Ko kusvibisa zvinonyadzisa kunoshandisa kutevera Guttman-kufambira mberi kwakafanana here? (2013)

Kutsvagisa kunongedzera kuunganidzwa kwevana zvinonyadzisira hakungori chete nemifananidzo yevepabonde yevana, asi mamwe marudzi ezvinonyadzisira zvese zvakatsauka uye zvinogamuchirwa munharaunda (cf, Quayle & Taylor, 2002; Quayle & Taylor, 2003). Muchokwadi, kubvunzurudzwa kwevatengi vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanotaura kuti vamwe vatadzi vanofamba "nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzezvinonyadzisira, nguva dzese vachiwana zvinhu zvakanyanyisa" (Quayle & Taylor, 2002, peji 343) semhedzisiro yekushushikana kana kudya satiation, izvo zvakakonzera kuunganidza nekutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzezvinonyadzisa (Quayle & Taylor, 2003). Zvakare, vamwe vatengi vakataura kuti vakadhonza iyo mifananidzo nekuda kwekuti yaivepo uye yaiwanika, zvichiita kuti zviito zvinyanye kukonzeresa zvekumanikidza pane kuita chaiko kuita zvepabonde kuvana (Basbaum, 2010). Nekudaro, kuongorora kwekutanga kunoenderana nezviitiko zvevatongi vane mhosva yekuita bonde vatadzi uye vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zvevana. Kana imwe yakaenzanisirwa yakavakirwa mumiriri sampuro (sekushandiswa pano) yaishandiswa, saka vaongorori vanogona kuve nehukama uye kunzwisisa kuzere kweunganidzwa hwevashandisi vevashandisi vevana.

Vamwe vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vatengi vanoratidza hutano hwakasiyana-siyana hwepabonde, iyo inogona kunge yakamiririra huwandu hwakawanda hwemaitiro eparaphilic panzvimbo pekuda zvepabonde kune vana. Mukudzidza kwakaitwa na Endrass et al. (2009), kukohwa kwezvifananidzo kubva kuvarume ve231 vakapomerwa nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevana zvinoratidza zvakare mamwe marudzi ezvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira. Kunyanya, inenge 60% yemuenzaniso wekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevana uye pamwe chete nemumwe mufananidzo wekuona zvinonyadzisira, zvakadai sebhechi, marara, kana kushungurudza, pamwe nevanenge vatatu vanokanganisa vanounganidza zvitatu kana kupfuura zvezvifananidzo zvinonyadzisira (Endrass et al . 2009). Iyi tsvakurudzo inoratidza huwandu hweIndaneti vana vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vatengi vari kuunganidza huwandu hwakawanda hwekuona zvinonyadzisira, izvo zvinogona kuratidza huwandu hwehupombwe hwepabonde kwete pane paraphilia chaiyo, yakadai sedopophilia. Mune mamwe mazwi, vamwe vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vatengi vangave vasina kupindira mukati mevanhu vese vanogara vachiratidzira huwandu hwakawanda hwepabonde kana chido.

Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zviripo zviriko, zvishomanana zviongorori zvitsvakurudzo zvakarongedza mubvunzo wekuti vanhu vanoshandisa nondeviant maitiro ezvinonyadzisira (semuenzaniso, vanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira) vari pangozi yakawanda yekudya maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuona zvinonyadzisira (semuenzaniso, mhuka uye zvinonyadzisira zvemhuka). Mune mamwe mazwi, kurasa zvinonyadzisira kunoshandisa kutevera Guttman-kufambira mberi (cf, Holland, 1988) nezera rekutanga kuva chinhu chinokosha kana munhu akachinja kubva pakusvibiswa nemunhu anonyadzisira anoshandisa zvinonyadzisira? Nezvezera rekutanga, ruzhinji rwekutsvakurudza runotarisa pamigumisiro yemanzwiro ekusafarirwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira pazera duku (cf, Mafashamo, 2009). Somuenzaniso, Mitchel, Wolak, naFinkelhor (2007) vakawana 10% ye10 kune vane makore gumi nemana 17 vakatsanangura ivo se "vakanyanyisa kana vakatsamwa kwazvo" nekusafarirwa kutarisa zvinonyadzisira. Kune rumwe rutivi, McKee (2007) akabvunzurudza 46 Australia, pamusoro pekutsvaga kwavo kune zvinonyadzisira vachiri vaduku, avo vakatsanangura kupararira kwavo kwepasescent vachiona zvinonyadzisira se "zvinonakidza" uye ne "zvido zvishoma" asi mushure mekubuda kwepasitendi yaiva "Kodzero yekuenda" (peji 10). Mukuwedzera, kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti ukama huripo pakati pezvinonyadzisira hunoshandisa pazera duku uye maitiro akasiyana ehupombwe. Kunyanya, Johansson naHammarén (2007) vakawana vashandi vekuona zvinonyadzisira vaduku vaive vakaita zvepabonde uye kumira kweusiku humwe, uye vaduku vezvinonyadzisira zvechisimba vainyanya kuratidzira mafungiro ehupombwe nemafungiro (cf, Mafashamo, 2009) .

