2021 Apr 2.
- PMID: 33822748
- DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
ngovepo
Mhemberero uye zvinangwa
Iko kushandiswa kwekuona zvinonyadzisira, nepo kusinganetsi kune vazhinji, kunogona kukura kuita kupindwa muropa-senge maitiro ayo mune ayo akawandisa maitiro anonzi akakamanikidzwa pabonde hunhu kusagadzikana muICD-11 (WHO, 2018). Chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekutsvaga kupindwa muropa-kwakasarudzika kugadzirisazve kune cues kuitira kuti unzwisise zvirinani nzira dzekuvandudza chirwere ichi.
nzira
Isu takashandisa yakagadziriswa Zvepabonde Kukurudzira Kunonoka Task kudzidza huropi chiitiko mune mubairo unobatanidza nzvimbo dzehuropi panguva yechikamu chekufungidzira (ine cues kufanotaura zvinonyadzisira mavhidhiyo, kudzora mavhidhiyo kana pasina mavhidhiyo) uye inoenderana chikamu chekutakura mune varume vane hutano. Correlations kune zviratidziro zvezvinetso zvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, iyo nguva yakashandiswa pane zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa, uye hunhu hunhu hwepabonde hwakaongororwa.
Results
Mhedzisiro yevarume ve74 yakaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzine huropi dzine hukama nemubairo (amygdala, dorsal cingate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, putamen, caudate nucleus, uye insula) zvakanyanyisa kuvhurwa neese mavhidhiyo ezvinonyadzisira uye zvinyadzo kupfuura dzora mavhidhiyo uye cices cices, zvichiteerana. Nekudaro, isu hatina kuwana hukama pakati peaya mashandisiro uye zviratidzo zvekunetseka kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, nguva inopedzerwa mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira, kana nehunhu hwekukurudzira pabonde.
Kukurukurirana uye kugadzirisa
Izvo zviitiko munzvimbo dzehuropi zvine hukama nemubairo kune zvese zvinoonekwa zvekuita bonde pamwe nezvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti kugadziriswa kweKukurudzira Kunonoka Basa rakabudirira. Zvichida, kushamwaridzana pakati pemubhadharo une chekuita nemubairo uye zviratidzo zvekushushikana kana zvounzenza zvinoshandisa zvinogona kungoitika mumasampuli ane huwandu hwakawedzera uye kwete mune imwe sampuli ine hutano inoshandiswa muchidzidzo chazvino.
Sumo
Indaneti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandisa maitiro akapararira muhuwandu hwevanhu (Blais-Lecours, Vaillancourt-Morel, Sabourin, & Godbout, 2016; Bőthe, Tóth-Király, Potenza, Orosz, & Demetrovics, 2020; Martyniuk, Okolski, & Dekker, 2019). Nepo ruzhinji ruchiratidza kusagadzikana kwekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandisa, mune vashoma vanhu zvinofambidzana nekushushikana, kushaya kwekutonga kwekutonga, uye kutadza kudzikisira hunhu zvisinei nemhedzisiro yakaipa (kutenderera 8%, zvinoenderana nemaitiro anoshandiswa; Cooper, Scherer, Boies, & Gordon, 1999; Gola, Lewczuk, & Skorko, 2016; Grubbs, Volk, Exline, & Pargament, 2015). Zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa pamwe chete nekuita bonhora ndiyo inonyanya kunetsa maitiro pakati pevanhu vane hunhu hwekuita bonde (Kraus, Voon, & Potenza, 2016; Reid et al., 2012; Wordecha et al., 2018). Kwenguva yekutanga, iyo World Health Organization (WHO) yakatsanangura yakatarwa nzira yekuongororwa yezviratidzo izvi muchikamu chegumi neimwe cheInternational Classification of Disorders (ICD-11) pasi peshoko iri Kumanikidzika Kwepabonde Zvokuita Dambudziko (CSBD, World Health Organisation, 2018). Kuti unzwisise zvirinani zvese zvekuvaraidza uye zvinonetsa kushandisa kushandiswa, neurobiological underpinnings inofanirwa kujekeswa.
Kunyangwe kurongeka kwakaringana kwedambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira kunoshandisa iri nyaya ine nharo, zvakawanikwa neuroscientific zvinoratidza padyo padyo nezvinetso zvekupindwa muropa (Rudo, Laier, Brand, Hatch, & Hajela, 2015; Stark, Klucken, Potenza, Brand, & Strahler, 2018). Robinson naBerridge vakarondedzerwa mune yavo Incentive Sensitization Dzidziso yekusimudzira kupindwa muropa nekudzokororwa kwezvinodhaka kunotungamira kuchinjiso cheeuroadaptive mukati mematunhu emubairo (Robinson & Berridge, 1993, 2008). Munguva yekukura kwekupindwa muropa, kupindura kune zvirevo ("kuda") kunowedzera nepo kudikanwa kwekushandisa zvinodhaka ("kufarira") kungatodzikira. Naizvozvo, cue reactivity iyo inosanganisa iyo yemanzwiro, hunhu, hutano uye kugona kupindura kune zvinodhaka-zvine chekuita nezvinokanganisa (Berridge & Robinson, 2016; Tiffany & Wray, 2012) ipfungwa yakakosha kutsanangura shanduko kubva pane imwe nguva kushandiswa kwechirwere kuenda kuchidhakwa kushandiswa (Mutengo et al., 2019; Koob & Volkow, 2010; Volkow, Koob, & McLellan, 2016).
Zvidzidzo zvevarwere vane dzakasiyana siyana zvine chekuita nezvezvinhu zvakawana kuwedzera reactivity mu ventral striatum, iyo dorsal striatum, iyo anterior cingate cortex (ACC), iyo orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), iyo insula uye amygdala kune zvine hukama nezvinhu ((Jasinska, Stein, Kaiser, Naumer, & Yalachkov, 2014; Kühn & Gallinat, 2011a; Stippekohl et al., 2010; Zilverstand, Huang, Alia-Klein, & Goldstein, 2018). Nezve maitiro ehunhu, pane ongororo dzinoverengeka dzinoratidza kuwedzera chiitiko munzvimbo dzine mubairo-dzakanangana nezvinodhaka zvine chekuita nezvinodhaka (Antons, Brand, & Potenza, 2020; Fauth-Bühler, Mann, & Potenza, 2017; Starcke, Antons, Trotzke, & Brand, 2018; Van Holst, van den Brink, Veltman, & Goudriaan, 2010). Kunyangwe maratidziro akabatanidzwa muCSBD akafanana neaya ekushandisa zvinodhaka uye hunhu kupindwa muropa ichiri nyaya yekukakavadzana kwesainzi.
Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzinoratidza kuwedzera kwechiitiko cheiyo ventral uye iyo dorsal striatum, OFC, ACC, insula, caudate nucleus, putamen, amygdala, thalamus, uye hypothalamus mune vane hutano vatori vechikamu pavanotarisa zvinoonekwa zvepabonde zvinokurudzira (VSS) zvichienzaniswa neyakarerekera kusagadzikana (Georgiadis & Kringelbach, 2012; Poeppl, Langguth, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2014; Stoléru, Fonteille, Cornélis, Joyal, & Moulier, 2012). Pamusoro pezvo, pane zvidzidzo zvemhinduro dzeeural kune zvirevo zvinofanotaura VSS asi zvisina chero zvebonde (semuenzaniso, Banca et al., 2016: mavara mapatani; Klucken, Wehrum-Osinsky, Schweckendiek, Kruse, & Stark, 2016: mavara makwere; Stark et al., 2019: chikamu-chinotsanangura mazwi). Uropi hunopindura kune izvi zvinyowani zvinotangira VSS (Banca et al., 2016; Klucken et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2019) anga akafanana nemhinduro kuVSS (ventral striatum, OFC, occipital cortex, insula, putamen, thalamus). Uyezve, vanhu vane dambudziko rekuona zvinonyadzisira vanoshandisa (PPU) zvichienzaniswa nevevatambi vatori vechikamu vakaratidza kuwedzera kweamygdala reactivity kune mageometric manhamba ane hukama neVSS (Klucken et al., 2016). Uchishandisa VSS semashoko, Voon et al. (2014) vakawana mhinduro dzakakwirira mumashure anterior cingate, ventral striatum uye amygdala yevanhu vane PPU. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvekuwedzera reactivity kune zvirevo zvinofungidzira VSS mune vanhu vane PPU zvinoenderana nezvitarisirwa zvakatorwa kubva Mukukurudzira Sensitization Theory.
