Aviv Weinstein, Ph.D. uye Michel Lejoyeux, Ph.D.,
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Early Early: 1-7, 2010
Zvinyorwa zvekudzidza zvakakwana
NHANGANYAYA
Dambudziko Tsanangudzo
Kutambudza kushandiswa kweIndaneti, kana kusagadzikana, kunoratidzirwa nekunyanyisa kana kusanyatsogadziriswa kutarisirwa, kunokurudzira kana kuzvibata pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternet kunotungamirira kukuvhiringidza kana kushushikana. Mamiriro acho akaita kuti kuwedzerwa kuwedzerwa mune zvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa uye pakati pevatsvakurudzi, uye izvi zvakanyatsoenderana nekukura kwekushandisa kombiyuta uye kuIndaneti (1). Phenomenologically, panoita seine matatu subtypes: kutamba mitambo, kutarisira zvepabonde (cybersex), uye e-mail / kutumira mameseji.
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Zvinokanganisa zvinogona kushandisa Indaneti kwenguva yakareba, kuzviparadzanisa nedzimwe nzira dzekushamwaridzana nevanhu, uye zvinotarisa zvakanyanya paInternet panzvimbo pezviitiko zvehupenyu zvakakura.
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Hazvisi pachena kana kusvuta kweInternet kazhinji kunomiririra kuratidzika kwechirwere chepfungwa, kana kuti zvechokwadi chirwere chinokonzera. Kuonekwa kazhinji kweInternet kusvuta mumamiriro ezvinhu ehuwandu hunokonzera mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma anokonzera mibvunzo yakaoma yezvakangoita. Izvo zvave zvichitaurirana (5) izvo, zvichibva pane zvishoma zvinowanika zviripo maererano nekambo, kufungidzira, kugara kwepakati, uye kugadzirisa kurapwa, zvinoratidzika nguva isati yasvika kuongorora kushandiswa kweInternet sechirwere chinonzi discrete. Zvisinei, kuwedzera kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti vamwe vanhu vane inodhaka yeInternet vari pamatambudziko makuru uye vanofanirwa nekuchengetedzwa kwehutano uye kurapwa. Zvidzidzo zvinodzorwa zvakanaka zvinotarisirwa kugadzirisa kukakavadzana uku. Iyi nyanzvi yakatsvaga nyaya dzakabudiswa pakati pe2000 ne2009 muMedline nePublicMed, vachishandisa shoko guru rokuti "Indaneti kusvuta" pamusoro pemisoro yekuongorora, phenomenology, epidemiology, uye kurapwa.
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KUZIVA NEZVINOKUDZIDZA
Kuongororwa kweInternet muropa (kuvimba) kunoramba kuri dambudziko. Izvo hazvionekwi mune chero hurumende yekuongorora zvirongwa, kusanganisira DSM-IV, uye hapana maitiro anozivikanwa akawanda anogamuchirwa.Zvikamu zvina zvakanzi zvakakosha pakuongororwa (6): 1) kushandiswa kwakawandisa kweIndaneti, kazhinji kunobatanidza nekurasikirwa kweruzivo rwemazuva kana kukanganwa kwemafambisi makuru, 2) kubvisa, kusanganisira manzwiro ekutsamwa, kushushikana, uye / kana kuora mwoyo apo iyo kombiyuta isingakwaniswiki, 3) kushivirira, kusanganisira kudiwa kwemashandisirwo akanaka emakombiyuta, mamwe mapurogiramu, kana maawa akawanda ekushandisa, uye mishonga ye4) yakaipa, kusanganisira nharo, kureva nhema, kuchikoro chisina kunaka kana kubudirira kwevashandi, kushamwaridzana nevamwe, uye kuneta.