Kakawanda, kutsvakurudza kwakapfuura kwakanyanya kufunga nezvekunzwa kwekushushikana kwekusadzisira kunonyadzisira kune vechidiki. Chidzidzo chezvino chakatarira "nguva yekutangira" ye kushandisa nemaune, panzvimbo yekutaura kusingadikanwi, kwehupfumi uye zvinonyadzisira. Sezvo ikozvino kuongororwa kwakaitwa vaparidzi vanobva kuUnited States, tsanangudzo yezvinyorwa zvisingabvi uye zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvichibva pamitemo yezvinosemesa iri kuUnited States. MuUnited States, vanhu vakawanda vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanodzivirirwa neChinyorwa Chirevo (kunyange pane zvisiri izvo); zvisinei, vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira uye zvinonyadzisira zvemhuka (kurara nemhuka) zvinonyadzisa, saka, maitiro asingabvumirwi ekutaura. Nokudaro, vanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira vaishandiswa se nondeviant, asi, zvinonyadzisira zvemhuka nevana zvakanyorwa se deviant maitiro ezvinonyadzisira.

Pasinei nehutano hwemagariro evanhu (mitemo) inotarisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, marudzi ose matatu ezvinonyadzisira anoramba achiwanikwa nyore paInternet. Nokudaro, chidzidzo ichi chakatsvaga pazera revanhu vanhu vekutsvaga kutsvaga, kubudiswa, uye kugoverana / vakagovera zvinotevera zvinonyadzisira marudzi: vanhu vakuru-mhuka, mhuka (kurara nemhuka), nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevana. Nokuongorora kushamwaridzana pakati pezera remakore-ezvo uye zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandura zvinyorwa, vanyori vakatarisira kunzwisisa kuti nondeviant zvinonyadzisira inoshandisa sei kana yakarongedza kana kuti inofanirwa kuve mukana wekuita mune dzimwe nzira dzakashata dzezvinonyadzisira.

Zvinangwa zvitatu zvakakosha ndizvo zvaitarisirwa pachidzidzo chazvino. Chinangwa chekutanga chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuona kana zera rekutanga raive njodzi yekuita zvinonyadzisa. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vanoita zvehupombwe vanoshandisa pazera rapfuura vanowanzoita nzira dzakatsauka dzekuona zvinonyadzisira dzinoshandiswa zvichienzaniswa nevashandisi vanonoka kutanga? Chinangwa chechipiri chechidzidzo ichi chakagadza kana vakadzi vakapindura vachidya Internet mwana zvinonyadzisira. Ongororo yapfuura inoratidza kuti vazhinji vevashandisi vevashandisi vechirume varume; zvisinei, ruzhinji rweaya masampuli anobva kune vezve forensic kana vekiriniki (cf, Babchishin, Hanson, & Hermann, 2011). Uye zvakare, Internet-based research research inoratidza kuti vakadzi vanogona kunge vari kuita vana zvinonyadzisira kupfuura zvaitarisirwa kare (cf, Seigfried, Lovely, & Rogers, 2008; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010). Nekudaro, chidzidzo chazvino chakanyatso tarisa kuwanda kwevakadzi vechikadzi zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa mune mumwe muenzaniso wevashandisi veInternet panzvimbo peye forensic kana kiriniki sampuro, kuitira kuti vape pfungwa yakajairika yevashandisi vechikadzi vevana zvinonyadzisira (vasina-mhosva uye vanozvitaurira) .

Pakupedzisira, chinangwa chechitatu chekuongorora ichi chakaongorora kuwanda kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandisa kuputsana nevakabvunzwa mune zvinonyadzisira zvikamu: hapana, munhu mukuru-oga, mhuka-chete, mwana-oga, munhu mukuru-mhuka, mwana mukuru, mwana wemhuka, uye munhu mukuru -child-animal. Iyi nzira yekuongorora yakabvumira kuongororwa kwekuti i-self-reporting child pornography vashandisi vaive vanogona kuzvipa-vanyorera vanhu vakuru nemhuka zvinonyadzisira maitiro ekuenzanisa nemamwe mapoka evashandisi. Nhamba shoma dzekutsvakurudza dzakanyatsoongorora maitiro akasiyana-siyana akaunganidzwa neInternet child pornography vashandisi (cf, Seigfried-Spellar, mumutsara). Kunyanya, kana vana vanonyadzisira vachishandiswa vakatevera kufambira mberi kweGittman-saka hakufaniri kuva ne "vatengi chete" ve chete child pornography; panzvimbo iyo, vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi vanofanirwa kunyorera kuita mamwe maitiro ezvinonyadzisira uye zvisingaoneki zvinonyadzisira.

Ichi chidzidzo chaive chekutsvaga mune zvisikwa kubvira apo hapana tsvakurudzo yapfuura yakaongorora kana vanhu vakazviti "vaduku vezera" revanhu vakuru vekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa mikana yekuita zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kushandiswa kana vachienzaniswa nevanhu vakazviti "makore ekutanga". Chinotarisirwa ndechokuti urege kuwana hukama pakati pe "makore ekutanga" kwevanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira uye mushure mekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuwanda kwekutsvakurudza pamusoro pevana zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kunoratidza kuti vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira zvinyorwa zvinosanganisira zvifananidzo zvisingabviri uye zvisingaoneki zvinonyadzisira. Nokudaro, inofungidzirwa vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vatengi vachave vachida kudya vanhu-vakuru chete uye vanoona zvepabonde zvinonyadzisira uye zvishoma kuti vangave vari vatengi vekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevana. Pakupedzisira, vanyori vanotarisira kuwana mutsauko wepabonde; kunyanya, varume vachave vachida kuzvipa-vanyorera kushandiswa kwevana vanoona zvinonyadzisira (semuenzaniso, Babchishin et al., 2011). Zvimwe chete, kuchava nekupararira kwepamusoro kwevana vechikadzi zvinonyadzisira vanoshandiswa mune iyi yekutsvakurudza kwakawanikwa paInternet nekuda kwekusiyanisa mune sampling methodology.