Kuti udzidze kukura kwekupindwa muropa, iyo Mari Inosimudzira Kunonoka Task (MIDT) chishandiso chakamisikidzwa chekuongorora yakashandurwa mhinduro dzechisimba kune cues uye zvinokurudzira (Balodis & Potenza, 2015). MIDT inotanga nechikamu chinotarisirwa umo cues anoratidza kana kuhwina kwemari kana kurasikirwa kuchikwanisika panguva yechikamu chinobuditsa chekuendesa. Pakutanga, iri basa raishandiswa kuyera mubairo wekunzwa mukukanganisa ne, zvisinei, mhedzisiro isingaenderane zvine chekuita nekutarisira uye chikamu chekutakura (Balodis & Potenza, 2015; Beck et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2014; Jia et al., 2011; Nestor, Hester, & Garavan, 2010). Kuti uongorore cue reactivity muPPU, vhezheni yakashandurwa yeiyo MIDT yakasimbiswa (Knutson, Fong, Adams, Varner, & Hommer, 2001; Knutson, Westdorp, Kaiser, & Hommer, 2000) yakataurwa: Zvepabonde Kukurudzira Kunonoka Task (SIDT) uchishandisa bonde zvirevo nemubairo. Zvidzidzo zvitatu zvakashandisa zvinokurudzira kunonoka mabasa nehupombwe uye mibairo kusvika ikozvino (Gola et al., 2017; Sescousse, Li, & Dreher, 2015; Sescousse, Redouté, & Dreher, 2010). Sescousse uye vaaishanda navo vakaferefeta musiyano wezviitiko maringe nezve erotic uye mari mibairo muvakuru vane hutano uye vakaona chikamu chepashure cheOFC uye amygdala senzvimbo dzakanyatso kumisikidzwa nemubairo wakashata (Sescousse et al., 2010). Gola uye vamwe (2017) uchienzanisa varume vane PPU uye vanodzora varume maererano nehuropi hwavo chiitiko kune yakavhenganiswa MIDT / SIDT. Ipo vatori vechikamu vePPU vakaratidza kuwedzera kwekuita mu ventral striatum yeiyo cues inofanotaura mibairo yepabonde, ivo havana kusiyana nekutonga zvine chekuita nehuropi chiitiko kune mibairo yepabonde. Zvinopindirana neIye Incentive Sensitization Theory, vanyori vakakwikwidza kuwedzera "kuda" kwemubairo wepabonde muvatori vechikamu vePPU apo "kufarira" kwekushushikana kwepabonde kunoramba kusingabatiki.
Kunyangwe zvidzidzo zvisati zvaitika vachishandisa SIDT vari kuvimbisa zvakanyanya nezve kuongororwa kwecue reactivity kune zvekuita zvepabonde nemubairo muvanhu vane hutano nevanhu vane PPU, pane mamwe maitiro enzira anofanirwa kukurukurwa. Nezve iko kuita kwekunze, zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakashandisa zvimisikidzo panzvimbo yemavhidhiyo, kunyangwe iyo yekupedzisira iri nzira inonyanya kushandiswa yekuona zvinonyadzisira (Solano, Eaton, & O'Leary, 2020). Nezve iyo mamiriro ekudzora, zvekare zvidzidzo zvakashandisa zvakapetwa shanduro dzeVSS semamiriro ekudzora (Gola et al., 2017; Sescousse et al., 2010, 2015). Nekudaro, iyo yekuyedza uye yekudzora mamiriro akapesana zvine chekuita neakawanda maitiro (echisikigo marongero vs. asingabvumirwe mapatani, mufananidzo resolution, kuratidzwa kwevanhu vs. kusiri kwevanhu kuratidzwa). Zviri kusahadzika kana izvi zvinomiririra zvichimiririra zvakakwana kuzvidzora. Zvakare, ivo vaongorori vakashandisa mapikicha evakadzi vasina kupfeka sezvinyorwa. Nenzira iyi zvinyorwa zvacho zvaisakwanisa kuve nehunhu hwekufungidzira chete, asi zvakare zvinomiririra zvemukati mebonde. Kupfuurirazve, zvingave zvinobatsira kuongorora simba rezvinhu zvine njodzi mukusimudzirwa kweCSBD, uko kunotevera kunoratidzika kunge kwakanyanya kukosha: kuzvitaurira-pachako matambudziko maererano nekushandisa zvinonyadzisira (Mutengo, Snagowski, Laier, & Maderwald, 2016; Laier, Pawlikowski, Pekal, Schulte, & Brand, 2013), nguva yakashandiswa kuona zvinonyadzisira (Kühn & Gallinat, 2014) uye ita hunhu hwepabonde (Baranowski, Vogl, & Stark, 2019; Kagerer et al., 2014; Klucken et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2018; Strahler, Kruse, Wehrum-Osinsky, Klucken, & Stark, 2018).
Naizvozvo, zvinangwa zverudzidziso rwezvino zvaive zvinotevera: (1) Taida kumisikidza yakagadziriswa SIDT tichishandisa mafirimu mafirimu pachinzvimbo chemifananidzo yakamira. Isu takatarisira maitiro emabasa panguva yechikamu chekufungidzira uye chikamu chekutakura chinga fanane nezvakabuda muzvidzidzo zvekare zvichiratidza kubatanidzwa kweACC, OFC, thalamus, insula, amygdala, nucleus accumbens (NAcc), caudate, uye putamen (2) Taida kuongorora kuti njodzi dzipi dzeCSBD (inozvitaurira yega PPU, nguva inoshandiswa mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira, uye hunhu hwekukurudzira pabonde) zvakabatana nevechiitiko cheiyoural panguva yekutarisira chikamu uye chikamu chekutakura mune isiri-kiriniki sampu. Zvinoenderana neKukurudzira Sensitization Pfungwa ye Robinson uye Berridge (1993), isu taitarisira kuti neural chiitiko cheanotaurwa pamusoro apa huropi matunhu panguva yekufungidzira chikamu cheSIDT chingave chakabatana chaizvo neizvi njodzi. Zvinoenderana nekudzidza kwe Gola et al. (2017), isu taitarisira kuti neural chiitiko chenzvimbo dzataurwa pamusoro apa panguva yekuendesa kwete kuenderana neizvi zvinhu zvine njodzi.