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Parizvino hapana maitiro ekuongororwa kweInternet anodhakwa anoratidza kuvimbika kwakakwana nekuvimbika kune dzimwe nyika. Ichangobva kuongororwa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuongorora zvinowanikwa kuti zvidzidzo zvekare zvakashandiswa zvisiri izvo zvinotsanangurwa kurondedzera kushandiswa kweInternet, kushandiswa kunyoresa nzira dzinogona kukonzera sarudzo dzakaoma, uye kuongorora dhidhii uchishandiswa zvikuru kuongorora kunze kwekusimbisa tsanangudzo yekuongorora dambudziko kuti uongorore uwandu hwemasangano pane pane kukanganisa hukama pakati pezvipembenene (7). Nokudaro, kupararira Dhiyabhorosi pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternet kushandiswa kwakagadzikana nehutano hwemagariro maererano nehutachiona uye heterogeneity yezviongorori zvishandiso. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuenzanisa kuwanda kwehuwandu munyika dzose.
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Panewo humwe humwe hune humwe hune hutano hunoenderana nekushandisa kuzvitaura, kuva nemhinduro dzisina kutendeseka, vatori vechikamu vangasanzwisisa mibvunzo yakasiyana-siyana kana kusanzwisisa zvisizvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuedza. Uyezve, kunewo dambudziko rekusarudza kusarudzwa pamwe nedziva rekubatanidzwa rinowanikwa kubva paIndaneti kana kuti zvidzidzo zvepamusoro-soro uye pasina boka rakakwana rekudzivirira. Kushandiswa kwepaIndaneti kunogona kuita kuti vanhu vapindure sei pamwe nenhamba yemhinduro dzakagadziriswa dzakawanikwa. Pakupedzisira, munhu angaratidza maitiro ekurapa kune imwe shanduro, asi kwete vamwe.
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Dambudziko guru rekuongorora idzi nderokuti vanoshandisa mazwi asina kutsanangurwa kutsanangura maitiro ekushandiswa kweIndaneti, akadai se "borderline," "kudarika," "pangozi," uye "kusvuta," izvo zvisingarevi zvichitsanangurwa kana kuti zvipatara zvinogamuchirwa. Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwehutachiona hweInternet kwave kuongororwa kune imwe nzvimbo (12, 36).
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COMORBIDITY
Zvidzidzo zvepamuchinjikwa pamusoro pezvirwere zvevarwere zvinoparidza kuwanda kwekodzero yeInternet kusagadzikana nehutano hwepfungwa, dzakadai sehutano hwehutano, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa (kusanganisira kuwanda kwehutano hwepfungwa, kushungurudzika kwehutano hwevanhu), uye kushaya pfungwa kwehutano hwehutano hwehutano (ADHD). Izvo zvave zvataurwa (37) kuti ukama pakati pekusurukirwa nekunakidzwa kwekushandurana kwevekudyidzana kwepabonde ndiko kusina maturo uye kuti kushungurudzika kwevanhu munzanga ndiko kuchinja kunokonzera.
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NEUROBIOLOGY NOKUDZIDZA KUFUNGA
pari pave pane zvidzidzo zvishomanana pamusoro peeurobiology yeInternet kukanganisa. Pakanga pane zvidzidzo zvakataurwa pamusoro pemakombiyuta uye vhidhiyo yekudhakwa (ona Weinstein, kune imwe nzvimbo munyaya ino). Pakati pezvidzidzo zvepfungwa zvepfungwa dzekutanga (13) dzakashuma vatori vechikwata 10 vane mishonga yekutsvaga mitambo yepaIndaneti vakagadzirwa nemifananidzo yekutamba uye mifananidzo yepamifananidzo pavanenge vachiita basa rekuona magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Muboka rakavhiringidzwa, right orbito-frontal cortex, nucleus right accumbens, maitiro anterior aningior cingulate uye medial frontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, uye nucleus yakarurama yakagadzirirwa kusiyana neboka rinodzora. Kushandiswa kwezvikamu-zve-kufarira (ROI) zvakanyatsobatanidzwa nezvimwe zvezvokutamba zvemitambo zvinokurudzira uye kuyeuka zvekubhejera chiitiko chinokonzerwa nemifananidzo. Zvigumisiro zvakaratidza kuti ma-neural substrates of cue-induced gaming advocacy / craving in online gaming addiction yakanga yakafanana neyo ye-cue-induced desire in substance dependence. Saka, zvigumisiro zvinoratidza kuti kutamba mitambo / chido muIndaneti kutambisa zvinodhaka uye chido muzvinhu zvinotarisirwa zvinogona kugovana zvakafanana neurobiological nzira.