2. Method

2.1 Vadzidzi

Dzidzo yezvino yakashandiswa kuSyvey Sampling International (SSI), iyo yakapa jeri reInternet shanduro yevarume nevakadzi vakapindura, avo vaive nemakore anopfuura 18 emakore kana kupfuura, kubva kuUnited States. Panzvimbo pokutsvaga chando paInternet kuitira kuti vatsanangure vanhu ava, vatengi ava kana vateresi vatove vakapfuura kuburikidza nehutano hwehutano hweSSI uye chekuongorora kuitira kuti vaone avo vari pangozi yekurara muongororo kuitira kuti vawane kana kubvunza chero mibairo kana kukurudzira ( SSI, 2009). Mukuwedzera, SSI inodzivirira munhu mumwe chete kuti asakwanisa kutora sarudzo kakawanda (SSI, 2009). Chinonyanya kukosha, vatengi ava kana vaverengi vainyanya kuva nechivimbo mukuvimbika uye kuvanzika kwechidzidzo ichi, pamwe nekusununguka uye kuvimba mukutsvakurudza pachako pachako, izvo zvinokosha pakuongorora mafungiro uye maitiro kune zvidzidzo zvevanhu.

Kubva pane chido chekuenzanisira avo vanopindura kubva kune "vanhu vakawanda vanoona zvinonyadzisira zveIndaneti," panzvimbo peyamuenzaniso kubva kuchipatara kana vehuwandu hwevanhu, uye kudiwa kwekuwedzera mubvunzo wevanopindura mukuzviratidza kwavo, nzira iyi yezvidzidzo yakanakisisa zvinodiwa ikozvino kudzidza. Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhenekeri 1, 630 vakapindura vakapedza kuongororwa kwepaIndaneti; 502 (80%) vaiva vakadzi uye 128 (20%) vaiva varume (Cherechedza: Uku kukanganiswa kwepabonde kuchakurukurwa gare gare mupepa). Kakawanda, ruzhinji rwemuenzaniso rwakanga huchena (n = 519, 82.4%), pakati pemakore e36-55 (n = 435, 69%), vakaroora (n = 422, 67%), uye 68% (n = 427) yevaya vakapindura vakanga vapedza basa rekugoreji kana kuti rakapedza kudzidza.

2.2 Miedzo

Muteereri weIndaneti nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira paIndaneti uye makore okutanga akaenzaniswa achishandisa shanduro shoma yeIndaneti Pornography Survey (OPS; Seigfried, 2007; Seigfried-Spellar, 2011). Iko yepakutanga yeOPS yaisanganisira mibvunzo ye54, iyo yakaratidza vanobvunzwa 'zvinonyadzisira maitiro anoita kusanganisira kutsvaga, kuzviwana, kuitsvaga, uye kugoverana nemifananidzo yeIndaneti yakajeka. Kuona zvinonyadzisira kwevanhu vakuru kwakatsanangurwa sezvifananidzo zvezvinonyadzisira "zvine vanhu pamusoro iyo makore emakore 18, "asi vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vaitsanangurwa sezvinhu zvinonyadzisira" zvine vanhu pasi nguva ye18 yemakore. "Kuona zvinonyadzisira zvezvipfuwo kana zvepabonde zvairondedzerwa sezvifananidzo zvezvinonyadzisira" zvaiva nevanhu pamusoro nguva ye 18 makore ne mhuka. "

Zvinhu zve 15 chete zvinobva paIndaneti Zvinonyadzisira Zvinyorwa, izvo zvakatarira kumunhu wemubvunzurudza wekutanga kwekuona zvinonyadzisira paIndaneti, zvakabatanidzwa muchidzidzo chino. Yese mibvunzo ye15 yakashandurwa mhinduro imwecheteyo. Izvi zvinotevera muenzaniso wemubvunzo wakabatana nezera rinotanga kubva kuOPS: "Waive nemakore mangani iwe uchiziva kuti wakawana webhusaiti kuitira kuti uone zvinonyadzisira zvinosanganisira vanhu pasi yezera remakore e18? "Vakasarudzwa nevakasarudzwa nemakore ekutanga zvinhu vaiva: hazvirevi kwandiri, pasi peCXMUMX yemakore, 12 kusvika pasi peCNUMX yemakore, 12 kusvika pasi peCNMX yemakore, 16 kusvika pasi pe16 makore emakore, 19 yemakore emakore kana kupfuura, uye anoramba kupindura. Kubva pane chinhu chinogamuchirwa, avo vakapindura vakaiswa sevashandisi kana vasiri vashandisi vevanhu vakuru, mhuka (mhuka) uye vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira.

