Kuziva uye Kusingazivi Nzira dzekushungurudzika: Vanoshushikana neHaiidzo yeIndaneti Inoshandisa here? (2017)

¹Chikoro chePsychology, Center for Translational Neuroscience uye Mental Health Research, University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, NSW, Australia

²Sydney Medical School, Yunivhesiti yeSydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia

³Kuziva Neuroscience & Behaeve Lab (CanBeLab), Dhipatimendi rePsychology, Webster Vienna Private University, Palais Wenkheim, 1020 Vienna, Austria

⁴Rutivi rwePsychology, Vienna University, 1010 Vienna, Austria

Runyorwa: Tel: + 43-1-2699-293

Mudzidza Wenyaya: Takayoshi Kobayashi

Yakagamuchirwa: 1 Kurume 2017 / Yakagamuchirwa: 26 Kubvumbi 2017 / Yakabudiswa: 11 May 2017

ngovepo

Kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kwave kuri kuita kwevanhu vemazuva ano, nekufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi kubvumira internet yakakurumidza kumhanyisa uye kuenzanirana mukana wekupinda kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemidziyo isina waya. Kuwedzera kuona zvinonyadzisira kunochinja manzwiro akagadziriswa here? Tsvagiridzo munharaunda yekushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira inonyanya kuvimba nemabatiro anoziva ezvekuburitsa chiitiko. Nekudaro, zivo inowedzera inoratidza kuti hunhu nemanzwiro zvakagadziriswa zvakawandisa pane isina ruzivo rwekuziva isati yasvika pakuongorora kwekuziva. Nekudaro, iyi ongororo yekutsvagisa ine chinangwa chekuongorora kuti kuwanda kwekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwakakanganisa here kusaziva uye / kana kuziva maitiro maitiro. Vatori vechikamu (N = 52) avo vakashuma kutarisa uwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira vakaunzwa nemafungiro ekunyengerera mifananidzo. Chiitiko cheBongo-Chinoenderana Nezvinogona (ERPs) chakanyorwa uye Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) yakaiswa kuti isarudze maitiro asiri anoziva. Kuratidzwa kwakazara uye kukwikwidza kwechifananidzo chega chega kuratidzwa kwakatorwawo kutorwa kuti uzive mhedzisiro yemanzwiro. Kuziva kwakajeka ratings kwakaratidza mutsauko wakakura maererano ne "Erotic" uye "Zvinofadza" valence (kufadza) ratings zvichienderana nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. SRM yakaratidza mhedzisiro inosvika pakukosha uye ERPs yakaratidza shanduko kumatunhu epamberi neeparietal ehuropi zvichienderana ne "Hazvina kufadza" uye "Zvechisimba" zvimiro zvemufananidzo, izvo zvisina kuwirirana nemisiyano yakaonekwa mune akajeka ratings. Zviwanikwa zvinoratidzira kuti kushandiswa kwekunyadzisira kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoratidzika kune simba pane izvo zveuropi zvisinga zive mhinduro kune zvinosimudzira-zvinosimudzira izvo zvisina kuratidzwa nekuburitsa-kuzvitaurira.

Keywords:

kuziva kupesana nokusaziva maitiro; zvinonyadzisira; manzwiro; mhinduro dzinoenderana; EEG; kupenga

1. ziviso

Pane huwandu hunogara hunowanda hwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvinowanikwa online kuti zvinoshandiswa neruzhinji [1,2]. Kushaikwa kwemutemo kunoreva kuti Internet yakakurumidza kuva nzira iri nyore uye inoshanda neinogona kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kutenderera, kugoverwa, uye kuwanikwa kwekushandisa mukati meimba yako pachako, nezvakanaka zvekuwanika, kusazivikanwa, uye kutengwa [3,4]. Pamusoro pezvo, kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi kwakadai sefoni dzakangwara, Wi-Fi, uye kwakakwirira internet services zvinoreva kuti dambudziko rekare rekuverengeredzwa padhesiki uye tambo haichakwanisi kudzikamisa kugona kwemunhu kuwana hupfumi hwakawanda hwekuona zvinonyadzisira. Zvisinganzwisisike, matambudziko ane chekutarisa kukurudzira zvepabonde ave akanyanya dambudziko rekusangana pabonde munguva dzazvino [5]

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakanzvera pfungwa yekuti kuona zvinhu zvinonyadzisira kune zvakunobatsira, zvingave zvakanaka kana zvisiri izvo, pane mamwe maitiro ekuziva uye maitiro [3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Mazhinji emapepa aya akaedza kugadzirisa izvi kushushikana munharaunda, nekuongorora nyaya yekuti kuwedzera kuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira kunotungamira mukuita hupombwe. Meta inoongorora yeiri basa yakaratidza kuti kuwanda kwehuwandu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunogona kufanotaura miganho yakaipa muvanhu [16,17] - kunyange kuratidza kuti vanoshungurudza vanhu uye vanokara pabonde vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira pamwero mukuru kwazvo kupfuura munhu wepakati [18]. Iyo meta-ongororo yakaitwa naAllen et al. [6] yakaratidza kuti nzira dzisiri dzekuyedza dzekuongorora dzakaratidza kuti hapana kana mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira uye kubvuma ngano dzekubatwa chibharo, asi zviedzo zvekuyedza (kwete kungovimba pachako kuzvishuma) zvakaratidza diki asi rakajeka (kuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira kunowedzera kubatwa chibharo kubvumirwa kwengano). Mamwe-meta-ongororo akawana hukama hwakakosha pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye hunhu hunotsigira chisimba kune vakadzi muzvidzidzo zvese zvekuedza uye zvisirizvo [19]. Izvi zvinongedzo zvakange zvakakwira kana vanopara mhosva vakafumurwa pabonde nemhombwe zvinonyadzisira pamusoro pevasina mhirizhonga. Mancini et al. [12] vakaita ongororo yevakapara mhosva uye vakawona kuti kuratidzwa kwevachiri kuyaruka nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakanyanya kufanotaura nezvekukwira kwechisimba nenzira yeanodzvinyirirwa. Vanyori vakaona zvakare kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kusati kwaitwa mhosva kwakaguma nekukuvara kwevakakuvadza kwavanoti kwakashata. Kune vamwewo vaongorori vanoita sevanobvuma kuti kuona zvinonyadzisira kune zvishoma kana zvisingaiti maitiro ekuziva uye maitiro. Ferguson naHartley [20], mune wongororo yavo, vanoratidza kuti humbowo hwehukama hwehukama pakati pekuratidzwa zvinonyadzisira uye hutsinye hwepabonde hwakaderera uye chero hukama hwakanaka pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye maitiro echisimba hazvipindirani zvachose. Vanokurudzira kufungidzira kunowedzera kuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira kunotungamira maitiro ekurwiswa pabonde anoda kuraswa. Kazhinji, dambudziko rinongove rekushayikwa kwemusiyano pakati pekuenderana uye causation.

Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakati wandei pane kutarisa zvakabatana pakati pechisimba uye zvinonyadzisira, zvakatanga kutarisana nemafungiro, zvemagariro, uye zvekushata pabonde zvine chekuita nekunyanyisa kuona zvinonyadzisira. Zvinogona uye zvinokonzerwa mhedzisiro pakati pevamwe zvinosanganisira: kuwedzera kunetseka [21], zviratidzo zvinoshungurudza [22], uye kusakwanisa kutanga uye kuchengetedza erection nevatete vechokwadi vebonde pasina rubatsiro rwekuona zvinonyadzisira [23], iyo, zvakare, inogona kutungamira kushungurudzika uye kusagadzikana kunokonzerwa nekushushikana.

Zvinowanzoitika kuti kudzoreredzwa kwemamwe maitiro uye kurwara kwavo kungave kuri chikonzero chekunetseka kunogona kukonzeresa kumira kwehumwe hunhu, zvisinei, hazvireve hazvo kuratidza mafambiro. Kunyangwe zvichinzwisisika kuti kuwanda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira (sevamwe maitiro mazhinji anotsvaga mafaro) kungaitwe nevazhinji, iri nhamba diki yevanhu vanouya nemhedzisiro uye nekudaro hazvigone kufungidzirwa kuti kuenderana kwezvakaipa izvi. nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoreva kupererwa.

Zviitiko zvine chokuita neChiitiko (ERPs) kakawanda zvakashandiswa sechimiro chepanyama chekushushikana kune zvinyorwa zvepfungwa, semuenzaniso, [24]. Zvidzidzo zvinoshandisa ERP data zvinowanzo tarisa pane yakazotevera ERP migumisiro seP300 [14] uye Late-Positive Potential (LPP) [7,8] kana uchiferefeta vanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira. Izvi zvakazotevera zvikamu zveRAP waveform zvakaverengerwa nekuziva maitiro akadai sekutarisa uye nekurangarira kushanda (P300) [25] pamwe nekugadziriswa kwakasimba kwezvinhu zvinokonzerwa nemafungiro (LPP) [26]. Steele et al. [14] yakaratidza kuti yakakura P300 misiyano yakaonekwa pakati pekutarisa mifananidzo yebonde inoratidzana nemifananidzo isina kwayakarerekera yakanga ine hukama nematanho ekuda kuita zvepabonde, uye haina chekuita nehukama hwevatori vechikamu. Vanyori vakataura kuti ichi chisina kunaka kutsvaga chingangoitika nekuda kwemifananidzo yakaratidzwa isina kukosha kweichi dhamu, sezvo vatori vechikamu vese vachiratidzira vakatarisa zvakakura zvezvinhu zvinonyadzisira, zvichikonzera kudzikisira kweP300 chikamu. Vanyori vakaenderera mberi vachiti zvimwe kutarisa iyo yakazoitika LPP inogona kupa chishandiso chinobatsira, sezvo chakaratidzirwa kune index kukurudzira maitiro. Zvidzidzo zvinoongorora mashandisiro anoita zvinonyadzisira pane iyo LPP yakaratidza LPpl kuve yakanyanya kuve diki muvatori vechikamu vanotaura kuva nehupombwe hwepamoyo uye matambudziko ekutarisa kwavo kuona zvinonyadzisira [7,8]. Mhedzisiro iyi isingatarisirwe, senge zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakanangana nekupindwa muropa zvakaratidza kuti kana zvapihwa necue-zvine chekuita nehunyanzvi hwekuita, vanhu vanoshuma vane zvinetso zvekutaurirana vakapindwa muropa nekuratidzira mifananidzo yeiyo chaiyo yekupinda muropa.27]. Prause et al. [7,8] tipe mazano ekuti nei kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuchikonzera madiki LP mhedzisiro nekutaura kuti zvingangoitika nekuda kwekugara, sezvo avo vatori vechikamu mukudzidza vachitaura nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira vakakwira zvakanyanya muhuwandu hwemaawa apedzerwa vachiona zvinonyadzisira. zvinhu.

Kusiyana neRAPs, yekutanga Reflex modulation (SRM) iri hunyanzvi hunyanzvi mune ino ndima iyo yakashandiswawo mukutsvagisa kwemanzwiro kupa ruzivo rwune chekuita nerubatsiro rwechirevo ruzivo rwekugadzirisa, semuenzaniso, [28]. Chinangwa cheSRM kuyera ukuru hwemaziso epamaziso anoratidzwa nekuputika kusingatarisirwi kweinzwi guru rekuzevesa ruzha apa iye anotyisa achivhenekerwa nekusimudzira kwepamberi nechinhu chakasiyanasiyana chakanakira [28]. Lang et al. [29] yakaratidza kuti mwero wekubwaira kweziso wakanyorwa neyekusafungidzirwa kukurudzira kukurudzira kwakabatana nehukama hwekuita (zvichikonzera kushomeka kwemaziso mashoma) kana inodzikisira (yakakura maziso blinks) zvinoenderana neizvo zvinoratidzwa zvinoratidzwa. Kureva kuti, kupenya kwemaziso kunoenderana neanotanga probe kunosimbiswa kana munhu akaunzwa zvisingafadze kana zvinotyisa zvinosimudzira uye zvichiderera kana zvikaunzwa zvinofadza zvinokurudzira.

Kuverengeka zvidzidzo kwakasvitsa yekutanga Reflex modulation seyero yekubika yakasvibirira yekugadzirisa inoenderana nenzvimbo dzakasiyana, kusanganisira psychopathy [30], kuremara kwakawanda [31], hwema32] schizophrenia [33], dhizaini chigadzirwa [34], kufamba nemumaguta ari munharaunda [35], uye muridzi wemoyo [36]. SRM yakauniswazve kune vatengi neuroscience [37,38,39,40]. Nekudaro, kushandiswa kweiyi chiyero chekurekodha mukugadzirisa ruzivo rwepabonde kwave kushoma [41]. Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa zvinogara zvichiratidza kuderedzwa kwekutanga ziso blink Reflex kumifananidzo inoratidza yakajeka (zvepabonde) zviitiko zvakanangana nemifananidzo inoratidza isingafadzi, isina divi [42], uye zvinotyisa [43] zvemukati. Mu2014, SRM yakakurudzirwa kuti ishandiswe mune chaiwo mamiriro echidzidzo chino [44].

Chidzidzo chazvino chakanangana nekushandisa mitero yekutsikisa (EEG uye SRM) kuona kana huwandu hwakasiyana hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira mukati mevanhuwo zvavo hune mhedzisiro kune vasingazivikanwe mamiriro ehupfungwa pamwe neanenge achizvizivisa matanho ezviito.

