Zvinonyadzisira uye Heterosexual Zvimwe Zviitiko Zvepedyo Nevakadzi (2019)

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Kuwedzera kusazivikanwa, kuwanikwa, uye kutadza kwezvinhu zvepamhepo zvinonyadzisira kwakaita kuti zvinonyadzisira zvepamutemo bonde zvive zvakaipisisa chikamu chekoreji zvepabonde mamiriro.¹ Pakati pevadzidzi vekoreji muUnited States, 82.3% yevarume uye 60.4% yevakadzi vakamboshandisa zvinonyadzisira nezvezvido zvepabonde.² Zera rekoreji uye vakadzi vakuru vechidiki muUnited States (pakati pemakore 18 ne30 zera) vane kaviri mukana wekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uchienzaniswa nevakadzi vakuru.³ Nepo kushandiswa kwevakadzi vadiki kwevakuru zvinonyadzisira kwawedzera mukuenzanisa nevakura vezera revakadzi, kuwanda kwekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nevakadzi zvinoramba zvakaderera kana zvichienzaniswa nevavanhurume. ingori 13.4% yezera rekoreji vakadzi vanotaura vachiona mavhidhiyo ezvinonyadzisira mumwedzi wapfuura zvichienzaniswa ne35.3% yemakore emakore evarume.²

Tichipiwa huwandu hwepamusoro hwehasha kune vakadzi vanoratidzwa mune zvekutengesa zvinonyadzisira⁴ uye iro rakakosha basa kugutsikana kwepabonde kunotamba mune zvevakadzi zvemanzwiro uye hukama hukama,⁵ iro rinowedzera basa rekuona zvinonyadzisira mukutsvaga pabonde uye kuwanikwa kunosimudza mibvunzo yakakosha nezve hutano hwevakadzi pabonde uye hukama hwepedyo. Iyi mibvunzo inonyanya kukosha kune vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde sezvo huwandu hwakawanda hwechisimba hunoratidzwa mukuona zvinonyadzisira kunoitwa nevarume vachipesana nevakadzi.^6,7

Kutsvagisa nezvehukama pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye hutano hwevakadzi pabonde uye hunhu hwepabonde hwakanyanya kutarisana nemhedzisiro yekubatana. Kutsvagisa kunoratidza kuwedzera kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunosanganisirwa neyekutanga uye / kana kukurumidza kutanga kuita bonde, hunhu hwakawanda hwekuita bonde zvisina tsarukano, uye mukana wakakura wekuita hunhu hwepabonde hwakaipisisa senge pabonde nekumashure kunobuda nako tsvina, kurara nevarume vakawanda, uye kushandisa zvinodhaka kana doro. panguva yebonde.^8-10 Iyo yekutanga kuratidzwa, kwakanyanya kuzivisa njodzi.¹¹ Akaverengeka meta-ongororo mapurojekiti anoratidza kuti kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunoenderana nengozi dzakawedzera dzechisimba zvepabonde uye kurohwa kwepabonde,^12-14 pamwe nekuwedzera kunamatira kune mamwe maitiro echinyakare echikadzi kune hukama hwechido pakati pevakuru vanoona.¹⁵

Kumwe kutsvagurudza kwakanangana nebasa rezvinonyadzisira muhutano hwevakadzi hwepfungwa uye hwepfungwa zvinoratidza kumwe kupesana. Vamwe vakadzi vakapindura vanotaura kuti zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa sevane simba rakanaka,^16,17 kuwedzera pfungwa yekusunungurwa pabonde, kupiwa simba, uye kugona uye kuderedza kunyara.^18-21 Vamwe vakadzi, zvisinei, vanotaura zvinonyadzisa kana kusagadzikana vachiona zvinonyadzisira,²² vanozvirumbidza pachavo kana vachizvienzanisa nevakadzi mune zvinonyadzisira,^23,24 pamwe chete nemanzwiro okusakwana uye kuderera kwekuzvikoshesa.²⁵ Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti hapana hukama pakati pekuratidzwa zvinonyadzisira uye kusagutsikana kwemuviri.²⁶

Chekupedzisira, kutsvagisisa nezve chinzvimbo chekuona zvinonyadzisira mukugutsikana kwehukama kunoratidza kuona zvinonyadzisira kuve kwakabatana nekuderera kwemanzwiro ekuda zvepabonde,^22,27,28 yakaderera hukama²⁵ uye nekudzikira kuvimba, nekuwedzera kushushikana kwepfungwa.²⁹ Pane musiyano wakakura we “zvinonyadzisira” pane kuti yakawanda sei zvinonyadzisira inopedzwa pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi muhukama; "Kune nzira inowirirana yevakadzi vazhinji vanobatanidzwa nevarume vanogara vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira ivo vachirondedzera kushoma kana kusashanda."^30(p153) Iyi "yevhavha yezvinonyadzisira" inobatana zvakananga nekugutsikana kwakadzika kwehukama uye kugadzikana kune vaviri vakaroorana muhukama, pamwe nekutsamwa kwechirume kwakakura uye kuderera kwemunhukadzi.³¹ Imwe meta-ongororo yazvino yekuyedza uye isina ongororo pa internet zvinonyadzisira inosimbisa kushamwaridzana kwakashata pakati peinternet kushandisa uye kugutsikana kwepabonde kwevakadzi uye hunhu hwehukama hwepedyo.³²

Kutsvagurudza kwedu kunosvika padanho rezvinonyadzisira muhukama hwevakadzi pabonde neimwe nzira yakati siyanei. Kudhirowa pane ezvepabonde zvinyorwa, kunyanya zvaWright³³ kuwana, kuvhiya, kushandisa (₃AM) modhi, isu tinoongorora inoona yekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yehukama hwepabonde hukama: Ndeipi basa, kana iripo, iyo yekuona zvinonyadzisira inotamba mumifungo yevakadzi nemanzwiro avo pabonde nemumwe wako? Chinyorwa chepabonde chaWright ₃AM modhi yekudyidzana pabonde inovavarira kupa yakatarwa nzira iyo magwaro ezvepabonde anouya kuzogadziridza pfungwa yemunhu kana yeuristic yezvinofanira kana kuti zvisiri kufanirwa kuitika panguva ino. Kunyanya, isu tinobvunza, ko zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, kunyanya kushandiswa kazhinji, zvine chekuita nepfungwa dzevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde nemanzwiro panguva yehukama hwepedyo nemumwe wako? Zvinowanzoitika zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvine chekuita nemukana wekuti vakadzi vanozoita mifananidzo yekuona zvinonyadzisira mupfungwa dzavo panguva yebonde? Chinyorwa chekuona zvinonyadzisira chinoita basa mune kuti vakadzi vanonzwa sei pamusoro pavo nemiviri yavo panguva yehukama hwepabonde nemumwe wako?

