Zvinetso Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa muJapan: Chidzidzo Chekutanga Pakati Pevadzidzi veYunivhesiti (2021)

Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa hunhu huri kuwedzera kuita pasirese. Kunyangwe vazhinji vashandisi vaudza zvakanaka mhedzisiro yekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa (Hald uye Malamuth, 2008), Vamwe vakataura zvakashata nekuda kwekushandisa zvakanyanya (Gola naPotenza, 2016). Zvinoenderana neongororo yazvino, ongororo zhinji dzinotsanangura zvakawandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa sekukanganisa kungaita hunhu, senge internet kupindwa muropa.de Alarcón et al., 2019). Pakati pevaongorori, inonzi seinonetsa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira (Fernandez naGriffiths, 2019), uye inoratidzirwa nekudzora kunetsekana, kushandisa zvakanyanya, kudzivirira kusagadzikana manzwiro, uye kuramba uchishandiswa zvisinei nezvakashata mhedzisiro (Kor et al., 2014). Uye zvakare, kunetsa kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunogona kuturikirwa muhunhu hunodhakwa hunhu, uhwo hunosanganisira zvitanhatu zvemukati zvezvinodhaka (Griffiths, 2005): kushinga (kana chiitiko chikave chinhu chakakosha kwazvo muhupenyu hwemunhu), kugadziridzwa kwemamiriro (kushandisa maitiro kushandura mamiriro emamiriro ako), kubvisa (mamiriro asingafadzi emamiriro ezvinhu anowanikwa kana hunhu hwakamiswa), shiviriro (inoda kuwedzera muhunhu hwemaitiro kuti uwane zvakafanana mhedzisiro), kudzokazve (kudzokerazve pamaitiro ekutanga maitiro mushure mekurega), uye makakatanwa (zvinokuvadza zvehunhu hwekuita muropa) (Fernandez naGriffiths, 2019; Chen naJiang, 2020). Zvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvinoenderanawo nemamwe maitiro ekurwisa, anoti, hupombwe, kubhejera, internet, uye mutambo (Kor et al., 2014; Stockdale naCoyne, 2018). Kunyangwe kunetsa kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kuchizivikanwa kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa senge nemamwe maitiro ekurwisa, haina kuongororwa mumamiriro eJapan uko mwero wekuona zvinonyadzisira unoshandiswa wakakwira. Ichi chidzidzo chinowedzera pamabhuku aripo anotarisa kumatambudziko ekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa sechinhu chiri kukura pasi rese nekuzivisa hunhu hwezvinetso zvinonyadzisa zvinoshandiswa pakati pevadzidzi veJapan. Kunyanya, isu takaongorora zvakajairika psychopathological zviratidzo, kuita zvekumanikidza, kushushikana, kushushikana, uye nekuedza kudzora.

