J Behav Addict. 2019 May 23: 1-10. doi: 10.1556 / 2006.8.2019.16.
Engel J1, Kessler A1, Veit M1, Sinke C1, Heitland I1, Kneer J1, Hartmann U1, Kruger THC1.
ngovepo
ZVINHU ZVAKAITWA NEZVO:
Pasinei nehuwandu hwakawanda hwezvinetso zvinonzwisisika zvine chokuita nezviratidzo zvehutano hwehupombwe (HD), zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoramba zvichiri kuongororwa. Ichi chidzidzo chinotsvaga zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, zviratidzo zvekushungurudza kwepabonde yepabonde, uye kushungurudza tsika dzepabonde mune imwe shanduro yakawanda yepaIndaneti kubva kune vanhu vanotaura chiGermany.
METHODZO:
Mukuongorora kwakawanikwa paIndaneti, N = 1,194 (n = 564 vakadzi) vakapinda muchidzidzo ichi uye vakapedzisa matanho anosanganisira ekuzvibvunza pachavo mibvunzo yekuongorora kushushikana kwezviratidzo (PHQ-9), HD (HBI-19), zviratidzo zvekushushikana kwepabonde pabonde (s-IATsex), pamwe nemibvunzo inoratidza vatori vechikamu pabonde. , kusanganisira kufungidzira uye chaiko maitiro ekumanikidza ekuita zvepabonde.
RESULTS:
Varume vanotaura kuwedzera kwehutano hweHIV chiratidzo chakasimba, zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa, kuita bonhora, uye kuita zvepabonde zvepabonde. Uyezve, 59% yevarume uye 18% yevakadzi vakarondedzera mafungiro ekumanikidzwa kwepabonde, asi 21% yevarume ne4% yevakadzi vakarondedzera kuita zvepabonde. Kuenzanisira kuongorora kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo pamwe nekufungidzira zvepabonde nekufungidzira uye maitiro zvakabatanidzwa nehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Dambudziko reIndaneti, huwandu hwepabonde (TSO), zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa, uye nhamba yevakaroorana navo yakabatanawo neHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Kutaurirana kunoratidza kuti, mumadzimai, kuwirirana kweTSO pamwe nekuona zvinonyadzisira kwakanyanyobatanidzwa nehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba kudarika varume.
CONCLUSIONS:
Kuongororwa uku kwakaratidza kuti mazinga eHD chiratidzo chakasimba kakawanda anowanzobatana nematambudziko akakomba e-intra- uye evanhu. Uyezve, uwandu hwenyaya dzepabonde hunoratidzika kunge hwakanyatsobatana nehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chakanyanya kuvakadzi kupfuura varume.
KEYWORDS: kusawirirana kwehutano hwepabonde; kuora mwoyo zviratidzo; hypersexuality; chinetso chinonyadzisira paIndaneti; Kuita zvepabonde
PMID: 31120318
Kafka (2010) yakarondedzera izwi risingazivikanwi rokuti "hypersexual disorder" (HD) sechikamu chinofanira kuiswa mubhuku rechishanu Kuongororwa uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Uyezve, hutano hwehupombwe hwakave hwakarongedzwa kuti huve sangano sekunyadzisa kuita zvepabonde mu ICD-11 (Grant et al., 2014). Nzvimbo yakarongwa inoratidzirwa nehuwandu hwemhando yekusakwanisa kudzora zvakasimba, kudzokorora zvepabonde, kana kukurudzira kunokonzera kudzokorora zvepabonde mufambiro izvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa kunetseka kwakanyanya kana nzvimbo dzakakosha munzvimbo dzakakosha dzekushanda, somuenzaniso, kuwirirana kwehukama hwehukama (Kraus et al., 2018). Uyezve, kuongororwa kunosanganisira kuenderera mberi kwekuita zvepabonde nenzira dzakaipa pasinei nemigumisiro yakaipa kana kuwana zvishoma kana kusagutsikana nazvo. Kuvhiringidzika muhutano ndiko kushungurudzika kwepfungwa kwakabatana nekutonga kwetsika kana kusabvumirana nezvido zvepabonde, kukurudzira, kana mufambiro (Kraus et al., 2018). Mukutanga, iyo inorongedzwa mitemo yeHD (Kafka, 2010) yakafanana neyakarongerwa zvido zvekumanikidzira kuita zvepabonde. Zvisinei, zvinorongedzwa zvinotarisirwa neHDH hazvina kunyatsotsanangura kuongororwa kwepfungwa nekuda kwekutambudzika kwakabatana nemitemo yezvetsika pamusoro pezviito zvepabonde. Uyezve, havana kuisa kupfurikidza kwekuita zvepabonde pasinei nekugutsikana zvishomanana kana kusagutsikana nayo sechirongwa. Ichi chidzidzo chinotsvaga zvingaita zvinogona kuita zvehupombwe, zvakadai sezviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, zviratidzo zvekunetseka kwepabonde yepabonde, nekunyengedzera kwepabonde. Kuti uongorore maitiro aya, kuongororwa kwepaIndaneti kwakaitwa mune vanhu vazhinji vanotaura chiGerman, kusanganisira vose vakadzi nevarume.
Nyaya yakawanda yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehutano hwehupombwe hunochengeterwa varume, asi kuwanikwa kwevakadzi nevasingaiti vanhukadzi vanogara vashoma (kwekuongorora, ona Montgomery-Graham, 2017). Zvinoratidzika kuti hutano hwehupombwe hunowanzoonekwa kune varume kupfuura vakadzi (Skegg, Nada-Raja, Dickson, & Paul, 2010; Walton, Cantor, Bhullar, & Lykins, 2017). Nhoroondo dzekare dzinoratidzwa nevanomiririra kuongororwa kwevakadzi (n = 1,174) nevarume (n = 1,151) vakawana kuti 7% yevakadzi uye 10.3% yevarume muUnited States vakaratidza makiriniki akakodzera matanho ekutambudzika uye / kana kukanganisika nekuda kwekuoma kwekudzora zvishuwo zvebonde, manzwiro, uye maitiro (Dickenson, Gleason, Coleman, & Miner, 2018).