Kuzvibika mibvunzo mibvunzo zvine nharo nzira dzakajairika dzinoitwa nevanoongorora nevarapi kuti vaone mafungiro ehunhu uye hunhu mukati mevashandisi vezvinhu zvinonyadzisira, kazhinji kusabvisirwa dzimwe nzira [45,46]. Kunyangwe zviitiko zvekuzvibika pachako zvingave nzira yakanaka kwazvo yekuunganidza huwandu hwe data pamusoro pehuwandu hwakazara, ivo vari mukana wekuyeuka kusarudzika, kushamwaridzana kudiwa kusarudzika [13,45,47], uye kusvibiswa kwepfungwa [48]. Emotion processing yakaratidza kuve ine zvikamu zvine chekuita nevasingazive, subcortical brain zvimiro pamwe neyeziva cortical zvivakwa. Saka, mativi emanzwiro anogona kuvapo pasina kuziva kwekuziva [38,49,50,51]. Iko kugona kupa mhinduro dzakajeka kune chero chinhu chinoshungurudza kunoda nhanho yekuziva kwekugadzirisa kunoguma nekuongorora. Uku kuongororwa kwekuziva, zvisinei, mhedzisiro yemusanganiswa weakadzika wezvemuviri maitiro anoitika subcortically muuropi akabatana nekuziva zvakanyanya cortical uropi kugadzirisa. Izvi zvakaratidzirwa kurudzi rwekuziva kududzira kwekuita kwepasirese kwechiitiko, chinhu chinonzi kusvibisa kwekuziva [48]. Naizvozvo, zvinokwanisika kuti kuwedzeredza pane data rakawanikwa chete nemaitiro ekuzvirevera pachako hakuwane humbowo hwakakwana hwekufunga kwemunhu. Kuzvidavirira pakuperevedza uku, vanyori muchidzidzo chazvino vakasarudza kushandisa nzira dzepanyama kuti vaone zvisingazivikanwe nzira dzekuwedzera kusangana nemagariro (sekuti, kutevedza nzira yehutatu). Electroencephalography (EEG), iyo inoyera cortical brain basa uye inosanganisira kurangana ruzivo kubva kune cortical uye sub-cortical brain brain, yakashandiswa. Uye zvakare, Electromyography (EMG) nenzira ye Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM), inoenderana necortical cortical brain function uye zviyero zvisingazive zvakashata zvakashata ruzivo rwekugadzirisa ruzivo, yakashandiswawo pamwe chete neyekare tsika yekutaura-chiitiko (mibvunzo, zviyero zvekuyera ) iyo inoda kuyerwa, yakakwira-kurongeka kwekuziva kupindura kunosanganisira cortical information process. Idzi nzira nhatu dzaishandiswa kupatsanura mutsauko chero upi zvake mune dzevatori vechikamu 'vasingazivikanwe chimiro chemuviri nemhinduro dzevanoziva uye kupinza muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvekugadzirisa ruzivo rwemanzwiro.

Vanhurume makumi mashanu nevaviri vatori vechikamu vakanyoreswa kuburikidza neNewcastle University yekuyedza manejimendi system inonzi SONA, izwi remuromo, kana mafhururu. Vatori vechikamu vese vaive vadzidzi paYunivhesiti yeNewcastle, Australia vane makore ari pakati pe18 ne30 makore (M = 21.1; SD = 2.9). Vese vatori vechikamu vakapa zvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa mvumo Sechikamu cheiyo nzira yekusanganisa, vatori vechikamu vakanyorerana muchidzidzo vakataura pachena kuti ivo ndevechingochani, kurudyi-kuruboshwe, vakajairwa / vakagadziridzwa kune zvakajairika kuona, vaive vasina nhoroondo yechirwere cheuropathy / chirwere chepfungwa, vaive vasina hurongwa hwepfungwa hwehutachiona hunobata mishonga kana zvinhu , yakanga isina nhoroondo yekunetswa kana kushungurudzwa mumuviri, uye isina nhoroondo yekuvharirwa mutirongo. Vatori vechikamu vakapihwa mari nemari yenguva yavo kana kupihwa pamwe nechikwereti. Vakadzi vakasarudzwazve kupa huwandu hwakati wandei hwehuwandu nekuda kwekuenzanisa. Pachinyakare, vanhurume vanogona kutsvaga zvinhu zvepabonde zvinovaraidza uye nekudaro ndiko kwaive kwatitarisisa nezvechidzidzo chiripo. Chidzidzo ichi chakabvumidzwa neYunivhesiti yeNewcastle Human Research Ethics Committee (H-2013-0309, 5 Zvita 2013).

Chikamu chekutanga chechidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira kushandiswa kwemibvunzo yemhepo online kuti ione mhinduro dzemanzwiro kubva kune mumwe nemumwe anopinda muchirongwa. Ongororo yepamhepo yakagadzirwa uchishandisa Lime Survey [52], iyo yaisanganisira mibvunzo yemagariro, iyo Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) kuona kana rimwe nerimwe remapoka akasarudzika rakasiyana-muzviratidzo zvavo zvekuzvizivisa zvekupokana; iyo Snyder yekuzvitarisa yega Scale [53] kuona huwandu hwayo boka rimwe nerimwe raitarisisa zvadzo-zvehurukuro uye iyo yakavakirwa chinangwa mubvunzo yekuwongorora maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira ane zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakagadzirwa nevanyori pamwe nekuisa zvinhu kubva kuHarkness et al. [54]. Chete vatori vechikamu vatori vechikamu vari pakati pe18 ne30 makore vaikodzera kupedzisa mibvunzo yacho uye vakazokokwa kuzopedzisa zviyero zvemuviri. Ongororo iyi yakatora inenge 20-25 min kuti ipere.

Electroencephalography yakayerwa uchishandisa 64 chiteshi BioSemi Active Two system (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) uye Startle Reflex Modulation (SRM) yakafambiswa uchishandisa Nexus-10 nhare yekurekodha mudziyo (wakagadzirwa naMindayi Media BV, Herten, The Netherlands). Kuti uwane rumwe rondedzero yakatsanangurwa yemaitiro uye tekinoroji, ndapota tarisa kuna Walla et al. [48].

Chikonzero chechizvino kudzidza chakaitwa nemifananidzo ye150 yakaomeswa kubva kuInternational Affective Picture System (IAPS) [55]. IAPS muunganidzwa wakamira wakakomberedza 1000 mifananidzo inoratidza vanhu, nzvimbo, zvinhu, uye zviitiko uye inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsva kwemanzwiro, semuenzaniso, [56]. Nechinangwa chekudzidza kwazvino, mifananidzo yakakamurwa kuva imwe yemhando shanu: Chisimba, Zvakaipa, Zvinofadza, hazvifadzi, uye Neutral, ine 30 mifananidzo muboka rimwe nerimwe. Dunhu rega rega remifananidzo rakasiyana kubva kune rimwe mune yavo yakajairika valence. Mufananidzo wega wega wakaratidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe mutambi we5 s. Vatori vechikamu vakazo tarisa mufananidzo wega wega pane zvakasiyana 9-point Likert zviyero zvevalence uye arousal.