Tichifunga kuti kunetsa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa kunoonekwa sechikamu chekupomhodza maitiro ehutano hwepabonde pasi pekumanikidza-kudzora kusagadzikana muInternational Classification yezvirwere 11th Revision (World Health Organization, 2018; Brand et al., 2019a), kutsvagurudza kwakabatana kwakagamuchirwa kwakanyanya mumakore achangopfuura (semuenzaniso, Kraus et al., 2020). Kunyangwe zvisina kunyatsotsanangurwa muongororo, mamwe maitiro epabonde anofungidzirwa kunge ekumanikidza kuita zvebonde zvinogona kusanganisira bonhora, bonde parunhare, cybersex, makirabhu ekubvisa, uye zviito zvepabonde nevanhu vakuru vanobvumidza (Kafka, 2010; Gola et al., 2020). Maitiro ekuita bonde aya anogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: zvakasarudzika, izvo zvisingade kubatanidzwa kweumwe wako (semuenzaniso, kuita bonhora); uye yakaparadzaniswa-based, iyo inoda kubatanidzwa kweumwe wako (semuenzaniso, kudzokorora kusatendeka) (Efrati naMikulincer, 2018). Dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira rinoshandiswa rakarongedzwa sehunhu-hwakavakirwa pabonde maitiro (Efrati naMikulincer, 2018). Uye zvakare, kunetsa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa yaive yakajairika hunhu hunotaurwa nevanhu vanotsvaga kurapwa kwehupombwe (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Mune chidzidzo chekare, mumwe muvanomwe vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vakapinda muongororo vakaratidza kufarira kutsvaga kurapwa kwevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira (Kraus et al., 2016a). Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakawanda mumunda zvakaitwa munyika dzekuMadokero (semuenzaniso, Grubbs et al., 2019a). Muchokwadi, 47.2% yezvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaitiswa pachishandiswa maAmerican sampuli, nepo chete 7.9% yakaitiswa munyika dziri kuGlobal South (semuenzaniso, Brazil, China). Nekudaro, kune nzara yekutsvaga pakati penyika dzisiri dzekuMadokero (Grubbs et al., 2020). Muchinjikwa-mutsika zvidzidzo zvinodiwa kuti uongorore internet kupindwa muropa kwepabonde, kusanganisira kunetsekana zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, semisiyano mumagariro enharaunda nemagariro zvinogona kukanganisa maitiro epabonde (Griffiths, 2012). Zvakare, data kubva kune inonyanya kufarirwa zvinonyadzisira webhusaiti pasirese¹ zvakaburitsa pachena kuti Japan yaive pachinzvimbo chechipiri maererano nemigwagwa yezuva nezuva, chete mushure meUnited States mugore ra2019. Uyezve, zvinonyadzisira zvepainternet zvinoshandiswa zvakabatana neinternet kupindwa muropa nemuenzaniso kubva kuvanhu venyika yevanoshandisa internet muJapan (Yong et al., 2017). Nekudaro, vamwe vanhu vanogona kutaurisa zvakashata zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwekudzora semhedzisiro yeinternet kupindwa muropa muJapan. Nekudaro, hapana kuve nekutsvagirwa pamusoro penjodzi yekunyadzisira kupindwa muropa muJapan kana hunhu hwevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira veJapan. Pamusoro pezvo, kunyange hazvo pfungwa iyi isati yagadziriswa, chishuwo chekuita bonde uye zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kutorwa semusoro wetsiva mutsika dzechiJapan (Hirayama, 2019). MuJapan, dzidzo yakakwana yevatano haina kunyatsodzidziswa, saka pane mikana mishoma yekuwana ruzivo rwekutanga maererano nezvebonde (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Kukurukurirana kuruzhinji nezvechido chebonde uye zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kukonzera kunyadziswa, uye zvebonde rinoramba riri nyaya yekuJapan.Inose, 2010; Hirayama, 2019). Kazhinji, zvakacherechedzwa kuti mukati memutsika wechiJapan tsika, nyaya dzebonde ndiwo musoro unonetsa kunyangwe mundima yekudzidza (Hirayama, 2019). Kunyange zvakadaro, sezvambotaurwa, vanhu veJapan vanoshandisa yakawanda yekuona zvinonyadzisira (ona chinyorwa chemuzasi 1). Naizvozvo, kunyangwe kana munhu muJapan akakanganiswa nenjodzi nekushandisa dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira, vanogona kunetseka kutsvaga rubatsiro uye maitiro avo anogona kunge asingazivikanwe nevarapi. Isu tinotenda kuti zvakakosha kuitisa chidzidzo chinotarisa pamatambudziko ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira muJapan.

Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakafungidzira kuwanda kwevanopindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa, kunyangwe zvichinetsa kuona kuwanda kwakakwana kweinetso yezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa muhuwandu hwevanhu vachishandisa maturusi akasiyana ekuongorora. Semuyenzaniso, Rissel et al. (2017) vakawana kuti 4% yevarume uye 1% yevakadzi vakafunga kuti vakapindwa muropa nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Mune kumwe kudzidza, Bőthe et al. (2018) yakashuma kuti paive nevanhu vangangoita 4% vari-panjodzi vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira mumuenzaniso. Nezve yakajairika internet kupindwa muropa, kana zvisiri zvinonyadzisira, kuwanda kwekupindwa muropa kwakanyanya pakati pevakuru veJapan kwaive 6.1% yevarume uye 1.8% yevakadzi (Lu et al., 2011). Uye zvakare, kushandiswa kwakawanda kweterevhizheni uye kusagadzikana kwemamiriro ezvinhu kunofanotaura kunetsa kwepamhepo zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa muvanhurume vadiki sevachiri kuyaruka (de Alarcón et al., 2019). Maitiro epabonde ane chekuita nekutadza kudzora anowanzoitika pakati pevarume kana achienzaniswa nevakadzi (Kafka, 2010; Reid et al., 2012b; Kraus et al., 2016b). Hazvizivikanwe kana vanonetsekana vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira muJapan, vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira zvakanyanya uye vanonzwa kusagadzikana mamiriro, zvakajairika pakati pevarume kwete vakadzi vadiki.

Dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira rinosanganiswa neakajairika psychopathological zviratidzo (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Iyo inosanganisirwa nehurombo hwepfungwa nemashandiro, sekugutsikana kuderera nehupenyu nehukama, pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti (Harper naHodgins, 2016). Kunyanya, vanhu vakapinda mumatambudziko epamusoro-kakawanda zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa vanotaura huwandu hwehupombwe uye kushungurudzika (Bőthe et al., 2020). Kukurudzirwa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa pakuedza kupukunyuka kubva pamanzwiro asina kunaka anoenderana nekushushikana, kusurukirwa, kusagadzikana, uye kushungurudzika (Reid et al., 2011; Baltieri et al., 2015). Uye zvakare, iyo Kudyidzana kweMunhu-Inobata-Kuziva-Kuuraya (I-PACE) yeaya maitiro anoitisa kuvandudzwa uye kugadzirisa kwehunhu hunodhaka hunosanganisira kudzora kwekudzivirira uye kutonga kwehutongi sezvinhu zvikuru (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b). Tichifunga nezvedanho rezvose rinodzivirira kutonga pamusoro pehutungamiriri hwekushanda, zvine mwero zvekunze kana zvemukati zvinokonzeresa nezve hunhu hwekupindwa muropa, uye sarudzo dzekuita dzinogumira (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), vanonetsekana vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanogona kunge vaine mashoma masosi ekudzivirira kudzivirira. Muhukama hwekutsvagisa hunhu uye hunhu hwekuita zvebonde, kudzikamisa kudzora, inova huremu hwakaipisisa uye hwakafanana nehutungamiriri basa, yaive nehukama neyakaomesesa tsika yekuita bonde (Efrati, 2018). Muchokwadi, vachiri kuyaruka avo vairatidza kiriniki yekumanikidza maitiro ehupombwe havana kushandisa zvine simba kudzora (Efrati naDannon, 2018). Zvakare, kudzvanya kutonga kunozivikanwa kuita kune matatu mutsauko mabasa (Rothbart et al., 2000): kucherechedzwa kwekutarisira ndiko kugona kutarisa zvakaringana kana kushandura kutarisisa, kudzora kwekudzivirira kugona kudzora mhinduro dzisina kukodzera, uye kudzora kwekugona kugona kuita chiito kunyangwe uine tsika yakasimba yekuzvidzivirira. Nekudaro, hukama pakati pemabasa matatu uye kunetsa kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira hakuna kuongororwa.

Chidzidzo chazvino chakanangana nekuona hunhu hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira uye hwevanhu vanoona dambudziko rekushandisa zvinonyadzisira pakati pevadzidzi veJapan. Kutanga, takaongorora huwandu hwevadzidzi veyunivhesiti yeJapan vakaona zvinonyadzisira, kuwanda kwekushandisa mukati memwedzi wapfuura, uye nguva yekushandisa. Ongororo dzakapfuura dzakaratidza kuti 4% yemasampuli ekudzidza vaive nenjodzi huru vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira uye 16.8% vaive vashoma-vane njodzi vashandisi (Bőthe et al., 2018). Nekudaro, isu takafungidzira kuti vangangoita 4% yevatori vechikamu muchidzidzo chazvino vaizoratidza matambudziko muhupenyu hwavo nekuda kwekunyanyisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira, uye chikamu chevashandisi veavo vane dysregulation chingave chingangoita 16% nekukanganisa kudzora kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Isuwo takafungidzira kuti mwero wevanhurume vanoona zvinonyadzisira vashandisi vane hurema hwekudzivirira hungave hwakapetwa kana kupfuura hwevakadzi, zvichibva pakutsvagurudza kwakapfuura (Rissel et al., 2017).

Chechipiri, takaongorora misiyano pakati pevanhu vasina kugona kudzora uye vasina kukanganisa kudzora kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, tichitarisa kushushikana, kushushikana, kumanikidzwa pabonde, uye kutarisirwa kukuru. Isu takafungidzira kuti vashandisi vezvekuona zvinonyadzisira vane hurema hwekudzivirira vaizoratidza huwandu hwakanyanya hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzakadai sekuora mwoyo uye kusagadzikana, kunoenderana nemabhuku apfuuraBőthe et al., 2020). Pamusoro pezvo, zvichipiwa vanonetsekana vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanoratidzira kukwezva kwepabonde uye kushomeka kwekushanda (Brand et al., 2016, 2019b), isu taitarisira kucherechedza kuti hupombwe, uye mashoma masosi evakuru kutarisisa kana tichienzaniswa nezvinonyadzisira vasiri-vashandisi uye vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira vasina kutadza kudzora.

Zvinhu uye Nzira

Vatori vechikamu uye Nzira

Chidzidzo ichi chakaitwa pachishandiswa nzira mbiri dzekureruka sampling pakati pevadzidzi vekoreji kuyunivhesiti iri pakati peJapan Japan. Mune nzira yekutanga, munyori wekutanga akashanyira kirasi uye akagovera tsamba dzekutsvaga, dzaisanganisira mirairo yekuwana iyo online link kune mibvunzo yemibvunzo kuvadzidzi makumi maviri nevaviri. Nenzira yechipiri, takatumira chinongedzo kumibvunzo yepamhepo kuvadzidzi makumi manomwe kuburikidza neLINE, mutumwa app. Vasati vapindura mibvunzo, vese vatori vechikamu vakagamuchira ruzivo nezve kufunga nezvehunhu, mibvunzo yakaoma, uye kodzero yekubvisa. Vatori vechikamu vakapa mvumo yavo yekutora chikamu kuburikidza nekubatanidza vachishandisa mafomu eGoogle. Vatori vechikamu vasati vapindura mibvunzo pamusoro pezvinonyadzisira, tsananguro inoshanda yezvinonyadzisira yakapihwa: Zvinonyadzisira (216) zvinogadzira kana kukurudzira pfungwa dzepabonde, manzwiro, kana hunhu, uye (70) ine mifananidzo yakajeka kana tsananguro dzezviito zvepabonde zvinosanganisira sikarudzi (semuenzaniso, kusangana pabonde kana kusangana nekumashure kunobuda nako tsvina, kusangana pabonde nemukanwa, kana kuita bonhora) (Hald uye Malamuth, 2008; Reid et al., 2011). Mwero wekupindura waive 55.2% (n = 158). Zvese zviitiko zvekutsvagisa zvakagamuchirwa nekambani yekuongorora bhodhi re (rakapofomadzwa kuti riongororwe).