Cybersex ishoko rechimbera kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvepabonde paIndaneti, somuenzaniso, paIndaneti zvinonyadzisira kushandisa (Wéry & Billieux, 2017). I "injini-katatu" inotsanangura kuwedzera kwei-cybersex-iyo ine "Access-Affordability-Anonymity," iyo yose inowanikwa neIndaneti yakave yakanyanya kuziviswa kwenguva.Cooper, 1998). Ichokwadi, kuongororwa kunomiririra kunoratidza kuti vazhinji vevarume (64% -70%) uye chechina kusvika kune chetatu chevakadzi (23% -33%) vakatarisa zvinonyadzisira mugore rapfuura (Grubbs, Kraus, & Perry, 2018; Rissel et al., 2016). Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana nekure uye zvekare, nevarume vanodya kupfuura vakadzi (Janghorbani & Lam, 2003; Træen, Nilsen, & Stigum, 2006).
Maitiro ehupenzisexu uye zviratidzo zvehutano hwepfungwa zvinowanzobatanidzwa. Chimwe chekudzidza (Weiss, 2004) inofungidzira kuwandisa kwekuora mwoyo mune muenzaniso wevarume vanoita zvepabonde (N = 220) kuve 28%, zvichienzaniswa neinofungidzirwa yakakwira ye12% muhuwandu hwevanhurume. Yakasanganiswa, mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza huwandu hwakakura hwe28% -69% ye comorbid kushushikana kwekushushikana muhunhu hwehupombwe (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond, Coleman, & Miner, 2003; Weiss, 2004).
Unhu hwehupombwe huzhinji hunowanzoitika kuburikidza nehuwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa pamwe nekuita bonhora, uye hunogona kushanda senzira isingaiti yekukunda, somuenzaniso, kudzivisa kusagadzikana kunokanganisa kana kukanganisika (Reid, Muvezi, Spackman, & Willes, 2008). Kusvika iye zvino, zvinoratidzika kunge pasina hukama hwakajeka pakati pehutano hwehupombwe nehutano hwepabonde. Kunyange zvakadaro, yaifungidzirwa kuti kuwedzerwa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kunouya nekubatana kwakakosha pakati pemafungiro ekuita zvepabonde anonyadzisa uye zvekuita zvepabonde zvinonyadzisa, kunyanya pavanodya zvinonyadzisira zvechisimba (Huru, Malamuth, & Yuen, 2010). Pamusoro pezvo, asi kunyanya muhupenyu hwehupenyu, hutano hwepabonde hunoramba huchikuru munharaunda dzedu: 9.4% yevakadzi muUnited States vakabatwa muukama hwepedyo, asi 16.9% yevakadzi ne8.0% yevarume vakambomira zvepabonde zvimwe kunze kwekubata chibharo (Nhema et al., 2011).
Ichi chidzidzo chakaongorora matambudziko e-intra-uye akasiyana-siyana anowanikwa nehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chekutsungirira kwevakadzi nevarume mune vanhu vakawanda vanotaura chiGerman. Kuongororwa kunetseka kwepfungwa kunosanganisira zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo; vakatsvakurudza matambudziko evanhu vaifunga nezvekufungidzira zvepabonde uye mabasa ekumanikidzira zvepabonde. Kubva pane zvidzidzo zvekare (Kafka & Hennen, 2002; Raymond et al., 2003; Weiss, 2004) iyo yakaratidza huwandu hwekuora mwoyo kwehutano hwehutano hwehupombwe, hwakanga hwakafungidzirwa kuti mazinga eHD chiratidzo chakakomba anowanikwa nepamusoro yezvikamu zvekunetseka kwezviratidzo. Kubva pane zvitsva zvekutanga zvinoratidza kuti hutano hwehupombwe nehutano hwepabonde hunogona kupindirana (Hald et al., 2010), tinoda kuongorora kana mafungiro nemabasa chaiwo ekumanikidzwa kwepabonde zvinosanganiswa nehutano hwehupombwe. Uyezve, kuwedzera kwehupombwe kwakafungidzirwa kufanotaura maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Nemhaka yezvinoitika zvinooneka zveInternet (Cooper, 1998), isu taifungawo kuti maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakakomba chakanga chakabatana nezviratidzo zvekunetseka kweIndaneti nehuwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira.
Muenzaniso wokutanga wakashandiswa N = Vanhu 2,069 (n = Vakadzi vanokwana 896, n = 28 hapana ruzivo; ona Mufananidzo 1).
Mufananidzo 1. Kuchengetwa kwevatori vechikamu
Muenzaniso wokupedzisira wakashandiswa N = Vanhu 1,194 [n = 564 vakadzi, zera: M = Makore 33.83, kutsauka kwakazara (SD) = 15.25; n = 630 varume, zera: M = Makore 50.52, SD = 19.34] uyo akapedza mibvunzo. Dhata kubva kune vanoverengeka vatori vechikamu yaifanirwa kusabviswa kubva kuongororo: n = 687 haina kupedzisa iro remibvunzo uye n = 188 vangave vari vadiki pane makore gumi nemasere kana vasina kutaura zera ravo. Avhareji zera revatori vechikamu yaive 18 (SD = 10.78) makore. Makumi matatu nezviviri muzana vakataura kuti vasvika padanho rekupinda kuyunivhesiti redzidzo. Ruzhinji rwunozvizivisa sevanhu vanoita bonde (83%), vashoma vanonzi vane bonde (13%), uye 4% chete vanozvizivisa sengochani. Ruzhinji rwevatori vechikamu vaive vasina kuroora (75%); zvisinei, vakakomberedza 70% vaive muhukama. Pakupedzisira, 60% yevatori vechikamu vaive vasina vana (Tafura 1).