Zvinyorwa zvebonde uye ₃AM modhi

Kufunga nezve basa rekunzwisisa zvinonyadzisira rakadzika mu "dzidziso dzekunzwisisa" dzidziso, iyo inotaura kuti zvinyorwa zvetsika senge zvinowanikwa mune zvinoburitsa nhau zvinogona kupa muenzaniso wekutsanangudza uyo vanhu vanofanirwa kana kusafunga, kunzwa, uye kuita mukupindura kune izvo zvichiitika zvakavakomberedza.³⁴ Heuristic processing inotsanangudza kugadziriswa kwepfungwa kweruzivo rwunokurumidza uye kuitwa pasina kufungisisa kwakawanda sekupokana nehurongwa hwekugadziriswa, huri maererano nekufungisisa, kuyera chokwadi, uye kuongororwa kwekuziva. Pfungwa yechinyorwa chebonde inotarisa, muchikamu, munzira idzo maratidziro etsika anobatsira kutsanangura chinobata sekuita bonde, kuona mamiriro epabonde, uye maitiro ekutarisira, zvishuvo, uye maitiro panguva yekusangana pabonde.^35,36 Wright's³³ script yebonde ₃AM modhi yekubatana nevamwe inovaka pane pfungwa yeiyo bonde script nekubatanidza kumwe kufambisa ruzivo,³⁴ media,³⁷ nepfungwa dzemagariro³⁸ mazano ekushandisa maitiro epfungwa ayo anopinda pabhuku kuzoita chiitiko mune zvepfungwa, manzwiro uye maitiro. Wright anoti zvinyorwa zvebonde zvinofanirwa kuwanikwa uye kuiswa mundangariro zvisati zvaiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu epabonde. Imwe yehanhatu nhanho idzi - kutora, kumisikidza uye kushandisa-inogona kushandurwa kana kushandurwa nemagariro, tsika, uye mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana pamwe nekubatana, kuwonekera, uye kujeka kwenhau. Mediators uye moderators inosanganisira, asi haina kugumira kune, dzinza, murume kana murume, zera, kukurudzira kwekushandiswa, frequency uye nguva yekuratidzwa, script-mamiriro kunyorerana, uye kuwanikwa kwezvinyorwa zvinotsanangurwa zvinopihwa zvikoro, mhuri, kana zvechitendero maitiro. Muchikamu chimwe nechimwe chezvekudyidzana, chinyorwa chebonde chinogona kuwedzera kana kuderera masisitere zvichienderana nezvinomiswa zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, kakawanda kuwonekera kwekuona kwenhau, kunyanya kukurudzira mifananidzo, kwenguva yakareba uye nechinangwa kuchave nekugadziriswa kwakakwira mupfungwa dzevamwe mhando dzevanoona, nekudaro kuwedzera chikamu icho chinoona zvinonyadzisira kuchinjisa hunhu.

Zvinonyadzisira uye ₃AM modhi

Tsvaga uchishandisa zvikamu zve ₃AM modhi yekuona zvinonyadzisira inoratidza nzira umo zvinonyadzisira zvakabatana neakananga hunhu uye hunhu, pamwe nekumhan'ara kana kumanikidza akasiyana. Panyaya yemafungiro, dhata yehurefu inoratidza kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuti ibatanidzwe nekuwedzera rutsigiro rwekuzvara kuwanikwa kwevechidiki nekuchinja maonero ezvepwere³⁹ pamwe nekuwedzera kwesimba rekuwana mukana wekubvisa nhumbu nekuvandudza zvimwe zvakasununguka zvitendero pamusoro pebonde.⁴⁰ Kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakawanikwa kuchawedzera tsika dzevakadzi pakati pevachembera, asi kwete vadiki vanoona.¹⁵ uye kunyatso gadzirisa nemafungiro anotenderedza ekuita zvepabonde nemunhukadzi zvisinei nemafungiro epamberi ezvinhu zvekupfimbana.⁴¹

Panyaya yemafambiro, kutsvagurudza kwakawana kuti hunobvumidza hunhu hwekuita zvepabonde zvine mwero hukama pakati pekugara uchiona zvinonyadzisira uye hukama hwayo nechikonzero chakakura chekukwira kumusoro, huwandu hwepamusoro hweavo vanobatana nehukama, uye hurongwa hwekuva nevakawanda vebonde mu ramangwana.⁴² Mitero yekuona zvinonyadzisira inosanganisidwawo nekuwedzera kwengozi iyo vatengi vechirume nevechikadzi vanoratidza kufarira mukuedza kana kuve vakaita hunhu hwepabonde hunoratidzwa mune zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde.⁴³ Kuona zvinonyadzisira kunosanganiswa nekuderera kwekushandiswa kwemakondomu pakati pevanobvuma kuti zvinonyadzisira inopa dzidzo yepabonde.⁴⁴ Chekupedzisira, "chinobatanidzwa nekukwira kwakapetwa kakapetwa kakapetwa kakapetwa kanomwe pane kusanzwisisika kwekuita zvepabonde nevakadzi vasina mafaro, asi isina hukama nehukama hwevatano hwevanhu vanofara kwazvo."^45(p67)

Kunyange kutsvagurudzwa kwakawanda kwaitwa kutsvaga hukama pakati pekutora nekushandiswa kweiyo zvinonyadzisira script kune hunhu nemaitiro, kuita-inongedzo nhanho yekuziva muhurongwa hwebonde-inoda kutarisisa uye kujekeswa kuti unzwisise nzira idzo zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde zvinonyorwa. inovandudzwa mundangariro.