Pane 158 vakapindura, vamwe vatori vechikamu vakasiyiwa nekuda kwekuve pasi pemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe (n = 3) kana kutumira mibvunzo isina kukwana (n = 5). Muenzaniso wekupedzisira waive nevadzidzi vechiJapan zana nemakumi mashanu kuyunivhesiti iri pakati peJapan (varume makumi masere neshanu; 150%, vakadzi makumi mana nevasere; 86%) vane makore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nenomwe (zvinoreva zera = 57.3, SD = 1.21).

Nzira

Zvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Kuongorora kuwanda kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (huwandu hwemazuva pamwedzi), isu takabvunza "Wakashandisa mazuva mangani mumwedzi wapfuura?" Kuongorora nguva yekushandisa pazuva (mumaminitsi), takabvunza "Ndeipi nguva yepakati yaunoshandisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira pazuva paunoshandisa?"

Kukanganisa Kudzora Kwezvinonyadzisira Shandisa

Kuongorora kunetsekana kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, isu takashandisa matatu ehe / kwete mibvunzo: "Wakambotadza kudzora kunyanyisa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira?"; "Washandisa kakawanda zvinonyadzisira nenzira isingadzoreki kweanopfuura mwedzi mitanhatu?"; uye "Wakatarisana nematambudziko ehupenyu hwezuva nezuva nekuda kwekutadza kudzora kushandisa zvinonyadzisira?" Iyi mibvunzo mipfupi yakagadzirwa nevanyori vechidzidzo chazvino avo vaireva zvinotevera zvinotevera zvirongwa zvekuongorora zvekumanikidzira maitiro ehutano hwepabonde: kutadza kudzora kukwezva kwekuda kwepabonde kana kurudziro, kudzokorodza maitiro ehupombwe anoitika nekufamba kwenguva, uye kukanganisika kukuru muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwako. (Kraus et al., 2018; World Health Organization, 2018). Kunyanya, kukanganisika kukuru muhupenyu hwehupenyu hwako uye kutadza kudzora kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa kwakakosha maitiro kubva kuchipatara maonero (Harada, 2019).

Kuita zvepabonde

Zvepabonde Kumanikidzwa Scale (SCS) ine zvinhu gumi (semuenzaniso, "Huchi yangu yebonde yawana munzira yehukama hwangu") yakayerwa pachiyero chemapoinzi mana (10 = kwete zvachose seni to 4 = zvakanyanya kufanana neni) pamwe zvingangoita zvibodzwa kubva pa10 kusvika 40 (Kalichman naRompa, 1995). Yakakwira SCS mamaki anoratidza yakanyanya-njodzi pabonde maitiro (Kalichman naRompa, 1995). Muchidzidzo ichi, iyo yeJapan vhezheni yeCSS (Inoue et al., 2017) yakashandiswa, iyo yakasimbisa kuvimbika kwemukati kusagadzikana (α = 0.90) uye kuvaka kuvimbika muJapan (Inoue et al., 2017). Mune sampuro yazvino, iyo yakavimbika coefficient yakaratidza kukwirira kwemukati kusagadzikana (α = 0.89).

kusuruvara

YeMurwere Hutano Mubvunzo (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al., 2001), chishandiso chekutarisa kwekutambudzika kukuru, chine zvinhu zvipfumbamwe (semuenzaniso, "Chidiki chidiki kana mufaro mukuita zvinhu") chakayerwa pachiyero chemapoinzi mana (0 = kana bodo to 3 = inenge zuva rimwe nerimwe) nezvibodzwa zvinokwanisika kubva pa0 kusvika 27. Muchidzidzo chino, iyo yeJapan vhezheni yePHQ-9 (Muramatsu et al., 2007) yakashandiswa, iyo yakasimbisa kuvimbika uye kuvimbika. Iyo yakavimbika coefficient muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura yakaratidzirwa kuve yakakwira (α = 0.86-0.92), uye iyo PHQ-9 yakawanikwa ichiyero chaiyo yekushungurudzika muhuwandu hwevanhu (Kroenke et al., 2010). Mune sampuro yazvino, iyo yakavimbika coefficient yakaratidza kukwirira kwemukati kusagadzikana (α = 0.81).