Pakupedzisira, avo vakapomerwa 'ruzivo rwehuwandu hwevanhu vakazvidzivirira pachavo kuburikidza nemubvunzo wekutsvaga muIndaneti, waisanganisira zvinhu zvakadai sekuita zvepabonde, zera, nemamiriro emhuri. Tsvakurudzo yehuwandu hwevanhu yakaonekwa pakutanga kwekudzidza kune vose vakapindura. Dzidzo yemazuva ano inoparidzirwa seinoongorora "mafungiro kune mawebsite evanhu vakuru," uye nekuisa mibvunzo yevanhu vanoverengeka vasati vava nemibvunzo yakawanda yevanhu inosangana nezvisungo zvekuona zvinonyadzisira, nzira iyi yakawedzera kukarurama kwehupenyu hwehupombwe hwakataurwa pamusoro pekudzidza uku (cf, Birnbaum, 2000) . Uyewo, zvinhu zvose zvekuongorora zvakamanikidzwa-kusarudza, asi avo vakapindura vakakwanisa kusarudza "kunonoka kupindura" kune chero chinhu, sezvinodiwa neInstitutional Review Board (IRB). Uyezve, vose vakapindura vakabatwa maererano nemitemo yakatarwa neAmerican Psychological Association (APA).

Tafura 1

Demographic Information

2.3 Procedure

Ichi chidzidzo chakaitwa zvemagetsi vachishandisa Internet-based ongororo. Iyi nzira yekuita tsvagurudzo kuburikidza neInternet yaona ichikura ichishandiswa nevatsvagiri nekuda kwekuwanika kwevakabvunzwa uye kusazivikanwa kusazivikanwa uye kuwedzera kudisa kwekuzviburitsa mumagariro kusagamuchirwa kana kupokana maitiro kana maitiro (Mueller, Jacobsen, & Schwarzer, 2000). Kana vapinduri vawana webhusaiti, peji rekumba rakatsanangura chidzidzo ichi richiita sefomu rekubvumidza iro vapomeri vaifanira kubvuma kana kuramba kutora chikamu. Kana vaitarisirwa vakapindurwa vakabvumirana, vaifanira kubaya bhatani rinoti "Ndinobvumirana" kuti vatore chikamu. Mushure mekubaya bhatani re "Ndinobvumirana", vakapindura vakabvunzwa kupedzisa mibvunzo, iyo yakatora ingangoita maminetsi gumi nemashanu kupedzisa.

Pasina nguva vakange vakapindura vakakumbira chero ruzivo rwekuziva (sezita, zita). Kuti vadzivirire muteereri kusazivikanwa nekuvanzika, avo vakapindura vakapiwa nhamba yeAzisi saka mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakabvunzwa dzisingagoni kubatanidzwa kana kufanana kune mumwe munhu chaiye.

2.4 Statistical Analyzes

Mushure mokuunganidzwa kwe data, nhamba dzekuongorora dzakaitwa dzakashandiswa uchishandisa Statistical Package ye Social Social Science (SPSS) version 19. Tsananguro yekutora yakaiswa pa alpha alpha ye .05 isati yamboongorora. Iko Fisher-Freeman-Halton Yakarurama Test yakaedzwa kuhukama hukuru pakati pemakore ekutanga, zvepabonde, nekunyadzisira. Ichi chisarudzo chakaitwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera: kutarisirwa kwemajeri mashoma maverengi akawandisa pamusana pekuongorora kuongorora zviitiko zvisingaoneki (kureva kuti, vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa), iyo inofungidzira chi-square test semuenzaniso wekuenzanisa (N) inowedzera, uye Fisher-Freeman-Halton Yakarurama Test inoendesa Fisher's Exact Test ku R x C nyaya (cf, Freeman & Halton, 1951). Pakupedzisira, kudzoreredza kumashure nzira (Wald) kudzoreredzwa kwakaitwa kuitira kuti uone kana bonde uye "zera rekutanga" kune vanhu vakuru vezvinonyadzisa vanoshandisa vakafanotaura kuve nhengo yeboka kune nondeviant maringe nekutsauka kwepamhepo zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Kudzoreredzwa kwemagetsi kwakakodzera kuongororwa kwekuongorora, nekuti iwo akasimba nekutyorwa kushoma kwekufungidzira, senge zvidiki uye zvisina kuenzana saizi yemuenzaniso (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007).

3. Mhinduro

Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhu 2, 5.2% (n = 33) yevakabvunzurudza ivo pachavo vakazvidza kushandiswa kweInternet child pornography. 16 (12.5%) yevarume vakapindura vaiva vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira nevashandisi, uye 17 (3.4%) yevakadzi vakabvunzwa vaiva vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira nevanoshandisa. Pakati peva 630 vakapindura, chete 8.6% (n = 54) yevakabvunzurudza ivo-vakazvidza kushandiswa kwemhuka yekuona zvinonyadzisira, asi inenge hafu (n = 254, 40.3%) yevaya vakapindura vakarondedzera kushandiswa kwevanhu vakuru-kungoona zvinonyadzisira chete. Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhenekeri 3, avo vakapindura vakanyatsorongerwa maererano nekushandiswa kwavo kwevanhu vakuru-chete, kurara nemhuka, nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevana.

Mukutsigira chidzidzo chekudzidzira, hakuna avo vakapindura vakatsanangura kushandiswa kwevana chete zvinonyadzisira. Chengetani 1 muteereri wevakadzi anongoratidzira kungoita zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde. Mukuwedzera, 9.8% (n = 60) yevakabvunzwa vakatora mamwe masanganisi ezvinyorwa zvinonyadzisa uye zvinonyadzisira zvichienzaniswa chete .5% avo vanoti vanodya chete kusvibisa zvinonyadzisira (kurara nemwana).