nzira
Vakwikwidzi
Makumi manomwe nevasere varume vane hutano hwakanaka pakati pegumi nemasere nemakore makumi mana nemashanu vakanyoreswa kuburikidza nekutumira tsamba, kutumira uye midhiya zvinoburitswa. Vaviri vatori vechikamu vaifanira kubviswa nekuda kwehunyanzvi matambudziko, maviri nekuda kwemifananidzo yekugadzira uye imwe nekuda kweanopika neuroanatomy. Muenzaniso wekupedzisira waive nevarume makumi manomwe nenomwe vane zera rinoreva re18 (SD = 45) makore. Vazhinji vevatori vechikamu (n = 65; 89.04%) vaive vadzidzi. Makumi matatu nematatu (45.21%) vatori vechikamu vaive vasina, 36 (49.32%) vaigara muhukama hwepabonde uye vana (5.48%) vatori vechikamu vakaroora. Vane makumi maviri nevana (32.88%) vatori vechikamu vakazvitsanangura sevanamati ("Unoti unonamata here kana sangano?" "Hongu" / "kwete"). Aya anotevera maitiro ekubatanidzwa akashandiswa: kusavapo kwezvazvino zvemasomatic / zvepfungwa zvirwere, hapana ikozvino psychotherapeutic / pharmacological kurapwa, hapana kukuvadza kunwa doro / nicotine, hapana chinopesana-chinoratidza fMRI, uye kutsetsenura mumutauro wechiGerman.
nzira
Pakupinda kwekudzidza, vatori vechikamu vakasaina gwaro rekubvumidzwa. Muenzaniso uripo unobva pane yakakura kudzidza kuongorora mhedzisiro yekushushikana kwakanyanya paVSS kugadzirisa nekufananidza mamiriro ekushushikana nemamiriro ekudzora. Chimwe chidzidzo chinoshandisa data kubva muchirongwa ichi chakatsikiswa kusvika pari zvino. Klein et al. (2020) akaongorora kukanganiswa kwesarudzo yemunhu pane neural reactivity kuVSS. Iko kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti akati wandei mubairo-unobatanidza nzvimbo dzehuropi dzinoenderana zvakanaka nechero chiyero cheiyo VSS uye kuti kuwirirana uku kunoenderana zvakanaka neyakaenzana PPU. Hapana data rakataurwa pano rakamboburitswa. Vatori vechikamu kubva kuongororo yazvino vakagoverwa kumamiriro ekudzora uye vakawana isiri-inoshungurudza placebo vhezheni yeTrier Yemagariro Stress Bvunzo (placebo TSST, 15 min, Het, Rohleder, Schoofs, Kirschbaum, & Wolf, 2009) pamberi peMRI kuongorora. Muedzo uyu unosanganisira maviri epfungwa akareruka mabasa (hurukuro yemahara uye yakapusa masvomhu epfungwa) ayo asingakonzere kunetsekana kwepfungwa kana kuratidza kushanduka kwemuviri muvatori vechikamu, zvinokanganisa SIDT inotevera saka haitarisirwi. Ichitevera kune placebo TSST, vatori vechikamu vakatora chikamu muSIDT. Mushure mekusiya scanner, vatori vechikamu vakayera mafirimu mavhidhiyo vari voga mune imwe kamuri yekuona kuvanzika uye huchokwadi hwechiyero. Chikamu cheiyo socio-demographic uye isiri-pabonde mibvunzo yemibvunzo yakatotorwa TSST isati yatanga (inguva ingangoita makumi mashanu nemashanu) uchishandisa iyo Internet-based SoSci Survey chikuva. Mushure mekuongororwa kweMRI, vatori vechikamu vakapihwa nguva yekuyera mafirimu uye kuzadza mamwe emibvunzo (anenge 45 min).
Nzira
Zvepabonde Kukurudzira Kunonoka Basa
Isu takashandisa SIDT yakabva kune yakasimbiswa MIDT (Knutson et al., 2001). Mibairo yemari yakatsiviwa muchidzidzo ichi nematanhatu-echipiri-marefu mafirimu mafirimu ayo akaunzwa pasina kurira uye aigona kuratidza VSS (VSS clip), asiri ezvepabonde masaja mavhidhiyo (chengetedza clipkana chidzitiro nhema (hapana). Iko kushandiswa kwemavhidhiyo emasaji kwakavimbisa kuenzaniswa kwezvinhu zvinoonekwa (kudyidzana kwevanhu, kushama kwakadzikira, mafambiro enziyo, nezvimwewo) kumavhidhiyo mafirimu anoratidza VSS. Muchidzidzo chekutanga, ese mafirimu mafirimu akayerwa zvine chekuita nekunakirwa (kubva "1" = "zvisingafadzi kwazvo" kusvika "9" = "zvinofadza kwazvo") nekusimudzira pabonde (kubva "1" = "kwete kumutsa bonde zvachose" ku "9" = "kumutsa zvakanyanya pabonde") nemuenzaniso wakasununguka wevarume makumi mashanu nevasere vasiri ngochani. Maitiro ari pamusoro pe58 akadudzirwa seakakwirira. Iwo 5 VSS clip anoshandiswa mune chaiko kudzidza akawana avhareji zviyero zvepamusoro valence (M = 6.20, SD = 1.12) uye kukwidziridzwa kwepabonde kwakanyanya (M = 6.29, SD = 1.34 mune pre-kudzidza, nepo pakati nepakati zvikwiriso zvevalenceM = 5.44, SD = 0.97) uye yakaderera mamaki ekumutsa zvepabonde (M = 1.86, SD = 0.81) yakataurwa nezve 21 control clip. Imwe firimu clip yakangounzwa kamwe chete panguva yebasa. Iko kuyedza kwakawanikwa neiyo Presentation software package (Shanduro 17.0, Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc, USA) uye yakagara ingangoita makumi maviri min. Iyo SIDT yaisanganisira 20 miedzo inosanganisira chikamu chekutarisira uye chikamu chekutakura nemamiriro matatu (63 × ndima, 21 × kudzora, 21 × hapana).
Pakati pechikamu chekufungidzira, matatu akasiyana manhamba ejometri, akaunzwa senge cues achizivisa chero iyo VSS clip (Cuendima), iyo clip clip (Cuemasimba) kana chena nhema (Cuehapana, ona zvakare Fig. 1). Iyo kupihwa kweiyo geometric manhamba kune angangoitika mhedzisiro (VSS clip, control clip, hapana) yaive yakarongedzwa kune vese vatori vechikamu. Isu takashandisa mageometric manhamba senge cues kuona kuti pakanga pasati pave nemasangano epamberi pakati peaya macue neVSS. Ivo vatori vechikamu vakaudzwa nezve kushamwaridzana pakati pezvinyorwa nemavhidhiyo pamberi peiyo fMRI kuyedza. Aya masangano akadzidziswa makumi maviri neshanu ekuyedza kuyedza kunze kweiyo scanner. Mushure mekunge chimwe chezvinyorwa zvacho chaionekwa kwe21 s, muchinjikwa wekugadzirisa wakateverwa kweiyo kusiyanisa interstimulus chinguva che 4-1 s. Ipapo iyo inosimudzira inosimudzira (chena sikweya, 3 × 200 pixel) yakaratidzwa pakati pe200 ms (zvishoma) uye 16 ms (yakanyanya). Zvisinei necue yakamboratidzwa, rairo yaive yekupindura kune chakanangwa nekukasira nekudzvanya bhatani. Kana Cuendima kana Cuemasimba yakaonekwa uye vatori vechikamu vakadzvanya bhatani apo chakanangidzirwa chakanangiswa, vatori vechikamu "vakakunda" firimu clip. Chinangwa chakateverwa nekuratidzwa kweimwe yekumisikidza muchinjikwa kune kusiyanisa interstimulus chinguva che0-2 s. Shure kwaizvozvo, vatori vechikamu vakaratidzwa VSS clip, clip clip kana dema screen kwenguva ye6 s. Iyo yekuyedza miedzo usati waongorora zvakare yakashanda kuverenga iyo yega yevhareji yekuita nguva (kurevaRT) uye kutsauka kwakazara (SDRT) kuona nguva dzekuratidzira dzechinangwa chinosimudzira (win: meanRT+2 × SDRT; hapana kukunda: ZvinorevaRT-2 × SDRT). Mahwina akarongerwa angangoita 71% yeVSS uye kutonga miedzo (gumi nemashanu kubva makumi maviri neshanu miedzo), nepo pasina chiedzo chisina kumbobatanidzwa nekukunda. Miedzo mitatu yekutanga yakapa Cuemasimba, Kuendima, uye Cuehapana zvakarongeka. Izvi Cuemasimba uye Cuendima miedzo yaigara ichirongwa sekukunda miedzo. Mushure memiedzo mitatu yekutanga, mabhureki ematanho e6 imwe neimwe yakaumbwa (2 × CueKudzora, 2 × Kuzivandima uye 2 × Cuehapana). Pakati pekukunda miedzo (VSS kukunda miedzo kana kudzora kukunda miedzo) hapana anopfuura mashanu mamwe mimwe miedzo (mimwe miedzo yekukunda kana pasina miedzo) yaibvumidzwa. Mamiriro akafanana anogona kuoneswa kanokwana ka5 mumutsara. Iyo yekuratidzwa kwechinangwa chakasimudzirwa chakagadziriswa pamhepo nekubvisa kana kuwedzerwa kwe2 ms yega yega kana vatori vechikamu vakakunda mumiyedzo isina kurongwa kana vasina kukunda mumiedzo yakarongwa kuti vaone kuwedzera kwekusimbisa mumayedzo emangwana. VSS miedzo uye miedzo yekudzora, iyo isina kukonzera mhedzisiro sezvakarongwa, yakadzokororwa mumayedzo akarongwa neiyo nhambo nyowani yechinangwa chekuratidzira.