kufunganya

Izvo zvinomwe-chinhu Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006) yaishandiswa kuongorora zviratidzo zvekushushikana, uye zvinhu (semuenzaniso, "Kunzwa kutya, kuzvidya mwoyo kana kumucheto") zvinoyerwa pachiyero chemapoinzi mana (0 = kana bodo to 3 = inenge zuva rimwe nerimwe) nezvibodzwa zvinokwanisika kubvira 0 kusvika 21. Muchidzidzo chino, iyo yeJapan vhezheni yeGAD-7 (Muramatsu et al., 2010) yakashandiswa, iyo yakaratidza yakanaka psychometric zvivakwa. Iyo yakavimbika coefficient (α = 0.92) uye kuyedza-kudzokorodza kuvimbika (r = 0.83) yaive yakakwira muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura, uye chiyero chakawanikwa chiri chiyero chakakodzera chekushushikana kwakazara (Spitzer et al., 2006; Kroenke et al., 2010). Mune sampuro yazvino, iyo yakavimbika coefficient yakaratidza kukwirira kwemukati kusagadzikana (α = 0.86).

Kubudirira Kudzora

Iyo inesimba kutonga (EC) chiyero cheVakuru Temperament Mubvunzo (Rothbart et al., 2000) yaishandiswa kuyera Executive hanya basa. Chiyero chinosanganisira anotevera matatu anotsigirwa, aine huwandu hwezvinhu makumi matatu neshanu zvakazvimiririra pachikero chemapoinzi mana (35 = kunyepa kwazvo kwandiri to 4 = ichokwadi kwandiri): kutarisisa (semuenzaniso, "Zvakandiomera kuti ndiise pfungwa dzangu pandiri kushushikana") (gumi nemaviri zvinhu), kuzvidzora kuzvidzivirira (semuenzaniso, "Ini ndinowanzova nedambudziko kuramba zvido zvangu zvekudya, zvinwiwa, nezvimwe." ) (Zvinhu gumi neimwe), nekugadzirisa mashandiro (semuenzaniso, "ndinogona kuzviita kuti ndishande pane rakaoma basa kunyangwe ndisinganzwe kuda kuyedza") (zvinhu gumi nembiri). Iyo yakazara EC mamaki yakatorwa kubva kumatatu epasi mascale; zvikoro zvepamusoro zvakaratidza huwandu hwakawanda hweEC. Muchidzidzo ichi, iyo yeJapan vhezheni yeEEC chiyero cheAdult Temperament Mubvunzo (Yamagata et al., 2005) yakashandiswa, iyo yakasimbisa kuvimbika uye kuvimbika. Chidzidzo chekare chakabatanidza sampuro dzechiJapan chakaratidza kukwana kwakaringana kwemukati (α = 0.74-0.90) uye kuyedza-kuyedza kuvimbika (r = 0.79-0.89) pachiyero, uye hunhu hwakanangana nehunhu hwehukama neyakaenzana shanu hunhu hunhu (Yamagata et al., 2005). Mune sampuro yazvino, yakakwira α coefficients kubva pa0.72 kusvika ku0.88 yakaratidza kuvimbika kwakakura kwechiyero.

Data Analysis

Ongororo dzese dzinoverengeka dzakaitwa pachishandiswa IBM SPSS vhezheni 22. Vasati vaongorora, vatori vechikamu vakaiswa mumapoka matatu (zvinonyadzisira vasiri-vashandisi, vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira vasina kutadza kudzora, nevashandisi vezvekuona zvisina hunhu). Kuti tiongorore kusangana pabonde, isu takashandisa iyo Mann-Whitney U test uye Pearson's chi-square bvunzo. Shure kwaizvozvo, mutsauko uripo pakati pemapoka matatu akaongororwa vachishandisa zvisingawanzo kugoverwa zvinowirirana zvinowirirana (SCS, PHQ-9, uye GAD-7 zvikoro) nekuenzanisa kwepaviri uchishandisa Bonferroni kugadzirisa, uye imwe-nzira ongororo yemisiyano (ANOVA) yeyakawanzogoverwa ichienderera. misiyano (EC yakazara mamaki uye matatu masekisheni ezviyero) nemaviri palight kufananidza uchishandisa Tukey kutendeseka kwakakosha musiyano wekugadzirisa.

Results

Zvinonyadzisira Mashandisiro Mapatani

Vatori vechikamu vanotaura zero mazuva ekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandiswa mumwedzi wapfuura zvakaita zvinonyadzisira vasiri-vashandisi (n = 44), avo vanotaura nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira vasina "hongu" kumibvunzo isina kukodzera yekuzvidzora vaiita vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira vasina kutadza kudzora (n = 81), uye avo vanotaura nezvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira neimwe kana yakawanda "hongu" mhinduro kumibvunzo isina kukodzera yekudzora vakaita vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira vasina simba rekutonga (n = 25).