Sezvo dudziro inotsanangura yakaratidza kuti pane ukama pakati pevanhu vakuru, mhuka, uye vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandiswa (ona Tableta 3), kuwirirana kwezero-kurongeka kwakaitwa kuti uone kutungamirirwa kwehukama. Kubva pane mhinduro dzechinhu, dichotomous variable yakagadzirwa kune imwe yega yekusangana zvinonyadzisira: munhu mukuru, mhuka, uye mwana. Vaya vakapindura vakanyorwa sevasiri vashandisi (0) kana vashandi (1) yeboka rimwe nerimwe rekuona zvinonyadzisira. Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhenekeri 4, pakanga pane ukama hunokosha hunokosha pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira uye kushandiswa kwemhuka, r_ϕ (635) = .36 ne p <.01, uye vanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira uye zvinonyadzisira zvevana vanoshandisa, r_ϕ (635) = .27 ne p <.01. Paive nehukama hwakakosha kune vanhu vanozviti vakazvipira mukuona zvinonyadzisira, mhuka / mhuka, uye zvinonyadzisira zvevana. Uye zvakare, varume vaive nemukana wakakura wekuzvitaurira ivo pachavo kushandiswa kwevakuru, r_ϕ (630) = -.28 ne p <.01, mhuka / mhuka, r_ϕ (630) = -.18 ne p <.01, uye zvinonyadzisira zvevana, r_ϕ (630) = -.17 ne p <.01 (Ona Tafura 4).

Tafura 2

Percentage yeZviona Zvisingabvi uye Zvinonyadzisa Shandisai zvepabonde

Tafura 3

Kuenzanisa kweVapinduri neKushandiswa Kwekuzvidzivirira Kwevanhu Vakura, Mhuka, uye Vana Zvinonyadzisira

Zvadaro, vakapindura vakanzi se: vakuru-chete (munhu mukuru-oga) kana munhu mukuru uye mwana / mhuka (munhu mukuru + akatsauka) zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa. "Nguva yekutangira" yakazoenzaniswa pakati pemapoka maviri kuti aone kana "makore ekutanga" kwevanhu vakuru vekuona zvinonyadzisira yakabatana nekuzotevera kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira. Kubva pane Fisher-Freeman-Halton Exact Test (p <.01), vakuru + vanotsauka vashandisi vezvinonyadzisa vakashuma "diki rekutanga" mudiki zvichienzaniswa nevakuru-chete vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira. Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhenekeri 5, 29% yevakuru + vakatsauka vashandisi vezvinonyangadza vakashuma "zera rekutanga" pakati pegumi nemaviri nemakore gumi nemasere zvichienzaniswa ne12 chete% yevakuru-chete vakapindura. Pane kudaro, ruzhinji (18%) rwevakuru-chete vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vakataura zera rekutanga kwemakore 10 ezera kana kupfuura zvichienzaniswa ne89% yevakuru + vanotsauka vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira (Ona Tafura 19).

Kubva pane zvakakosha zvakawanikwa kubva kune zero-order correlations pamwe neFisher-Freeman-Halton Chirongwa Chaicho, vanyori vakaita shato yekudzoka shure (Wald) kugadzirisa mafungiro ekuti vaone kana "makore ekutanga" uye zvepabonde zvaive zvakajeka zvevanhu vakuru chete kune vanhu vakuru + kurega zvinonyadzisira kunoshandisa. Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhenekeri 6, yakanakisisa yekufananidzira muenzaniso wevanhu vakuru-chete kuburikidza nevanhu vakuru + vanonyadzisira vanoshandisa anosanganisira zvose zviripo, Zvepabonde (W = 7.69, p <.01) uye Zera reOset (W = 5.16, p <.02). Vanhu vane "zera rekutanga" rekuti vanhu vakuru vashandise zvinonyadzisira vaive .8 kakapetwa mukana wekuita zvinonyadzisa. Uye zvakare, varume vaive .4 nguva ingangoita yekusaona zvinonyadzisira mushandisi. Iyo Hosmer neLemeshow bvunzo yakanga isina kukosha, χ²(4) = 6.42 ne p = .17, inoratidza iyo yekupedzisira modhi inokodzera iyo data. Uye zvakare, kusiyanisa kwemitengo yezvinhu (VIF) uye mamiriro index index akaverengerwa kuyedza multicollinearity, ese ayo airatidza kuti hapana chikonzero chekushushikana (Bonde, VIF = 1.00; Zera reKutanga, VIF = 1.00; Mamiriro Index <30) .

Kubva pane izvi kuongororwa, vanyori vakakwanisa kuzadzisa vavariro dzavo yekugadza kana "makore ekutanga" uye zvepabonde zvakagara zvichitaurirwa munhu mukuru-kunze kwevanhu vakuru + vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa. Pasi pose, tarisiro inofungidzira yokuti vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi vangangodaro vanodya vose vakuru nemhuka yekuona zvinonyadzisira, kwete kungoita vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira, zvakatsigirwa. Mukuwedzera, kutumirwa kwekuti varume vangave vachiita zvekusangana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kwevana kwakatsigirwa pamwe nekutarisira kwekuwedzera kwevana vechikadzi zvinonyadzisira vanoshandiswa mune iyi shanduro-based samples.