|
Tafura 1. Zvinotsanangurwa nhamba
| Sociodemographic variables | N | % |
|---|---|---|
| Dzidzo (hapana chikoro chekudzidzira / chikoro chesekondari / chikoro chechikoro chechikoro / yunivhesiti kupinda mudzidzo / zvidzidzo) | 15/107/385/383/304 | 1/9/32/32/26 |
| Kuita zvepabonde (heterosexual / bisexual / homosexual) | 987/162/45 | 83/13/4 |
| Mamiriro emhuri (asina kuroorwa / akaroora / akarambana kana akaparadzaniswa / chirikadzi) | 756 / 300 / 128 / 10 | 63 / 25 / 11 / 1 |
| Ushamwari (pasina waunofambidzana / pamwe neshamwari kudarika gore rimwe chete / pamwe neshamwari kune gore) | 364/115/715 | 30/10/60 |
| Nhamba yevana (0 / 1 / 2 / 3 / ≥4) | 719/185/198/66/26 | 60/15/17/6/2 |
Takaita sangano rekutsvaga pakati pevanhu vanotaura chiGermany. Dhiyabhorosi dzaiunganidzwa vachishandiswa SoSci-Survey, kusununguka-kuwanika, purogiramu yekuongorora nzvimbo. Chibvumirano chesaiti chakatumirwa pazvibatsiro zvekuzvibatsira zvehutano hwehutano hwepabonde uye webhusaiti yehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu uye kutumirwa kune vanofambidzana navo uye tsamba yekunyora yeYunivhesiti yeHildesheim, Germany. Uyezve, mapepanhau eIndaneti akabudisa nyaya pamusoro pekudzidza uye akabatanidza chibatanisiro kwavari mumashoko avo. Dzimwe dzewebsite dzaisanganisira chibatanidza zvakanyatsotaura kuti "kuvhiringidza zvepabonde" kwaitsvakwa. Vatori vechikamu vakapa chibvumirano chavo chekuziva uye vanogona kusiya ruzivo rwavo rwekutsvaga kuitira mamwe mapurogiramu ekupedzisira
Muchidzidzo ichi, German version yeHBI-19 (Reid, Garos, Muvezi, & Coleman, 2011) yaishandiswa kuongorora maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Zvinhu zvayo zve19 zvakavakirwa pamitemo yakagadzirirwa HD categorization mu DSM-5 (Kafka, 2010). Mhinduro kuzvinhu zvakanyorwa pane imwe 5-point Chikuta chikero kubva ku1 (haana) ku5 (nguva zhinji). A pre-end cut-off point of ≥53 yakagadziridzwa pamagariro maviri emakiriniki uye maviri sampuli yekudzora (Reid et al., 2011), asi gare gare rakarambwa pamusana pemaenzaniso akawanda (Bőthe et al., 2018).
Kuongorora zviratidzo zvinodzvinyirira, takashandisa shanduro yeGerman yeFQ-9 (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002; Löwe, Kroenke, Herzog, & Gräfe, 2004). Zvaro zvisi zvipfumbamwe zvakabva pane chirongwa che DSM-5 (APA, 2013) nokuda kwekutambudzika kukuru kwepfungwa. Varwere vanobvunzwa kana vakamboona zviratidzo zvakanyorwa pane zvemavhiki e2 apfuura. Muchidzidzo ichi, takaongorora PHQ-9 zvishoma. Mhinduro dzakatorwa pane 4-point Chikuta chikero uye kubva kune 0 (kana bodo) ku3 (inenge zuva rimwe nerimwe), kupa chimwe chinhu chikwata cha0-27. Chimwe chikamu chinogona kududzirwa sechiyero chekuoma (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002).
Zviratidzo zvekushungurudza zvepabonde paIndaneti zvakaongororwa kushandiswa shanduro yakashandurwa ye s-IATsex (Brand et al., 2011). Mhinduro dzakanyorwa pane imwe 5-point Chicken scale kubva kubva haana to nguva zhinji.
Iyi yemibvunzo yakagadziriswa yakaongorora hutano hwevatori vechikamu uye yaisanganisira zvinhu maererano nezera, zvepabonde, zvekuita zvepabonde zvakakwana (TSO) zvakasiyana nekuita bonhora uye kuonana nemumwe wako, kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira, hukama hwehukama, uye nhamba yevakomana vepabonde munguva yakapfuura gore. Mimwe mibvunzo yakabvunzwa kana vatori vechikamu "vakambofungidzira nezvekumanikidzira mumwe munhu kuita zvepabonde here?" Kana kuti "wakambomanikidza mumwe munhu kuita zvepabonde?"
Zvose zvinotsvakurudza dambudziko zvakaitwa paSSPSS version 24 (IBM® Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) yeWindows. Nhamba dzekuongorora dzinofanirwa dzichiitwa nekuzvimirira t-kutsvaga kana kuedza kwaFisher kwakakonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana uye matafura makuru kupfuura 2 × 2.
Kuongorora kwakawanda kwemashoko akasiyana-siyana kunoshandiswa kuedza sangano iri pakati pezviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo (sekuenzaniswa neFQ-9) uye hutano hwepabonde (HBI-19) nehutano semuongorori akasiyana. Iko-PHQ-9, sechinhu chakasiyana-siyana, chakange chine chinangwa. Izwi rekushandura rakasikwa nekuwedzera kuve nechinangwa-chinokonzera chinetso chezviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo uye zvepabonde. Kuchinja muhutano hwekutsunga (ΔR2) yakashandiswa kuongorora kukosha kwesangano iri pakati pekuora mwoyo uye hupombwe. Kupindirana kwezvinhu zvinoratidzirwa zvinoratidzwa nemapuranga asina nyore. Low values for the variables inofungidzirwa nokuda kwezvinhu zvine mazano 1 SD pasi pezvinorehwa neboka, hutsika hwepamusoro hunofungidzirwa kune zvidzidzo nemitemo 1 SD pamusoro pezvinoreva boka.
Nzira yekudzidza yakaitwa maererano neChechi yeHelsinki. Dare rekuongorora rezvikoro reHannover Medical School rakagamuchira chidzidzo. Vose vatori vechikamu vakakurudzirwa nezvekudzidza uye zvose zvakapiwa chibvumirano chakanaka.
Kuenzanisa kweHBI-19 chikoro pakati pevarume (M = 50.52, SD = 19.34) uye vakadzi (M = 33.82, SD = 15.25) yakaratidza zvikwiriso zvakanyanya muvarume, t(1,174) = 16.65, p <.001, d = 0.95. Chikamu chakatemwa chikamu che53 chakarongedzerwa HBI-19 (Reid et al., 2011) asi pakupedzisira akabvunzwa (Bőthe et al., 2018). Kana chikwata chekare chingave chakashandiswa, paizove nenhamba huru yevakadzi nevarume vakaratidza kuwedzera kwehutano hweHD hutsinye. Zvose N = 360 vanhu (n = 74 kana 13.1% yevakadzi; n = 286 kana 45.4% yevarume) vaive neHBI-19 sum mamaki angangoita makumi mashanu nematatu; vakasara n = 834 vanhu (n = Vakadzi 490; n = 344 varume) vaive neHBI-19 sum mamaki score <53 (Tafura 2).