Zvinonyadzisira uye activation

Tsvagurudzo yekutanga pamusoro pekuziva kwekugadzirisa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunozivisa nzira umo kakawanda kutaridzika kwekutarisa mafikisheni mafungiro echokwadi. Peter naValkenburg^46(p227) wakawana zvinonyadzisira zvinogadzira "hukama nehukama hwepabonde mundangariro" muvachiri kuyaruka zvekuti kana ivo vachiona zvinonyadzisira zvavanoona, ivo zvakanyanya mukana wekutenda izvo zvinoratidzira zviitiko zvepasirese zvepabonde. Tsitsika et al.^47(p549) vakawana kuti pakati pevachiri kuyaruka vemuGreek, kuratidzwa kwezvinhu zvinoratidzwa pabonde kunosimudzira "mafungiro asiri echokwadi nezvepabonde uye maitiro asiri iwo ehukama." Imwe tsvakiridzo yakaona kuti kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nevarume, muchimwe chikamu, kuchikurudzirwa nekungotarisisa kwemubairo wepabonde (kureva., mafaro) pasina chero mutengo (kureva., kuzvipira kana chirwere),⁴⁸ nokudaro kuderedza mwero wekufanofunga unoshandiswa uchiona.⁴⁹ Nekudaro, kutora pfungwa yezvinonyadzisira segwaro rehurongwa hwechisimba kunoreva kushandiswa kwayo mukufamba mumamiriro ezvinhu anogara aripo; Nemamwe mazwi, inozivisa zvinoitika panguva yekusangana pabonde nemudiwa.

Mukutsvagurudza kwakapfuura, isu takaongorora iro basa rekuona zvinonyadzisira mukufunga kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi nemafungiro avo uye newavakaroorana navo panguva dzehukama hwepabonde.⁵⁰ Isu takabvunza kana zvinonyadzisira zvaibata basa ravo mupfungwa dzavo panguva yebonde uye nemanzwiro avaiita nezvavo nevamwe vavo panguva yekuita bonde. Zvawanikwa zvakaratidza kuona zvinonyadzisira kunoonekwa nemurume, kakawanda kacho akazvishandisa panguva yebonde, achikumbira zviitiko zvepabonde zvinonyadzisira zvemumwe wake, uye nemaune kuzviita nemaitiro emifananidzo yekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yebonde kuti irambe ichisimuka. Kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakabatanidzwawo zvakashata nekunakidzwa kwevatano nemurume kana mukadzi, asi aive asina hukama nekunetseka pamusoro pezake zvebonde nemufambiro wemuviri. Iyi mibatanidzwa yaive yakatwasuka uye isina kukokwa. Kuona zvinonyadzisira kwakanangana nekuwedzera kwekuvhurika kweiyo zvinonyadzisira zvepabonde script mukufunga kwepfungwa mamiriro ezvinhu uye iye, pamwe nemanzwiro ake uye maitiro panguva yekusangana pabonde nemumwe wake.

Chinangwa uye Hypotheses

Muchidzidzo ichi, takatarisa kuvakadzi tikabvunza iwoyu mubvunzo: zvinonyadzisira zvinoshanda zvinoshanda mumafungiro evakadzi panguva yebonde uye vatengi vevakadzi vanonzwa sei pamusoro pavo nevavanodanana navo panguva yekuita bonde? Tichifunga kuti izvo zvemukati mezvepabonde mune zvepamusoro zvekutengeserana zvinonyadzisira zvine hukasha kune vakadzi,⁴ uye nzira idzo hypersexualised midhiya inoderedza kuzvidzora kwevasikana uye chimiro chemuviri,⁵¹ isu taitarisira kuti kukanganiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira pakushandiswa kwezviitiko zvepabonde zvevakadzi zvingave zvisina kunaka. Pfungwa dzedu chaidzo ndedzekuti kana zvichiongororwa panguva imwe chete, kushandiswa kwepamusoro kwezvinonyadzisira pakuita bonhora kunosanganisirwa neinotevera:

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Vakwikwidzi

Sechikamu chekudzidza kwakakura, kwakawanda^43,50 sampu yedu yakasanganisira 706 vakapindura (ona Tafura 1 yeruzivo rwehuwandu). Maitiro ekubatanidza aive akadai seizvi: kugara muUnited States, vakadzi vakadzi, 18-29 zera, mafungiro echirume, uye kuva neusati wamboita chiitiko chebonde. Vazhinji vatori vechikamu (85.1%) vakaratidza kuti vakapinda kukoreji yeruzhinji kana kuyunivhesiti. Vazhinji (85.1%) vaive vasiri Vachena machena. Avhareji zera yaive 19.82 makore (kutsauka kwakawanda [SD] = 1.65). Ruzhinji (pamusoro pe66%) yevachengeti vechirume nevechikadzi vevatori vechikamu iyi vaive vapedza koreji Makumi mana nechimwe muzana vakashuma vachibvumirana kana kubvumirana zvakasimba kuti kutenda kwechitendero kunokosha kwavari. Taka coded hukama hwehukama kuitira kuti vese vatori vechikamu vari kutaura vasina kuroora kana hukama husina kutsigira vaionekwa sevasiri muhukama hwehukama, nepo vatori vechikamu vachiudza kuva muhukama hwehukama, kuroora, kana kufambidzana nemudiwa wako zvakanyorwa kunge zviri muhukama hwehukama. Makumi mana nesere muzana evatori vechikamu vaive muhukama hwakazvipira uye 50.1% yakanga isipo.

Zviitiko zvebonde zvisati zvamboitika zvaisanganisira chimwe chezviitiko zvinotevera: kusasimira nemumwe munhu, kubata nhengo dzakavanzika dzemumwe munhu, uye kuita bonde remumukanwa, remukadzi, uye / kana rekumashure. Vazhinji (82.3%) vatori vechikamu vakasanganisirwa muchidzidzo vakataura kuti vakaita bonde. Pakati pevane 581 vakapindura vakataura kuti vakamboita zvepabonde kare, 88 vakambozviita vasati vasvitsa makore gumi nematanhatu, 16 vakatanga kuita bonde pakati pemakore gumi nematanhatu negumi nemasere ekuberekwa, uye vakasara 384 vakatanga kuita bonde vaine makore 16 ekuberekwa kana kuti gare gare.

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Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa

Kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwakaongororwa uchishandisa mubvunzo, (1) paavhareji, kangani iwe paunoshandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora. Chinhu chakapindurwa pane 8-point Likert wadogo (1 = kamwe, 2 = zvisingasviki kamwe pagore, 3 = kakawanda pagore, 4 = kamwe chete pamwedzi, 5 = kakawanda pamwedzi, 6 = 1- Mazuva e2 pavhiki, 7 = 3-5 mazuva pavhiki, uye 8 = zuva nezuva kana kanenge mazuva ese). Pamusoro pezvo, takabvunza vakapindura vezera ravo pakutanga kuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira uye nekwavanofarira magariro enhau dzavaishandisa kuwana zvinonyadzisira.