Tichifunga nezve vese vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira (n = 106) inosanganisira avo vane uye vasina kutadza kudzora, zvinoreva frequency yekushandisa (mumazuva) mumwedzi wapfuura yaive 12.11 (SD = 8.21, min = 1, max = 31, skewness = 0.75, kurtosis = -0.19), uye nguva yekushandisa (mumaminitsi pazuva) yaive 44.60 (SD = 30.48, min = 1, max = 150, skewness = 1.45, kurtosis = 1.78). Pamusoro pezvo, vashandisi vezvekuona zvinonyadzisira vane hurema hwekudzora vakaratidza kuwanda kwekushandisa kupfuura avo vasina kutadza kudzora (U = 505.5, p <0.001, r = 0.37); no musiyano wakakosha wakawanikwa pakati pemapoka zvine chekuita nenguva yekushandisa (U = 932.00, p = 0.541, r = 0.06). Inenge chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vane hurema hwekudzora (n = 5) yakapindura na "hongu" kumibvunzo yese ine chekuita nekutadza kutonga (Tafura 1).

Misiyano yebonde mune Mashandisiro Mapatani

Zvikamu zvevarume (M = 13.19, SD = 7.68) uye vakadzi (M = 8.22, SD = 9.02) zvakasiyana zvakanyanya maererano neyakawandisa yekushandisa (U = 519.00, r = 0.33, p <0.001), nepo isu tisina kuwana mutsauko wakakura pakati pevarume (M = 43.35, SD = 28.19) uye vakadzi (M = 49.13, SD = 38.01) maererano nehurefu hwekushandisa (U = 934.00, r = 0.02, p = 0.872). Zvakare, misiyano yakakosha yakaonekwa muhuwandu hwevarume nevakadzi mumapoka matatu: zvinonyadzisira zvisiri-kushandisa, uye zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pamwe uye zvisina kutadza kudzora [χ² (2) = 64.99, p <0.001, Cramer's V = 0.66; Tafura 2].

Misiyano Pakati Pevashandisi Vezvinonyadzisira

Mhedzisiro yeiyo Kruskal-Wallis bvunzo uye imwe-nzira ANOVA yematanho anoenderera yakaratidza mutsauko wakakura pakati pemapoka zvine chekuita nekumanikidza kwepabonde (p <0.001), kushushikana (p = 0.014), kushushikana (p <0.001), EC (p = 0.013), uye kutarisa kutarisa (p = 0.008). Nekudaro, pakange pasina misiyano yeboka yekutonga kwekudzivirira (p = 0.096) uye activation control (p = 0.100).

hurukuro

Isu takaongorora hunhu hwevashandisi uye takaongorora mutsauko pakati pezvinonyadzisira vasiri-vashandisi, vashandisi, uye vashandisi vane chinetso mumuenzaniso wevadzidzi veyunivhesiti muJapan. Kune kugona kwedu kuziva, parizvino hapachina zvidzidzo zvekunetseka kwezvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa muJapan, nekudaro, chidzidzo chezvino chiri chinyorwa kubva patsika nemaonero.

Zvakawanikwa zvechidzidzo chazvino zvinoratidza mukana wekunetsekana kushandisa zvinonyadzisira pakati pevadzidzi veJapan. Data yakaratidza kuti 5.7% (n = 6) yevashandisi vakataura zvakakosha matambudziko ezuva nezuva-ehupenyu. Uku kutsvaga kunoenderana nekutsvagurudza kwepamberi uko kwakaratidza kuwanda kwehuwandu hwezvinetso zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa (Ross et al., 2012; Rissel et al., 2017; Bőthe et al., 2018). Mukuwedzera, vashandisi vezvinonyadzisira vasina simba rekutonga vaiva 23.5% (n = 25) yevashandisi. Iyo data yakaratidza huwandu hwakakwira hwehupombwe pakati pevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vane hurema hwekudzora kana vachienzaniswa nemamwe mapoka. Maitiro akakurisa akataurwa pakati pevarume vachitsvaga kurapwa kwehupombwe ndeyekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (Reid et al., 2012a, b). Nekudaro, kunyangwe hazvo kuongororwa kusingataure zvakajeka kuti dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira rinoshandisa chidimbu chekumanikidzika kwehutano hwepabonde (Gola et al., 2020), Mukuenderana zvinoenderana nekumwe kutsvagurudza, kunetsa kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira kunogona kutariswa sehunhu hwakakurumbira hwekuratidzira kwekumanikidzika kwehutano hwepabonde (Brand et al., 2019a). Zvakare, huwandu hwakakwira hwevashandisi vane hurema hwekudzora hunoratidza mukana wekuti huwandu hukuru hwevanhu vane maitiro ane chekuita nedambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira anoshandisa muJapan. Kuwedzera kutsvagurudza kunodiwa.