Zvepabonde Kukurudzira Kunonoka Basa. Munguva yekutarisira chikamu, vatori vechikamu vakaona cue (geometric nhamba). Ichitevera nguva inoshanduka yenguva, chakanangwa chakapihwa kwenguva pfupi, kune vatori vechikamu vakabvunzwa kuti vaite nekukurumidza nekukonya bhatani. Kana iyo cue muchikamu chekufungidzira yaive Cuendima kana Cuemasimba, vhidhiyo inoenderana inogona kuwanikwa nekuita nekukurumidza kuchinangwa (onawo Klein et al., 2020)
Citation: Zvinyorwa zveZviito zveKutadza JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Kuongorora kwepfungwa yepfungwa
Mushure meSIDT, vatori vechikamu vakayera yavo yazvino nhanho yekusimudzira pabonde pane 9-poindi Likert-sikero vachiri mukati meiyo scanner. Iwo mavhidhiyo mafirimu akayerwa vachishandisa Kuzviongorora-Kuongorora-Manikin zviyero (Bradley & Lang, 1994yeValence (kubva 1 = isingafadzi zvakanyanya kusvika 9 = inonakidza kwazvo) uye kumutsa bonde (kubva 1 = kusamutsa pabonde kusvika 9 = kumutsa zvakanyanya pabonde) mushure mekusiya scanner mune imwe kamuri.
Iyo nguva yakashandiswa pakuona VSS muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva yakaongororwa nechinhu "Ingani nguva yawakapedzera mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira, uchiisa mhinduro yako pamwedzi wapfuura?". Vatori vechikamu vakakwanisa kusarudza maawa uye min "pamwedzi", "pavhiki" kana "pazuva" kutsanangura mhinduro yavo. Kuongorora kusati kwaitika, mafomati emhinduro dzakasiyana akashandurwa kuita "maawa pamwedzi".
PPU yakayerwa nemaGerman mavhezheni epfupi Internet Addiction Bvunzo (s-IAT) (Pawlikowski, Altstötter-Gleich, & Brand, 2013) yakagadziridzwa ye cybersex (s-IATpabonde; Laier et al., 2013) uye neiyo Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (HBI; Reid, Garos, & Muvezi, 2011). Kuvimbika kwemukati kwedhata remibvunzo yakaunganidzwa kwakaverengerwa muyenzaniso wazvino. Chimwe nechimwe chezvinhu gumi nembiri zve s-IATpabonde yakarongwa pachiyero che5-point Likert kubva pa1 (haana) ku5 (nguva zhinji). Chikamu chakazara (s-IATpabonde sum, zvinhu gumi nembiri, zveCronbach ɑ = 0.90) masekonzi kubva pa12 kusvika 60. Zvikamu zviviri zvinogona kuwedzerwa kuwedzerwa: kurasikirwa kwesimba (zvinhu zvitanhatu, zveCronbach's ɑ = 0.89) uye kuda (6 zvinhu, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.73). Iyo HBI ine zvinhu 19 zvakarongwa kubva pa1 (haana) ku5 (nguva zhinji) ine huwandu hwakazara (HBIsum, 19 zvinhu, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89) kubvira 19 kusvika 95. Zvikwereti zvitatu zvinogona kuverengerwa: kutonga (zvinhu zvisere, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.89), kubata (zvinhu zvinomwe, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.84) uye mhedzisiro (zvinhu zvina, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.76). Zvemukati kuumbana zvaive zvinogamuchirwa kumatanho akanaka muchidzidzo chazvino (ona data pamusoro).
Hunhu hwekukurudzira zvepabonde hwakayerwa neiyo Trait Zvepabonde Kukurudzira Mubvunzo (TSMQ; Stark et al., 2015). Iyo TSMQ ine zvinhu makumi matatu neshanu zvinotakura pazvikamu zvina: bonde rega (zvinhu gumi, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.77), kukosha kwepabonde (zvinhu gumi neshanu, zveCronbach ɑ = 0.89), kutsvaga kusangana pabonde (4 zvinhu, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.92), uye kuenzanisa nevamwe (6 zvinhu, Cronbach's ɑ = 0.86). Kupfuurirazve, rondedzero yakajairika yehunhu hwekukurudzira pabonde (TSMQzvinoreva) inogona kuverengerwa sekureva kwezvinhu zvese makumi matatu neshanu (Cronbach's ɑ = 0.91). Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chakayerwa pachiyero che6-point Likert kubva pa0 (kana bodo) ku5 (zvakanyanya). Vatori vechikamu vanorayirwa kuti vataure zvirevo zvavo makore mashanu apfuura. Izwi rekuti "kurudziro yebonde" rinoshandiswa pachiyero ichi rinosanganisira zviitiko zvekuita bonde nemumwe wako pamwe nekuita zvega pabonde. Hunhu hwepamusoro hunoratidza hunhu hwepamusoro hwekukurudzira zvepabonde.
Dhiyabhorosi data
Reaction nguva yakatsanangurwa seiyo nguva iri pakati pekutanga tarisiro uye kutanga kwemhinduro. Reaction nguva dhata yakaongororwa kune vanobuda kunze kwekusabvisa dhata pazasi pe100 ms kana pamusoro zvinoreva + 1.5 × SD pamamiriro ezvinhu zvichienderana nesvomhu yehuwandu hwehuwandu. Zvinoenderana neizvi, kwaive nezvitatu zvakaburitswa mukati memuenzaniso wese (imwe pamamiriro ezvinhu). Dzinotsanangurwa nhamba dzakaverengerwa kusanganisa zvekunze uye zvisipo kukosha mune data. Hunhu hwakarasika hwaive nekunonoka kuita kana kusaita kune yekugadzika muchinjikwa. Misiyano mumidhians yezviitiko nguva pamiedzo yakabudirira yakaongororwa uchishandisa bvunzo yeKruskal-Wallis uye bvunzo dzeDunn-Bonferroni. Chekupedzisira, kuwirirana kwaPearson pakati pekupindura nguva dzemamiriro matatu uye nenjodzi dzeCSBD zvakaverengerwa.