Pfungwa dzezvinonyadzisira

Mibvunzo mitatu yakaongorora pfungwa dzevatori vechikamu nezvezvinonyadzisira zvine chekuita kana panguva yekuita bonde nemumwe wako: (1) Pandinenge ndichiita bonde nemumwe wangu, mifananidzo kubva mukuona zvinonyadzisira inouya mumusoro mangu; (2) Pandinenge ndichiita zvepabonde nemumwe wangu, ndinofunga nemaonero pamusoro pezvifananidzo kubva kune zvinonyadzisira kuti ndirambe ndichifara; uye (3) Kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora kunonakidza kupfuura kurara nemumwe wako. Chinhu chega chega chakapindurwa pachiyero che5-poindi yeLikert, kubva pa1 (never) kusvika pa5 (nguva dzose). Cronbach's alpha yechiyero yaive 0.81.

Zvipingaidzo nezvechitarisiko

Mibvunzo mitatu yakaongorora kusagadzikana nezvechitarisiko: (1) Panguva yekuita bonde, ndinonetseka nezvekuti muviri wangu unotaridzika sei kune mumwe wangu; (2) Ini ndaigona kungonzwa kugadzikana zvakakwana kuti ndiite bonde kana raive rima kuitira kuti mumwe wangu asanyatsoona muviri wangu; uye (3) Kekutanga nguva pandinorara nemumwe wangu, ndinonetseka kuti mumwe wangu achadzimwa nekuona muviri wangu usina kana mbatya. Chinhu chega chega chakapindurwa pachikero che6-poindi Likert, kubva pa1 (ndinobvumirana zvakanyanya) kusvika pa6 (ndinobvuma kwazvo). Cronbach's alpha yechiyero yaive 0.81.

Kunakidzwa kwezviito zvepedyo panguva yekuita bonde nemudiwa

Mibvunzo mitatu yakaongororwa kunakidzwa kwezviito zvepedyo panguva yepabonde: (a) Ini ndinonakidzwa nekumbundirana newangu wepabonde naye; (2) Ndinoda kutsvoda panguva yebonde; uye (3) Ndinoda kutora nguva ndichipuruzira muviri wemumwe wangu wepabonde. Chinhu chega chega chakapindurwa pachikero che6-poindi Likert, kubva pa1 (ndinobvumirana zvakanyanya) kusvika pa6 (ndinobvuma kwazvo). Cronbach's alpha yechiyero yaive 0.75.

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Chirongwa ichi chaive chikamu chekubatana, kudzidza kwakawanda kwetsika uye maitiro ezvepabonde izvo zvakaitika mumakoreji mana emayunivhesiti muUnited States: maviri kuNortheast, mumwe muSoutheast, uye mumwe mukati meSouth. Vese vanopinda kuyunivhesiti Institutional Ongororo Mabhodhi akabvumidza chirongwa ichi. Vatori vechikamu vakatorwa kubva kuchirimo 2011 kusvika kuchitubu 2012 kuburikidza neemail, mapurasitiki, kana zvimwe zviziviso. Zvinyorwa zvekunyorera zvakananga chinangwa chekudzidza kwaive kunzwisisa maitiro epabonde, zvitendero, uye maitiro, kuti kutora chikamu kwaisanganisira kupindura kwakatevedzana mibvunzo yakabvunza pamusoro pemifungo, manzwiro, uye maitiro, kusanganisira maitiro ezvepabonde, kuti mimwe mibvunzo inosanganisira mutauro unoratidza zvepabonde unogona kuve zvinogumbura (zvinosanganisira mazita enhengo dzemuviri kana zviitwa zvepabonde), uye kuti mhinduro dzese dzinganyorwa zvisina kujeka. Vatori vechikamu vakatungamirwa kuongororo yepamhepo yakatumirwa paSurveyMonkey; yega yega nzvimbo yekurera yaive neye yakasarudzika link. Vatori vechikamu vakatanga vachipa mvumo, uye vobva vasimbisa kukodzera kwavo vasati vapedza kuongorora. Kutora chikamu kwakatora ∼30 maminetsi. Mushure mekupedza ongororo, vatori vechikamu vakapihwa mukana wekupinda mune raffle kuhwina mumwe wemitatu yemari yemari (imwe $ 100 uye maviri $ 60 mibairo yakangoerekana yapihwa).

Nzira yekuongorora

Nhamba dzinotsanangurwa dzakashandiswa kupa chiyero chedanho pachirevo chekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Maitiro uye ma SDs ezvese zvinoramba zvichishandurwa zvaiverengerwa (Tafura 2. Skewness uye kurtosis manhamba uye histograms akaongororwa kufungidzira kwekufungidzira. Bivariate ekuparadzira mariza aishandiswa kuongorora fungidziro dzedzinza. Nekuti ruzhinji rwevatori vechikamu vakashuma kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kwete kuita bonhora uye kushandisa zvinonyadzisira uchirara nemumwe munhu sezvinoitika zvisingasviki kamwe pagore kana kumbobvira, isu takabvisa izvi zvinopesana kubva pakuwedzera kuongorora uye takatarisa pane izvo chinhu kungoongorora zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa kwekuita bonhora. .

Tisati tamboedza kuongororwa, takaongorora muyenzaniso tichishandisa simbiso yekuongorora. Hypotheses dzakazoedzwa nemhando mbiri dzechimiro chekuenzanisa vachishandisa mukana wakawandisa wekufungidzira uyo akashandisa imwe exo native yakarerika inodarikira (frequency yekushandiswa kuita bonhora) uye zvinhu zvitatu endo native (pfungwa dzezvinonyadzisira zvinoenderana uye panguva yebonde, kunakidzwa kwezviito zvepedyo panguva yebonde, uye kusagadzikana nezvechitarisiko). Wechipiri mhando waisanganisira mashanu exo native covariates (zera, chena rudzi, chinamato, akasungwa hukama, uye zera pakutanga kuratidzwa zvinonyadzisira). Ese kunze kwakasiyana-siyana kwaibvumidzwa kuti kuwirirane. Nekuti chi chigwere chinowanzove chakakura nehukuru hukuru hwemhando uye mhando dzakaomarara,⁵² yakanaka modhi inokodzera kuvepo kuti ivepo chi chi kusvika kumadhigirii erusununguko reshiyo yaive <3, iyo Yekufananidza Fit Index (CFI) yaive> 0.95, uye iyo Mudzi Wakareva Chikanganiso Chekuenzana Kwekusvika (RMSEA) yaive <0.05.⁵³ Kuenzanisa mashandiro akaenzanirana emhando dzisina nested mhando, iyo Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) yakashandiswa. Izvo zvidiki zvidiki zveAIC tsika zvinoratidza zviri nani muenzaniso kukwana.⁵⁴ Ongororo dzakaitwa dzakapera neSSSS shanduro 21 uye AMOS shanduro 18.