Varume vakataura kuwanda kwekushandisa uye vaiwanzo kuzivikanwa sevashandisi vanonetsa kupfuura vakadzi. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinowirirana nezvakawanda zvakapfuura zvidzidzo zvakaratidza hukuru hwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira pakati pevatori vechikamu vechirume, avo vaiwanzoshandisa kushandisa kunetsa (Harper naHodgins, 2016). Tichifunga kuti yakawanda yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira yakataurwa nevanhurume vatori vechikamu, zvinogona kugumiswa kuti zvinonyadzisira zvinonyanya kushandiswa nevadzidzi veyunivhesiti muJapan. Mukupesana, vakadzi vakaratidza yakaderera mwero yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Sezvo vakadzi muJapan vanogona kunyanya kushandisa maekisheni sezvinhu zvinonyadzisira (Mori, 2017), misiyano yezvirimo zvezvinhu zvinonyadzisira zvinogona kunge zvakakonzera mutsauko wepabonde unoonekwa mumhedzisiro yechidzidzo chazvino. Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo ichangoburwa yakanangana nevakadzi vane hunhu hwekuita zvebonde yakaratidza kuti kuita zvebonde kwakanyanya uye zvinokurudzira kuita zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa zvakaderera pakati pevakadzi kupfuura varume (Kowalewska et al., 2020). Nekudaro, pane mukana wekushandisa zvine chinetso pakati pevakadzi, sevamwe vakadzi vanotaura vachishandisa zvinonyadzisira zvine hurema hwekudzidza muzvino. Zvichipa kusaziva kwakawanda kwekutsvaga nezvevakadzi vanoshandisa (Kraus et al., 2016b; Kowalewska et al., 2020), pane chikonzero chekuwedzera kwekutarisa panhau iyi muchiJapan mamiriro, pamwe nemhando dzezvinhu zvepabonde izvo vakadzi vanoshandisa kunyanya, uye maitiro evakadzi ehunhu hwepabonde.

Ichi chidzidzo chinoratidza izvo zvakasarudzika zvevanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vane hurema hwekudzora. Kakawanda kushandiswa kwakabatana zvakanyanya nekushandisa kunetsekana, asi nguva yekushandisa yanga isipo. Nepo mamwe maitiro ekurwisa achitarisa panguva yakashandiswa pahunhu, zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa nekuita bonhora zvinogumisa simba repabonde kunyangwe iyo yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira isiriyo dambudziko (Fernandez naGriffiths, 2019). Naizvozvo, vanonetsekana vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vanogona kusashandisa nguva yakawanda mukushandisa chaiko. Nepo vamwe vanhu vachikwanisa kudzora kana kudzora zvinonyadzisa zvinoshandiswa zvisineyi yakakwira frequency uye nguva yekushandisa (Brand et al., 2011; Kor et al., 2014; Grubbs et al., 2015; Bőthe et al., 2018), Vamwe vanogona kunzwa kurasikirwa kwekudzora mukuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa zvisinei nekureba kwekushandisa.

Vatori vechikamu vane hurema hwekudzora vakaratidza kukwirira kwekupererwa uye kusagadzikana. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinowirirana neongororo yapfuura umo vanonetsa vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira vakaratidza psychopathological zviratidzo (Brand et al., 2011; Grubbs et al., 2015). Intrapsychic kushushikana kunoonekwa muvanhu vane hunhu hwekuita bonde kwakakonzerwa neakakwira ehupombwe uye maitiro (World Health Organization, 2018). Mune vamwe vanhu, kushushikana kwepfungwa kunogona kumuka nekuda kwekuona kusanzwisisika kwetsika kwakabva muzvitendero zvehukama zvine chekuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira (Grubbs et al., 2019b). Sevanhu vazhinji vekuJapan vanonzi havana chitendero (Mandai et al., 2019), Kushushikana kwepfungwa kwakabatana nekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandiswa muJapan kunogona kunge kusiri iko kwekutenda kwechitendero. Nekudaro, chishuwo chebonde chiri taboo mune yechiJapan mamiriro enharaunda (Inose, 2010); Naizvozvo, zvinokwanisika kuti kusawirirana pakati peiyi taboo nehunhu chaihwo, sekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kunokonzera kushushikana kwepfungwa.

Migumisiro yechidzidzo chezvino yakaratidza kuti varume vazhinji vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira. MuJapan, kutsvagurudza kwesainzi uye hurukuro yemagariro nezvebonde hazvibviri (Hirayama, 2019). Izvo zvinorambidzwa kune vanhu vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira, asi izvi pachazvo hazvisi zvinopesana nesainzi kana zvemagariro (Hirayama, 2019). Muchokwadi, pane zvishoma zvakakwana bonde dzidzo inopihwa muJapan (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Zvisinei, zvakaratidzwa kuti vanhu vazhinji veJapan, kusanganisira vachiri kuyaruka, vanoshandisa zvinonyadzisira (ona chinyorwa chemuzasi 1; Sangano reJapan reKudzidza Zvepabonde, 2019). Izvi zvinogona kureva kuti vanhu vazhinji vekuJapan vari kuita zvebonde vasina kana ruzivo nezvebonde. Naizvozvo, vanhu vechiJapan vanogona kuzviwana zvakaoma kuziva kuti ndeapi maitiro ehupombwe ari kunetsa uye asiri iwo, nekuti vanhu vechiJapan havakwanisi kukurukura zvinovanetsa pabonde, uye havana ruzivo nezvebonde (Hashimoto et al., 2012). Nekudaro, kutsvagurudza mune ramangwana kwakanangana nezvebonde uye kumanikidza kuita zvetsika mutsika dzechiJapan zvinogona kudikanwa.