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Tafura 2. Kuenzanisa pakati pevarume
| shanduka | Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | M (SD) | N | M (SD) | Nhamba yekuongorora | p ukoshi | Kukura kwehukuru (d) | |
| HBI-19 | 564 | 33.82 (15.25) | 630 | 50.52 (19.34) | t(1,174) = 16.65 | <.001 | 0.950 |
| PHQ | 564 | 16.76 (5.19) | 630 | 15.42 (5.13) | t(1,192) = -4.491 | <.001 | 0.270 |
| s-IATsex | 564 | 15.44 (6.73) | 629 | 26.91 (11.78) | t(1,018) = 20.9 | <.001 | 1.121 |
| Kushandisa zvinonyadzisira | 549 | 1.05 (3.06) | 617 | 6.64 (11.98) | t(705) = 11.194 | <.001 | 0.657 |
| TSO-inosangana nemumwe wako | 558 | 1.55 (2.85) | 622 | 2.64 (5.51) | t(953) = 4.322 | <.001 | 0.252 |
| TSO-bonhora | 555 | 3.01 (5.69) | 626 | 7.87 (9.63) | t(1,034) = 10.688 | <.001 | 0.623 |
| Nhamba yevakaroorana naye mugore rapfuura | 562 | 2.77 (10.42) | 626 | 6.01 (19.09) | t(987) = 3.683 | <.001 | 0.208 |
| Ehe | Ehe | ||||||
| Kuita zvekuita zvepabonde | 564 | 24 | 630 | 117 | χ2(1) = 58.563 | <.001 | |
| Kuita zvepabonde mafungiro | 564 | 119 | 630 | 373 | χ2(1) = 178.374 | <.001 | |
chitsamba. SD: kutsika kwakasiyana; HBI-19: Hypersexual Maitiro Maitiro Kuenzanisa unhu hwehupombwe; PHQ-9: chikwata cheMuviri Wehutano Mubvunzo-9 kuenzanisa kuora mwoyo zviratidzo; s-IATsex: chikamu chekfupi Internet Inonzi Addiction Test Sex inotarisana nechinetso cheIndaneti neIndaneti; TSO-coitus: nhamba yezvirwere zvepabonde zvachose zvinowanikwa nemumwe wako; TSO-bonhora: nhamba yezvikamu zvepabonde zvakakwana zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekuita bonhora.
Muchidzidzo ichi, mapoka maviri aya akaratidza huwandu hwehutano hwezvirwere zvekunetseka mumarume, chiyero cheFQ-9 (vakadzi, M = 15.41, SD = 5.12; varume, M = 16.76, SD = 5.19) yakaratidza kuti vese vakomana vakaratidza zvine mwero kusvika zvakanyanya zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, t(1,192) = -4.491, p <.001, d = 0.27. Makumi matanhatu nezvimwe muzana zvevakadzi uye makumi mana muzana evarume vakashuma zvirinani zvine mwero kusvika kune zvakakomba zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo.
Paavhareji, varume vanoshandisa kushandisa 6.64 hr (SD = 11.98) yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira muvhiki yapfuura ichienzaniswa ne1.05 hr (SD = 3.06) muvakadzi, t(705) = 11.194, p <.001, d = 0.657. Uyezve, varume vanonzi vane yepamusoro TSO inosangana nemumwe wako (M = 2.64, SD = 5.51) ichienzaniswa nevakadzi (M = 1.55, SD = 2.85), t(953) = 4.322, p <.001, d = 0.252, pamwe neiyo yepamusoro TSO kuburikidza nekuita bonhora muvarume (M = 7.87, SD = 9.63) ichienzaniswa nevakadzi (M = 3.01, SD = 5.69), t(1,033) = 10.688, p <.001, d = 0.623. Uyezve, varume vakarondedzera vakawanda vanoita zvepabonde mugore rapfuura (M = 2.77, SD = 10.42), zvichienzaniswa nevakadzi (M = 2.77, SD = 10.42), t(978) = 3.683, p <.001, d = 0.208. Izvozvowo zvakawanikwa zveinetsa cybersex, uko varume vakasvikawo zvakakwirira zvakanyanya kupfuura vakadzi, t(1,018) = 20.9, p <.001, d = 1.121.
Mune vaviri vakomana, pakanga paine nhamba huru yevanhu vakataura mafungiro ehutano hwekuita zvepabonde. Panenge 30% yevakadzi (n = 119) uye 60% yevarume vakataura kuti vakafungidzira zvekumanikidza mumwe munhu kuita zvepabonde, χ2(1) = 178.374, p <.001. Zvakare, varume vanga vakanyanya kuita tsika dzekumanikidza pabonde, χ2(1) = 58.563, p <.001. Zvinenge, makumi maviri muzana evarume (n = 117) uye 4% yevakadzi (n = 24) inonzi yakamanikidza mumwe munhu kuita zvepabonde.
Kuwirirana pakati pezvimwe zvinoshandiswa kunoratidzwa muTebvu 3. Kuongororwa kunongororwa kunongororwa kwezviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo (PHQ-9 semuongorori), zvepabonde (muongorori), uye mazinga eHD chiratidzo chakasimba (HBI-19) yakaverengwa. Muchitsauko chekutanga, chikamu cheSHQ-9 chikamu chakatsanangura 8.4% yeHBI-19 sum score variance, F(1, 1192) = 110.2, p <.001. Padanho rechipiri, murume nemukadzi vakatungamira mukuwedzera kwakatsanangudza kwekusiyana, ΔR2 = ,222, ΔF(1, 1191) = 381.52, p <.001. Iko kudyidzana kweiyo PHQ-9 zviyero mamaki uye chechikadzi kwakawedzera kusiyanisa tsananguro, ΔR2 = ,009, ΔF(1, 1190) = 15.11, p <.001. Pakazara, iyo regression modhi yaive yakakosha uye yakatsanangura 31.5% mutsauko weiyo HBI-19 sum mamaki, R2 = .315, F(3, 1190) = 182.751, p <.001.