Results

Zvazvino kushandisa zvinonyadzisira

Tafura 2 inoratidza nhamba dzinotsanangudza maererano nekushandisa kwevatori vechikamu zvinonyadzisira. Vazhinji vatori vechikamu vaimbove nekuratidzwa kwekutanga kune zvinonyadzisira; chetatu chevatori vechikamu vakatanga kuoneswa zvinonyadzisira vasati vasvika makore 13. Vashoma vatori vechikamu vakataura kuti havana kumbosangana nemifananidzo yekuona zvinonyadzisira pamberi. Vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa nezve kwavo kwazvino kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira pakuita bonhora. Pakati pevatori vechikamu 591 vakapindura kumubvunzo, vangangoita hafu (43.5%) vakashuma zvirinani kuti zvimwe zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pakuita bonhora. Pakati pevatori vechikamu vakashandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonyora, iyo modal frequency yezvinonyadzisira inoshandisa kuita bonhora yaive mashoma pamwedzi. Kusvika parizvino, vezvenhau vanowanzoitika vevatori vechikamu vaishandisa kuona zvinonyadzisira yaive Internet.

Takaongorora kuti huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu hwakabatana sei nekuwanda kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora. Zera, dzinza / dzinza, uye hunhu hwehukama hwehukama hwange husina hukama zvakanyanya neyakajairika yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora. Kungonamata chete kwakanyanya uye kwakashata kwakabatana nekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora (r = -0.143, p <0.001, N = 589). Isu takaongorora zvakare kuti kakawanda sei zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pakuita bonhora zvine chekuita neyekutanga mhedzisiro misiyano; bivariate kuwirirana kwesangano iri kunoiswa mukati Tafura 3.

Confidence Confidence kuongorora

Tisati tarisisa ma hypotheses ekudzidza, takaongorora kuyerwa kwezvinhu zvedu zvakapfuura kushandisa tichisimbisa chinhu chekuongorora. Muenzaniso uzere unokodzera data racho zvakanaka, χ²/ df ratio = 2.34, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.04, uye 90% rusununguko pakumisirana kweRMSEA = 0.03-0.06. Zvese zvinhu zvinoremerwa zvakanyanya pazvinhu zvavo (p <0.001). Dzinotsanangudza manhamba ezviratidziro zvinowoneka uye zvakaenzana kuturikwa pazvinhu zvavo zvinoratidzwa mukati Tafura 4.

Yakawandisa mhando yakakodzera

Tisati tarisisa ma hypotheses emunhu, takaongorora kukwana kwemuenzaniso. Iyo mhando yakapa kukwana kwakaringana kune data, χ²/ df ratio = 3.13, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.06, 90% chivimbo chekuvimba neRMSEA = 0.04-0.07, uye AIC = 167.39 (Fig. 1. Kusanganisira yehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu mune yedu modhi yakakurudzirawo yakanaka muenzaniso kukwana, kunyange isina kunaka senge yakapusa muenzaniso isina covariates, χ²/ df ratio = 2.56, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.04, 90% chivimbo chekuvimba neRMSEA = 0.04-0.06, uye AIC = 305.55 (Fig. 2).

H1: Kuwedzera Kwepfungwa dzeManonyadzisira Panguva Yezve Kuita Bonde neMudiwa

Isu taifarira kuona kana kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora kwakabatana nepfungwa dzezvekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yekuita bonde nemudiwa wako, kungave sekufunga / chinangwa chinangwa nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yebonde kuwana kana kuchengetedza kufara kana sechiratidzo chakataurwa nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira pamusoro pabonde nemudiwa. Ruzivo rwedu rwekutanga rwakatsigirwa. Paive nehukama hwakakosha pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora uye pfungwa dzezvinonyadzisira panguva yebonde.Fig. 1. Iyo nzira yakafanana coefflication yakaonekwa pataisanganisira demographic covariates (Fig. 2. Kune iwo macovariates, zera razvino uye zera diki pakutanga kuratidzwa kwezvinonyadzisira zvakabatana nemafungiro makuru ezve zvinonyadzisira zvine chekuita nezve kana panguva yebonde nemudiwa.

H2: Kuwedzera kwehusingaiti nezveKutaridzika Panguva Yekurara Nemumwe Munhu

Yedu yechipiri fungidziro yakabvunza kana paive nekubatana pakati pezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pakuita bonhora uye kusagadzikana pamusoro pomuviri wako panguva yepabonde. Kupesana neyedu yechipiri fungidziro, pakanga pasina chakakosha kusangana pakati pezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pakuita bonhora uye kutaridzika kwekusagadzikana mune yedu yemhando dhizaini (Fig. 1. Kunyangwe pakubatanidza demografiti covariates, gwara rakaramba risingakoshe (Fig. 2. Kune avo vanobatira, kuve muhukama hwakazvipira kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekushomeka kwekusagadzikana nezve chitarisiko.

H3: Yakaderera Kuzvirumbidza Kunakidzwa kwePedyo Mabasa Panguva Yekupfimbana neMuisana

Vatori vechikamu vakapindura mibvunzo vachiongorora hudzamu hwavaifarira hwepamoyo nemaitiro avo echikadzi, sekutamba, kutsvoda, uye kutanha. Kupesana neyechitatu hypothesis yedu, pakanga pasina kusangana kwakakosha pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora uye kuzviti unofarira kunakidzwa kwehukama hwepamoyo (Fig. 1. Izvi hazvina kuchinja nekushandiswa kwehuwandu hwenzvimbo ((demographic covariates)Fig. 2. Kune avo vanobatira, kuve muhukama hwakazvipira kwakanyanya (kwakanaka) kwakabatana nekuzvinakidzwa kwako kunakidzwa kwehunhu hwepabonde.