Makumi mapfumbamwe ekutanga mavhenekiti akabatanidzwa neakasarudzwa akasarudzika 5 kunze kwemifananidzo ye30 pagumi remanzwiro (yakazara 25 yekutanga phenes panguva yekuyedza). Startle probes yakaunzwa binaological ku110 dB uye yaisanganisira 50 ms yakareba bur burs ye acoustic chena ruzha.

Mushure mekupedza iyo mibvunzo yemo online, vatori vechikamu vakadanwa ivo pachavo mu Lab. Pakati pechirongwa ichi, zviyero zvekutanga zveEEG uye SRM zvakaunganidzwa apo vatori vechikamu vakatarisa uye vakahodha mifananidzo yeIAPS. Iko kuunganidza kwe data yakajeka inosanganisira vatori vechikamu vanoyera yega yega kukurudzira maererano neanousal uye valence panguva imwe chete, EEG uye SRM yakashandiswa kuyedza mhinduro dzisiri dzese. Vatori vechikamu vakagara zvakanaka pamberi peiyo 32 ′ ′ LED bvunzo (resolution 1024 × 768 pixels). Vatori vechikamu vakabatanidzwa neBioSemi Active Two EEG system uye huropi shanduko dzinogona kuyerwa nekushandisa 64 cranial electrodes pamwe nemasere akawedzera emagetsi anoiswa lateral ocularly, supra ocularly, infra ocularly, uye pane mastoids. Makumi maviri e4 mm Biotrace electrodes akashandiswa mukuwedzera kweKutanga Reflex Modulation (ine 20 mm kupatsanurika pane yakaderera orbicularis oculi yeziso roruboshwe).

Chirongwa chemakombiyuta, Presentation (Neurobehaumcal Systems, Albany, NY, USA) chakashandiswa kuratidza zvakajeka mirairo yakakodzera uye zvinyorwa zvekurudzira. Iko kuratidzwa kwekukurudzira uye zvese psychophysiological chiratidzo chekurekodha chakaitwa kubva kune imwe kamuri. Vatori vechikamu vakapihwa ipfupiso yeongororo panguva yekumisikidzwa kwemidziyo uye vakakumbirwa kuverenga mirairo yebasa iripo pachiratidziro isati yarekodha. Mahedhifoni (Sennheiser HD280, Wedemark, Germany) akaiswa pamusoro penzeve dzeaitora chikamu uye kuyedzwa kutanga nemuridzi mune yega mukamuri rakavhenekerwa kuratidza kuti yakaringana kukurudzira.

Imwe neimwe mifananidzo yeIAPS yakaunzwa pachiratidziro che5 s, imwe panguva. Kutevera mufananidzo wega wega, vatori vechikamu vakaratidzirwa muyero wekuyera uye vakabvunzwa kuyera valence (kunakirwa) kwechifananidzo vachishandisa chiyero kubva ku1 "chakanakisa" kusvika 9 "chisina kufadza". Kutevera chiyero ichi chekutanga, vatori vechikamu vakaratidzirwa imwe chiyero chekuyera uye vakabvunzwa kuyera kukura / kusimba) kwemufananidzo vachishandisa chiyero kubva ku1 "yakanyanya" kusvika 9 "kunyaradza kwazvo". Kutevera izvi, diki diki chena yekugadziridza yakaonekwa pane nhema kumashure kwe1 s mufananidzo unotevera usati wasvitswa. Kana chirongwa chekuvhundutsa chakasanganiswa nemufananidzo, chakaitika pane 4th yechipiri post-kukurudzira mharidzo. Maitiro ehutano uye akajeka akatorwa kune ese 150 IAPS mifananidzo. Mifananidzo yakaratidzwa zvisina kurongeka. Zororo pfupi rakapihwa kune anenge achitora chikamu panzvimbo yepakati yekudzora mhedzisiro yekuneta. Zviripachena, kweSRM kuongorora chete mifananidzo yaive neyekutangisa probeti yakabatana yakaongororwazve pamwe chete nemifananidzo iyo 'yakajeka ine mhinduro.

Vatori vechikamu vakaparadzaniswa mumapoka zvichienderana nemhinduro yavo kuzvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana paParivheri Shandisa Mibvunzo. Zvinhu izvi zvakange zviri: "Kana uchiona zvinonyadzisira, uchaita nguva yakawanda sei muchiita chimwe chiitiko?" Uye, "Mune gore rapfuura, ndeipi frequency yawakaona iwe nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira?" Mhinduro kuchinhu chimwe nechimwe chakapihwa zvakasiyana kune mumwe nemumwe mutambi. uye nekuwanda kuti uone huwandu hwakaenzana hwemaawa ezvinonyadzisira zvinonwa pagore. Vanyori pakutanga vaizoenda kunopatsanura pakati pevaridzi asi mushure mekuwana vatori vechikamu vazhinji vachiona kana kutenderera masvikiro uye huwandu hwezvikamu zvakabatanidzwa muzvikamu zvitatu zvakaparadzaniswa zvakapatsanurwa, zvakatemwa kukamura mapoka kuva "akaderera", "Yepakati", uye "yakakwirira" mapoka zvichienderana nekupararira kwehuwandu. Nzira uye kutsauka kwehuwandu hwemaawa rimwe nerimwe boka rakaona zvinonyadzisira rinogona kuonekwa mukati Chikamu 3.2.

Raw yakajeka mhinduro (valence uye arousal) kubva kune mumwe nemumwe mutori akaiswa mumapoka avo ezvimwe (zvakaderera, zvepakati, kana kukwirira) zvichienderana nemhinduro kumibvunzo yemhepo online. Mhinduro dzeboka rega rega dzakazo tenderedzwa nekuongororwa vachishandisa Ongorora Maitiro Anovandudza of Variance (ANOVA) uchishandisa mukati mezvinhu zvinhu zveEmotion (zvinofadza, zvisingafadze, zvisingaiti, zvechisimba, uye kusarerekera) uye pakati pezvinhu zvinokonzeresa Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoshandiswa (zvakaderera, zvepakati, uye yakakwira). Ma ANOVA akaitwa akazvimiririra for "valence" uye "kumutsa" matanho.

Uye zvakare, imwe-Nzira ANOVA yakaitwa kuti iongorore mhinduro dzakawanikwa kuburikidza neSnyder Self-Monitoring Scale kuti ione kana paine hukama pakati peemaawa epa porn akashandiswa uye kuzvitarisisa.