Tafura 4

Zero-kuronga Kuwirirana kweBonde, Vakuru, Mhuka, uye Mwana Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Tafura 5

Munhu Mukuru-Chete Anopesana Nezvinonyadzisira Zvevanhu Vakuru uye Vanonyangadza Shandisai Nenguva Yokutanga

Tafura 6

Kuongorora Kudzokera shure (Wald) Kudzora Kwemagariro Kwezvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Zvisinei, kutarisira kwevanyori hakuna kusiyana pakati pe "makore ekutanga" kwevanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa pakati pevanhu vakuru-voga uye vakuru + vanonyadzisa vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira havana kubatsigirwa. Kubva pane Fisher-Freeman-Halton Yakadzika Test uye kugadzirisa mafungiro, vanhu vakuru + vanonyadzisira vanoona zvinonyadzisa vanotaura nezve "makore ekutanga" kwevanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandiswa nekuenzaniswa nevanhu vakuru-vanoona zvinonyadzisira chete. Nemamwe mazwi, kusvibisa zvinonyadzisa vashandisi vanoita zvekuona zvinonyadzisira pavanenge vachiri vaduku kana vachienzaniswa nevaya vanoita zvinonyadzisira chete.

4. Kukurukurirana

Chidzidzo chezvino chaiva chekutanga chekuongorora kana "makore ekutanga" ekutsvaga zvinonyadzisira anoshandisa (kureva, munhu mukuru-oga) aibatanidza nekushandiswa kwekare kwekuona zvinonyadzisira (kureva, kurara kwemhuka, mwana) achishandisa shanduro yakakura yeInternet. Ichi chidzidzo chinomiririra kuvandudzwa pamusoro pezvakaitika kare zvidzidzo, izvo zvinovimba nemashiripiti evanopomerwa mhosva. Sezvo zvakadaro, chidzidzo chemazuva ano chakasimuka kubva kuchipatara kana kuongororwa kwehuwandu hwevana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi kumwana wehutachiona hwevana kubva kune "vanhu vakawanda vevashandisi veIndaneti." Mukuwedzera, chidzidzo ichi chakaongorora kana vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi vakaunganidza zvinonyadzisira uye zvisingasviki zvinonyadzisira kana kuti ivo vanozviti-vanongotaura chete kuparadza mwana zvinonyadzisira. Pasi pose, kusiyana kukuru kwakabva pakati pevane nondeviant uye vanonyadzisa vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zve "makore ekutanga" uye zvepabonde.

Sangano duku rekutsvakurudza rinoratidza huwandu hweInternet mwana zvinonyadzisira vashandi vari kuunganidza huwandu hwakawanda hwekuona zvinonyadzisira (cf, Endrass et al., 2009). Muchidzidzo chezvino, hakuna mumwe wevapinduri vanozviti ivo chete vanoshandiswa kweInternet child pornography. Pane kudaro, vazhinji vevana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi vakanga vachiunganidzawo mamwe maitiro ezvinonyadzisira kusanganisira nondeviant varaidzo yevanhu vanoona zvinonyadzisira uye zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde. Pamusoro pevana 32 vanoona zvinonyadzisira, 60% (n = 19) akaunganidzawo zvose zvinosvibisa vanhu vakuru uye mhuka dzinonyadzisira, 34% (n = 11) yakangoshandisa munhu wose wekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye chete 6% (n = 2) aingova nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvemhuka (Ona Tafura 3). Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinotsigira iyo Seigfried (2007) kudzidza, iyo isina kuona chete vatengi veInternet vana zvinonyadzisira. Pakazara, vana vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vari kuita zvakasiyana siyana zvebonde uye nekutsvagurudza mune ramangwana vanofanirwa kuongorora kana izvi zvinounganidzwa zvichipa ruzivo maererano nezvinangwa zvavo zvekunze (semuenzaniso, maoko-ekubata anotadza) pamwe nehunhu hunhu (semuenzaniso, vanhu vane chisimba vanounganidza chisimba zvinonyadzisira; Rogers & Seigfried-Spellar, 2012; Seigfried-Spellar, mupepanhau).

Zvinopesana nekutsvakurudza kwakapfuura, varume vanoramba vachiwanzoita muInternet child pornography vanoshandisa. Zvisinei, chidzidzo chezvino chinoratidza kuti vakadzi vangangopedza vana zvinonyadzisira kupfuura zvakafanotaurwa nemapurofiti ekutsvakurudza kubva kuchipatara kune vehutungamiri hwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, Babchishin et al. (2011) yakaita meta-kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa zve27, izvo zvaisanganisira zviyero zvevatadzi vepaIndaneti. Migumisiro ye meta-analysis inoratidza kuti vazhinji vevana vanoona zvinonyadzisira ndivo varume, uye zvezvinyorwa zve27, zvidzidzo zvishanu chete zvinosanganisira vakadzi vanoita zvakaipa. Nokudaro, pasi pe3% yemuenzaniso wose wevatadzi vepaIndaneti vaiva vakadzi (Babchishin et al., 2011). Zvisinei, kutsvakurudza kwakapfuura kusanganisira sampuli kubva kune vanhu vakawanda vevashandisi veIndaneti, panzvimbo pechipatara kana hutungamiri hwevanhu vanoona nezvehutano hwevanhu, vakataura zvikamu zvepamusoro zvevakadzikadzi vevana vanoona zvinonyadzisira. Somuenzaniso, Seigfried et al. (2008) chidzidzo chakawana 10 ye30 inonzi yakasangana nevana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi kubva paIndaneti-based research yekuongorora kuti vave vakadzi. Mukuwedzera, sangano reSeigfried-Spellar (2011) rakashuma 20% yezvido zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvevana vashandi vaiva vakadzi. Pakupedzisira, 17 yeZ33 (52%) vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vana vaiva vakadzi mune zvidzidzo zvezvino. Ongororo inotevera inofanira kuongorora kuti nei pane musiyano muhuwandu hwehupombwe hwevana hunoshandiswa kune vakadzi vanobva kune vanhu vakasiyana-siyana.