fMRI dhata kutora uye kuwongorora kwehuwandu
Anoshanda uye anatomical mifananidzo yakawanikwa uchishandisa 3 Tesla yakazara-muviri MR tomograph (Siemens Prisma) ine 64-chiteshi musoro coil. Chimiro chemufananidzo chinowanikwa 176 T1-inorema sagittal zvimedu (slice ukobvu 0.9 mm; FoV = 240 mm; TR = 1.58 s; TE = 2.3 s). Zvekufungidzira zvinoshanda, yakazara 632 mifananidzo yakanyorwa uchishandisa T2-inorema gradient echo-planar imaging (EPI) kuteedzana nezvikamu makumi matatu nezvitanhatu zvakafukidza huropi hwese (voxel size = 36 × 3 × 3 mm; gap = 3.5 mm; ichidzika chikamu. kutora; TR = 0.5 s; TE = 2 ms; flip angle = 30; FoV = 75 × 192 mm2; saizi yematrice = 64 × 64; GRAPPA = 2). Iyo ndima yekutarisa yakamisikidzwa otomatiki inoenderana neiyo AC-PC mutsetse ine kutenderera kwe -30 °. Statistical Parametrical Mapping (SPM12, Wellcome department reCognitive Neurology, London, UK; 2014) yakaitwa muMatlab Mathworks Inc., Sherbourn, MA; 2012) yaishandiswa kufanogadziridza iyo mbichana data, pamwe neyekutanga uye yechipiri chikamu chekuongorora.
Kugadziriswazve kwemifananidzo yeEPI inosanganisira kunyoreswa kune template yeMontreal Neurological Institute (MNI), segmentation, kugadzirisazve uye kusamisa, kucheka nguva yekugadzirisa, kurongedza kune MNI yakajairwa nzvimbo pamwe nekutsetseka neGaussian kernel pa6 mm FWHM. Dhata rekushanda rakaongororwa kwemavhoriyamu ekunze vachishandisa nzira yemahara yekuparadzira data rakakanganiswa (Schweckendiek et al., 2013). Rimwe nerimwe rinobuda kunze vhoriyamu rakazoteedzerwa mukati meiyo yakajairika modhi modhi (GLM) senge regressor yekusafarira. Imwe yeaya mamiriro ekuyedza (Cuendima, Cuemasimba, Cuehapana, dhirivaharindima, NoDeliveryndima, Dhirivharimasimba, NoDeliverymasimba, NoDeliveryhapana uye chinangwa) yakaenzanisirwa senge regressor yekufarira. Zvese regressor zvakagadziriswa pamwe neye canonical hemodynamic yekupindura basa. Matanho matanhatu ekufambisa akapinda sevacariates kuwedzera kune maRegressor evhoriyamu yakatarwa yekunze. Iyo nhevedzano yenguva yakasvinwa neyepamusoro yekupfuura firita (nguva inogara = 128 s).
Padanho reboka, misiyano miviri yakaongororwa: Cuendima-Kuemasimba uye Dhirivharindima-Deliverymasimba. Mumwe-muyenzaniso t-bvunzo pamwe nekudzokedzana kwemitsara nematanho anotevera seanofungidzira akaitwa nemisiyano: s-IATpabonde, HBI, nguva inoshandiswa mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira (maawa pamwedzi), uye TSMQ. Kune iyo TSMQ uye yeiyo HBI, kudzokororwa kwakawanda kune zvese zvinotsigirwa panguva imwe chete zvakaitwa. Isu takashandisa kudzoreredza kwakaringana kweiyo nguva yakashandiswa pane zvinonyadzisira kushandisa uye yeiyo s-IATpabonde.
ROI inoongorora padanho re voxel yakaitiswa ichishandisa diki vhoriyamu kururamisa (SVC) ne P <0.05 (yemhuri-huchenjeri-kukanganisa kwakagadziriswa: FWE-yakagadziriswa). Caudate, NAcc, putamen, dorsal anterior cingate cortex (dACC), amygdala, insula, OFC, uye thalamus vakasarudzwa seROI nekuti ivo vakambotaurwa muzvidzidzo zve cue reactivity uye VSS kugadzirisa (Ruesink & Georgiadis, 2017; Stoléru et al., 2012). Bilateral anatomical ROI masks eOFC uye DACC akagadzirwa muMARINA (Walter et al., 2003); mamwe ese masiki akatorwa kubva kuHarvard Oxford Cortical Atlas (HOC). Iwo ekuruboshwe uye kurudyi akasiyana e ROI akabatanidzwa kune imwechete mask. Kune aya masere ROI, ongororo padanho re voxel yakaitwa pamwe P <0.05 FWE-yakagadziriswa.
Isu takaverenga mitsara yakadzokororwa yemibvunzo yemibvunzo uye zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa paCuendima-Cuemasimba mutsauko uye Dhirivharindima-Deliverymasimba kusiyana. Chete zvakakosha (SVC, FWE-yakagadziriswa) voxels kubva kune imwe-sampuro t-yedzo mukati meiyo ROI uko kwaishandiswa SVC. Naizvozvo, madiki ma ROI akashandiswa pakuongorora kwekudzokorora. Kuongorora kwakazara huropi kunoongorora (FWE-yakagadziriswa) yakawedzera iyo ROI kuongororwa.
Ethics
Chidzidzo ichi chakagamuchirwa nekomiti yemaitiro emunharaunda uye yakaitwa zvinoenderana nekuziviswa kwa1964 kweHelsinki uye nekugadziriswa kwayo kwapashure. Vese vatori vechikamu vakapa kubvumidzwa kune ruzivo vasati vamboongorora. Chiremba wezvemitsipa anga aripo kujekesa fungidziro neuroanatomical zvisizvo.
Results
Mhando dzehuenzaniso
Tafura 1 inopfupisa iyo inotsanangura nhamba. Bivariate kuwirirana pakati pemibvunzo inovakwa yakapa kuwirirana kwepakati-kwakasimba kunoratidza zvese zviri mukati zvinoputika uye zvikamu zvinowedzera zvezvivakwa zvakasiyana (ona Fig. 2).
Tafura 1.Psychometric zviyero uye kuyerwa kweiyo pabonde uye yekudzora mavhidhiyo anoshandiswa mune zvebonde zvinokurudzira kunonoka basa (N = 73)
| Zvichireva (SD) | dungwerungwe | ||
| s-IATpabonde | Kurasikirwa kwekutonga | 10.56 (4.66) | 6.00-30.00 |
| Kuda | 9.60 (3.44) | 6.00-26.00 | |
| s-IATpabonde nhamba yose | 20.16 (7.74) | 12.00-56.00 | |
| HBI | masimba | 14.86 (6.28) | 8.00-39.00 |
| Kurapa | 17.92 (5.48) | 7.00-32.00 | |
| Migumisiro | 6.71 (2.81) | 4.00-20.00 | |
| HBIsum | 39.49 (11.48) | 20.00-90.00 | |
| nguvaPU [h / mwedzi] | 6.49 (7.21) | 0.00-42.00 | |
| TSMQ | Kuita zvepabonde uri woga | 3.74 (0.68) | 1.80-5,00 |
| Kukosha kwepabonde | 3.82 (0.74) | 1.27-5.00 | |
| Kutsvaga kusangana pabonde | 1.50 (1.40) | 0.00-4.75 | |
| Kuenzanisa nevamwe | 1.73 (1.10) | 0.00-4.33 | |
| TSMQzvinoreva | 2.70 (0.69) | 1.05-4.35 | |
| Kuyera kwepabonde | Valencia | 6.35 (1.17) | 2.14-8.67 |
| Bonde rinomutsa | 6.63 (1.16) | 2.14-8.62 | |
| Kuyera kwesimba rinodzora | Valencia | 5.51 (1.27) | 2.95-8.86 |
| Bonde rinomutsa | 2.01 (0.97) | 1.00-5.00 |
Cherechedza: s-IATpabonde = ipfupi vhezheni yeInternet Kupindwa muropa Bvunzo yakashandurwa ye cybersexLaier et al., 2013), HBI = Hypersexual Behaeve Inventory (Reid et al., 2011), NguvaPU = Nguva inopedzerwa mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira; TSMQ = Tsika Yezvepabonde Inokurudzira Bvunzo (Stark et al., 2015).