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Tafura 3. Kubatana uye Cramer's V
| PHQ-9 | s-IATsex | Kufungidzira kwekuita zvekuita zvepabonde | Zvechokwadi zvepabonde kugadzirisa maitiro | TSO-bonhora | TSO-neshamwari | Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa | Nhamba yevadzidzi (gore rapera) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 | - | |||||||
| s-IATsex | .171 ** | - | ||||||
| Kufungidzira kwekuita zvekuita zvepabonde | .123 | .451 ** | - | |||||
| Zvechokwadi zvepabonde kugadzirisa maitiro | .116 | .377 ** | .326 ** | - | ||||
| TSO-bonhora | .064 | .429 ** | .368 ** | .328 ** | - | |||
| TSO-neshamwari | -.150 | .180 ** | .183 | .226 * | .356 ** | - | ||
| Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa | .030 | .454 ** | .452 ** | .336 ** | .330 ** | .158 ** | - | |
| Nhamba yevadzidzi (gore rapera) | .004 | .174 ** | .245 * | .244 ** | .208 ** | .481 ** | .254 ** | - |
Cherechedza. Bivariate Pearson's correlation of metric variables. Cramer's V yakashandiswa kana zvipimo zvinyorwa zvaisanganiswa. PHQ-9: chikwata cheMuviri Wehutano Mubvunzo-9 kuenzanisa kuora mwoyo zviratidzo; s-IATsex: chikamu chekfupi Internet Inonzi Addiction Test Sex inokonzera chinetso cheIndaneti yeIndaneti; TSO-Mhombwe: nhamba yezvirwere zvepabonde zvakakwana zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekuita bonhora.
*p <.05 (asymptotic kukosha; maviri-miswe). **p <.01 (asymptotic kukosha; maviri-miswe).
Chechipiri kuongororwa kunongororwa kuongororwa kwemafungiro ekumanikidzwa kwepabonde (semuongorori), hutano (muongorori), uye mazinga eHD chiratidzo chakasimba (HBI-19) yakaverengwa. Muchitsauko chekutanga, mafungiro ekumanikidzwa kwepabonde akatsanangura 11.3% yeHBI-19 sum score variance, F(1, 1192) = 151.96, p <.001. Padanho rechipiri, murume nemukadzi vakatungamira mukuwedzera kwakatsanangudza kwekusiyana, ΔR2 = ,111, ΔF(1, 1191) = 161.1, p <.001. Iko kudyidzana kweiyo PHQ-9 sum mamaki uye jenda hazvina kutungamira mukukosha kwakasiyana kwekutsanangurwa, ΔR2 <.001, ΔF(1, 1190) = 0.04, p = .834. Pakazara, iyo regression modhi yaive yakakosha uye yakatsanangura 21.9% mutsauko weiyo HBI-19 sum mamaki, R2 = .219, F(3, 1190) = 111.09, p <.001.
Chimwe chechitatu chekutengesa kunongororwa kunotsanangurira zviito zvekuita zvepabonde (semuongorori), zvepabonde (muongorori), uye maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakasimba (HBI-19) yakaverengwa. Muchitamba chekutanga, zviito zvekuita zvepabonde zvakatsanangura 6.8% yeHBI-19 sum score variance, F(1, 1192) = 87.2, p <.001. Padanho rechipiri, murume nemukadzi vakatungamira mukuwedzera kwakatsanangudza kwekusiyana, ΔR2 = ,146, ΔF(1, 1191) = 220.38, p <.001. Iko kudyidzana kweiyo PHQ-9 sum mamaki uye jenda hazvina kutungamira mukukosha kwekusiyana tsananguro ΔR2 = ,003, ΔF(1, 1190) = 4.69, p = 0.031. Pakazara, iyo regression modhi yaive yakakosha uye yakatsanangura 21.7% mutsauko weiyo HBI-19 sum mamaki R2 = .217, F(3, 1190) = 109.78, p <.001.
Kuwedzera kuongororwa kunongororwa kunongororwa kushandisa kushandisa sekunyepedzera kunetseka kwepabonde yepaIndaneti, TSO yakawana kuburikidza nekuita bonhora kana kuti neshamwari, nguva yekutsvaga zvinonyadzisira, uye nhamba yevakaroorana naye mugore rapfuura, chirwere chemukadzi (muongorori), uye maitiro eHDI-19) zvakaverengwa. Nhanho yekutanga mune mamwe marongerwo emamwe maitiro akaunza kukosha kwechikwata cheHBI-19 chikamu. Uyezve, muchiito chechipiri, hutano hwemubatanidzwa hwakakonzera kuwedzera kukuru kwekusiyana kwetsanangudzo mumhando dzose. Pasi pose, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ehurumende akafanana. Muchitsauko chechitatu, kushamwaridzana kwaive kwakakosha mumatambudziko eIndaneti neAIDS, TSO akawana pamwe neshamwari kana bonhora, nguva yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa, asi kwete nehuwandu hwevamwe pamwe chete mugore rapfuura. Mimwe mitemo yezvose zvinongororwa zvinongororwa zvekare zvinogona kuonekwa muTebheji 4. Mibatanidzwa yekubatana inoratidzirwa ne nyore nyore kumitambo mumufananidzo 2. Correlational inotsvakurudza kuongorora kusiyana pakati pehutano hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba uye tsika dzepabonde, sekuparadzaniswa nehutano hwevadzidzi. Mumadzimai, kuwirirana kwakakosha nehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba kunogona kuonekwa pamwe nekubatana kwepabonde (r = .267, p <.001), nguva yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa (r = .429, p <.001), uye TSO-bonhora (r = .461, p <.001). Muvarume, pakanga pasina kuwirirana kwakakosha pakati pematanho eHD chiratidzo chakasimba uye kuita zvepabonde kwakabatana (r = .075, p <.001), uye hukama hwakakosha asi husina kusimba nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (r = .305, p <.001), uye TSO-bonhora (r = .239, p <.001). Takaverenga Varedzi ' z kuti kuongorore kukosha kwekusiyanisa pakati pekugadzirisa coefficients. Kufananidza pakati pehutano hwehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chiratidzo chekuita zvepabonde (z = -3.4, p <.001), zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa (z = -2.44, p = .007), uye TSO-bonhora (z = -3.1, p = .001) yakaratidza kuwirirana kwakanyanya muvakadzi kana ichienzaniswa nevarume.