Pamwe chete nemhando yepabonde yakasiyana, "makore ekutanga" akanga ane chokuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa. Vapindi vanotaura nezve "makore ekutanga" ekutsvaga zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa zvakanyanya kuti vaite zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kushandiswa kana vachienzaniswa nevaya vakambotaura nezve "makore ekutanga." Sezvinoratidzwa muTebhu 5, munhu mukuru + anonyadzisira anoshandisa vashandi kaviri semikana yekuzvipa-kuzivisa "makore ekutanga" pakati pe12-18 yemakore ekuenzanisa nevakuru-ivo chete vanoona zvinonyadzisira. Pakupedzisira, kururamisa kwekutaura kwakaratidza kuti nzira yakanakisisa yekufananidza yekuona zvinonyadzisira inoshandiswa inosanganisira zvipembenene, zvepabonde uye "makore ekutanga." Izvi zvinoreva kuti varume vainyanya kuita zvinonyadzisira kusiyana nevakadzi. Mukuwedzera, vanhu vakazotanga kuita zvekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa achiri vaduku vainyanya kushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira vachienzaniswa nevaya vanoita zvekuona zvinonyadzisira pane imwe nguva.

Zvakawanikwa zvekudzidza ikozvino zvinoratidza kuti zvinonyadzisira zveIndaneti zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kutevera kufambira mberi kweGittman-kufanana. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vanodya vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanodyawo mamwe maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira, zvose nondeviant uye zvisiri izvo. Nokuti hukama uhwu huve hutsika hweKuttman-kufanana, kushandiswa kwepabonde kwevana kunofanirwa kuve kuitika kune mamwe maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa. Izvo zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvakaedza kuongorora kuwedzera uku kuburikidza nekuyera kana "makore ekutanga" kwevanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa kuchinja kubva kune munhu mukuru-kungoita zvinonyadzisira zvisiri izvo zvinoshandiswa. Kubva pamigumisiro, uku kufambira mberi kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa kunogona kukanganiswa ne "vanhu vekutanga" nekuda kwekuita zvinonyadzisira. Sezvinoratidzwa naQuayle naCharles (2003), vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandiswa vanogona kunge vachibatana nekusava nehanya kana kuda kudya kwechivi kune vanoita zvakaipa vanotanga kuunganidza zvinonyadzisira zvakanyanya uye zvakashata. Chidzidzo chezvino chinoratidza vanhu vanoita zvekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa pavanenge vachiri vaduku vangave vari pangozi yekuita mune dzimwe nzira dzisina kunaka dzezvinonyadzisira. Kana vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vachishandisa nzira yaKuttman-kufambira mberi, kutsvakurudza kweramangwana kunofanirwa kuongorora ukama huripo pakati pezera rekutanga kwekuona zvinonyadzisira nekushuva kwekudya satiation kunotungamirira kune dzimwe nzira dzisina kunaka dzezvinonyadzisira.

4.1 Nokuremara

Kunyangwe chidzidzo ichi chakatemerwa kubva ku "huwandu hwevashandisi veInternet," hapana chirevo chekuti zvakawanikwa zvinomiririra huwandu hwevashandisi veInternet. Nepo sampling vakapindura kubva munyika imwechete (United States) vachiganhurira kwekunze kushanda, vanyori vakakwanisa kuwedzera kudzora pane kumwe kuvhiringidzika, senge huchokwadi hwezvinonyadzisira zvevana uye zvemhuka zvinoshandiswa. Maitiro azvino ano tarisa vashandisi veInternet vaigara munyika umo zvinonyadzisira zvevana uye zvinonyadzisira zvemhuka zvisiri pamutemo. Semuenzaniso, ivo vanozviti veInternet vana vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi muchidzidzo chazvino vaiita zvisiri pamutemo maitiro evana ekuona zvinonyadzisira, uye hunhu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwevana hunogona kuvhiringidza kana vanhu vakatorwa sampuli kubva munyika dzinoshandiswa zvinonyadzisira nevana zviri pamutemo (semuenzaniso, Russia, Japan, Thailand; ona International Center Yekushayikwa & Vashandisi Vana, 2010).