Kupindirana kweiyo kupindwa muropa-kwakabatana hunhu (N = 73): s-IATpabonde uye HBI = huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinonetsa kushandisa zvinonyadzisira, NguvaPU = nguva yakashandiswa pane zvinonyadzisira mu h / mwedzi; TSMQ = zvinoreva kukosha kwehunhu hunhu hwepabonde
Citation: Zvinyorwa zveZviito zveKutadza JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Kuedzwa kwaKruskal-Wallis kwakaratidza musiyano wakakura pakati pemaitiro ekupindirana nguva mukupindura kune chakanangwa mumamiriro matatu (Cuehapana, Kuemasimba, Kuendima; Χ2(2) = 12.05, P <0.01). Tafura 2 inopfupisa iwo anotsanangudza manhamba eakaitika nguva panguva yeSIDT. Yakazotevera post hoc bvunzo (Dunn-Bonferroni bvunzo) yakaratidza kuti nguva yekuita kune chakanangwa mumamiriro Cuendima yaive nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kupfuura yekuita nguva mune mamiriro Cuemasimba (z = 2.68, P <0.05, Cohen's d = -0.65) uye mune mamiriro Cuehapana (z = 3.35, P <0.01, Cohen's d = -0.82). Mukupesana, iyo yekupindura nguva kune inovavarira inosimudzira mune mamiriro Cuemasimba uye kuCuehapana hazvina kusiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe (z = 0.59, P = 0.56). Hapana kuwirirana kwakakosha kwakawanikwa pakati pekupindura nguva dzemamiriro matatu uye nenjodzi dzeCSBD (zvese r <0.1, P > 0.10). Cuehapana yakateverwa ne75 (4.89%) isina mhinduro, Cuemasimba yakateverwa ne51 (3.33%) isina mhinduro, uye Cuendima yakateverwa ne17 (1.11%) isina mhinduro kune vese vatori vechikamu.
Tafura 2.Zvinotsanangurwa manhamba ezviitiko zvenguva yekuita zvepabonde kukurudzira basa (N = 73)
| Median (SD) | |
| Cuendima | 235.11 (60.94) |
| Cuemasimba | 296.63 (135.01) |
| Cuehapana | 314.42 (158.64) |
Cherechedza: CueNdima = cue kuzivisa vhidhiyo yezvinonyadzisira, Cuemasimba = cue kuzivisa masaji vhidhiyo, Cuehapana = cue kuzivisa hapana vhidhiyo.
Hemodynamic mhinduro
Cues signaling VSS as compared to cues signaling control clips elicited a higher blood-oxygenation-level depends (BOLD) response in NAcc, caudate, putamen, and insula (all bilateral), as also in the right dACC and thalamus. Mhinduro yepamusoro yeBOLD yakawanikwawo kuruboshwe NAcc neOFC, mubato rezvematongerwo enyika, putamen, dACC, insula, amygdala, uye thalamus panguva yekuendesa mavhidhiyo eVSS achienzaniswa nekutonga zvikamu (mhedzisiro yese ona Tafura 3 uye Fig. 3).
Tafura 3.ROI mhedzisiro yemisiyano Cuendima-Cuemasimba uye Dhirivharindima-Deliverymasimba (Mumwe Muenzaniso t-yedzo) nesumbu size (k) uye manhamba (FWE-yakagadziriswa; N = 73)
| Kusiyanisa | mamiriro | divi | x | y | z | k | TMax | Pcorr |
| Cuendima-Cuemasimba | NAcc | L | -6 | 8 | -4 | 77 | 8.71 | |
| R | 8 | 10 | -4 | 65 | 7.50 | |||
| caudate | L | -8 | 10 | 2 | 449 | 9.66 | ||
| R | 10 | 14 | 4 | 476 | 8.18 | |||
| putamen | L | -16 | 8 | -2 | 774 | 6.72 | ||
| R | 24 | 2 | 4 | 766 | 7.42 | |||
| dACC | R | 12 | 16 | 36 | 1,697 | 10.77 | ||
| insula | L | -34 | 14 | 6 | 592 | 9.43 | ||
| R | 38 | 14 | 4 | 604 | 8.65 | |||
| thalamus | R | 8 | -2 | 0 | 2,164 | 8.91 | ||
| dhirivaharindima-Deliverymasimba | NAcc | L | -8 | 14 | -8 | 69 | 9.49 | |
| caudate | L | -12 | -6 | 18 | 56 | 4.24 | ||
| R | 16 | -16 | 22 | 71 | 5.32 | |||
| putamen | L | -18 | 12 | -10 | 314 | 6.58 | ||
| R | 32 | -12 | -10 | 63 | 7.28 | |||
| dACC | L | -2 | 20 | 28 | 953 | 5.43 | ||
| R | 4 | 4 | 32 | 953 | 9.19 | |||
| amygdala | L | -22 | -4 | -16 | 232 | 10.71 | ||
| R | 20 | -4 | -14 | 280 | 12.20 | |||
| insula | L | -36 | -4 | 14 | 517 | 9.52 | ||
| R | 38 | 2 | -16 | 476 | 9.19 | |||
| OFC | L | -6 | 44 | -18 | 2,825 | 17.45 | ||
| thalamus | L | -20 | -30 | -2 | 1,747 | 25.67 | ||
| R | 20 | -28 | 0 | 1,747 | 24.08 |
ROI chiitiko cheakasiyana Cuendima-Cuemasimba (A) uye Dhirivharindima-Deliverymasimba (B). Mitsara pane sagittal slice kurudyi kurudyi inoratidza iyo coronal zvimedu zvinoratidzwa kuruboshwe. Cues achiratidza VSS (Cuendima) kana ichienzaniswa nezviratidzo zvinoratidza masaja clip (Cuemasimba) yakakumbira yakakwira BOLD mhinduro mu putamen, NAcc, caudate, uye insula. VSS clip (Dhirivharindima) uchienzaniswa nemasaji clip (Dhirivharimasimba) yakakumbira yakakwira BOLD mhinduro mu thalamus, insula, amygdala, putamen, uye OFC. Yakaratidzwa t-vueues akadzivirirwa pa t <5
Citation: Zvinyorwa zveZviito zveKutadza JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
Uropi hwese hunotsvaga hwakaratidza hwepamusoro hemodynamic mhinduro mune inoenderera masumbu inosanganisira akakura zvikamu zvehuropi zveiyo mutsauko Cuendima uchienzaniswa naCuemasimba (Cluster yakakura k = 174,054 voxel) uye zvakare kune Musiyano Dhirivharindima uchienzaniswa neDeliverymasimba (k = 134,654)
Njodzi zvinhu zveCSBD uye hemodynamic mhinduro
Hapana chimwe chekuregererwa kunoongorora pane zvinongedzo pakati pezvipingamupinyi zveCSBD (inozvitaurira PPU, nguva inoshandiswa mukushandisa zvinonyadzisira, uye kuita zvebonde kukurudzira) uye kusarura kweiyo neural chiitiko mune chero ROI panguva yekutarisira chikamu (Cuendima-Cuemasimba) kana chikamu chekutakura (Dhirivharindima-Deliverymasimba) yakapa chero akakosha mhedzisiro. Mufananidzo 4 inopa kushamwaridzana pakati pezviitiko izvi zvine njodzi uye kuruboshwe nucleus accumbens 'yepamusoro voxel chiitiko.