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NEI VANHU VANOGONA KUVANYA KUVANHU
INTERNET?
Indaneti-inotarirwa neInternet yakave yakanyanya kuderera pane zviyero zvizhinji zvakaratidza kugadziriswa kwakagadziriswa kwematambudziko aya, uye yakave yakakwirira pane zviyero zvairatidza kusagadzirisa kusagadzirisa kwezvinetso izvi (48).
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Kumanikidzwa kwepabonde ye-cybersex kwakave chinhu chinonyanya kukosha kweInternet kusvuta kwevarume nevakadzi vakawanda vakawira pasi vachiita zvekusvikirwa, kukwanisa, uye kusazivikanwa kwekuita zvepabonde zvepabonde (49). Vamwe varwere vanoita zvinetso nekumanikidzika pabysexsex nekuda kwekugadziriswa kana kuitika zviitiko zvakangoerekana zvaitika, asi vamwe vashandisi vanomanikidzika vane dambudziko rekushungurudzika, kuora mwoyo, kana kukanganisa. Vose varume nevakadzi vane matambudziko e-cybersex vanoratidza mardaptive kukunda, maitiro akachengetedzwa, mafungiro ekudzivisa maitiro ehupenyu hwehupenyu, kushungurudzika kwehukama, kushamwaridzana kwehukama, uye kuipa kwehutano (49). Dambudziko rekushandiswa kweInternet boka rakaratidza zvidzidzo zvakakwirira mumaprofita e Self-Directed and Cooperativeness uye zvidzidzo zvakaderera muNhoroondo yeNewtyty Seeking uye Self-Transcendence yeJTCI, kana ichienzaniswa neusingazivikanwi yeboka rekushandisa Indaneti, mushure mokudzora zviratidzo zveDHD.
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Aya maradaptive ekugadzirisa maitiro anoita seanobatana nehupombwe (ona Thibaut mune imwe nzvimbo mumagazini ino), asi vari kushandisa mharidzo chaiyo yeIndaneti. Munyaya yekumanikidzwa kwepabonde ye-cybersex, zvinyorwa zvekuratidzira, kunyanya zvinonyadzisira, inzira yakananga yepakombiyuta-yakabatsirwe tsika yekunyadzisa. Vaongorori vanorondedzera nhamba iri kuwedzera yevarwere vanopindwa muropa nebasa iri, chimiro cheIndaneti kusagadzikana uye kurara zvepabonde, pamwe nezvinetso zvinowanzobatanidzwa nehupombwe.
