pemasisitimu anokurudzira maitiro uye masisitimu anokurudzira kudzivirira. Yakawandisa kana isingawirirane yekutsvaga ndeyekuti nzvimbo dzepamberi dzinoratidzira zviitiko zvakawandisa muzvidzidzo zvine hunhu hwehupombwe [61, 62, 63]. Nekudaro, vanopona penza yemazamu avo vanoshuma kushungurudzika nezve kurasikirwa kwavo kwekuda zvepabonde kwakaratidza kuderedza chiitiko mune dorsolateral PFC uye ACC kana vachiona zvinonyadzisira mifananidzo, zvichienzaniswa nevasina kutambudzika vechipfuva vanopona cancer.64]. Mhedzisiro iyi inoita kunge isingakwikwidzi, asi kushushikana kusingaperi kunosanganisirwa ne precental hyporegulation yenzvimbo dziri subcortical [65]. Zvekuongororwa kwechiremba zvinovimbisa kuti basa repamberi rinofanirwa kuve mukati merimwe rakaringana kuti bonde riite zvinowanzoitika [66], ichiratidza iyo yakakosha pfungwa yekuti yakajairika uropi basa inoda kuringana kwakaringana kwehuropi.

Victor nevamwe vake vakaita ongororo yeFMRI inotarisa paVS-amygdala chiyero senzira yeuyo wega munhu kudzivirira kupindura pabonde [67••]. Fungidziro yavo yaive yekuti VS ichipindura kwakakodzera kurudziro yebonde inongova hafu yenyaya; kuitira kuti mhinduro yebonde ipfuurire mberi, amygdala inofanirawo kuita kuti “isunungure bhuroka.” Izvi zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo zvinoratidza kudzikira kwechiito chiitiko chechipoko panguva yekuita zvepabonde kwakanyanya (semuenzaniso, ona [14•]). Sezvineiwo, yakakwira VS uye yakaderera amygdala chiitiko panguva yeasina-erootic impulsivity bvunzo yakawanikwa zvechokwadi kufungidzira huwandu hwakakwira hwevakabatana pabonde 6 mwedzi mushure mekudzidza, asi mune vechirume vatori vechikamu chete; mumadzimai, nhamba yepamusoro yevatsva vepabonde yakafungidzirwa nekubatanidzwa kweiyo yepamusoro VS uye amygdala chiitiko [67••]. Zvakakosha, VS uye amygdala chiitiko chinogona kuratidzawo ratidziro isina kunaka yekukurudzira zvepabonde. Mune imwe ichangopfuura fMRI yekudzidza iyo yaisanganisira yakasarudzika muedzo bvunzo, vakadzi vakatarisa mifananidzo yeakajeka ekupinda pabonde. Kupesana nezvingave zvichitarisirwa, VS chiitiko (uye basal forebrain-amygdala kuenderera) haina kuratidza nzira kana kunaka kufarira; pachinzvimbo icho, izvo zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kusasimbisa kwakanyanya otomatiki kweinonyanyisa porn yaive nemhepo yakasimba-inonyandura VS mhinduro [68•]. Pamwe chete, izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza zvakajeka kuti kuona kukurudzira kwebonde hakuna kukwana kufambisa mhinduro pabonde, asi zvakadaro, kuti mhinduro dzebonde dzinobuda kubva pakubata kwakaomarara pakati pekusvika pakudzivisa nekuzvidzivirira, maitiro ehupfumi ayo ari kungotanga kuvhurwa.