Correlation pakati penzvimbo yekuruboshwe accumbens 'yepamusoro voxel chiitiko uye s-IATsex, HBI, nguva inopedzwa pazvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa mu h / mwedzi (NguvaPU) uye huwandu hwakazara hweTSMQ panguva yekutarisira chikamu (yekumusoro mutsara, NAcc [-6 8 -4]) uye chikamu chekutakura (wezasi mutsara, NAcc [-8 14 -8]) weKubata Kukurudzira Kunonoka Task (N = 73)
Citation: Zvinyorwa zveZviito zveKutadza JBA 2021; 10.1556/2006.2021.00018
hurukuro
Chinangwa chekutanga chemushumo uyu ndechekutsvaga zviitiko zvehuropi zvine chekuita nemubairo panguva yekutarisira uye chikamu chekutakura cheVSS mune yakakura isiri yekiriniki sampuro uchishandisa SIDT. Takaona kuti kuratidzwa kwemavhidhiyo ekuona zvinonyadzisira pamwe nekuratidzwa kwezvinyorwa zvakatangira mavhidhiyo ezvekuona zvinonyadzisira zvaive zvakabatana nehupamhi hwehuropi munzvimbo dzakatemerwa huropi dzakanangana nemubairo (NAcc, amygdala, OFC, putamen, caudate nucleus, insula, thalamus, uye dACC) uchienzaniswa nemuratidziro wemasaji mavhidhiyo kana cues apfuura massage mavhidhiyo, zvichiteerana. Mhedzisiro yedu inoenderana nezvakawanikwa zve Sescousse et al. (2015, 2010), uyo akafananidza neural mhinduro kuVSS uye isiri-VSS zvinokurudzira (pano mari) zvinokwezva mumuenzaniso wevarume vane hutano panguva yekukurudzira kunonoka basa. Nezve uropi hunopindura kuVSS cues, vakawana chiitiko chakakwirira mu ventral striatum nekuwedzera kunotarisirwa mibairo yakasimba. Panguva yekusununguka, vakawanawo mubairo-wakasarudzika huropi chiitiko kune VSS muchikamu cheOF pamwe nemubatanidzwa amygdala. Pamusoro pezvo, vakaona matunhu aibatanidzwa mukugadziriswa kwemhando mbiri dzemubairo (ventral striatum, midbrain, ACC, anterior insula).
Iyo yekuzvibata dhata yakaratidza kuti nguva dzekupindura dzaive nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kunongedza zvinokonzeresa mumamiriro ekuratidzira zvinyadzo cues kupfuura mumamiriro ane cue cue kana cues asina kuzivisa vhidhiyo zvachose. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti tarisiro yeVSS inomutsa mota system, iyo inosimbisa yakanyanya kukurudzira kukosha kweVSS.
Chinangwa chechipiri chaive chekuongorora hukama pakati peyeural mhinduro kuVSS pamwe nezvinyorwa uye njodzi zvinhu zveCSBD. Izvo zviyero zvine njodzi zvakaratidza hukama hwehukama hwepakati simba pakati peumwe neumwe, zvichiratidza kufanana pamwe nekuwedzera zvikamu zvezvivakwa. Kana mibvunzo yemibvunzo inoyera PPU (HBI uye s-IATpabonde), kana iyo nguva yenguva yaunoshandisa pazvinonyadzisira, kana hunhu hwekukurudzira bonde (TSMQ) zvakanyatso kuenderana nehuropi zviitiko zvehuropi zvine hukama nemubairo panguva yekusununguka uye kutarisira kuita zvepabonde.
Kuti unyatso kurukura nezvekukanganisika kusipo pakati penjodzi zvinhu zveCSBD uye mhinduro dzeveural kuVSS, zvinobatsira kutarisa zvinyorwa zviripo zveongororo izvo zvinogona kuenzanisa mhinduro dzeeural dzeCSBD nevatambi vekutonga (boka rekuenzanisa nzira) kana kuongorora kuwirirana kwezvinhu zvine njodzi. yeCSBD ine NAcc mhinduro kuVSS (nzira yekubatanidza). Kutevera nzira yekuenzanisa yeboka, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakawana mhinduro dzakakura dzevhuruu kuenda kuVSS mu ventral striatum pamwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzekupa mubairo-dzakabatana muvatori vechikamu nePPU zvichienzaniswa nevatambi vekutonga (Gola et al., 2017; Seok & Sohn, 2015; Voon et al., 2014). Mhedzisiro yakakosha yekudzidza na Gola et al. (2017) yaive iyo cues yaifungidzira VSS yaibatanidzwa neakakwira striatal chiitiko mune CSBD vatori vechikamu pane mune zvine hutano zvidzidzo. Ndichiri Gola et al. (2017) akaongorora yakasangana pabonde uye mari yekukurudzira kunonoka paradigm nemapikicha evakadzi vasina kupfeka sezvinyorwa, Klucken et al. (2016) akaongorora chinodakadza mamiriro eparadigm nemajometri cues. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vakawana yakawedzera amygdala chiitiko panguva yekumisikidza iyo CS + (cue kufungidzira VSS) maringe neCS- (cue isingafungidzire chinhu) muvatori vechikamu neCSBD ichienzaniswa nevatambi vechikamu, asi hapana mutsauko mu ventral striatum. Mukupesana, mune iyo inofadza mamiriro eparadigm ye Banca et al. (2016) pakanga pasina mhedzisiro yeboka pakati pevatori vechikamu veCSBD uye vanodzora vatori vechikamu maererano nemhinduro dzeeural kune dzakasiyana cues (makara maitiro achifungidzira VSS, mibairo yemari kana chero chinhu).
Zvidzidzo zvinotevera nzira yekudyidzana zvakaratidza zvisingaenderane zvine chekuita nezve kuwirirana pakati pezvipingamupinyi zveCSBD nemhinduro dzeeural kune VSS: Kunyange zvakadaro Kühn naGallinat (2014) yakawana kuwirirana kwakashata pakati penguva yakashandiswa pazvinonyadzisira uye zviitiko mubato repamberi, Brand et al. (2016) yakataura kuti hapana huwandu hwakakosha hwekupindirana kweiyo ventral striatum mhinduro uye yakajairwa nguva inoshandiswa pane zvinonyadzisira. Nekudaro, ivo vakaona kuti iyo ventral striatum chiitiko chaive chakabatana chaizvo nenhanho yekuzviongorora PPU (yakayerwa ne s-IATpabonde). Mukuwedzera, mune imwe yezvidzidzo zvedu zvekare hatina kukwanisa kuwana chero chinhu chakakosha chenguva yekushandisa pazvinonyadzisira kana kuita zvekuita zvepabonde pamhinduro yeveural kuVSS (Stark et al., 2019). Saizvozvowo, kutsvagisa kwezvazvino maererano nekugadziriswa kweVSS mune zvidzidzo zvine madhivhosi akasiyana ezvengozi zveCSBD zvinoita kunge zvisingaenderani. Panzvimbo peyunifomu zvakawanikwa zveongororo dzinoshandisa nzira yekuenzanisa yeboka asi mhedzisiro isingawirirane kubva kuhukama hweongororo zvinogona kuratidza kuti iyo neural processing yeVSS muCSBD inosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune iyo mune subclinical sampuli. Uku zano, zvisinei, ndere rekufarira muchiedza cheiyo Incentive Sensitization Pfungwa ye Robinson uye Berridge (1993) iyo inoratidza kuwedzera mhinduro dzeeural kune cues panguva yekuvandudza zvinodhaka. Parizvino, zvinoramba zvisina kujeka kana iyo dzidziso inoshanda kuCSBD uye kana zvirizvo, kunyangwe iyo inowedzera neural mhinduro kuVSS inoshanduka zvakadzama kana kuti danho rakakomba rehunhu hwekuita muropa rinofanira kupfuudzwa.