Brain zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyorwa muyero we2048 samples / s uchishandisa 64-chiteshi BioSemi Active Two system uye ActiView software (BioSemi, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Seti data dzakagadziriswa batch ichishandisa EEG-Display (shanduro 6.4.8; Fulham, Newcastle, Australia). Munguva yekugadzirisa chiyero chemuenzaniso chakaderedzwa ku256 samples / s uye bhendi yekupfuura ye 0.1 kuenda ku30 Hz yakaiswa. MaEpp epochs akatsanangurwa maererano nekuratidzwa kwega yega IAPS mufananidzo kubva ku −100 ms pre- kusvika 1000 ms post-kukurudzira kutanga. Epochs ese akagadziriswa akagadziridzwa pamwe nekugadziriswa kuri kuitika kwe100 ms kusati kwatanga kukurudzira uye mapoinzi edatha padhuze ne ERP akaderedzwa kusvika ku15 data point pamwe neyekutanga yechipiri post-kukurudzira mharidzo yekuwedzera kuongororwa kwehuwandu. Maitiro Anodzokororwa ANOVA aishandiswa kuongorora ERP amploples panguva imwe neimwe achishandisa iyo-iri mukati yezvinhu manzwiro (zvinofadza, zvisingafadzi, zvisingaiti, zvechisimba, uye kusarerekera) uye hemisphere (kuruboshwe, kurudyi).

Pakuongorora kwekuona, zvakaonekwa kuti musiyano mukuru uripakati peboka rimwe nerimwe waivepo uchiitika weiyo ERP nzvimbo ye "Chisimba" uye "Erotic" mamiriro ane hukama nemimwe mamiriro, nekudaro idzi mbiri mitezo dzakashandiswa sedudziro yekusiyanisa. Kururamisa kutyorwa kwe sphericity, iyo Greenhouse-Geisser maitiro yakashandiswa. Misiyano yakapusa yaishandiswa kuona iyo nzira yeipi yakakosha mhedzisiro.

Meso blink mhinduro dzinoshandiswa kwekutanga Reflex modction dzakayerwa uchishandisa Nexus-10 (yakagadzirwa neMedia Media BV) yekukodha mudziyo uye Bio-trace + software. Bipolar EMG maErodrodes akasungirirwa paziso reruboshwe remumwe neumwe anenge atora chikamu uye zvingangoitika kuchinja kwemusculus orbicularis oculi kuyerwa. Chiyero che sampling yeEMG yaive 2048 / s uye bhendi rekupfuura faindi kubva ku20-50 Hz yakaiswa nguva ichiridzwa. Raw EMG dhata yakabva yashandiswazve ichishandisa iyo midzi inonzi kurema kurema (RMS) nzira yekushandura yakasvibirira frequency zvikwangwani kuva amplople. Iyo yekutanga blink amplitude kukosha yakatsanangurwa sekukwira kwepamusoro muEMG waveform pamiedzo inosanganisira kutanga kwekutanga. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, matanho anodzokororwa ANOVA akaitiswa kuongororwa kwehuwandu (ona [28]).

Cohort yedu yaisanganisira yakawanda homogeneous sampu. Ruzhinji rwevatori vechikamu vakazvidzidzira sevadzidzi vakapedza chikoro chechipiri chedzidzo, kungave kugara nemumwe wavo kana kusaroora, vakazvizivisa seCaucasus yakazvarwa muAustralia (ona Tafura 1).

Tafura 1. Hunhu hunhu hwevatori vechikamu chekudzidza.

Tsananguro dzemhinduro dzevatori vechikamu pabvunzo yemibvunzo dzinogona kuoneka mukati Tafura 2. Mapoka evatori vechikamu akapatsanurwa zvichienderana nekuwanda kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Zera rekureva hazvina kusiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemapoka. Zvakakosha, imwe-nzira yakazvimiririra ANOVA yakaratidza kuti pakanga pasina musiyano wakakura pakati pezvakaderera, zvepakati, uye zvepamusoro mapoka emapoka ekushambadzira ane Snyder yakazara mamaki F (2, 49) = 1.892, p = 0.162.

Tafura 2. Maawa eSex pagore uye Snyder Yese mamaki akakamurwa neboka.

Zvawanikwa kubva zvakajeka valence ratings hazvina kuratidza rakakosha boka rose neEmotion kudyidzana. Kuteedzerana kusiyanisa asi kwakaratidza kudyidzana kwakakosha kwe "Erotic" uye "Zvinofadza" zvakajeka valence (kufadza) ratings F (2) = 3.243, p = 0.048. Hapana misiyano yakakosha yakawanikwa iine ratidziro ye "arousal (kuwedzera") mune chero manzwiro ezvemukati (ona Mufananidzo 1).

Mufananidzo 1. Zvakajeka Valence (Auye Arousal (B) zviyero zvemhando yega yega yemanzwiro mukati memapoka ese. Kubata kwakakosha kweBoka kwakaitika kune valence ratings mu "Erotic" uye "Zvinofadza" zvikamu (zvakamisikidzwa nemasterisks).

Startle Reflex Modulation mhedzisiro yakaratidza Mhedzisiro maitiro eziso blink amplitude pamusoro pemamiriro ese ari kusvika kukosha F (2) = 3.176, p = 0.051 ona Mufananidzo 2.

Mufananidzo 2. Startle-elicited ziso blink mhinduro (kuruboshwe) uye mitsara yegirafu (kurudyi) yePasi (A), Medium (B), uye Yakakwira (C) zvinonyadzisira shandisa mapoka.

Kunyangwe pasina kuve neakakosha akakosha ekudyidzana mhedzisiro, kusiyana kwakapfupika kwakaratidza kwakakosha ERP Boka migumisiro ye "Hazvina kufadza" vs. "Chisimba" emukati mafungu 250-563 ms munzvimbo dzemberi dzehuropi. Mhedzisiro yakakosha pakati pemativi maviri akafanana emanzwiro akaonekwawo munzvimbo dzepamberi panguva yekufamba kwenguva (563-875 ms) (Ona Tafura 3; Mufananidzo 3. Iko kusavapo kwemhedzisiro yakakura kududzirwa semugadziro wekuti panzvimbo yakatarisana neERP misiyano.

Mufananidzo 3. ERPs kumberi (AF7 / AF8) uye parietal (P5 / P6) nzvimbo pane ese manzwiro emapoka ePasi, Medium, uye High porn inoshandisa mapoka. Cherekedza mhedzisiro yakakosha yeboka ye "isingafadzi" vs. "Chisimba" mamiriro e250-563 ms munzvimbo dzepamberi dzehuropi uye pakati pe563-875 ms kumatunhu eparari.

Tafura 3. Pfupiso yezvakakosha zveGroup zvinokonzeresa zvisingafadzi vs. chisimba chemuenzaniso chikamu chiitiko-chine chekuita (ERPs).