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Tafura 4. Kuderedzwa kwemaitiro kunongororwa neHBI-19 chikamu chikwata sechinhu chinotaridzika
| mhando | β | t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | PHQ-9 | 0.35 | 14.6 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.47 | -19.6 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | PHQ-9 × Gender | -0.09 | -3.89 | <.001 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | Kufungidzira kwekumanikidza zvepabonde | 0.20 | 7.04 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.35 | -12.63 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | Kufungidzira zvekuita zvepabonde × Gender | -0.01 | -0.21 | .834 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | Mabasa ekumanikidzira zvepabonde | 0.21 | 6.67 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.38 | -14.22 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | Mabasa ekumanikidzira zvepabonde × Gender | 0.07 | 2.17 | .031 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | s-IATsex | 0.74 | 28.57 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.05 | -2.02 | .043 | |
| Kusangana | s-IATsex × Gender | 0.06 | 3.0 | .006 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | TSO-ruzivo nemumwe wako | 0.19 | 6.0 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.41 | -16.0 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | TSO-ruzivo nemumwe wake × Gender | 0.13 | 4.08 | <.001 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | TSO-bonhora | 0.36 | 12.19 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.32 | -12.16 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | TSO-bonhora • Gender | 0.15 | 5.37 | <.001 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | Nhamba yevadzidzi (gore rapera) | 0.24 | 7.8 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.41 | -15.84 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | Nhamba yevadzidzi (gore rapera) × Gender | 0.06 | 1.84 | .066 |
| Zvinonyanya kukosha | Zvinonyadzisira kushandisa (nguva) | 0.61 | 11.36 | <.001 |
| Gender | -0.24 | -7.74 | <.001 | |
| Kusangana | Zvinonyadzisira kushandisa (nguva) × Gender | 0.36 | 7.01 | <.001 |
Cherechedza. PHQ-9: chikwata cheMuviri Wehutano Mubvunzo-9 kuenzanisa kuora mwoyo zviratidzo; s-IATsex: chikamu chekfupi Internet Inonzi Addiction Test Sex inokonzera chinetso cheIndaneti yeIndaneti; TSO-coitus: nhamba yezvirwere zvepabonde zvachose zvinowanikwa nemumwe wako; TSO-Mhombwe: nhamba yezvirwere zvepabonde zvakakwana zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekuita bonhora.
Mufananidzo 2. Simple slopes. Cherechedza. Low values for the variables are estimates for subjects with values 1 SD pasi pezvinorehwa neboka uye zvakakosha zviyero zvezvinhu zvine mazano 1 SD pamusoro pezvinoreva boka. PHQ-9: chikwata cheMuviri Wehutano Mubvunzo-9 kuenzanisa kuora mwoyo zviratidzo. s-IATsex: chikamu chekfupi Internet Inonzi Addiction Test Sex inokonzera chinetso cheIndaneti. TSO-coitus: nhamba yezvirwere zvepabonde zvachose zvinowanikwa nemumwe wako; TSO-Mhombwe: nhamba yezvirwere zvepabonde zvakakwana zvinowanikwa kuburikidza nekuita bonhora. *p <.05. **p <.01 (asymptotic kukosha; maviri-miswe)
Zvimwe zvakaongororwa zvakaitwa uchishandisa sarudzo yekutanga yakagadziriswa-sum sum ye53 iyo HBI-19 inogona kuonekwa muAdding Material Material.
Muchidzidzo ichi chekuIndaneti, muenzaniso wevakadzi veC1,194 nevarume vakapedza mibvunzo yakagadziriswa pamagariro eHD chiratidzo chakasimba, kuora mwoyo, nekugombedzerwa kwepabonde. Chinangwa chedu ndechekutsvaga kushamwaridzana kwevanhu vari pakati pezviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, maitiro epabonde, uye mafungiro pamusoro pehupenyu hwechokwadi hwekumanikidzira mumwe munhu kuita zvepabonde, kuongororwa nehutano. Takazokwanisa kusvika kuhuwandu hwevakadzi nevarume kuti vapindure mibvunzo yakakosha pamusoro pekufunga zvepabonde nemafambiro. Pakati pevhesi, maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakasimba chaive chakakwirira kune varume kunze kwevakadzi. Zvisinei, vakadzi vazhinji kwazvo (n = 74) yakashuma yakakwidziridzwa mazinga eHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Mhedzisiro mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi ndeyekuti zviratidzo zvekushushikana, dambudziko rekuita cybersex, TSO inosangana nemumwe wako kana kuburikidza nekuita bonhora, huwandu hwevanoshanda navo pabonde mugore rapfuura, uye nguva yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kufungidzira, uye zviito zvekumanikidzwa kwepabonde zvakabatana nematanho yeH HD chiratidzo chakasimba. Uyezve, hutano hwevatori vechikamu hwakakonzera kushamwaridzana kweTSO uye nguva yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa nemazinga ehutano hweHD. Kuwanda kwakazara kwekushungurudzika ndeimwe yematambudziko makuru eruzhinji, nehuwandu hwekuzviuraya hunoramba hwakakwira (APA, 2013). Nhoroondo yedu yakaratidza kushamwaridzana kukuru pakati pezviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo uye zviratidzo zveHD (r = .29), iyo inotitungamira kuti tifungidzire kushamwaridzana kwebidirectional pakati pekushushikana uye nematanho eHD chiratidzo chechiratidzo. Uku kutsvaga kunoenderana nemeta-ongororo yakaratidza hukama, hune hukama (r = .34) pasangano rekushushikana uye HD zviratidzo (Schultz, Hook, Davis, Penberthy, & Reid, 2014). Zvinodzvinyirira zviratidzo zvinowanzouya pamwe nekuderera kwepabonde (Bancroft et al., 2003). Zvisinei, sezvakaratidzwa kare, mune vamwe varume (Bancroft et al., 2003) uye vakadzi (Opitz, Tsytsarev, & Froh, 2009), zviratidzo zvinodzvinyirira zvingave zvakabatana nekuwedzera kufarira mukuita zvepabonde. Kuongorora kwakarongeka kwechirongwa chezvechirongwa chezvechirongwa ichi chinoratidzira muchirongwa ichi kwakaratidza kuti huwandu hwakakosha hwezviratidzo zvekudzvinyirira hwakagara huchiwedzera huwandu hwehutano hweHD hutsinye hwevamwe vaviri. Imwe tsanangudzo inogona kuitika ndeyekuti unhu hwehupombwe hunoshandiswa kutarisana nezvinetso, kushushikana, kana kunzwa kusingafadzi (Schultz et al., 2014). Zvinonyaradza dysphoric mood zvinotaura kana kushungurudza kuburikidza nehupombwe hazvina basa mune dzimwe nguva, nokuti ruyamuro runowanikwa kubva kune zvepabonde runogumira munguva uye kuita zvepabonde pane imwechete hakugadziri matambudziko (Schultz et al., 2014). Muchienzaniso chedu, zviratidzo zvakanyanya zvekuora mwoyo zvakanyanyisa kusimbiswa nehuwandu hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba mumarume kupfuura vakadzi. Zvichida, kurarama kuburikidza nekuita zvepabonde kunogona kunge kwakasimudzirwa kune varume, nokuti tsika dzepabonde kare dzakagamuchirwa kune varume (Fugere, Makunakuna, Riggs, & Haerich, 2008).