Post hoc modhi yemuenzaniso

Muedzo wekuwandisa weLagrange wakaratidza kukwana kwemhando yekutanga (Fig. 1) ichagadziriswa zvakanyanya nekuwedzera nzira kubva pane zvinofunga nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinhu kune kusagadzikana nezve chitarisiko uye kunakidzwa kwezviitiko zvepakati panguva yebonde. Izvi zvakaonekwa zvine chikonzero chekuti kuita kweanoona zvinonyadzisira uye nemifananidzo yakavanzika (mifananidzo inoratidza zvinonyadzisira) uchiita zvepabonde nemumwe wako zvinogona kuburitsa mumwe munhu kubva pakatarisana ne "pano uye ikozvino" yekuita zvepabonde, zvichikonzera kutarisirwa kwepamoyo uye zvinokwanisika kuvandudza kusagadzikana kwemhando dzemuviri uye hunhu hwepabonde kunoitwa mune zvinonyadzisira sereferenzi yekuzviongorora uye kuongororwa kwemumwe wako. Naizvozvo, Meana naNunnink⁵⁵ Tsvaga pfungwa panguva yebonde unogona kuita zvinoratidzika-zvinoenderana nezvinokanganisa kuita zvepabonde muvakadzi. Isu takazofunga nezvemuenzaniso wekupedzisira waiongorora kana pfungwa dzezvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvine hukama kana panguva yebonde dzichiyanana nehukama pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira uye zvese kusagadzikana nezvechitarisiko uye zviito zvepedyo panguva yebondeFig. 3. Muenzaniso uzere unokodzera data racho zvakanaka, χ²/ df ratio = 3.53, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.06, 90% chivimbo chekuvimba neRMSEA = 0.05-0.07, uye AIC = 157.35. Kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora kwakaramba kuri kufanotaura kwakadzama kwemifungo yezvinhu zvinonyadzisira chete. Kuedzwa kwekurerutsa uchishandisa bootstrapping kuongororwa kwakaratidza kuti pfungwa dzezvinonyadzisira zvine chekuita kana panguva yebonde (zvinoreva zvisina kunangana [zvisinganzwisiswi] athari = −0.02, yakajairwa kukanganisa [SE] = 0.01, 95% kuvimba kupindirana [−0.041 to −0.004], uye yakamira yakatarwa nzira inoenderana = −0.06) yakaregedzera kubatana pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kwekuita bonhora uye chinhu chepedyo. Uye zvakare, iyo pfungwa yezvinonyadzisira (inoreva zvisina kunangana [isina kunzwisiswa] athari = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95% kuvimba kupindirana [0.011-0.077]), uye yakamira munzira kubvumirana = 0.08) yakanamatira kubatana pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora uye kusagadzikana. chikonzero. Izvi post hoc modelling yekumusoro yaive yakanakira kune zvakananga mhedzisiro modhi, Δχ² = 17.61, pdf = 2, p <0.001, ICAIC = 10.04.⁵⁶

hurukuro

Ongororo yezvawanikwa uye zvazvinoreva

Majaya nemhandara vari kutendeukira kune internet nehuwandu hwakawanda hwekuwana uye kubatana neruzivo rwepabonde. Kunge zvimwe zvidzidzo,^57,58 takawana mitengo yakanyanya yekuvhurika yekuona zvinonyadzisira, dzinenge dzese dzakabva online. Panguva yavakapinda mukoreji, vazhinji (83%) vakadzi mukudzidza kwedu vaive vaona zvinonyadzisira, zvakanyanya pamhepo. Nekudaro, kudzidza kwedu kunoratidza yakakwira huwandu hwezvinoratidzwa pazera diki pane zvakawanikwa pakutsvaga kwekutanga. Semuenzaniso, mu2008, Sabina et al. yakawana 9.2% yevasikana vane ruzivo rwekuona zvinonyadzisira vasati vasvika zera re13; takawana muzana yakakura yevakabvunzwa (24.7%) vakave nekuratidzwa kwakadai kwekutanga.⁵⁸ Izvi zvinogona kutaura kune kukura kukura uye chiyero chemazuva ano, paindaneti zvinonyadzisira indasitiri⁵⁹ uye zororo rekuti zvinonyadzisira zvave kuwanikwa kuburikidza neindaneti.

Kunyangwe vazhinji vevakadzi muchidzidzo ichi vakamboratidzwa nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvisati zvaitika, 43.5% chete ndiyo yakataura nezvekushandisa kwep bonhora izvozvi. Kune avo vari kushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora, chikamu chinowanzo bvumidzwa kazhinji kwerudzi rwekushandisa raive kamwe chete pamwedzi kana pasi. Ruzhinji rwevakabvunzwa (56.5%) vakashuma havana kumboshandisa zvinonyadzisira nezvezvikonzero zvepabonde. Chete 0.7% yevakadzi mune yedu kudzidza yakashuma zuva nezuva kana pedyo-zuva nezuva. Vakadzi vadiki vanoita kunge vanotevedza nzira mbiri dzakatsauka mune dzakaenzana nzira: kungave ivo vanosanganisa zvinonyadzisira muzviito zvavo zvepabonde, kunyangwe zvisingawanzoitika, kana ivo vanodzivirira kunwa mushure mekusangana kwekutanga.

Kunyangwe nemitengo yakaderera yekushandisa pakati pevakadzi kana ichienzaniswa nevarume, iyo yekuona zvinonyadzisira inoita chinzvimbo mune zvevakadzi kuzviisa pasi kwezviitiko zvekusangana pabonde nemumwe wako. Vakadzi vane mwero wakakwirira wekuona zvinonyadzisira vaiwanzo kuve nemafungiro pamusoro pezvinonyadzisira panguva yepabonde nemumwe wako, vimba nemafungiro iwayo kuti vawane kana kuchengetedza mufaro, kana kuzivisa zvavanofarira nezvebonde nemumwe wako (H1). Vakadzi vane ruzivo rwekuona zvinonyadzisira pazera diki, apo pavanenge vasingakwanise kunge vakawana zvimwe zvinyorwa zvebonde kana kuve neruzivo rwepabonde nemumwe wako kukanganisa kana kupokana nesimba reiyo pikicha yekuita zvepabonde. panguva yekuita bonde nemumwe wako.