Chidzidzo ichi chazvino chakashandisa nzira yepamusoro yekutenderera vachishandisa nzira dzinoverengeka panguva imwe chete kurondedzera nzira dzakasiyana dzekufunda mhinduro dzekubatana uye kukosha kwadzo. Kuti utarise misiyano huru zvakare, zviyero zvakajeka inzira dzehunhu dzinoda mhinduro, yekuda uye saka shandisa cortical information process. Startle Reflex modulation chiyero chisiri-chekuziva chakashata chakagadziriswa ruzivo rwekugadzirisa pane hwaro hwekukurudzira priming (ona [57]) uye inoenderana neccortical brain brain, semuenzaniso, [29]. Electroencephalography (uye zvakare kune iyo, ERP) inonyanya kubata cortical ruzivo rwekugadzirisa, asi zvakare inosanganisira iyo yakarongedzerwa kuisirwa kubva kune sub-cortical uropi (kazhinji isingazivi) maitiro. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvese zvemuviri zviyero zviri panzvimbo izvo zvakagadzirirwa nemusikirwo mukusiyana kwakajeka pechiyero chekuita.

Tine ruzivo urwu, tinogona kuona kana huwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira huchichinja nzira isu nehana (matanho akajeka) uye asiri ehana (matanho akashata) tinoita sei neruzivo rwepfungwa? Kunyangwe zviyero zveSnyder zveboka rega zvoga hazvina kusiyana zvakanyanya-zvichiratidza kuti hapana mutsauko wekuzviongorora-mhedzisiro yakawanikwa muchidzidzo chazvino yakaratidza misiyano mumhedzisiro yakawanikwa kuburikidza nematanho akajeka uye akajeka.

Mifananidzo "inonyadzisira" yaikatsanangurwa seisina kufarirwa neboka revanhu vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira kupfuura yavanoshandisa vanoita zvounzenza. Zvichida vashoma vanoita zvinonyadzisira havawanzotsvaga zvinonyadzisira kana zvinonyadzisira, saka boka rakaderera remafirimu rakawana kuratidzwa kwemifananidzo "yakaipa" panguva yekuyedza haina kunyatsonaka kana kunyangwe ichinetsa. Kumwe kutsanangurwa kungangoitika kungasanganisira kuti vashoma vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira havasati vave nekuvhenekwa kwakawanda kwezvinonyadzisira uye saka havana kugara zvakanyanya sevashandisi vepakati kana vepamusoro. Kupesana, vanhu vanowana zvinonyadzisira zvisarudzo vangasarudza kusazvishandisa uye saka vanowira muboka rakashandiswa rekushandisa uye pekugara zvingasazodaro zvichikonzera. Sezvineiwo, rakakwira bhaisikopo rekushandisa rakatarira mifananidzo inonyadzisira seisingafadzi kupfuura yeboka repakati pekushandisa. Vanyori vanofunga izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa neiyo "yakapfava" mifananidzo yeiyo "zvisizvo" mifananidzo iri muIAPS dhata isingapi mwero wekukurudzira iwo wavangawanzo kutsvaga, sezvakaratidzwa naHarper naHodgins [58] kuti kazhinji nekuona kwezvinhu zvinonyadzisira, vanhu vazhinji vanowanzotarisana nekutarisa zvakanyanya zvakadzama kuchengetedza iwo mamiriro akafanana emuviri arousal. Iyo "inonakidza" yemhando yemhando yakawona valence ratings nemapoka ese matatu kuti akafanana uye nekushandiswa kwepamusoro group kukora mifananidzo sezvisinganyanye kufadza paavhareji pane mamwe mapoka. Izvi zvinogona kuve zvakare nekuda kwemifananidzo "inofadza" inoratidzwa isiri kukurudzira yakaringana kune vanhu vari muboka rakashandiswa rakakwirira. Zvidzidzo zvakaramba zvichiratidzira kudzika kwemuviri mukugadzirisa kweyemukati yekudya nekuda kwemagariro emamiriro ezvinhu mune vanhu vanogara vachitsvaga zvinonyadzisira.3,7,8]. Ndiko kukakavadzana kwevanyori kuti izvi zvinogona kuenzanisa zvigumisiro zvakaonekwa.

Misiyano yakakosha yakaonekwa pakati peiyo isingafadzi uye yehukama pakati pemapoka, iyo inopesana nematanho akajeka. Pamusoro pekutarisa kwekutarisa kwema curve, kuwedzera kwakashata kwechikamu kunogona kuonekwa muboka rakashoma rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kune iyo "isingafadzi" mamiriro panguva yeLPP chikamu chejika (400-500 ms) kumativi ese ari hemispheres munzvimbo dzepamberi dzehuropi. Izvi zvinoratidzika kuve zviripo chete mune chaiyo hemisphere yemasvikiro uye akanyanya kushandisa porn mapoka. Kunyangwe hazvo maitiro epasirosi asina kurarama pakuongororwa kwehuwandu, maitiro akacherechedzwa anogona kuratidza mugariro unogoneka wevazhinji vanowanzoona vanoita zvinonyadzisira. Ichi chiitiko chakakurumbira chisina kunaka chakaratidzirwawo nekuongororwa kwakaitwa naCuthbert et al. [59], kwavakawana kuti nzvimbo dzemberi dzehuropi dzakaratidza kugona kwakanyanya kwekufadza kupfuura mifananidzo isingafadze, chimiro che "kusarerekera" mune kwavo kudzidza ndicho chakanyanya kushata. Vanyori vebepa ratambodudzwa vaedza nepfungwa iyi kushandurwa kwakanaka kwemifananidzo inonakidza nekutaura kuti inogona kuratidzira yakashamwaridzana yakasarudzika kwete mutsauko wekupokana mutsika nekuda kwemifananidzo inonakidza mukudzidza kwavo ichimutsa shanduko yakakura kwazvo muzviitiko zvehutongi ( ganda maitiro) pane subjential arousal ratings. Uye zvakare, iyi nzira yekumberi asymmetry inogona kutsanangurwa nehama yakanaka ichienda kunodhindisa iyo "isingafadzi" mifananidzo inogadzirwa mune kuruboshwe hemisphere yepakati uye yakakwirira yekushandisa porn. Kutsvaga kwekuchangobva kuitika kunoratidza kuti chiitiko chakawedzerwa chekuruboshwe chiitiko chinogona kuve nechekuita nemaitiro ekukurudzira (ona [60,61]). Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti nekuda kwemusiyano wepamberi wekushandisirwa kumifananidzo "isina kufadza", vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira vangango tarisa iyo mifananidzo isinakidze iine hutano hwakanaka.