Sezvinotarisirwa, kuongororwa kunongororwa kunongororwa kunoratidza kuti zvinetso zvepabonde zvakadai sechinetso chepabonde yepabonde, TSO-masturbation, nhamba yevakabatana pabonde mugore rapfuura, uye nguva yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kwaive kujekesa kunokosha kwemazinga eHD chiratidzo chakasimba mukati mechikadzi. Mhedzisiro mikuru pamusoro pezvipembenene zvepabonde ndeyekuti mitambo yakadzika inoratidzika zvakasiyana nemigumisiro yehutano pane sangano reTSO rakasangana nemumwe wako kana kuburikidza nekuita bonhora pamwe nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira pahutano hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Uyezve, kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti varume vanotaura zvekare zvepabonde kupfuura vakadzi. Kana munhu achitsvaga huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, nhamba inorehwa yevanopikisana nevarume nevakadzi vanofanirwa nevarume nevakadzi vanofanira kunge vakaenzana, asi varume vanowanzotaura nezvepabonde kune vakomana kune vakadzi (Mitchell et al., 2019). Kana vanhu vakamboita zvepabonde vakambofungidzirwa pane kuverengwa, varume vanoita sevanonyanya kufungidzira nhamba yevadzidzi (Mitchell et al., 2019). Saizvozvowo, mumuenzaniso wedu, varume vanorondedzera vakawanda vanoita zvepabonde kupfuura vakadzi. Kuongororwa kunongororwa kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti vakadzi vaiva nepamusoro yeTSO uye zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinoreva huwandu hwakawanda hweHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Zvichida, vakadzi vemuenzaniso wedu vanopupurira avo vanoita zvepabonde nekuda kwekutya kusagamuchirwa kwevanhu mukudarika mitemo yevakadzi (Alexander & Fisher, 2003). Materu akareruka akaratidzira kuti iwo mwero wekuita bonde mune varume wanga usinga nyanyoenderana nematanho eHD chiratidzo chechisimba ichienzaniswa nevakadzi. Zvakare, muvarume, huwandu hwehukama hwepabonde hwakabatana hwakaratidzika kunge hahune simba pamatanho akataurwa ehutano hweHD. Kuita zvepabonde mumarume kunogona kuve kwakazvimiririra (semuenzaniso, kushandisa zvinonyadzisira nekuita bonhora) zvichienzaniswa nekuita bonde muvakadzi (kusangana pabonde nevanhu vakasiyana; Schultz et al., 2014). Izvi zvaivepowo mune zvidzidzo zvedu kuburikidza nenguva yakakwirira yekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye yepamusoro mitengo yeTSO-mhombwe pakati pevarume kana ichienzaniswa nevakadzi. Tinopikisa kuti hutano hwehupombwe hunogona kukonzera kupesana nehutano hwevakadzi hunotarisirwa kuita uye saka kuwedzerwa kunzwisisika kunetseka kuburikidza nehutano hwevakadzi; asi, muvanhu, hutano hwepamusoro hwepabonde hunogamuchirwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vakadzi vane hutano hwepamusoro hwepabonde vanonzwa vakaora mwoyo nokuti vanofananidza mufambiro wavo nehupenyu hwavo hwemadzimai, hunoratidzwa nehupamhi hwekuita zvepabonde uye kuderedza kufungidzira zvepabonde (Janssen & Bancroft, 2006). Kuita zvepabonde kwakakwirira mumadzimai zvichida kunobva pakusarudza zvepabonde kune vamwe vakadzi (Sjoberg & Cole, 2018; Trivers, 1972). Kune rumwe rutivi, varume vangatove vachikosheswa nevezera ravo nekuda kwehutano hwavo hwehupombwe, zvichiita kuti vasanyanya kutambura. Zvakare, zvidzidzo zvemangwana zvinofanira kusanganisira matanho emagariro evanhu uye zvekuita zvepabonde, iyo inoratidzika kunge inobatanidza nekuita zvepabonde kune kuwedzera kwehutano hweHD chiratidzo chakakosha nemibvunzo (Walton, Lykins, & Bhullar, 2016).