Kupesana nekufunga kwedu, hatina kuwana chinongedzo chakananga pakati pekunwa zvinonyadzisira kuita bonhora uye kuwedzera kweicho chiitiko chekuoneka kusagadzikana (H2) kana isu hatina kuwana kubatana kwakananga pakati pekushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira nezvekuita bonhora uye kuderera kunonakidza kwezviitiko zvepedyo panguva yebonde mudiwa (H3). Nekudaro, uye zvinonakidza. post hoc modhi moditions yakaratidza kuti vakadzi vevakadzi vanoshandisa kuita bonhora zvakabatana nekuwedzera kusagadzikana nezvechitarisiko chavo uye kudzikisira kunakidzwa kwezviito zvepedyo panguva yepabonde nekuwedzera pfungwa dzekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yekuita bonde. Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa kuvakadzi zvinosanganiswa nekuwedzera pfungwa dzekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yekusangana pabonde, uye pfungwa dzekuona zvinonyadzisira, asi kwete zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa mukati uye pachezvayo, zvinofambidzana nekuwedzera kwekutarisika kusagadzikana uye kudzikira kwekunakidzwa kwezviito zvepedyo panguva yepabonde. Nei izvi zvingave zvakadaro? Nei pfungwa dzekuona zvinonyadzisira zvine hukama kana panguva yekuita bonde nemumwe wako dzichipindirana hukama pakati pezvinonyadzisira kushandiswa uye neruzivo rwekuonekwa kusagadzikana uye kushamwaridzana kwevakadzi?

Kutora pane zvepfungwa zvinyorwa zvebonde, isu tinofunga kuti zvinyorwa zvebonde mune zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kukanganisa kuhurikidza kweanoratidzira kuvakadzi. Sekureva kwaWight,³³ zvinyorwa zvepabonde zvinofanirwa kuve zvinogadziriswa mupfungwa zvisati zvave nekukanganisa maitiro. Moderators of activation inogona kusanganisira vateereri zvinhu zvakadai senge zera uye / kana murume kana mukadzi uye zvinhu zvinowanikwa senge zvepabonde zvinosekesa kana script-mamiriro ezvinhu.¹⁵ Nhamba dzakakura dzemhirizhonga uye kusvibisa mune yakawanda yekutengesa zvinonyadzisira, iyo inotarisana nevakadzi zvakanyanya,⁴ zvinogona kukanganisa kusagadzikana kwema script evakadzi sezvo zvichikwanisa kuumba kusanzwanana pakati pe script-mamiriro ekunyorerana kwevatengi vechikadzi. Nekudaro, dissonance iyi inogona kugadzira chipingamupinyi che activation yevakadzi iyo isipo kuvarume. Kunyange varume vachigona kuzviona zviri nyore muzvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa uye zvichiratidzwa nekuda kwekunakirwa kwavo, vatengi vechikadzi vangatofanira kudzidza kuzvigamuchira sevavarwi vechisimba / hutsinye kuitira kuti rugwaro rwunoshanda mune zvinyorwa zvebonde. Mune mamwe mazwi, nekuda kwekuti script ingangopindirana neyemukati momuviri wake, mukadzi angafanira kuita zvishoma systemic (achiziva) kugadzirisa kusapindirana nemusoro (nekukurumidza uye pasina kufungidzira) kusati kwaita script. Kutsvaga uku kunoenderana nekumwe kutsvakisisa kunowana huwandu hwevanhu, kureva zera,¹⁵ kana mamwe mutsauko wevanhu¹³ inogona kuyananisa hukama huri pakati pezvinyorwa zvebonde nemunhu iyeye.

Muchirevo chechinyorwa ichi, iyo yekuona zvinonyadzisira script inogona kuve nyore kuitiswa nevarume zvichikonzera hukama hwakabatana uye hwakananga pakati pekuona zvinonyadzisira nehunhu hwevakadzi hwehukama hwehukama uye hukama hwakaomarara uye hwakapindirana hwevakadzi. Mune chidzidzo chekare,⁵⁰ takaona kuti zvinonyadzisa zvevarume zvinoshandisa zvakananga uye zvine hukama zvine hukama nemafungiro ekuona zvinonyadzisira uye zvakananga uye zvisina kunaka kunakidzwa kwehukama hwepedyo. Mune mamwe mazwi, varume vane mwero wakakwira wekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa ruzivo rwepedyo, zvisinei nekumisikidzwa kwechinyorwa chekuita zvepabonde panguva yepabonde. Uyezve, varume vanodya zvinonyadzisira pamitengo yepamusoro vanoona kudiwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kuti varambe vakamuka, zvisinei nezvavanosangana nazvo nehukama. Pakanga pasina hukama pakati pekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye manzwiro ekuzvivimba kana kusagadzikana nezvechitarisiko pakati pevarume.

Nekudaro, mune ino ongororo, takaona kuti vakadzi vanoita bonde pfungwa pamusoro pezvinonyadzisira vakapindirana iro basa rezvinyadzo zvepabonde rakatamba mune zvavo zvebonde. Vakadzi vanofanira kuita nemaune kumisikidza uye kuratidza kufarira script pane kupesana nekungotarisa, sezvinoitika kuvarume, kuti itambe chinhanho mune zvevakadzi zvinoitika pabonde. Vakadzi ivavo vakamisikidza chinyorwa chekuona zvinonyadzisira panguva yehupenyu hwavo hwepabonde nemumwe wavakaroora naye vakasangana nehukama hushoma uye kuvimba kwakaderera pakuonekwa kwavo. Nepo script-mamiriro kusawirirana pakati pezviitiko zvevakadzi zvemuviri uye mhirizhonga nekudzikisira kunowanikwa mune dzakawanda zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kutanga kudzivirira, kana vakadzi vachingovimba nezvenyaya yebonde iyi, data redu rinoratidza kuti vanoona zvakafanana kana zvakakura kuderera mhedzisiro sevarume. Kufanana nevarume, vanoona kushoma kwehukama muhukama hwavo hwepabonde. Uye zvakare, ivo vakaonawo kuwedzera kusagadzikana pamusoro pemitumbi yavo panguva yehukama hwepabonde nemumwe wako.