Kupfuurirazve, iyo "yechisimba" uye "isingafadzi" madanho epakati payo kurudyi hemisphere inoita kunge ichiwedzera kuteedzera nzira imwecheteyo munguva inotevera (> 500 ms) ichifamba kubva pasi kusvika pakati nepakati kune vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira - kunyanya munzvimbo yepamberi uropi. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti kugadzirisa kwakafanana kunogona kushandiswa nevashandisi vanogara vachiona zvinonyadzisira pavanongotarisa zvechisimba uye zvisingafadzi manzwiro emifananidzo zvine chekuita nekudzikisa vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira pamatanho akazara. Kutungamira zvakapfuura kumashure kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine chekuita nehuropi, iwo mamwe mapoka emanzwiro ("ane chisimba" uye "asingafadzi"), zvakare, anoita kunge anogadziriswa zvakafanana muboka repamusoro rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira panguva yechikamu cheLPP (> 500 ms ) kwavanogara vakaparadzana mumapoka ekushandisa epasi nepakati. Iyi pateni yemhinduro dzemuviri dzinogona kuratidza kuti kugara uchiona zvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kuwedzera kufarira uye nekudaro nzira yekukurudzira kune izvo zvinokonzeresa, nokudaro zvichikonzera kuwedzera kweLPP yakafanana neiyo LPP inogadzirwa nekuda kwekugona kunzvenga kurudziro kunobva pakuona mifananidzo yechisimba. Kupesana, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zvakaratidzwa kuti vazhinji vanowanzo shandisa zvinonyadzisira vanowanzo tenderera kune yakajeka kana yakajeka zvinhu panguva nekukanganisa desensitisation mhedzisiro uye kudiwa kwekutarisa yakawanda inoverengeka uye zvinhu zvakanyanyisa kumutswa [58]. Izvi zvinowanzosanganisira zvemhando yezvinonyadzisira zvinoratidzira zviitiko zvakasiyana zve (zvepabonde) zvechisimba izvo vanhu muboka rekushandiswa rakanyanya vanogona kuitirwa uye nekudaro vanopindura kune "zvisizvo" mifananidzo iri pahutano hwepanyama zvakafanana nemifananidzo "yechisimba".

Startle Reflex modulation, sezvakambotaurwa, inoterera subcortical inokonzeresa kugadziriswa pamwe nekujeka kusimbisa kune valence. Sezvingatarisirwa, mhedzisiro dzakaratidza kuti "zvisirizvo" rudzi rwekushamisa zvishoma, uye mumapoka ese matatu, boka rechisimba "rakawedzera mukana wekutyisa." Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yakawanikwa yakaratidza kukosha kwep-inoswedera chete kukosha, pakuongorora kwekuona kwema curves kunogona kuoneka kuti pane matatu akasiyana mharidzo dzekutanga mhinduro dzehunhu kune rimwe nerimwe boka. Maitiro anoonekwa achifamba kubva pakadzika kusvika pakati kusvika pakunyanyisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, sekuparadzaniswa kwepfungwa kwekutanga mhinduro dzinoita sedziri kuwedzera mukusiyana (kureva, boka rakakwirira rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira rine rakakura mikana yekutanga mhinduro pakati pezvishoma zvinomutsa (zvisizvo) uye iyo inonyanya kumutsa (yechisimba) yemapoka emafungiro). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vashandisi vepamusoro pevashandisi vanoita zvinonyadzisira vanoita mifananidzo ye “zvisizvo” seyakafanana nekutarisana nemamwe mamiriro echikamu pane asingazivi (zvisinei, zvine hunhu) chete. Mhedzisiro inoonekwa inoita kunge iri mukutevedzera kune dzakawanda zvidzidzo mune ino ndima, apo inotanga kudzikisira kumusana inokurudzira inoguma nemhinduro dzepamberi dzekupaza dzakaenzaniswa nekumwe kunakidza kwekukurudzira [32,42,43]. Tsananguro inogoneka yekuti sei boka rakakwira rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira rakaratidza kuderera kupindurika kwemifananidzo isiri iyo inogona kunge iri nekuda kwemifananidzo yese yakawanikwa kupfuura kuve runyararo kune vatori vechikamu uye nekudaro mhinduro yavo isingafariri yakaratidza kuti yaive yekunakidza inomutsa yaive isati yaenda kunogara. Sezvazviri, zvichave zvinonakidza kuona kuti zvingaitwa kangani kudzokerwa kwemifananidzo yakafanana, sezvo zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaratidza kudzokororwa kwekuonekwa kwea erotica mhedzisiro mukuwedzera ziso rekunyepa kumubvunzo unotyisa nekuda kwezvinhu zvacho zvichisemesa uye zvinosemesa [41]. Iyo yekumusoro yepamusoro amplitude yekutanga maitiro inoonekwa mumapoka uye epakati pevashandisi vanoita zvinonyadzisira inogona kutsanangurwa nevari muboka nechinangwa kudzivisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira, sezvo vangazviona zvisiri zvakanyanya kunakidza. Neimwe nzira, mhedzisiro yakawanikwa inokonzerwawo nemagariro ekugara, umo vanhu mumapoka aya vanoona zvinonyadzisira kupfuura zvavakataura zvakajeka-pamwe nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekusanyara pakati pevamwe, semagariro ekugara akaratidzirwa kuwedzera mhinduro dzekutangisa ziso [41,42].

Kunyangwe kukosha kukosha kwakawanikwa kunogona kunge kusiri izvo zvaitarisirwa, maitiro anoita kunge ari kubuda kubva ku data achiratidza musiyano uripo pakati pevazhinji uye vashoma vanoita zvinonyadzisira. Iko kufunga kwevanyori kuti kushaikwa kweiyo concrete mhedzisiro inogona kunge ichikonzerwa nehuwandu hushoma hwevatori vechikamu. A hombe cohort yaizowedzera simba kungoona yakasimba mafambiro. Nekudaro, zvinoita sekuti maitiro anoonekwa muhupfumi hwekudzidza kwazvino anopa imwe nzira yekuwana isingawirirane nezvakajeka ratings.

Kunyangwe chidzidzo chazvino chakange chakazara, pakaramba paine zvisingadzivirike. Izvo zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti mifananidzo iyo yakaumba "zvisizvo" chikamu chakawanikwa kuburikidza neIAPS database inogona kuonekwa seyakaratidza chiratidzo chekare erica kana zvinonyadzisira zvichienzaniswa neizvo zvinogona kunzi "avhareji zvinonyadzisira" izvo, munguva dzazvino, yakawedzera uye inooneka inomutsa. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvingangoda kushandisa yakawedzera-up-yakamira yakagadzika dhatabhesi mufananidzo kubika shanduko tsika. Zvakare, pamwe vakakwira porno vashanduri vakapindura mhinduro dzebonde panguva yekudzidza. Tsananguro iyi yakamboshandiswa ne [7,8] kurondedzera mhinduro yavo yakaratidza kusasimba nzira yekukurudzira yakadudzirwa neidiki LPP (yekupedzisira yakanaka kugona) kuwanda kwemifananidzo isina kunaka nevanhu vanotaura kusazvidzora kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. LPP amplopes akaratidzirwa kuderera pane nechinangwa kudzikisira [62,63]. Naizvozvo, LPP yakavharidzirwa yemifananidzo yakaipa inokwanisa kukonzera kushaikwa kwakakura kunowanikwa muchidzidzo chiripo kumapoka emapoka mamiriro e "erotic". Izvi zvinogona kukonzerwa nevatori vechikamu vasingabvumidzwe kuita bonhora pese vachitarisa zvinonyadzisira (kana mune ino kesi, zvisizvo) mifananidzo panguva yekuyedza, zvinova izvo zvavanogona kuita neimwe nzira [64].