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

Mhedziso uye Mafambiro enguva Yemberi

Zvepabonde kwevanhu hazvivimbi pane imwechete "bonde". Asi, inosanganisira dzakawanda-dzimwe nguva dzakajairika-mabasa ehuropi kusanganisira ayo ekumutsa, mubairo, ndangariro, kuziva, kuzvitarisa, uye hunhu hwemagariro. Sezvakaratidzwa zvakajeka mune iyi ongororo uye kumwewo [3••, 14•, 17], nzvimbo dzehuropi dzave dzakabatana nehukadzi hwevanhu dzakamira kure. Kubva pane izvi maonero, kudzidza kubatana kweuropi kune hunyanzvi kupfuura kudzidza "akasiyana," uyezve, kudzidza chimiro chehukama pakati penzvimbo dzepfungwa hwave huri tsika yakajairika mune yemhuka mienzaniso yehupombwe hwevanhu kune vakawanda. makumi emakore ato (ona semuenzaniso, [46]). Chikamu chega chega chechipiri, mabhiriyoni euroni "anotaurirana kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza neiyo isinganzwisisike wiring inogadzira neatiri yakaomesesa neural network. Zviri mukunzwisisa mashandiro aya, aya ega, asi zvakanyanya pamwe nekubatana-kuti tinokwanisa kutanga kunzwisisa nzira dzezvisinga tsanangudzo dzinobata basa revanhu pabonde uye izvo zvinogona kupa kusagadzikana pabonde kusaita. Parizvino, kukurumidza kutora nzira iyi kunoratidzika kunge kwakakodzera mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutsvakira zvepabonde, sekuzivikanwa kwechikadzi / transsexourse uye kukanganisa kwemurume pabonde. Semuenzaniso, ongororo ichangobva kuitika yakashandisa yakaumbwa MRI data kutsanangura matunhu ane grey nyaya kusakwana mu pedophilia uye ndokuzoongorora inoshanda inoshanda yekubatanidza nzvimbo idzi uchishandisa hombe hombe yehuropi (dhata kubva ku7500 uropi kuyedza yakashandiswa). Zvakazoitika kuti nzvimbo dzakachinjika mune morophilia dzakabatana zvakanyanya nenzvimbo dzakakosha kuti dzigone kupindura pabonde, kureva.69••]. Izvi zvinotsanangudza zvakanyanya mamiriro ezvinhu apo mhinduro yebonde inoenderana ne-kana inodzorwa ne-nzvimbo dzehuropi zvine hurema hwakakosha hwe morphological. Seimwezve muenzaniso wekushandiswa kukuru kwekushandisa kweanuroimaging kune kudzidza kwehupombwe hwevanhu, ongororo ichangobva kuitwa yakashandiswa kutsanangura grafini kuratidza kuti, hama dzechienzi, vanhu vane transgender vane hukama hwakasimba hwenzvimbo yavo yematosensory network, inoratidzwa nekuwedzera uye kusimba kwenzvimbo kubatana.70]. Kunyanya kuitika, izvi zvinosimbisa iwo akasiyana masikirwo emuviri maonero avo. Nekusvika kuuropi sechinhu chakabatana, zvidzidzo zvakaita seizvi zvinotora hunyanzvi hwekushanda kweuropi zvakanyanya, zvichiwedzera mukana wekuwana mabhenekeri anobatsira uye zvinangwa zvekupindira. Tinokurudzira chose kuti nzira idzi dzishandiswe zvakanyanya kuti vafunge nezvepfungwa dzebonde dzevanhu, nekuti kugamuchira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu sekurwadziwa kwepabonde / kupenenguka dambudziko, kufarira zvepabonde / nyonganiso yekushushikana, Hypersexual kunyunyuta, kumuka nguva isati yasvika, kuramba uchiita nhengo dzekubereka, uye anorgasmia kunobva muuropi. hazvina kukwana; zvepabonde dysfunctions zvakaoma, multidimensional, uye multifactorial uye nemasikirwo avo, akakodzera kudzidziswa kubva pakuona "kubatana".

Kuteerera neMitemo Maitiro

Kurwisana kwezvaunofarira

Vanyori vacho vanotaura kuti havana kupokana kwekufarira.

References

Mapepa ezvinyorwa zvakanyanya, akabudiswa munguva pfupi, akaiswa pachena se: • Kukosha •• Zvekukosha zvikuru

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