Kuita zvepabonde kunotyisa kujeka kwehutano hwomunhu uye hwepfungwa, uye hunowanzotaurwa nevana vose (Osterheider et al., 2011) uye vanhu vakuru (Ellsberg, Jansen, Heise, Watts, & Garcia-Moreno, 2008). Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza kuti mumadzimai nemadzimai, maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakakomba chaibatanidza nehupamhi hwehutano hwepabonde dzinosanganisira kumanikidzika uye nehuwandu hwehutano hwepabonde. Kufungidzira nezvekumanikidzira mumwe munhu kuita zvepabonde hakusi isiri, muvakadzi nevakadzi (Joyal, Cossette, & Lapierre, 2014). Mifananidzo yakakura paIndaneti inoratidza kuti nezve 11% yevakadzi uye 22% yevarume vanogovera fantasy iyi (Joyal et al., 2014). Takawana kunyange nhamba yakakwirira yeA21% yevakadzi uye nezve 59% yevarume vakazvidza izvi fantasy. Kunongoita chikamu chiduku chekuita zvepabonde kunoparidzirwa kumapurisa kunoitwa nevakadzi, asi chiyero chaicho chemhosva chisingaoneki chinotarisirwa kuva chakakwirira kwazvo (Cortoni, Babchishin, & Rat, 2016; Vandiver & Kercher, 2004). Izvi zvinowanzoenderana nekuwanikwa kwezvino kuwedzera kwehutano hwekuita zvepabonde mukati meboka revarume rinowanikwa nehutano hwakarongwa hweHD chiratidzo chakakomba kana ichienzaniswa nehutano hwakanaka (Engel et al., 2019). Uyezve, hupombwe hunoonekwa huri hutsika hunotsigirwa hunokonzerwa nehutano hwezvepabonde (Mann, Hanson, & Thornton, 2010). Pasinei nezvidzidzo zviripo pamusoro pemafungiro nemabasa ekumanikidzwa kwepabonde, zvinoramba zvichiri nyore kutora mhedziso kubva kunezviwanikwa izvi. Chimwe chinotsanangurwa chingave chiri chokuti chido chakanyanya chepabonde nekuwedzera kwekuita zvepabonde muitiro kune vose vakadzi nevarume vane mahara eHD chiratidzo chakasimba chingaguma nekupesana kwepabonde mune zvemagariro avo evanhu uye naizvozvo kuwedzera kwemitemo yekuita zvepabonde. Imwe nzira inobvira yekuita zvepabonde fungidziro uye mufambiro inogona kunge iri mune zvekurara zvepabonde zvinowedzera, zvichida zvakakonzerwa nekugara kune dzimwe tsika dzepabonde. Kutsvaga kwekutsvaga kwakawanikwa kuine hutano hwehupombwe (Banca et al., 2016) uye mafungiro ekumanikidzwa kwepabonde angaita sechitsva, chinonakidza chinokurudzira kune vanhu vane mafungiro ehupombwe. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi dzinotevera dzinofanira kuongorora kuwirirana kwehupombwe hwekuita zvepabonde uye hutano hwepabonde uye kutsvaga kurapa kwevanhu vari pangozi yekugumbusa.
Ichi chidzidzo chinopa huno huno huri hutsva hwekutsvakurudza kuburikidza nehukuru hwekuenzanisa hukuru uye nemigumisiro inokosha nehukuru hukuru hwehukuru. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe zvingakwanisi zvinofanira kuonekwa. Ichi chidzidzo chakashandisa chete HBI-19 kuongorora maitiro eHD chiratidzo chakasimba. Kukurukurirana kwekliniki kwaive kwakakosha kuisa vanhu mumapoka. Uyezve, chiyero chekuita zvepabonde chakanga chisiri kutarisirwa pane zvidzidzo zvedu. Muchidzidzo ichi, isu takagadzirisa nhamba yeongororo inoshandiswa kuitira kutora nguva shomanana yevatori vechikamu nguva inokwanisika nokuti hatina kuvabhadhara ivo kuti vatore chikamu. Pamusana pemibvunzo inoshandiswa pachedu inoshandiswa mubhuku rino, zvinokonzera zvisingagone kuwanikwa kubva kune data. Zvidzidzo zvenguva inotevera zvinofanira kufungisisa kushandisa maitiro ekureba kwenguva yakareba kuti iwane ruzivo rwekudzidzira kwehutano hwehupombwe. Zvinhu zvakashandiswa kuwana ruzivo pamusoro pemhirizhonga dzepabonde zvaive zvakakosha. Ongororo inotevera inofanira kushandisa kuongorora kunobvunza mibvunzo zvakasiyana nenzira isiri yega uye kuvhara kukanganisa kwepfungwa pamusoro pekubatwa chibharo, somuenzaniso, Bumby Rape Scale (Bumby, 1996). Pakupedzisira, shanduro inoshandiswa munyaya ino haisi mumiriri wevanhu vakawanda. Semuenzaniso, dzidzo dzepamusoro dzaive dzakakwirira mumuenzaniso wedu kudarika inowanikwa kuvanhu. Nhamba yezvikamu zveHD chiratidzo chakasimba mumuenzaniso wedu pasina mubvunzo yakakwirira ichienzaniswa nezviratidzo zvehuwandu hwevanhu nokuti weblink kuenda kuchidzidzo yakatumirwa pakati pevamwe muforamu dzevanhu vane mazinga eHD anonyanya kuoma. Mukuwedzera, mapepanhau mazhinji akataurwa pamusoro penyaya yedu akashandisa izwi rokuti "kurara zvepabonde" mumisoro yavo, izvo zvingave zvakaguma nekufarira kwevanhu vane mahara eHOD chiratidzo chakasimba mukubatanidzwa.
Mukupfupisa, iyi ndeimwe yezvidzidzo zvekutanga kutsvaga humwe humwe hutano hwehupombwe hwevakadzi nevarume. Tinoda kuratidza kuti hutano hwehupombwe hunowanzobatanidzwa nehutano hwakanyanya hwema-intra-uye humwe hunogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwevanhu vaviri vanorondedzera zviratidzo izvi nevaya vanovapoteredza. Nokudaro, tsvakurudzo yedu inoratidza kuti kurapwa kweHDH kunofanirawo kutarisa kushungurudzika kwekodhi, kunyanya kuora mwoyo, uyewo zvingaita mafungiro uye mafambiro ane chokuita nekuita zvepabonde kune vamwe. Uyezve, zvichida zvichibva pakuzvibata kusagutsikana, kuita zvepabonde kunoratidzika sehupi huri nani hwehutano hwehupombwe kune vakadzi kupfuura varume.
JE, TK, CS, JK, AK, uye UH vakabatsira mukufungidzira nekugadzirwa. AK, MV, uye JE vakapa mari yekuunganidza data. JE neAk vakabatsira pakuongorora tsananguro. JE, AK, MV, CS, I-AH, JK, uye TK vakabatsira pakuongorora uye kududzira. UH uye TK vakabatsira kuti vaongorore.
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