Uyewo, chimiro chepabonde chakanga chisingaverengeki muchidzidzo chezvino. Maererano neUnited States Census Bureau (2009a), 50.7% yevanhu veUnited States vaiva vakadzi. Paunongorangarira chete avo vaiva neIndaneti kupinda mukati kana kunze kweimba yavo (N = 197,871), 48.6% vaiva vakadzi (United States Census Bureau, 2009b). Kubva pane ikozvino mapurisa evanhu veSurvey Sampling International (hutano hwehutano, 2012), 56% yeUnited States panhare pane vakadzi. Zvinokwanisika kuti kusawirirana kwepabonde mune chidzidzo ichi kwakabatana nehutano hwemabasa. Muchidzidzo chemazvino, varume vainyanya kushandiswa nguva yakazara uye nguva yechipfumbamwe asi vakadzi vacho vainyanya kuva vekugadzira mabiko, χ² (9) = 73.82, p <.00. Ongororo yapfuura inodudza vakapindura avo vanoshanda nguva yakazara uye "vakabatikana" kashoma kupedzisa ongororo dzepamhepo (Cavallaro, 2012). Nekudaro, mutsauko wepabonde ungangodaro wakakonzerwa nemamiriro ekushandira pakuti vakadzi vakapindura avo vaigadzira dzimba vaive nenguva yakawanda yekupedzisa ongororo yepamhepo. Pakugadzirisa chinzvimbo chebasa, pakanga paine hukama hwakakosha pakati pe "zera rekutanga" uye munhu mukuru-chete maringe nevakuru + vanokanganisa zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa, r_{ab + c} = -.28, p <.01.

Kunyangwe, chikamu chevakadzi kuvarume muchidzidzo chazvino chaive chisina kumiririra yeUnited States huwandu hweInternet, yakaratidza vanhu vari kunze kwekiriniki kana vezvematongerwo enyika. Uye zvakare, iyo yazvino kudzidza inoratidza iyi nzira inogona kuburitsa vazhinji vakadzi vanova vatengi veInternet vana zvinonyadzisira kana zvichienzaniswa nemamwe ekutsvagisa magadzirirwo (kureva., Kiriniki kana forensic huwandu; Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2010).

Kunyange zvazvo paiva nekusawirirana kwepabonde mune zvidzidzo zvemazuva ano, hukama pakati pevanhu vakuru-chete kune vanhu vakuru + vanonyadzisira vanoshandisa uye "makore ekutanga" akanga achikosha kana achiraira zvepabonde, r_{ab + c} = -.30 ne p <.01. Kana vachingoongorora vevanhurume vakapindura, varume vakapinda muvanhu vakuru + vakatsauka zvinonyadzisira vakataura "diki rekutanga" revanhu vakuru rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvichienzaniswa nevarume vakaita zvevakuru-chete zvinonyadzisira, Fisher-Freeman-Halton Bvunzo Chairo = 15.79 na p <.01. Kana vachingoongorora vakadzi vakapindura, vakadzi vakapinda muvanhu vakuru + vanonyangadza vakashuma zvakare yakanyanya "zera rekutanga" kune vanhu vakuru vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zvichienzaniswa nevakadzi vakaita zvevakuru-chete zvinonyadzisira, Fisher-Freeman-Halton Bvunzo Chairo = 7.36 ne p <.05.

Pakupedzisira, kuongorora kwechangobva kuitwa vachishanda zvakafanana neveInternet yakagadzirwa nekutsvakurudza asi nechando yebhokisi yevashanduri veInternet vakapindura zvitsva zvekudzidza uku mukati mekuti vanhu vanozviti vaduku yekutanga kwevanhu vakuru vanoona zvinonyadzisira vaisakwanisa kupinda mucheche zvinonyadzisira (Seigfried-Spellar, 2013).

5. Mhedziso

Pane nharo mumabhuku pamusoro pemigumisiro yekusada kuwanikwa kune zvinonyadzisira nevana vaduku; zvisinei, zvishoma zvidzidzo zvinoongorora makore intentional kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye zvinotsauka zvinonyadzisira. Kunyangwe kuyedza kwekutarisa, kusefa, kana kudzima mifananidzo kana mawebhusaiti paInternet, nondeviant uye inotsauka yezvinonyadzisira icharamba ichiwanika, inotengeka, uye isingazivikanwe (cf, Seigfried-Spellar, Bertoline, & Rogers, 2012). Kukura kwenhamba yevashandisi vezvinonyadzisa (kureva., Zvinonyadzisira zvevana) zvinongowedzera sezvo 2.45 bhiriyoni yevagari vepasirese (35%) neInternet kuwana ichienderera kuwedzera (ITU, 2011). Uku kukura kunongowedzera kukosha pakunzwisisa "nei" vamwe vanhu vanoona, kurodha pasi uye kuchinjana zvisirizvo zvinonyadzisira kana vamwe vasingadaro. Ichi chidzidzo chekutsvagisa chinoratidza "zera rekutanga" rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira zvine chekuita nekushandisa zvishuwo zvekupedzisira. Pamusoro pezvo, vanhukadzi vari kuita zvinonyadzisira zvevana, asi varume vachiri kungangove vatengi vezvinonyadzisira zvevana. Sezvakakurudzirwa naQuayle naTaylor (2003), deensitization inogona kuisa munhu panjodzi yekufambira mberi kubva kune nondeviant kusvika kune yakashata maitiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira. Ongororo yeramangwana inofanirwa kuongorora kana mutsauko wega (semuenzaniso, kuvhurika kwekuziva, kuziva, kuwedzera, kubvumirana, uye neuroticism; ona Seigfried-Spellar & Rogers, 2013) zvine hukama neichi Guttman-senge kufambira mberi kwekutsauka (kureva, mwana) zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa.

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Rakanyorwa zvakare kubva kumakombiyuta muHuman Behavior 29 (2013) 1997-2003, Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar, Marcus K. Rogers, "Ko zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandisa kutevera Guttman-kufambira mberi?", Nemvumo kubva kuna Elsevier.