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KUKURUKURA
Indaneti inodhaka, kureva, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kweIndaneti nemigumisiro yakaipisisa, haina kuonekwa mune chero hurumende yekuongorora zvirongwa, kusanganisira DSM-IV. Block yakarondedzera kuti Indaneti inokonzerwa nehutachiona chirwere chinowanzoenderana neDMM-V (5). Kunyengera, kuongororwa inomanikidzika-inokonzera kushungurudza chirwere chinosanganisa paIndaneti uye / kana kunze kwekombiyuta kushandiswa. Zvinenge zvitatu zve subtypes zvakaonekwa: kutamba mitambo, kutarisira zvepabonde, uye e-mail / kutumira mameseji. Zvose zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvina zvinotevera: 1) kushandiswa kwakanyanya, kazhinji kunobatanidzwa nekurasikirwa kweruzivo rwemazuva kana kukanganwa kwemasheni ekutanga, 2) kubvisa, kusanganisira kunzwa kwehasha, kukanganiswa, uye / kana kuora mwoyo apo kombiyuta kusvikika, 3) kushivirira, kusanganisira kudiwa kwemashandisirwo akanaka emakombiyuta, mamwe mapurogiramu, kana mamwe maawa ekushandisa, uye 4) migumisiro yakaipa, kusanganisira nharo, kureva nhema, kubudirira, kusagadzikana kwevanhu, uye kuneta. Vamwe vakakavhiringidza kuti Indaneti inodhakwa haisi yechokwadi chekushungurudza uye inogona kunge isiri chiratidzo chevamwe, matambudziko akangodaro akadai sokuzvidya mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, ADHD kana kushungurudzika kwekudzivirira (70). Nhamba shomanana inowanikwa yekugadzirisa mubvunzo uyu, uye nzira dzepathophysiological dzinoshandiswa neIndaneti kusagadzikana hazvizivikanwi. Uku kusaziva kwakakwana kunowedzerawo kurapwa. Vaya vashomanana vakabudisa maitiro ekurapa kweInternet kukanganisa kunobva pane mazano uye mazano anoshandiswa mukurapa kwezvinetso zvekushandisa zvinodhaka. Nokudaro, hazvibviri kurumbidza chero humwe uchapupu-hwekugadzirisa kushandiswa kweIndaneti.
ngovepo
Background: Zvinetso zvinodhaka zveInternet kana kushandiswa kweIndaneti zvakanyanya kunoratidzirwa nekunyanya kunetseka kana kutarisirwa kuzvidzora, zvinokurudzira, kana mafambiro pamusoro pekushandisa kombiyuta uye kushandiswa kweIndaneti zvinotungamirira ku kuora mwoyo kana kushushikana. Parizvino, hapana kuonekwa kwekombiyuta kunodhakwa mukati mehutano hwehutano hwemishonga uye, naizvozvo, hapana kuenzanirana kuongororwa. Izvo, zvisinei, zvakarongedzerwa kuti zviiswe muchidimbu chinotevera cheDaagnostic uye Statistical Manual yeMental Disorder (DSM).
Chinangwa: Kudzokorora mabhuku ekutsvaira paInternet pamusoro pemisoro yekuongorora, phenomenology, epidemiology, uye kurapwa.
Nzira: Kudzokorora kwebhuku rakabudiswa pakati pe2000-2009 muMedline uye PubMed achishandisa izwi rokuti "inodhaka ye internet.
Results: Ongororo dziri muUnited States neEurope dzakaratidza kuwandisa kwepakati pakati pe1.5% ne8.2%, kunyange zvirongwa zvekuongororwa uye mhinduro dzemibvunzo zvinoshandiswa pakuongororwa zvinosiyana pakati penyika. Zvidzidzo zvepamuchinjikwa pamusoro pezvirwere zvevarwere zvinoparidza kuwirirana kwemaInternet kusagadzikana nezvinetso zvepfungwa, kunyanya zvinokonzerwa nehutano (kusanganisira kuora mwoyo), kuzvidya mwoyo kwehutano (generalized anxiety disorder, social disorder disorder), uye kushaya hanya nekushaya simba kwehutano (ADHD). Zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofananidzira kushandiswa kweInternet zvinonetsa, kusanganisira unhu hweunhu, kuberekera vana uye zvemhuri, kushandiswa kwedoro, uye kushungurudzika kwevanhu.
Mhedziso uye Kukosha kweScience: Kunyange zvazvo Indaneti-yakavhiringidza vanhu vane dambudziko rekudzivisa kukanganisa kwavo kwakanyanya muIndaneti muhupenyu chaihwo, zvishomanana zvinonyatsozivikanwa nezvepatho-zvepanyama uye nzira dzekunzwisisa zvinokonzerwa neIndaneti kusvuta. Pamusana pokushayikwa kwekutsvakurudza kwakakwana, ikozvino hazvibviri kurumbidza hupi upi hwehupi-hwakakonzerwa nehutachiona hweInternet.
Kupindwa muropa neInternet kana Kunyanyisa Indaneti Kushandisa - Abstract pamutsetse
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