Chekupedzisira, iyo yakaderera mamaki inoenderana nekuedza kudzora uye kutarisisa kudzora inogona kuve yakabatana nedambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira kushandisa. Mhedzisiro iyi inotevera kutsvagurudza kwazvino kunoratidza kuti mashoma masosi eanodzora anoshanda anoenderana neanotemerwa-ega maitiro ekumanikidza ekuita zvepabonde (Efrati, 2018; Efrati naDannon, 2018). Uye zvakare, yekuedza kudzora inoyera kugona kwevakuru kutarisisa, izvo zvakafanana nebasa repamusoro. Sezvo zvakaderera kushanda nesimba zviyero zvinosanganiswa nehunhu hwekuita (Meehan et al., 2013), kutsvaga uku kunogona kunge kwakafanana neongororo ichangoburwa yakaratidza mabasa epamusoro, senge kudzora kwekudzivirira uye kuita sarudzo, zvinogona kubatsira mukuvandudzika uye kufambira mberi kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemaitiro ekurwisa (Brand et al., 2019b). Mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti vanoshaya vashandisi vezvinonyadzisa vakaratidza yakaderera nhanho yekutarisisa kweiyo EC subscale, zvichiratidza kuti kusagadzikana kwekutarisa kwekutarisira kunogona kukurudzira mhinduro kune zvinokonzeresa zvine chekuita nekuona zvinonyadzisira. Mune chidzidzo chekare, kudzora kwekudzivirira kweEEC subscale yaive nechokuita nenjodzi yekuita zvepabonde muvachiri kuyaruka (Lafreniere et al., 2013). Nekudaro, pakati pemabasa matatu ekuedza kudzora, panogona kuve nemusiyano pakuti iwo wega-unomanikidzirwa maitiro ehupombwe anofambidzana nekutarisa kwekutarisa, uye hunhu-hunhu hwehukama hunosanganisirwa nekudzivirira kwekudzivirira. Kugadzirisa iyi mashandiro, manejimendi basa uye nekuedza kudzora zvinofanirwa kuongororwa zvakadzama.

Kunyangwe paine ruzivo nemasimba, chidzidzo ichi chine zvimwe zvaisingakwanise. Kutanga, data redu raive rakayambuka-chikamu, uye zvinokonzeresa zvemhedzisiro hazvigone kutsanangurwa. Chechipiri, nekuti isu taishandisa zviri nyore sampling pakati pevadzidzi veyunivhesiti kuyunivhesiti iri pakati peJapan Japan, mhedzisiro yedu haigone kuverengerwa kuvanhu veJapan. Chechitatu, saizi yekuenzanisira yanga iri diki, uye inogona kusabvumidza generalizability yezvakawanikwa izvi kuvadzidzi vese vekuJapan mayunivhesiti. Zvakare, mibvunzo yemibvunzo yakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi yaisanganisira nhaurwa ine hunyanzvi inotarisa kushandiswa kwezvinonyadzisira, uye vatori vechikamu vakasangana nemunyori wekutanga, izvo zvinogona kunge zvine mhinduro dzakaringana nekuderedza kusazivikanwa. Chekupedzisira, kukanganisika kudzora kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandiswa kwakayerwa kuburikidza neyekuzvitaurira-mibvunzo mibvunzo yakagadzirirwa chidzidzo ichi. Pakave nekuwedzera kwazvino kwezvidzidzo kusimudzira maturusi echokwadi echinetso chekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (Fernandez naGriffiths, 2019). Nekudaro, kutsvagurudza mune ramangwana kunofanirwa kuitiswa nemhando dzakasiyana svumbunuro uchishandisa zviyero zvakagadziriswa zvezvinetso zvekushandisa zvinonyadzisira

Kune kugona kwedu kuziva, ichi ndicho chidzidzo chekutanga pamatambudziko ekushandisa zvinonyadzisira muJapan. Zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti ingangoita njodzi yekunetseka kushandisa zvinonyadzisira muJapan. Varume vakaratidza kuwanda kwekushandisa uye vaive vakanyanya kutadza kudzora pane vakadzi. Vanhu vane hutachiona husina kumira zvakanaka vakaratidza kumanikidzwa kwepabonde kwakanyanya, kushushikana, kushushikana, uye kudzora kushoma kwekuedza. Kuenderera mberi nekutsvagurudza kunofanirwa kuongorora mhando dzakasiyana dzechiJapan uchishandisa matanho akasimbiswa.