Sezvineiwo, zvakare mune zvinodhaka-zvine chekuita nemhedzisiro mhedzisiro ine chekuita Yekusimudzira Yekufungidzira dzidziso haienderane. Meta-kuwongorora kwakati wandei kwakaratidza kuwedzera cue reactivity muiyo mubairo system (Chase, Eickhoff, Laird, & Hogarth, 2011; Kühn & Gallinat, 2011b; Schacht, Anton, & Myrick, 2012), asi zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatadza kusimbisa zviwanikwa izvi (Engelmann et al., 2012; Lin et al., 2020; Zilberman, Lavidor, Yadid, & Rassovsky, 2019). Zvakare zvehunhu hunodhakwa yakakwira cue reactivity mune mubairo network yezvidzidzo zvekupokana mukuenzanisa nezvakanaka zvidzidzo zvakangowanikwa mune vashoma vezvidzidzo zvakapfupikiswa muongororo ichangoburwa ne Antons et al. (2020). Kubva pane pfupiso iyi, mhedzisiro inogona kutorwa kuti cue reactivity muhurongwa inogadziriswa nezvinhu zvakati wandei senge zvemunhu zvinhu uye kudzidza-zvakasarudzika zvinhu (Jasinska et al., 2014). Yedu zero yekuwana maererano nezve kuwirirana pakati pezviito zvinouraya uye njodzi zviitiko zveCSBD zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekuti kunyangwe neyedu huru sampuro isu tinogona kungo tarisa sarudzo diki yezvingaitika zvinokanganisa zvinhu. Kuenderera mberi kwakakura-kwedzidzo kunodiwa kuita ruramisiro kune dzakawanda multicusality. Nezve dhizaini, semuenzaniso, iyo yekunzwisisa modality ye cues kana kuisirwa kwecues kunogona kuve kwakakosha (Jasinska et al., 2014).
Zvinoenderana neyedu yakakura saizi saizi (mukusiyana nedzimwe dzidzo) hazvigoneke kuti kushomeka kwesimba rezviyero kwakakonzeresa zviwanikwa maererano nekuyanana kwezvipingamupinyi zveCSBD nemhinduro dzeveural kuVSS uye zvirevo zveVSS. Kunyanya zvimwe, iyo yekushanduka-inofambiswa, kazhinji inosimudzira kukosha kweVSS inogonesa mubairo-inosanganisirwa nzvimbo dzehuropi zvakanyanya zvakaenzana kusiya chete nzvimbo diki yekusiyana kwemunhu (siringi mhedzisiro) Iyi pfungwa inotsigirwa nezvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti hapachina chero mutsauko wepabonde maererano nekugadziriswa kweVSS mumubairo network (Poppl et al., 2016; Stark et al., 2019; Wehrum et al., 2013). Zvakangodaro, izvo zvikonzero zvekusawirirana pakati pezvidzidzo zvinofanirwa kufumurwa nekuenderera mberi nezvidzidzo.
Kukanganisa uye mazano ekuenderera mberi nekutsvaga
Zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa. Mukudzidza kwedu isu takangotarisa kumadokero-tsika, varume vanoita bonde. Kudzokororwa kwechidzidzo nemuenzaniso wakasiyana siyana maererano nehunhu, zvebonde, uye zvemagariro netsika zvinoita sekudikanwa kuti uve nechokwadi chezvakatipoteredza. Uye zvakare, data rakatorwa kubva kune isiri-kiriniki sampuro, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvichafanirwa zvakare kuongorora masampula ane akiriniki akakodzera CSBD zviratidzo. Idzo cues dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo chino dzakatsanangurwa senge dzisina kwazvakarerekera cues pasina chero zvakasiyana zvakasiyana zvakaitika kare. Nekudaro, mutengo weiyi nzira neyakajeka yemukati mvumo inogona kunge iri kushomeka kwekunze kwechokwadi sezvo zvinonyadzisira zvinyowani muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvakakosheswa zvakasiyana.
Chimwe chinogumira mafomati ekupindurika ekupindura (pazuva / pavhiki / pamwedzi) maererano nekuongororwa kwekushandisa zvinonyadzisira. Maererano ne Schwarz naOyserman (2001) mhinduro kumubvunzo mumwechete ndezvekuenzanisa zvishoma kana fomati yekupindura inoreva nguva dzakasiyana. Chikonzero chikuru chekusarudza iyi fomati yekupindura yaive yekuti huwandu hwekuona zvinonyadzisira hunoshandiswa mumasampuli hunogona kusiyana zvakanyanya (kubva pamaawa mashoma pagore kusvika kumaawa akati wandei pazuva). Uye zvakare, zvaitaridzika kuve zvakakosha kuti fomati yekumisikidza yakasarudzika inogona kumisikidza iyo tsika yekuti ndeipi nhanho yekushandisa zvinonyadzisira yakakodzera. Naizvozvo, takafunga kushandisa mafomati ekupindura fomati yemubvunzo wepedyo uyu, kunyangwe paine kusakwana kunozivikanwa.
Zvakare, murabhoritari inomiririra mamiriro, nekuti zvinonyadzisira zvinoshandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinowanzo kuperekedzwa nekuita bonhora. Naizvozvo, zvinoramba zvisina chokwadi kana mubairo unouya uchibva pakuita bonhora / orgasm uye / kana kubva kune zvinonyadzisira zvinhu zvacho. Gola et al. (2016) zvinogutsa kukakavara kuti zvekuita zvepabonde zvinogona kuve zvese cues uye mibairo. Kana iwo mafirimu ekuona zvinonyadzisira achidudzirwawo semashoko, zvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi zvinogona kubvumira bonhora kuti rione chikamu chechokwadi chekutakura. Nekudaro, hutsika uye hunyanzvi matambudziko anoda kutariswa kuita chidzidzo chakadai. Kuti unzwisise zvirinani kuvandudzwa kweCSBD, zvidzidzo zvinovhara huwandu hwese hweCSBD zviratidzo (zvine hutano, subclinical, kiriniki) zvakakosha.
mhedziso
Chidzidzo chedu chakaongorora mashandisirwo ezvinyorwa uye VSS zvinokurudzira uchishandisa SIDT mune yakakura isiri-kiriniki sampuro. Kupfuurirazve, yedu yakagadziridzwa SIDT inogadziridza yapfuura SIDT nekushandisa mafirimu maficha pachinzvimbo cheiyo static mifananidzo, nekushandisa masaja mavhidhiyo semamiriro ekudzora panzvimbo pemifananidzo yakatsamwa, uye nekushandisa zvirevo zvisina ruzivo rwepabonde. Isu takakwanisa kudzokorora mhedzisiro inoratidza kubatanidzwa kweiyo mibairo sisitimu panguva yekugadziriswa kwezvinyorwa uye zveVSS. Kupesana nekufungidzira kwedu, isu hatina kukwanisa kuona mhedzisiro yehunhu hunhu hunofungidzirwa senjodzi zvinhu zvekusimudzirwa kweCSBD pamhinduro dzeeural mune chero ROI yakabatana neiyo mubairo system. Ongororo yeramangwana inofanirwa kuongorora huwandu hwese hwezviratidzo zveCSBD kuti unzwisise zvirinani mashandisiro anoita zvinonyadzisira muhunhu hwehunhu uye izvo zvinhu zvinogona kufanotaura kukura uku.
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