Chimwezve chinogumira pakufunda kwazvino ndechekuti dziva revatori vechikamu rakakamurwa kuita mapoka ezvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvichibva pakushandisa kuzviona zvinonyadzisira. Sezvo zvidzidzo zvakavakirwa pa physiology mune ino ndima yekushandisa zvinyadzisira zvichangobva kuitika, hapasati pambove nemitsetse yemuviri kana chimiro chemuviri chinobvumira musiyano wakajeka pakati, uti, "akaderera" kana "yakakwirira" kushandisa zvinonyadzisira boka. Nyaya iri pachena yakapihwa neiyi nzira inogona kunge iri nekuda kwevamwe vanopindura 'pasi-kutaura-pamusoro-kutaura kwavo chaiko kuita zvinonyadzisira. Kupfuurirazve, chidzidzo ichi chiripo hachina kuvimba nesampiri yekiriniki inozivikanwa uye inowanikwa makiriniki ekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa matambudziko. Cohort yakashandiswa pakudzidza iripo mune "yakajairika" huwandu husina hutachiona hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira hunganzi husina kukosha uye nekudaro hunogona kunge husina kupa semugumisiro wakasimba sekufananidza pakati pevanorapwa uye vasina kurapwa.

Zvakare, mhedzisiro yakacherekedzwa mune ino pepa kusiyanisa pakati pevashandisi vezvinonyadzisira mapoka inogona kuratidza mhedzisiro yekuwirirana pane kukonzera. Chinongedzo chinogona kuvezwa pano uchienzanisa vanhu vari muhuwandu hwevanhu vanonwa doro. Kuteedzera zvinonyadzisira uye kunwa doro zvinogona kuve zvinofadza uye zvingangoita kukuvadza maitiro anoitwa nevazhinji, asi vashoma vashoma vevanhu vanonyanya kutora chikamu mune izvi maitiro kusvika kune izvo zvinokonzera kushushikana uye kwakabatana kwakashata maitiro. Zvinokwanisika kuti cohort yedu yaive yakaumbwa nevanhu vasina kana kumbofa vakatambura chero maitiro ekukuvadza maitiro nekuda kwekushandisa kwavo kwakanyanya.

Kuongororwa kwekushandiswa kwekunyadzisira kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira chiitiko chazvino uno, uye pane kudikanwa kwekuvandudza bvunzo yakagadziriswa yakashandiswa kuyera pachena kuyera kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye zvakabatana nayo. Kune zviyero zvakati wandei zvakatemwa kare uye zviyero zvinoshandiswa kuona akasiyana siyana ezvepabonde, pakati pawo: Iyo Dzebonde Kushushikana Chikero [65], iyo Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoda Mibvunzo [66], iyo Zvinonyadzisira Zvinoshandiswa Kuita Zvikero [67], uye Dambudziko Rekuona Zvinonyadzisira Use Scale [68], asi nekukurumidza kuchinjika mamiriro ekuwanikwa kwevanhu 'zvinonyadzisira kuwanikwa kuburikidza neInternet uye zviripo pairi, zvakawanda zvezvinhu zviri pachiyero izvi zvinogona kunge zvichionekwa senge zvapera uye zvinoda kuvandudzwa, asi nekuda kwekushayikwa kwechiripo, inonyatsoshanda uye psychometrically inonzwika chiyero chakawanda zvidzidzo (sezvatakaita) tasarudza kugadzira nekushandisa yavo-in-imba, chinangwa-chakavakwa uye kugadzirwa zvinhu uye nzira dzekutsiva vamwe vamwe (kunyanya avo vanodzidza kupindwa muropa nezvinonyadzisira) vakangotendeukira kugadzirisa zviyero zviripo zvekupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka uye zvakatsiva chinwiwa chinopinda muropa (semuenzaniso, doro, cocaine, heroin, nezvimwewo) neshoko rekuti zvinonyadzisira. Dambudziko neizvi kushomeka kwekuzvara uye chokwadi cheyero yekuwana mhedzisiro uye yakarurama mhedzisiro pakati pezvidzidzo mune ino ndima.

Muchidimbu, kunyangwe matanho ese airatidza kukosha (kana padyo kune akakosha) mhedzisiro, zvakakosha kuziva kuti mutsauko unoonekwa muzviyero zvakajeka waisave mutsauko unoonekwa muzviyero zvemuviri. Zvakafanana neshoko rekugadzirisa mashandisirwo eizwi pakawaniswa mukana pakati pemhinduro dzakajeka uye dzakazara (ona [69]) izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvirokwazvo pane zvikonzero zvekugumisa kuti sezvo paine mutsauko munzira yeruzivo ruzivo rwunogadziriswa zvese nehana uye kwete nehana, hapana imwe nzira yekuyera inogona kupa rondedzero yechokwadi yemunhu wechokwadi manzwiro. Mukutaura kudaro, nzira dzakawanda dzakagadzika dzinobatanidza zvese zvakajeka uye zvakajeka zviyero zvekuyera zvinogona kuda kushandiswa kuitira kuyera ese mativi akasiyana eakakodzera mashandiro anotungamira kumanzwiro. Zvirokwazvo, kuongorora kwega hakutungamiri kumhedzisiro yakasimba.

Vanyori vanoda kutenda Ross Fulham nerubatsiro rwake rwakakosheswa neEEG uye nekutanga kudhiza kwedhata. Iye munhu anoshamisa ane hukosha ruzivo, hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi.

Sajeev Kunaharan, Sean Halpin, Thiagarajan Sitharthan, Shannon Bosshard naPeter Walla vakabata uye vakagadzira iyo miedzo; Sajeev Kunaharan akaita kuedza; Sajeev Kunaharan naPeter Walla vakaongorora data racho; Sajeev Kunaharan, Sean Halpin naPeter Walla vakapa zvinhu zvekushandisa / zvekuongorora; Sajeev Kunaharan naPeter Walla vakanyora bepa; Sean Halpin, Thiagarajan Sitharthan uye Shannon Bosshard vakapa zvekunyora mhinduro uye mhinduro kusanganisira mhinduro nemazano. Vese vanyori vakabatsira zvakanyanya pabasa rakataurwa.

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