Chekupedzisira, kuve muhukama hwakazvipira kunogona kuve nechunhu chekudzivirira mukuwedzera zviito zvepedyo panguva yepabonde uye kudzikisa kusagadzikana nezvechitarisiko chaiko, asi kunyangwe mushure mekudzora kuve muhukama hwakazvipira, pfungwa dzakakwirira dzezvinonyadzisira zvekunakidzwa pabonde dzaive dzakabatana nehukama hwepedyo kunakidzwa uye hukuru chitarisiko kusagadzikana nevakabatana. Kunyange dhata redu risingakwanise kumisikidza hutungamiriri hwehukama uhwu, dhata redu rinoratidza kuti, padiki padiki, iyo yekuona zvinonyadzisira, kana yaitwa, haibatsire vakadzi kuti vanyanye kuvimba kana kubatana nevarume vavo. Kutorwa seyakazara, izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti vatengi vevakadzi vepamusoro-soro vari kuita "zvakaipisisa" (zvakanyanya kusachengeteka uye kuderera) pabonde pane vamwe vavo vepazasi-frequency. Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, kunyanya yakakwira-frequency kushandiswa, hazviite senge zvinoratidza kuwedzera kuvimba uye hukama mune zvevakadzi zviitiko zvepabonde nemurume murume.

Nokuremara

Nepo kudzidza kwedu kwazvino kuchipa kunzwisiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira uye vakadzi vechidiki zvepabonde muhukama hweedadic, zvayakawana zvinofanirwa kuturikirwa nezvikanganiso zvekudzidza mupfungwa. Zvakakosha, sekumiririra kwekuona zvinonyadzisira pfungwa kwakawanikwa kuburikidza post hoc modification modification uye kuongorora, inoramba iri fungidziro yekuedzwa. Kumwe kutsvagurudza kuri kudiwa uko kunotsvaga kudzokorora izvi zvakawanikwa uye kuongorora aya masangano. Zvakare, sampuro yedu yaive neyakaganhurirwa yehukama (kunyanya vachena vadzidzi vekoreji kumaodzanyemba). Wright's ₃AM modhi inopa kuti huwandu hwenzvimbo dzakadai sedzinza, kirasi, uye kuita zvepabonde kunogona kuyananisa kana pakati nepakati kuwana, kuvandudza, uye / kana maitiro ekushandisa. Mamwe kutsvagisa, kunyanya kukosha data, anodiwa kuti anzwisise akasiyana siyana maitiro. Isu takafungidzira, tikapihwa isu kutarisa vakadzi vechingochani chete, kuti mhinduro kumibvunzo yekuita zvepabonde yaisanganisira kuita zvepabonde nemumwe murume, asi mibvunzo yedu yakataurwa nenzira yechikadzi. Naizvozvo, zvinogoneka kuti vakadzi vakazviratidza kuti ndochani vangadaro vachitaura nezvekuita kwepabonde kwakaitika nevamwe vakadzi. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinofanirwa kushandisa mutauro wakawandisa kana kubvunza vanopindura kuratidza hunhu hwevakadzi vebonde.

Kusevenzera zvinonyadzisira kunogona kuyerwa zviri nani kwete chete neyakajairwa (somuenzaniso., kangani paavhareji) uye kuwedzera simba (somuenzaniso., maawa mangani pavhiki paavhareji) asiwo nezvakawanda zvazvino mareti ekushandisa (somuenzaniso., mumwedzi wapfuura kana gore rapfuura). Uyezve, izvo zvirimo zvinonyadzisira zvinopedzwa zvinogona kuve nechinokanganisa ₃Maitiro e AM.⁴³ Moderators of ₃Maitiro e AM anosanganisira kuwedzera kwemifananidzo. Zvinogona kuitika kuti mifananidzo yakanyanya yakanyanya senge chisimba kana kushatiswa kwevakadzi vanozivisa huzhinji hwekutengesa zvinonyadzisira zvemazuva ano kwakabatana nekuderera kwemanzwiro ehukama uye hwekunakidzwa kwete kazhinji. Tsvagurudzo, iyo inobvunza vakadzi nezve mhando dzezvinonyadzisira zvinotariswa uye mhando yemifananidzo inoyeukwa panguva yekurara nemumwe munhu, inodiwa kuti uongorore nuances yehukama uhu. Isu hatina kutsanangudza zvinonyadzisira zvevatori vechikamu; tsananguro dzadzo dzega dzinogona kuve dzakadaro dzakasiyana. Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi izvo zvinosanganisira tsananguro zvingave zvakakosha.⁶⁰ Zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kuda kuongorora mafungiro ezve zvinonyadzisira uchishandisa mibvunzo yakasiyana inonyatso kusiyanisa zviri mukati, kana kuongorora iyi mibatanidzwa chete mune vakadzi vanotaura zvimwe zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, zvisinei zvishoma.

Pamusoro pehuwandu nehuwandu hwekuyera, zvimwe zvakaperevedza zvine chekuita nemafungiro uye maitiro zvinodaidzira kwakawedzerwa. Chekutanga, kwedu kutsvagurudza kwaisabatanidza maitiro ekuzvipira ayo anogona kubatsira kutsanangura kukurudzira kwemunhu nzira dzevakadzi vechidiki dzinotora maererano nezvekuona zvinonyadzisira. Chii chinotarisa mutsauko mumafambisirwo emamwe maitiro ekutora, kuvandudza, uye kushandiswa kunotaura kune akasiyana maitiro ehutachiona hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira pakati pevakadzi? Zvinhu zvakaita sekusangana pabonde kwepamberi, chiitiko chechisimba chebonde kana kushungurudzika, uye maonero pamusoro pevakadzi nevarume nevepabonde zvinoenderana sei nekushandisa kwavo zvinonyadzisira? Zvekare, kutsvagisa kwakawanda kunodiwa.

mhedziso

Isu tinoona kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinotamba zvakaoma uye zvisina kunangana mune zvevakadzi zviitiko zvepabonde. Nepo hukama hwevechidiki hwehukadzi nevarume vanezvinyadzo hwakanangana, zvekuti kungoona izvo zvinhu zvine hukama nehukama hwepabonde nekugutsikana, vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde vanofanirwa kuuya kuzombundira uye kuvimba nezvenyaya iyi kuitira kuti script ienderane nehukama hwepabonde. Nekudaro, vatapi vezvehutano nevadzidzisi vanofanirwa kutarisisa zvakaenzana basa rekuona zvinonyadzisira muhupenyu hwevarume nevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, kunyangwe nenzira dzakasiyana. Ndichiri kungobvunza varume kuti uye sei uye sei ivo vanoona zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kupa nzwisiso nezve inoonekwa zvinonyadzisira muhupenyu hwavo, kune vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde, yakawanda mibvunzo isina hukama ine chekuita nenzira idzo porno script yepabonde inogoneswa mumifungo yavo nemanzwiro anodiwa vanzwisise basa rekuona zvinonyadzisira muhutano hwavo hwepabonde, hwepfungwa, uye hwehukama.

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